Academic literature on the topic 'Embryonic axes'

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Journal articles on the topic "Embryonic axes"

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Benmahioul, B., F. Daguin, and M. Kaïd-Harche. "Cryopreservation of Pistacia vera embryonic axes." Journal of Forest Science 61, No. 4 (2016): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/63/2014-jfs.

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This preliminary study investigated the conservation of Pistacia vera genetic resources using seeds and isolated embryonic axes. First, the effect of storing seeds in ambient conditions on embryo viability was evaluated by in vitro culture. The germination rate of P. vera embryonic axes gradually decreased from 100% to 31% after 30-month storage of seeds. Cryopreservation may thus be necessary for the long-term conservation of embryos. A simple protocol was set up using embryonic axes. It included a single dehydration step with silica gel prior to direct freezing in liquid nitrogen (–196°C). The optimal germination rate was obtained after 60 min dehydration (water content of 0.2 grams of water per gram of dry weight [g·g<sup>–1</sup> DW]). However, 90 minutes of dehydration (0.14 g·g<sup>–1</sup> DW) were necessary to obtain seedlings whose qualitative development was equivalent to that of the control embryonic axes.
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Bansal, Alka, Daman Saluja, and R. C. Sachar. "Protein kinase in Cicer embryonic axes." Phytochemistry 26, no. 7 (1987): 1877–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)81720-3.

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Gonzalez-Benito, M. E., and C. Perez-Ruiz. "Cryopreservation of Quercus faginea embryonic axes." Cryobiology 29, no. 6 (1992): 685–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2240(92)90072-a.

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Stern, Claudio D., Yohko Hatada, Mark A. J. Selleck, and Kate G. Storey. "Relationships between mesoderm induction and the embryonic axes in chick and frog embryos." Development 116, Supplement (1992): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.116.supplement.151.

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The hypoblast is generally thought to be responsible for inducing the mesoderm in the chick embryo because the primitive streak, and subsequently the embryonic axis, form according to the orientation of the hypoblast However, some cells become specified as embryonic mesoderm very late in development, towards the end of the gastrulation period and long after the hypoblast has left the embryonic region. We argue that induction of embryonic mesoderm and of the embryonic axis are different and separable events, both in amniotes and in amphibians. We also consider the relationships between the dorsoventral and anteroposterior axes in both groups of vertebrates.
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Malik, S. K., and R. Chaudhury. "Cryopreservation of seeds and embryonic axes of wild apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)." Seed Science and Technology 38, no. 1 (2010): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2010.38.1.24.

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Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane. "Determination of the embryonic axes of Drosophila*." Development 113, Supplement_1 (1991): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.113.supplement_1.1.

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The principles of embryonic pattern formation have been studied extensively in many systems using classical experimental approaches. In Drosophila, a powerful combination of genetics and transplantation experiments, as well as molecular biology, have helped to elucidate the mechanisms that operate during oogenesis and early embryogenesis to establish a set of positional cues required for axis determination in the early embryo. In systematic searches for maternal effect mutations a small number of about 30 genes have been identified that specifically affect the process of determination of the embryonic axes. These ‘coordinate’ genes define four systems that determine the anteroposterior (AP) axis (three systems) and the dorsoventral (DV) axis (one system) independently. In the anteroposterior axis, the anterior system determines the segmented region of head and thorax, the posterior system determines the segmented abdominal region, and the terminal system is responsible for the formation of the nonsegmented termini at the anterior and posterior egg tips, the acron and telson. In contrast, pattern along the dorsoventral axis is determined by one system only. Although all four systems use different biochemical mechanisms, they share several properties. (1) The product of one gene in each system is localized in a specific region of the freshly laid egg and functions as a spatial signal. (2) In each system, this spatial information finally results in the asymmetrical distribution of one gene product that functions as a transcription factor. (3) This transcription factor is distributed in a concentration gradient that defines the spatial limits of expression of one or more zygotic target genes. The combined action of these three anteroposterior systems as well as the dorsoventral system defines the expression of zygotic target genes in at least seven distinct regions along the anteroposterior and at least three in the dorsoventral axis. These longitudinal and transverse domains provide a coarse spatial prepattern which is then further refined by the action and interaction of zygotic pattern genes.
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Beardmore, Tannis, and Wendy Vong. "Role of the cotyledonary tissue in improving low and ultralow temperature tolerance of butternut (Juglanscinerea) embryonic axes." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, no. 6 (1998): 903–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x98-064.

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Butternut (Juglans cinerea L.) survival is threatened in North America by the fungus Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum. To date, there is no control for this fungal disease and long-term seed storage, to ensure survival of the species, is not a viable option. Initially, low (0, –5, –10, –15, and –40°C) and ultralow (–196°C, cryopreservation) temperature tolerance of butternut embryonic axes isolated from the nuts collected from one tree was examined. Embryonic axes with approximately 3 mm of cotyledonary tissue attached to the hypocotyl area germinated after exposure to 0, –5, –10, –15, and –40°C for 4 h and to –196°C for 24 h. Percent germination after exposure to 0 and –5°C was 87 and 82%, respectively, and after –10 and –15°C was 29 and 27%, respectively. Thirty-two percent of axes germinated after –40°C, and 36% germinated after exposure to –196°C. Tolerance to –196°C was examined in the embryonic axes isolated from the nuts of 13 other trees. Significant tree-to-tree variation was found in the tolerance of the embryonic axes to low temperature. This variation corresponded to the water content of the embryonic axes; water contents of 4.8% and lower exhibited tolerance to –196°C. Reducing the water content of the embryonic axes by slow desiccation to 4.8% or less resulted in an increased tolerance to –196°C. These results suggest that low and ultralow temperature storage of embryonic axes may be a viable method for butternut ex situ conservation.
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Kemp, Karin, and J. G. C. Small. "Anaerobic germination and metabolism of Erythrina seeds with special reference to mitochondria and nitrate reductase." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 102 (1994): 355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000014342.

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AbstractSeeds of Erythrina caffra Thunb. are able to germinate anaerobically. Cycloheximide, chloramphenicol and malonate depressed germination. N2-incubated seeds metabolised [2-14C] Na-acetate. Synthesis of ATP in embryonic axes of N2-incubated seeds occurred to the same extent as in air-germinated seeds. Cycloheximide but not chloramphenicol depressed ATP and ethanol contents and respiratory capacity of embryonic axes.Embryonic axis mitochondrial O2 uptake capacity was similar for seeds incubated for 24 h in air and N2. The activities of five mitochondrial enzymes at this stage were slightly lower in N2-incubated than in air-incubated axes. However, at 12 h, i.e. prior to germination, activities in N2-incubated axes were higher for malate dehydrogenase, oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase, similar for succinate dehydrogenase and slightly lower for cytochrome oxidase than corresponding activities in axes of air-germinated seeds. Mitochondrial protein synthesis occurred in axes of N2-incubated seeds but at a slightly lower rate than in air-incubated seeds.When assayed anaerobically nitrate reductase activity was found associated with purified mitochondria. The nitrate reductase associated with mitochondria utilised NADH, succinate and to a lesser extent malate as electron donors. The activities measured were much lower than those of typical mitochondrial enzymes.It is concluded that mitochondrial activity occurs anaerobically in E. caffra embryonic seed axes and might possibly play a role in anoxic germination.
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Prize, Alfred P. Sloan, and Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard. "The formation of the embryonic axes inDrosophila." Cancer 71, no. 10 (1993): 3189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19930515)71:10<3189::aid-cncr2820711048>3.0.co;2-y.

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Santos, Izulmé Rita Imaculada, and Antonieta Nassif Salomão. "Viability Assessment ofGenipa americanaL. (Rubiaceae) Embryonic Axes after Cryopreservation UsingIn VitroCulture." International Journal of Agronomy 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7392710.

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Embryonic axes excised from seeds ofGenipa americanaL. desiccated to different water contents were successfully cryopreserved by rapidly plunging seed samples directly into liquid nitrogen. Control and cryopreserved embryonic axes were excised and grown in WPM culture medium for viability assessment. All control embryonic axes (−LN2) excised from fully hydrated seeds (43.89% moisture content) germinated after 21 days of culturein vitro. These high germination percentages persisted even after the water content of the seeds was as low as 6.79%. After freezing in liquid nitrogen high germination percentages, 93%, 96%, and 93%, were observed for embryonic axes excised from seeds dehydrated to 13.26%, 9.57%, and 6.79 moisture content, respectively. The cryopreservation technique described here is recommended for long term conservation ofG. americanagermplasm.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Embryonic axes"

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Hyman, Anthony Arie. "Establishment of division axes in the early embryonic divisions of Caenorhabditis Elegans." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.256630.

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Pennerstorfer, Markus. "Cleavage and cell fates in Phoronida." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17282.

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Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit Aspekten der frühen Entwicklung der Phoronida („Hufeisenwürmer“). An drei Arten wird der Furchungsprozess untersucht (Phoronis pallida, Phoronis muelleri, Phoronis vancouverensis). Dies erfolgt sowohl mithilfe der 4D-Mikroskopie als auch anhand von immunocytochemischen Markierungen der Mitosespindeln und konfokaler Laser-Scanning-Mikroskopie. Verschiedene morphologische Merkmale des Furchungsprozesses werden quantitativ erfasst und innerhalb sowie zwischen den Arten verglichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine weitgehend übereinstimmende Furchung bei P. pallida und P. muelleri Embryonen: Ab dem dritten Zellzyklus teilen sich die Blastomeren meist schräg – und alternierend dextral und sinistral – zur animal-vegetativ Achse. Dieses Muster zeigt überraschende Übereinstimmungen mit dem Muster der Spiralfurchung. Dies kann als morphologische Unterstützung molekular-phylogenetischer Befunde einer Stellung der Phoronida innerhalb der Spiralia/Lophotrochozoa interpretiert werden. Die Furchung bei P. vancouverensis unterscheidet sich von der Furchung der anderen beiden Arten; sie weist jedoch auch Unterschiede zu einer Radiärfurchung auf. Generell zeigt die Furchung aller drei Arten einen gewissen Grad an Variabilität. Anhand von in-vivo Einzelzellmarkierungen untersucht die Studie darüber hinaus das Schicksal der Blastomeren früher P. pallida Embryonen bis zu späten Gastrulationsstadien. Diese Analysen zeigen, dass die ersten beiden Furchungsteilungen durch die spätere Achse Blastoporus-Apikalplatte, jedoch in keinem konstanten Orientierungsverhältnis zur Ebene der Bilateralsymmetrie der Gastrula verlaufen. Dies unterscheidet sich von der Situation, wie sie von spiralfurchenden Tieren bekannt ist. Die Unterschiede und die beobachtete Variabilität des Furchungsprozesses werden im Licht unterschiedlicher Mechanismen der Spezifizierung von Zellschicksalen und Körperachsen bei verschiedenen Taxa der Spiralia und den Phoronida diskutiert.<br>This study addresses aspects of the early development of Phoronida (“horseshoe worms”). The cleavage process is analyzed for three species (Phoronis pallida, Phoronis muelleri, Phoronis vancouverensis). These investigations are performed using 4D-microscopy as well as immunocytochemical stainings of the mitotic spindle apparatuses in combination with confocal laser-scanning microscopy. Different morphological features of the cleavage process are quantified and compared within as well as between the species. The results reveal a highly consistent cleavage of P. pallida and P. muelleri embryos: from the third cell cycle onward, the blastomeres divide mostly obliquely – and alternatingly dextral and sinistral – with respect to the animal-vegetal axis. This cleavage pattern shows surprising correspondences to the pattern of spiral cleavage. The finding can be interpreted as morphological support for recent molecule-based phylogenies, which indicate a position of Phoronida within the Spiralia/Lophotrochozoa clade. The cleavage of P. vancouverensis differs from the cleavage in the other two species; however, it also shows differences to a radial cleavage pattern. In all three species, the cleavage process also involves some degree of variability. Furthermore, the study traces the cell fates of early P. pallida embryos up to the state of late gastrulation, by the use of fluorescent in-vivo single cell markings. These analyses reveal that the first two cleavage divisions both pass through the later axis blastopore-apical plate of the gastrula, yet they do not pass in a constant relationship with respect to the later plane of bilateral symmetry. This differs from the situation known from spiral cleaving animals. The differences and the encountered variability of the cleavage process are discussed with respect to different mechanisms of the specification of cell fates and body axes in different taxa of the Spiralia and the Phoronida.
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Canning, David Richard. "The mechanisms of formation of the embryonic axis." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329968.

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Rakeman, Andrew Steven. "The role of Nap1-mediated cell migration : during morphogenesis and axis specification in the mouse /." Access full-text from WCMC:, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1296088091&sid=9&Fmt=2&clientId=8424&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Tatar, Tülin. "Nanog-Tcf15 axis during exit from naïve pluripotency." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31231.

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Pluripotent cells have the dual abilities to self-renewal and to differentiate into all three germ layers. Pluripotent cells can be isolated from two different stages of mouse embryogenesis. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are isolated from the inner cell mass (ICM) of the pre-implantation embryo and are considered to be in a naïve state. On the other hand, cells isolated from epiblast of the post-implantation embryo are referred as epiblast stem cells (EpiSC) and are representative of primed pluripotency. ESCs and EpiSCs are distinct from each other in terms of the morphology, the gene regulatory network and the signalling pathways regulating self-renewal. Under certain conditions, ESCs and EpiSCs can be transitioned into each other. However, the mechanism that regulates this transition from naïve to primed pluripotent state remains to be solved. Nanog, Oct4 and Sox2 form the core gene regulatory network of pluripotency. Additionally, the Id protein family is also important in the maintenance of pluripotency in ESCs. Id proteins function by inhibiting the activity of pro-differentiation factors. Tcf15 is identified as one of the targets of Id inhibition in ESCs. Moreover, Tcf15 has been identified as a repression target of Nanog. In this study, to understand the function of Tcf15, the expression of Tcf15 was characterized in differentiating ESCs. The transient upregulation of Tcf15 mRNA and protein was detected at early stages of differentiation before lineage commitment. Furthermore, Tcf15 protein was heterogeneously expressed in differentiating cells. Mutually exclusive expression of Nanog and Tcf15 proteins were demonstrated in both self-renewing and differentiating ESCs. Further characterization of the effect of Nanog on Tcf15 transcription showed that Tcf15 pre-mRNA was downregulated within 20 minute of Nanog induction. A Nanog binding site was identified at +32kb relative to the Tcf15 transcription start site (TSS). Initially, Nanog binding at this region was confirmed by performing ChIP-PCR experiments. Then, this Nanog binding region was further analysed for its enhancer activity related to the Tcf15 gene. Deletion of the Nanog binding region using CRISPR-Cas9 confirmed that this region acts as Tcf15 enhancer; it was shown that this region was required for the activation of Tcf15 transcription during differentiation. Tcf15 induction experiments were performed in order to the check whether Tcf15 affects Nanog transcription. The results indicate that Nanog is not a direct target of Tcf15, but Tcf15 contributes indirectly to the repression of Nanog. Additional analysis with the Tcf15 enhancer deletion cells showed that Tcf15 is not required for efficient downregulation of naïve markers and the upregulation of primed markers. However, the genes related to the regulation of adhesion properties of cells such as Zyc, Itga3 were induced with lower efficiency in the absence of Tcf15 compared to the wild type cells. In summary, I investigated the reciprocal regulation of Tcf15 and Nanog and the role of Tcf15 for the differentiation. My results suggest that Tcf15 is expressed in the cells that have initiated differentiation but are not lineage-committed. Additionally, Tcf15 can contribute to the regulation of adhesion related genes in order to help the epithelisation of the cells required during the differentiation from naïve to the primed pluripotent state. As a conclusion, Nanog is proposed to help to prevent certain aspects of ESCs differentiation by repressing Tcf15.
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Chahda, Juan Sebastian. "Analysis of Scaling Properties of Embryonic Morphogen Gradients During Drosophila Evolution." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1437000710.

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Lee, Hojoon. "On the extracellular network of interacting proteins that patterns the embryonic dorsal-ventral axis." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1317324081&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Mastromina, Ioanna. "Investigation into the expression, role and regulation of the Myc oncogene during vertebrate embryonic body axis elongation." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2017. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/76216355-3572-4642-aaf8-72a9948af467.

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Goulding, Morgan Ben. "Comparative and experimental analysis of precocious cell-lineage diversification in the embryonic dorsoventral axis of the gastropod Ilyanassa /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3008339.

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Denans, Nicolas. "Role of the Hox genes in the control of the body axis elongation of the chicken embryo." Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA6147.

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La segmentation de la colonne vertébrale est une caractéristique des vertébrés. Au cours de l’embryogénèse, les somites, précurseurs des vertèbres, se forment de façon périodique par segmentation de la partie antérieure du mésoderme présomitique (PSM), un tissu mésenchymateux situé de part et d’autre du tube neural. Le PSM se forme par l’ajout progressif de cellules dans sa partie postérieure provenant de progéniteurs originaires de la ligne primitive puis du bourgeon caudal au cours de la gastrulation. Le nombre de somites est défini de façon très précise au sein d’une même espèce bien qu’il varie énormément entre les différentes espèces. Pour maintenir un nombre précis de somites, la taille de l’axe embryonnaire et donc l’élongation de cet axe, doivent être contrôlés de façon très précise. En utilisant des approches fonctionnelles in vivo chez l’embryon de poulet, nous montrons que le ralentissement de l’élongation de l’axe est physiquement contrôlé par la régulation de l’ingression des progéniteurs du PSM, dépendant de l’expression colinéaire des gènes Hox au sein de ces mêmes progéniteurs. Nous montrons que les gènes Hox contrôlent l’élongation de l’axe de façon colinéaire en modulant l’activité de la voie Wnt/catenine et de sa cible transcriptionnelle, T. En conclusion, nous proposons un nouveau mécanisme qui explique comment l’expression colinéaire des gènes Hox régule l’élongation de l’axe, et donc le nombre de somites, de l’embryon de poulet<br>The vertebrate body axis is subdivided into repeated segments, best exemplified by the vertebrae that derive from embryonic somites. The somites are formed periodically by the segmentation of the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) which forms by progressive cell deposition from a posterior growth zone. The number of somites is precisely defined for any given species but varies widely from one species to another. In order to maintain a precise number of somites, the body axis elongation has to be tightly controlled. The precise control of how the elongation will slow down to define the axis length remains unknown. Using in vivo functional approaches, we show that the axis elongation slow-down is controlled by the regulation of the PSM progenitors’ ingression downstream of the Hox genes. We show that the Hox genes control the axis elongation in a collinear fashion through the modulation of the Wnt/catenin pathway and its target, T. Altogether we propose a new mechanism explaining how the collinear expression of the Hox genes regulates the length of the body axis and thus the number of somites of the chicken embryo
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Books on the topic "Embryonic axes"

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D, Black Steven, Wassersug Richard J, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Amphibian development in the virtual absence of gravity: (embryonic axis/morphogenesis/swimming behavior). National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Embryonic axes"

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Normah, M. N., and A. M. Makeen. "Cryopreservation of Excised Embryos and Embryonic Axes." In Plant Cryopreservation: A Practical Guide. Springer New York, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72276-4_10.

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Klingler, Martin, and Diethard Tautz. "Formation of Embryonic Axes and Blastoderm Pattern in Drosophila." In Development. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59828-9_19.

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Meinhardt, Hans. "Pattern Forming Reactions and the Generation of Primary Embryonic Axes." In Morphogenesis and Pattern Formation in Biological Systems. Springer Japan, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-65958-7_1.

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Chmielarz, P. "Preservation of Quercus robur L. Embryonic Axes in Liquid Nitrogen." In Basic and Applied Aspects of Seed Biology. Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5716-2_83.

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Dumet, D., and P. Berjak. "Desiccation Tolerance and Cryopreservation of Embryonic Axes of Recalcitrant Species." In Basic and Applied Aspects of Seed Biology. Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5716-2_84.

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Normah, M. N., and M. N. Siti Dewi Serimala. "Cryopreservation of Seeds and Embryonic Axes of Several Citrus Species." In Basic and Applied Aspects of Seed Biology. Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5716-2_90.

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Hernández-Nistal, Josefina, Juan J. Aldasaro, Dolores Rodriguez, Josefa Babiano, and Gregorio Nicolás. "Intracellular Localization of Calmodulin on Embryonic Axes of Cicer Arietinum L." In Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Calcium in Plant Development. Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2177-4_39.

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Sander, Klaus. "Wilhelm Roux on embryonic axes, sperm entry and the grey crescent." In Landmarks in Developmental Biology 1883–1924. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60492-8_3.

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Vieitez, Ana M., M. Carmen San-José, and Elena Corredoira. "Cryopreservation of Zygotic Embryonic Axes and Somatic Embryos of European Chestnut." In Methods in Molecular Biology. Humana Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61737-988-8_15.

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Keulemans, J., and K. de Witte. "Plant regeneration from cotyledons and embryonic axes in apple: Sites of reaction and effect of pre-culture in the light." In Developments in Plant Breeding. Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0467-8_74.

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Conference papers on the topic "Embryonic axes"

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Ou, Ming Cheh, Dennis Ou, and Chung Chu Pang. "Abstract 1436: The possible role of embryonic polarity axes for the normalization of tissue function induced by the interaction between human bilateral parts." In Proceedings: AACR 107th Annual Meeting 2016; April 16-20, 2016; New Orleans, LA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-1436.

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Heo, Su-Jin, Nandan L. Nerurkar, Tristan P. Driscoll, and Robert L. Mauck. "Differentiation and Dynamic Tensile Loading Alter Nuclear Mechanics and Mechanoreception in Mesenchymal Stem Cells." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53432.

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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising cell source for tissue engineering applications, given their ease of isolation and multi-potential differentiation capacity [1]. Passive and active mechanical signals can direct MSC lineage commitment [2], however, the subcellular machinery that translates physical cues to biologic response remains unclear. Direct deformation of the nucleus may influence differentiation by inducing mechanical reorganization of nuclear chromatin. Because the nuclei of differentiated cells are stiffer than progenitor cells [3], it is possible that such mechanoregulatory mechanisms vary with differentiation state. Lamin A/C is a filamentous protein that largely defines nuclear shape, size and stiffness [3]. Recent work suggests that Lamin A/C also regulates chromatin organization and transcriptional activity [4]. Recently, we have developed an in vitro system to direct the functional differentiation of MSCs into fibrochondrocytes, using electrospun polymeric nanofiber substrates [5]. Alignment of nanofibers directs cell alignment, allowing external forces to be applied uniformly along the long axes of cells, emulating the mechanical microenvironment experienced by embryonic progenitors during fibrous tissue morphogenesis [6]. We have noted, however, that as MSCs undergo fibrochondrogenesis, translation of scaffold deformation to nuclear deformation is attenuated [7]. From those studies, it was not clear whether this was due to changes in cellular mechanics or to accretion of extracellular matrix during differentiation. Thus the objective of the present work was to specifically identify how fibrochondrogenesis of MSCs on aligned nanofibrous scaffolds alters nuclear mechanics and mechanoreception, and further to ascertain whether mechanical stimulation alone can elicit similar mechanoregulatory changes.
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Zhou, Wenjing, Yingjie Yu, Yanhong Duan, and Anand Asundi. "Phase reconstruction of living human embryonic kidney 293 cells based on two off-axis holograms." In International Conference on Experimental Mechnics 2008 and Seventh Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics, edited by Xiaoyuan He, Huimin Xie, and YiLan Kang. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.838970.

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Holloway, David M., and Alexander V. Spirov. "Gene expression noise in embryonic spatial patterning: Reliable formation of the head-to-tail axis in the fruit fly." In 2011 21st International Conference on Noise and Fluctuations (ICNF). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnf.2011.5994379.

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Chen, Duanduan, Kyosuke Shinohara, Jun Ren, and Hiroshi Hamada. "The Protein-Driven Ciliary Motility in Embryonic Nodes: A Computational Model of Ciliary Ultrastructure." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-62460.

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Abstract:
The movement of embryonic cilia presents a crucial function in specifying left-right axis for vertebrates. Those mono-cilia are primary (9+0) cilia, whose characteristic architecture is based on a cylindrical arrangement of 9 microtubule doublets. Dynein motors located between adjacent doublets convert the chemical energy of ATP hydrolysis into mechanical work that induces doublet sliding. Passive components, such as the mediated cytoplasm, the ciliary membrane, and other possibly-existent structures constraint the ciliary motion and maintain the cilia structural integrity, thus resulting in the axonemal bending. Dynein motors located along microtubule doublets in a motile nodal cilium activate in a sequential manner. However, due to inherent difficulties, the dynein activation patterns in moving cilia can hardly be directly observed. The exact mechanism that controls ciliary motion is still unrevealed. In this work, we present a protein-structure model reconstructed from transmission electron microscopy image set of a wide-type embryonic cilium to study the dynein-dependent ciliary motility. This model includes time accurate three-dimensional solid mechanics analysis of the sliding between adjacent microtubule doublets and their induced ciliary bending. As a conceptual test, the mathematical model provides a platform to investigate various assumptions of dynein activity, which facilitates us to evaluate their rationality and to propose the most possible dynein activation pattern. The proposed protein-trigger pattern can reproduce the rotation-like ciliary motion as observed by experiments. Further application of this approach to mutant cilia with ultrastructural modifications also shows consistency to experimental observations. This computational model based on solid mechanics analysis may improve our understandings regarding the protein-beating problems of cilia, and may guide and inspire further experimental investigations on this topic.
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Song, Bomin, and Hyonchol Jang. "Abstract 1520: Regulation of stemness by perturbation of OCT4-PP1 axis reduces malignancy of embryonal carcinoma." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2018; April 14-18, 2018; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-1520.

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Sims, Danica Anne, Hapiloe Mabaruti Maranyane, Jade Peres, and Sharon Prince. "Abstract B43: The c-Myc/AKT1/TBX3 axis is important to target in the treatment of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma." In Abstracts: AACR Special Conference on the Advances in Pediatric Cancer Research; September 17-20, 2019; Montreal, QC, Canada. American Association for Cancer Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.pedca19-b43.

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