Academic literature on the topic 'EMBMS'

Multimedia streaming is the most demanding and bandwidth hungry application in today’s world of Internet. MPEG-DASH as a video technology standard is designed for delivering live or on-demand streams in Internet to deliver best quality content with the fewest dropouts and least possible buffering. Hybrid architecture of DASH and eMBMS has attracted a great attention from the telecommunication industry and multimedia services. It is deployed in response to the immense demand in multimedia traffic. However, handover and limited available resources of the system affected on dropping segments of the adaptive video streaming in eMBMS and it creates an adverse impact on Quality of Experience (QoE), which is creating trouble for service providers and network providers towards delivering the service. In this paper, we derive a case study in eMBMS to approach to provide test measures evaluating MPEG-DASH QoE, by defining the metrics are influenced on QoE in eMBMS such as bandwidth and packet loss then we observe the objective metrics like stalling (number, duration and place), buffer length and accumulative video time. Moreover, we build a smart algorithm to predict rate of segments are lost in multicast adaptive video streaming. The algorithm deploys an estimation decision regards how to recover the lost segments. According to the obtained results based on our proposal algorithm, rate of lost segments is highly decreased by comparing to the traditional approach of MPEG-DASH multicast and unicast for high number of users.

Long Term Evolution (LTE) known in the market as 4G LTE, it is an evolution of the GSM/UMTS standard. The overall aim of LTE was to provide a new radio access technology focusing on packet-switched data only. LTE has provided a new peak download rates, low data transfer latencies, and improved the support for mobility. 3Th Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) specialized that LTE released 10 and beyond known as LTE-advanced it is the second evolution of LTE. It has some services such as Coordinated Multipoint Transmission and Reception (CoMP), evolved Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service (eMBMS) with Multicast-Broadcast Single-Frequency Network (MBSFN). The development still continuous on LTE-advanced, it is intended to meet the requirement of advanced application that will become common in the wireless marketplace in future. The goals of this project is to simulate one of LTE-A services on LTE standard such as CoMP or/and eMBMS with MBSFN using OPENT LTE, and measure some statistic such as spectral efficiency and also some other statistics, describe centralization vs. decentralization in LTE, and synchronization in the base station in LTE. OPNET LTE support eMBMS with MBSFN, and don’t support CoMP, the simulation has been done by using eMBMS with MBSFN. Finally the objectives of the project has achieved, the result show that when eMBMS with MBSFN is implemented the throughput increased in the downlink to about 5.52 Mbps and in the uplink to about 5.18 Mbps, and also the system spectral efficiency increased in eNB1 from about 10.25 (bits/s/Hz/cell) to about 13.75 (bits/s/Hz/cell) and in eNB2 from about 10.25 (bits/s/Hz/cell) to about 17.25 (bits/s/Hz/cell). The project also answers if it is possible to have centralization in LTE, describe synchronization in the base station in LTE, and if OPNET is useful for big research.

In today’s DVB-T/H (Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial/Handheld) systems, broadcasting is employed, meaning that TV programs are sent over all transmitters, also where there are no viewers. This is inefficient utilization of spectrum and transmitter equipment. IP multicasting is increasingly used for IP-TV over fixed broadband access. In this thesis, IP multicasting is proposed to also be used for terrestrial and mobile TV, meaning that TV programs are only transmitted where viewers have sent join messages over an interaction channel. This would substantially improve the system spectral efficiency (SSE) in (bit/s)/Hz/site, allowing reduced spectrum for the same amount of TV programs. It would even further improve the multiuser system spectral efficiency (MSSE – a measure defined in this study), allowing increased number of TV programs to be transmitted over a given spectrum. Further efficiency or coverage improvement, may be achieved by forming single-frequency networks (SFN), i.e. groups of adjacent transmitters sending the same signal simultaneously, on the same carrier frequency. The combination of multicasting and SFNs is also the principle of eMBMS (evolved Multicast Broadcast Multimedia Service) for cellular mobile TV over 4G LTE. PARPS (packet and resource plan scheduling) is an optimized approach to dynamically forming SFNs that is employed in this study. The target applications are DVB-T/H and eMBMS. Combining SFNs with non-continuous transmission (switching transmitters on and off dynamically) may give even further gain, and is used in LTE, but is difficult to achieve in DVB-T/H. Seven schemes are suggested and analyzed, in view to compare unicasting, multicasting and broadcasting, with or without SFN, with or without PARPS, and with or without continuous transmission. The schemes are evaluated in terms of coverage probability, SSE and MSSE. The schemes are simulated in MATLAB for a system of 4 transmitters, with random viewer positions. Zipf-law TV program selection is employed, using both a homogeneous and heterogeneous user behavior model. The SFN schemes provide substantially better system spectral efficiency compared to the multi-frequency networks (MFN) schemes. IP multicasting over non-continuous transmission dynamic SFN achieves as much as 905% and 1054% gain respectively in system spectral efficiency and multiuser system  spectral efficiency, from broadcasting over MFN, and 425% and 442% gain respectively from  IP multicasting over MFN, for heterogeneous fading case. Additionally, the SFN schemes gives a diversity gain of 3 dB over MFN, that may be utilized to increase the coverage probability by 4.35% for the same data rate, or to increase the data rate by 27 % for the same coverage as MFN.   Keywords: IP multicasting, broadcasting, coverage probability, system spectral efficiency, multiuser system spectral efficiency, DVB-T/H, eMBMS, mobile TV, IP-TV, SFN, MFN, Dynamic SFN, PARPS, homogeneous, heterogeneous, zipf-law

U ovoj disertaciji razvijeni su analitički alati za izračunavanje protoka servisa, propusnog opsega i uštede energije zahtevanim u različitim eMBMS LTE/LTE-A servisnim strukturama. Takođe, mi smo analizirali protok podataka i optimalnu dodelu parametara za prenos na fizičkom sloju za eMBMS baziran video servis u 2-klasnoj heterogenoj mreži primenom stohastičke geometrije.
In this dissertation we develop simple analytical tools for evaluation of average service data rates, bandwidth and energy consumption requirements in dierent eMBMS LTE/LTE-A service congurations. Also, we consider a simple approach to estimate achievable rates and optimally assign the physical layer transmission parameters for eMBMS based video service in the two-tier heterogeneous cellular systems.

With the advancement in the current wireless technology standards such as terrestrial digital video broadcasting systems (DVB-T, DVB-T2, and DVB-H) and the massive usage of the Internet over mobile devices, streaming of television channels in smart phones has become a necessary advancement for mobile users. As, UMTS dominating the entire mobile market globally and with the evolution of LTE, several mobile operators are working on an MBMS framework which will help to launch mobile TV services on respective operators. This paper deals with terrestrial and mobile TV with IP multicasting and broadcasting and is aimed to improve system spectral efficiency.  With the help of IP multicasting, the base station can be able to provide with significantly less spectrum by saving it from the channels which the user is not viewing currently. This case is analysed from several sets, called schemes of resource plan sets. The transmitter scheduling is dealt with by means of a Packet and Resource Plan Scheduling (PARPS) algorithm, and the simulated results are plotted in Matlab which assists in analysing the efficiency in the spectrum management and the coverage probability for the number of transmitters used for each scheme. The schemes are simulated in Matlab for different number of transmitters (2-7) in both the static and random model. The SFN schemes are offering greater coverage probability than MFN schemes, in all cases. Multicasting over Continuous Transmission Dynamic Single Frequency Network (CT-DSFN) offers a 1342% and 582% gain in Multi-user System Spectral Efficiency (MSSE) for 7 transmitters, from Broadcasting over MFN and Broadcasting over SFN respectively.  For 7 transmitters, Multicasting over CT-DSFN offers a 1213% and 428% gain in System Spectral Efficiency (SSE) from Broadcasting over MFN and Broadcasting over SFN respectively.

One of the challenges of the mobile industry is to cope with the growth of mobile traffic demand expected for the next years, primarily driven by the increasing usage of mobile video services. Indeed, the existence of increasingly powerful terminals is encouraging the consumption of high-quality video content. Usually, video services are identified with linear Television (TV) and scheduled broadcast (point-to-multipoint (p-t-m)) distribution. However, the consumption of video content over mobile networks is different from traditional fixed TV because contents are mainly consumed on-demand with unicast point-to-point (p-t-p) connections. Then, the convergence of linear TV and on-demand content delivery represents a challenge that requires a combined broadcast/unicast transmission model. This dissertation addresses the use of broadcasting technologies for the provision of mobile multimedia services in Fourth Generation (4G) mobile broadband networks and beyond. Specifically, the dissertation focuses on the broadcast technology included in 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE Advanced (LTE-A) networks, known as Enhanced Multicast Broadcast Multimedia Services (eMBMS). It analyses the benefits of the eMBMS physical layer aspects regarding Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services over a Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) deployments and identifies the current limitations of eMBMS at physical layer by comparing with the broadcast technology of the other 4G mobile system, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.16m standard. Those limitations are the use of a dedicated carrier and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) techniques for broadcast transmissions. Our investigations employ a complete simulation platform including link-level and system-level simulations to evaluate the performance of broadcast transmissions in these real technologies. The research on eMBMS services is aimed at finding the optimum delivery of streaming and file download services focusing on the Radio Resource Management (RRM) problem and trade-off between Physical layer – Forward Error Correction (PHY-FEC) and Application Layer - Forward Error Correction (AL-FEC). Concerning streaming services, results show that the use of AL-FEC increases the coverage level and, then, the maximum service data rate. The gain due to AL-FEC is greater in scenarios with high mobility users, although, this gain is limited if low zapping times are desired. Regarding file delivery services, this dissertation analyses the duration of the transmission required to guarantee the correct file reception and the reduction in the mean throughput of unicast users with different delivery modes. They are the unicast delivery, the eMBMS delivery and a hybrid approach, which combines a first eMBMS delivery with a postdelivery error repair phase with unicast transmissions. Our results show that the hybrid delivery is the most efficient configuration in terms of file download time, although it further reduces unicast performance.
Calabuig Gaspar, J. (2015). Broadcasting in 4G mobile broadband networks and its evolution towards 5G [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/48561
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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares
A investigação dos modelos de arrasto gás-sólido é fundamental para se obter bons resultados de fluidização utilizando dinâmica dos fluidos computacional. A tecnologia de fluidização é muito utilizada para conversão térmica de combustíveis sólidos e tem como principal vantagem a boa mistura entre gás e sólido. O presente trabalho utiliza dois softwares para simulação de leitos fluidizados, MFIX e Ansys Fluent, para comparar os modelos de arrasto de Syamlal e O`Brien (1987) e Di Felice (1994). A abordagem utilizada para modelagem do problema é o modelo de dois fluidos (Two Fluid Model, TFM), juntamente com a teoria cinética para escoamento laminar (Kinetic Theory for Granular Flow, KTGF). Um método para ajuste do modelo de DF (DI FELICE, 1994), baseado no trabalho de Esmaili e Mahinpey (2011), é sugerido, assim como o modelo de SO (SYAMLAL; O`BRIEN,1987) é ajustado utilizando dados em condição de mínima fluidização. Foram conduzidos experimentos para obtenção de velocidade e fração de vazios em condição de mínima fluidização a fim de ajustar ambos os modelos. As partículas utilizadas nos experimentos foram esferas de vidro de 1,21 mm, 0,8 mm e areia de fundição de 0,29 mm. O método proposto representa de forma adequada os dados obtidos em mínima fluidização das três partículas. Com os modelos de arrasto ajustados, simulações numéricas em regime de fluidização foram conduzidas em domínio bidimensional e tridimensional. Os resultados obtidos nestas simulações apresentam boa concordância com resultados experimentais em queda de pressão do leito e borbulhamento. Concomitantemente, um código para obtenção de modelo de arrasto utilizando o algoritmo EMMS/Bubbling foi desenvolvido e simulações numéricas bidimensionais foram conduzidas, para teste e validação. Os resultados do código mostram que o modelo segue a mesma tendência de Shi, Wang e Li (2011), que desenvolveram o modelo EMMS/Bubbling.
The investigation of gas-solid drag models is a key to obtain good results of fluidization by using computational fluid dynamic tools. The fluidization technology is used for solid fuel thermal conversion and its main advantage is the high gas-solid mixture. The present effort uses two software for fluidized beds simulation, MFIX and Ansys Fluent, in order to compare the drag models of Syamlal and O`Brien (1987) and Di Felice (1994). Two Fluid Model is the approach used to model together with Kinetic Theory for Granular flow. A method to adjust DF drag model (DI FELICE, 1994), based on Esmaili and Mahinpey (2011), is suggested, as well as SO drag model (SYAMLAL; O’BRIEN, 1987) is adjusted using data obtained from minimum fluidization condition. Experiments were realized to obtain velocity and void fraction at minimum fluidization condition in order to adjust both models. Glass beads with diameter of 1,21 mm and 0,8 mm and sand with diameter of 0,29 mm were used on experiments. The purposed method fits the data obtained on minimum fluidization condition of the three particles, in accordance with experimental data. With the models adjusted, numerical simulation were conducted using drag models for two- and three-dimensional domain. The results of this simulations agrees with experimental data of pressure drop and bubble formation. Simultaneously, a code to obtain a drag model using EMM/Bubbling algorithm was developed and numerical simulation were conducted. Results of EMMS show that the model have the same tendency of results of Shi, Wand and Li (2011), who developed EMMS/Bubbling model.

Background: Heart Transplantation (HTX) is the only curative treatment available for patients with end-stage heart failure (HF).During the first year post-transplantation more than 25% of patients will go through rejection episodes and will face the risk of developing rejection with consequent graft dysfunction with an increased morbidity and mortality. Preventing and treating acute rejection is the most central task for clinicians working with transplanted patients. The ISHLT 2005 and 2013 working formulations defined the histopathologic profile of three types of rejection: Cellular (ACR) Humoral (AMR) and Mixed (MIX). Nowadays serial endomyocardial biopsies (EMB) at decreasing intervals during the first year after transplantation and laboratory tests, such as Donor Specific Antibody (DSA) measurements, remain the gold-standard in diagnosing and monitoring acute rejection but they are morbid and prone to artefacts of sampling, interpretation and testing methodologies. Therefore this histopathological assessment needs integrative new biomarkers to characterize risk stratification for outcomes in heart transplantation. To date, the exact mechanisms involved in rejection after solid transplantation are not completely understood, so investigating process that contribute to acute allograft rejection and find effective biomarkers to diagnose, monitoring and predicting rejection will be of great value for the development of improved anti-rejection strategies. The advent of sequencing technology such as Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) is changing medical genomics by accelerating new disease biomarkers discovery. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules (19-24 nucleotides), highly conserved, which regulate genes expression at the post transcriptional level. Aim: The aim of this study is to identify MicroRNA (miRNAs) expression profile in the first year after heart transplantation (HTX) with Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology in formalin fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) endomyocardial Biopsies (EMBs), to characterize the three different types of allograft rejection classified as Cellular, Humoral and Mixed. Methods: Two groups of pts. were included: a study group of 19 pts. and a validation group of 14 pts. For each patient we selected the the first formalin fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) monitoring endomyocardial biopsies (EMBs) positive for each types of rejection. We excluded presensitized patients (pts) with previous implantation of Left Ventricular Assistance Device (LVAD) and with previous infections. EMBs were examined for the presence of rejection according to updated international classification criteria (ISHLT 2005 and 2013).The EMBs were classified in four groups: Acute Cellular Rejection (ACR) with 12 pts ACR: >=2R, pAMR:0, DSA: Neg ; Mixed with 6 pts ACR: >=2R, pAMR>1 (i+), DSA: Pos; Antibody Mediated Rejection (AMR) with 5 pts ACR: 0, pAMR>1 (i+), DSA: Pos; Control with 10 pts : ACR:0, pAMR:0, DSA: Neg. Small RNA fraction from the study group was sequenced with NGS Ion Proton in order to define the expression of mature miRNAs. We performed subsequent analysis with edgeR package comparing in pairs the groups to identify differentially expressed miRNAs in the different rejections. We selected 13 microRNAs according to bionformatic analysis as possible biomarckers and they have been confirmed by qRT-PCR in all the pts. With multivariate logistic regression analysis we created unique miRNA signatures as predictive model of each rejection. Moreover in situ PCR was carried out on the same EMBs to detect miRNAs expression and localization in cell types within the EMBs. Results: The identification of the best method of extraction for short non coding RNAs in FFPE EMBs was the first result I achieved. I tested different methods in house and commercial available kits and I modified the protocols to obtain good quality and adeguate quantity of RNA from FFPE tissue of small EMBs for the downstream application. With NGS we obtained and analysed more than 2257 mature microRNAs in all the biopsies of the study group. The three types of rejection and control groups were compared in pair with the un-supervised analysis showing a typical profile for each group of differentially expressed miRNAs; in particular: Mixed vs AMR: only 2 miRNAs overexpressed in the Mixed group suggesting a similarity between the two types. ACR vs AMR: 18 miRNAs overexpressed and 2 miRNAs under-expressed in the ACR. Mixed vs ACR : 7 miRNAs underexpressed and 39 miRNAs over-expressed in the ACR group. The analysis revealed that there are de-regulated microRNAs between the three rejections confirming our hypothesis that microRNAs can characterize the three pathological conditions. MiRNAs have been selected for further evaluation and validation, based on the number of reads resulting by NGS, on their highly significant FDR (< 0.05) or fold change, p-value and their involvement in relevant processes related to rejection as shown by a bioinformatic analysis based on validated target genes and reported in public databases such as TarBase (version 6.0) (111) , miRTarBase (112) , miRWalk (113), miRecords (114), DIANA-microT-CDS (115) , miRmap (116), miRDB (117) , TargetScan (118), and miRanda (119). At the end we selected 13 microRNAs. To validate the NGS data through qRT-PCR we enrolled other EMBs from 14 pts selected according to our criteria and we tested on all the 33 EMbs, both the study and validation cohort, the selected microRNAs. The validation analysis has shown a similar expression pattern for all microRNAs in particular: 6 hsa-miRNAs: 29c-3p/-29b-3p/199a-3p/190a-5p/27b-3p/302b-3p can differentiate all rejections compared to controls; 3 hsa-miRNAs: 31-5p/144-3p/218-5p are peculiar of AMR and MIX compared to control and ACR 2 hsa-miRNAs: 451a/208a-5p identify MIX compared to controls. Using miRNAs expression as co-variate and disease status as dependent variable we created logistic regression models: MIX:(miR-208a ,126-5p, 135a-5p); ACR:(miR-27b-3p, 29b-3p,199a-3p, 208a, 302b-3p); AMR: ( miR-208a, 29b-3p, 135a-5p, 144-3p) identifying with high specificity and sensitivity each types of rejection. Finally with in situ PCR we detected some of these microRNAs in different cell types: miR-29b-3p was mostly expressed in smooth muscle cells in ACR; miR-144-3p was expressed in macrophages and in endothelial cells; moreover the expression of this microRNA in macrophages was predominant and diffuse in the ACR compared to AMR. miR-126-5p was expressed in ACR and AMR samples not only in in endothelial cells but also in Cardiomyocytes and smooth muscle cells. For MicroRNA 451a we found a co-localization of signal in endothelial cells and in lymphocytes. Conclusions: This study demonstrate that MicroRNAs can be obtained easily from FFPE tissues, miRNAs differentially expressed are involved in pathophysiological mechanisms of rejection such as immune system cells cycle regulation and proliferation, , inflammatory pathways NFkB mediated and endothelial remodelling. According to our results the miRNAs up or down expressed modulate these pathways in a way peculiar for the different type of rejection. The regressive models might represent a powerful diagnostic tool and in situ detection of the miRNAs casts new light on the pathophysiological mechanisms of rejection. Moreover the expression of MiRNAs 144-3p, 126-5p, 29b-3p and 451a identified by in situ PCR in endothelial cells, smooth muscle and inflammatory cells are diagnostic and are potential pharmacological targets for rejections.
Contesto: Il trapianto di cuore è l'unico trattamento curativo disponibile per i pazienti con insufficienza cardiaca allo stadio terminale. Durante il primo anno dopo il trapianto più del 25% dei pazienti può subire episodi di rigetto e affrontare il rischio di sviluppare rigetto con conseguente disfunzione dell’ organo trapiantato con un aumento della morbilità e mortalità. Prevenire e trattare il rigetto acuto è l’ obiettivo principale per i medici che lavorano con pazienti trapiantati. Le linee guida ISHLT 2005 e 2013 hanno definito il profilo istopatologico di tre tipi di rigetto: Cellulare (ACR) Humoral (AMR) e Mixed (MIX). Al giorno d'oggi le biopsie endomiocardiche seriali (EMB) a intervalli decrescenti durante il primo anno dopo il trapianto e gli esami di laboratorio, come le misurazioni di anticorpi donatore specifici (DSA), rimangono parametri di riferimento nella diagnosi e nel monitoraggio del rigetto acuto, ma sono soggetti a artefatti dovuti alle metodologie di campionamento, interpretazione e test. Pertanto questa valutazione istopatologica necessita di nuovi biomarcatori integrativi per caratterizzare la stratificazione del rischio nel rigetto da trapianto di cuore. Ad oggi, i meccanismi esatti coinvolti nel rigetto dopo il trapianto non sono completamente compresi, quindi la ricerca sui processi che governano i meccanismi di rigetto e la scoperta di biomarcatori efficaci per diagnosticare, monitorare e prevedere il rigetto sarà di grande valore per lo sviluppo e miglioramento delle terapie contro il rigetto. L'avvento della tecnologia di sequenziamento come Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) sta cambiando la genomica medica accelerando la scoperta di nuovi biomarcatori di malattie. I microRNA (miRNA) sono piccole molecole di RNA non codificanti (19-24 nucleotidi), altamente conservate, che regolano l'espressione dei geni a livello post-trascrizionale. Obiettivo: Lo scopo di questo studio è identificare il profilo di espressione di MicroRNA (miRNA) nel primo anno dopo il trapianto di cuore (HTX) con la tecnologia Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) in biopsie endomiocardiche (EMB) fissate in formalina e incluse in paraffina (FFPE), per caratterizzare i tre diversi tipi di rigetto da trapianto di cuore classificati come Cellulare, Umorale e Misto. Metodi: due gruppi di pazienti (pz.) sono stati inclusi: un gruppo di studio di 19 pz. e un gruppo di validazione di 14. Per ogni paziente abbiamo selezionato la prima biopsia endomiocardica (EMB) fissata in formalina ed inclusa in paraffina (EMB) per ogni tipo di rigetto. Abbiamo escluso i pz. presensibilizzati con precedente impianto del dispositivo di assistenza ventricolare sinistro (LVAD) e con precedenti episodi di infezione. Le biopsie sono state esaminate per la presenza di rigetto secondo i criteri di classificazione internazionali aggiornati (ISHLT 2005 e 2013). Abbiamo quindi individuato quattro gruppi: Acute Cellular Rejection (ACR) con ACR a 12 punti:> = 2R, pAMR: 0, DSA: Neg; Misto con 6 pts ACR:> = 2R, pAMR> 1 (i +), DSA: Pos; Reiezione mediata da anticorpi (AMR) con 5 punti ACR: 0, pAMR> 1 (i +), DSA: Pos; Controllo con 10 punti: ACR: 0, pAMR: 0, DSA: Neg. La piccola frazione di RNA della coorte di studio è stata sequenziata con NGS Ion Proton per definire l'espressione dei miRNA maturi. Abbiamo eseguito un'analisi successiva con edgeR confrontando a coppie i gruppi per identificare i miRNA espressi differenzialmente nei diversi rigetti. Abbiamo selezionato 13 microRNA secondo l'analisi bionformatica come possibili biomarcatori i quali sono stati confermati da qRT-PCR in tutti i pz. Con l'analisi di regressione logistica multivariata abbiamo identificato gruppi univoci di miRNA come modelli predittivi specifici per ciascun rigetto. Inoltre, la PCR in situ è stata eseguita sulle stesse EMBs per rilevare l'espressione e la localizzazione dei miRNA nei tipi di cellule all'interno delle EMBs. Risultati: l'identificazione del miglior metodo di estrazione di microRNA da EMBs FFPE è stato il primo risultato che ho raggiunto. Ho testato diversi metodi sia manuali che kit commerciali e ho modificato i protocolli per ottenere una buona qualità e una quantità adeguata di microRNA per l'applicazioni successive. Con NGS abbiamo ottenuto e analizzato oltre 2257 microRNA maturi in tutte le biopsie del gruppo di studio. I tre tipi di gruppi di controllo e di rigetto sono stati confrontati in coppia con l'analisi non supervisionata che mostra per ciascun gruppo un profilo tipico di miRNA differenzialmente espressi; in particolare: Misto vs AMR: solo 2 miRNA sovraespressi nel gruppo Misto suggeriscono una somiglianza tra i due tipi di rigetto. ACR vs AMR: 18 miRNA sovraespressi e 2 miRNA sottoespressi nell'ACR. Mixed vs ACR: 7 miRNAs non sovraespressi e 39 miRNA sovraespressi nel gruppo ACR. L'analisi ha rivelato che ci sono microRNA de-regolati tra i tre tipi di rigetto confermando la nostra ipotesi che i microRNA possano caratterizzare le tre condizioni patologiche. I MiRNA sono stati selezionati per un'ulteriore valutazione e convalida, in base al numero di reads risultanti da NGS, sulla loro FDR significativa (<0,05), fold change, p-value e il loro coinvolgimento in processi rilevanti correlati al rigetto come mostrato dalle analisi bioinformatiche basate su geni target validati e riportati in database pubblici come TarBase (versione 6.0) (111), miRTarBase (112), miRWalk (113), miRecords (114), DIANA-microT-CDS (115), miRmap (116) , miRDB (117), TargetScan (118) e miRanda (119). Alla fine abbiamo selezionato 13 microRNA. Per validare i dati NGS tramite qRT-PCR abbiamo arruolato altri EMBs da 14 pz. selezionati in base ai nostri criteri e abbiamo testato su tutte le 33 EMbs, sia quelle della coorte di studio che quelle della coorte di validazione, i microRNA selezionati. L'analisi di validazione ha mostrato un pattern di espressione simile per tutti i microRNA in particolare: 6 hsa-miRNA: 29c-3p / -29b-3p / 199a-3p / 190a-5p / 27b-3p / 302b-3p possono differenziare tutti i rigetti rispetto a controlli; 3 hsa-miRNA: 31-5p / 144-3p / 218-5p sono peculiari di AMR e MIX rispetto al controllo e ACR 2 hsa-miRNA: 451a / 208a-5p identificano MIX rispetto ai controlli. Usando l'espressione di miRNA e la condizione patologica come variabili dipendenti abbiamo creato modelli di regressione logistica: MIX: (miR-208a, 126-5p, 135a-5p); ACR: (miR-27b-3p, 29b-3p, 199a-3p, 208a, 302b-3p); AMR: (miR-208a, 29b-3p, 135a-5p, 144-3p) che identificano con alta specificità e sensibilità ciascun tipo di rigetto. Infine con PCR in situ abbiamo rilevato alcuni di questi microRNA in diversi tipi di cellule: miR-29b-3p era principalmente espresso nelle cellule muscolari lisce in ACR; miR-144-3p era espresso nei macrofagi e nelle cellule endoteliali; inoltre l'espressione di questo microRNA nei macrofagi era predominante e diffusa nell'ACR rispetto all'AMR. Il miR-126-5p è risultato espresso in campioni ACR e AMR non solo nelle cellule endoteliali ma anche nei cardiomiociti e nelle cellule muscolari lisce. Per il MicroRNA 451a abbiamo trovato una co-localizzazione del segnale nelle cellule endoteliali e nei linfociti. Conclusioni: Questo studio dimostra che i microRNA possono essere ottenuti facilmente dai tessuti fissati in formalina e inclusi in paraffina, i miRNA differenzialmente espressi sono coinvolti in meccanismi patofisiologici del rigetto quali regolazione e proliferazione del ciclo cellulare del sistema immunitario, vie infiammatorie mediate da NFkB e rimodellamento endoteliale. Secondo i nostri risultati, i miRNA sovra o sotto espressi hanno mostrato una modulazione di questi processi in un modo peculiare per ciascun tipo di rigetto. I modelli di regressione logistica identificati potrebbero rappresentare un potente strumento diagnostico e il rilevamento in situ dei miRNA getta nuova luce sui meccanismi patofisiologici del rigetto. Inoltre l'espressione di MiRNA 144-3p, 126-5p, 29b-3p e 451a identificati mediante PCR in situ in cellule endoteliali, cellule muscolari lisce e infiammatorie è diagnostica e costituisce un potenziale bersaglio farmacologico contro il rigetto da trapianto di cuore.

碩士
國立中正大學
資訊工程學系碩士在職專班
107
Abstract Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) is an adaptive bit rate video streaming service in the IP network, which enable to the users to get the service based on the condition of their channel. File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport (FLUTE) enables multicast service in the LTE based network. This process demands more bandwidth in the mobile network. However, the number of resources are limited. The resource allocation can be enriched the Quality of Experience (QoE) of all users over the wireless network. With many benefits like high data rates, quality of service (QoS) awareness and extensive coverage. eMBMS is considered as an ideal option to provide ubiquitous access to multimedia applications. In this thesis, we proposed a novel Utility-based Downlink Resource Allocation Mechanism (UDRAM) to provide an optimal solution of DASH–SVC video multicasting to allow more Users over the eMBMS network and they can receive best quality of video by optimizing Modulation Coding Scheme (MCS), Application Layer–Forward Error Correction (AL-FEC), and resource allocation selection to each multicast group which corresponds to the FLUTE sessions. Multiple FLUTE sessions are considered to deliver multiple videos, each with different layer’s choice, for improving the overall system utility. To efficiently obtain an optimal solution we introduce a formulation of optimization to find the optimal resource allocation in the utilities’ term to each multicast group, adopt Layered Policy Iteration (LPIt) algorithm and Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) for layered video multicast. In our proposed scheme we deploy MEC at eNB to providing computation and storage abilities at the network edge. AL-FEC, to add redundancy to prevent the video segments, an efficient MCS selection provides a solution to reduce the algorithm’s complexity and LPIt algorithm is adopted to find the best efficient MCS and AL-FEC combination for each multicast group. Therefore, for each video’s layer over LTE eMBMS base station can jointly choose an optimal combination of efficient MCS and FEC code-rate to transmit. To receive real-time data rate of User Equipment (UE) and DASH-SVC live streaming information and function quantify the QoE which is calculated after each UEs allocated resource. Finally, simulation results show that our proposed schedule gives the maximum utility under the constraint resources with multiple FEC code rates and reduce the complexity selection of MCS.

碩士
國立成功大學
電信管理研究所
104
According to DIGITIMES Research’s report, mobile communication market has become mature in past few years, because the CAGR of Verizon, AT＆T, Sprint, T-Mobile from 2008 to 2012 is 2.28%. Based on Internet Trends 2015 issued by KPCB, the global mobile traffic increased 70% in 2012, 81% in 2013 and 69% in 2014. It indicates that mobile telecommunication operators confront the saturated market in number of subscriber, but their mobile traffics have been increased rapidly. The video streaming services occupy over 50% of total mobile traffics and over 70% in North America. However, it would be challenges for mobile operators to deal with network congestion in peak hours for ensuring quality of service and maintaining customer loyalty. To purchase extra radio bands, install more base stations and upgrade new mobile technologies would be high cost solutions to implement, so mobile industry confronts a dilemma between OTT (over the top) services to exploit high speed transmission capabilities and network congestion of too many subscribers watching at the same content. Therefore, LTE (long-term evolution) eMBMS (Evolved-Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services), broadcasting service over LTE network, is the right candidate to evaluate whether it can prevent its predecessors’ failed experiences from enhancing spectrum efficiency through multicasting on the one hand and reduce network congestion and churn rates on the other hand. This research will evaluate the relationship and development of eMBMS, MBMS and DVB-H. People watch video programs through smart devices from different OTT channels including Netflix, YouTube and Hulu. From the sharing principle of mobile service, with more and more customers watch video through smart devices, the quality of network will be downgraded and congestion will be a troublesome issue to cope with. The earlier application of video streaming was provided by 3G in Taiwan, but the limitation of the service were speed, pricing and contents. OTT service is popular video watching services, but the quality is affected by network performance. LTE eMBMS, transmitted by multicasting and broadcasting, can guarantee the stable and reliable content delivery to client’s devices. Multicasting for video contents to large amount of subscribers can enhance to provide high efficient performance and make sure quality of service with minimum delay and jitter. The most important feature of eMBMS is it allows network resources to be dynamically allocated, so an LTE operator can choose to dedicate network capacity in a particular area for a particular event to spread out a certain video service, and then re-allocate that capacity to regular data traffic once the event is completed. Although traffic revenues for mobile operators would be reduced because eMBMS provides multicasting service, monthly subscription fees can be increased by stable and reliable video watching experience. Taking NFL game for example, the average data traffic of NHL game is 1.5GB and we predict that customer watch a NFL game per week and total data traffic is 6GB per month. The revenue of 6GB is lost to mobile operators and eMBMS service is charged monthly subscription fee. Therefore, network congestion is the vital factor to affect when eMBMS would be adopted by mobile operators. This research analyzed the topic through four steps. Firstly, we adopted stakeholder analysis to figure out the relationships between these stakeholders and a mobile operator. Secondly, we built a techno-economic model through the previous stakeholder analysis and find out key success factors and spectrum cost of eMBMS over LTE. Literatures and news articles offer valuable information to enrich parameters and factors estimation. Thirdly, we used simulation analysis to calculate revenue and cost for American and Taiwanese mobile operators. Finally, we proposed three scenarios to analyze NPVs (net present values) from each scenario. According to the results, the bigger mobile operators could conduct the strategy with combination of advertisement and handset subsidy. From our simulation, AT＆T has 130 million subscribers and it could make profit in the 3rd year and break-even the project in the 6th year. Because it has sufficient subscriber base and can earn extra revenues through advertisement. As for small mobile operators, like Chunghwa Telecom, has 6 million subscribers only. It could make profit in the 9th year and break-even in the 14th year. This research suggests that mobile operators with large scale like AT＆T and Verizon are suitable to provide eMBMS. In addition, mobile operators with much small scale (under five million subscribers) cannot make profits from eMBMS at all, even small telecom market. The main reasons are that number of subscriber is too low and cost of spectrum is too high. Another key point of this research is the competition between new technology (eMBMS) and traditional technology (digital terrestrial television), because eMBMS will become a platform for digital convergence. When eMBMS technology is matured, the market share of LTE will be higher than 3G. According to technological neutrality, the NRA (national regulatory authorities) could adopt eMBMS as one of broadcasting TV service technologies. This policy can increase the efficiency of spectrum utility and offer more broadcasting TV options for the public. In the long run, such kind of adoption can exploit the power and beauty of communication technology progress and enhance social welfare. The result of this research not only analyze the feasibility of LTE eMBMS in Taiwan but it can be a reference for mobile operators who intend to provide eMBMS for OTT programs.

碩士
國立暨南國際大學
資訊工程學系
103
Long Term Evolution is one of 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards developed as a fourth-generation mobile communications standard. In order to solve signal strength problem when the user equipment (UE) located at the edge of the signal coverage of LTE base station (Evolved NodeB, eNB), a new entity called relay node (RN) was introduced in LTE-Advanced by 3GPP. RN has low-power, low-cost features that can be used to enlarge the eNB radio signal coverage. Smart mobile devices become more popular in recent years, it is more convenient for people to transmit information at anytime and anywhere, so the amount of data transmission in wireless network would be raised quickly. To decrease the load of many users subscribing the same multimedia service simultaneously, LTE-A eMBMS mechanism can provide multicast service for group of users. However, there are two problems for current LTE-A eMBMS mechanism. One is no divided of whole TDD resources allocation, it may cause a waste of radio resource when lower traffic transmission. The other one is lower state MCS, the MCS of eMBMS service is dominated by the lowest MCS UE. Therefore, we proposed a mechanism to provide D2D relay-connection in eMBMS service environment. We will decrease eMBMS service area with better radio link quality and use relay-D2D connection for edge UEs to cover edge of original eMBMS wireless area. We use the view of capacity to determine whether change to proposed D2D mechanism or not. The thesis proposes two algorithms to assist the decision about the D2D link pairing. One is Receiver-Oriented using the view of receiver, finding the UE in eMBMS Zone with best CQI to be relay. The other one is Relay-Oriented using the view of sender, searching all the senders, selecting the best sender to be relay. Simulation results have shown that comparing with conventinal eMBMS transmission, the proposed D2D-based mechanism can reduce the number of allocated resource blocks.