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Journal articles on the topic 'Embryonic axes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Benmahioul, B., F. Daguin, and M. Kaïd-Harche. "Cryopreservation of Pistacia vera embryonic axes." Journal of Forest Science 61, No. 4 (2016): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/63/2014-jfs.

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This preliminary study investigated the conservation of Pistacia vera genetic resources using seeds and isolated embryonic axes. First, the effect of storing seeds in ambient conditions on embryo viability was evaluated by in vitro culture. The germination rate of P. vera embryonic axes gradually decreased from 100% to 31% after 30-month storage of seeds. Cryopreservation may thus be necessary for the long-term conservation of embryos. A simple protocol was set up using embryonic axes. It included a single dehydration step with silica gel prior to direct freezing in liquid nitrogen (&ndash

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2

Stern, Claudio D., Yohko Hatada, Mark A. J. Selleck, and Kate G. Storey. "Relationships between mesoderm induction and the embryonic axes in chick and frog embryos." Development 116, Supplement (1992): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.116.supplement.151.

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The hypoblast is generally thought to be responsible for inducing the mesoderm in the chick embryo because the primitive streak, and subsequently the embryonic axis, form according to the orientation of the hypoblast However, some cells become specified as embryonic mesoderm very late in development, towards the end of the gastrulation period and long after the hypoblast has left the embryonic region. We argue that induction of embryonic mesoderm and of the embryonic axis are different and separable events, both in amniotes and in amphibians. We also consider the relationships between the dors

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3

Beardmore, Tannis, and Wendy Vong. "Role of the cotyledonary tissue in improving low and ultralow temperature tolerance of butternut (Juglanscinerea) embryonic axes." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, no. 6 (1998): 903–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x98-064.

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Butternut (Juglans cinerea L.) survival is threatened in North America by the fungus Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum. To date, there is no control for this fungal disease and long-term seed storage, to ensure survival of the species, is not a viable option. Initially, low (0, 5, 10, 15, and 40°C) and ultralow (196°C, cryopreservation) temperature tolerance of butternut embryonic axes isolated from the nuts collected from one tree was examined. Embryonic axes with approximately 3 mm of cotyledonary tissue attached to the hypocotyl area germinated after exposure to 0, 5, 10, 15,

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4

Shi, De-Li. "Canonical and Non-Canonical Wnt Signaling Generates Molecular and Cellular Asymmetries to Establish Embryonic Axes." Journal of Developmental Biology 12, no. 3 (2024): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jdb12030020.

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The formation of embryonic axes is a critical step during animal development, which contributes to establishing the basic body plan in each particular organism. Wnt signaling pathways play pivotal roles in this fundamental process. Canonical Wnt signaling that is dependent on β-catenin regulates the patterning of dorsoventral, anteroposterior, and left–right axes. Non-canonical Wnt signaling that is independent of β-catenin modulates cytoskeletal organization to coordinate cell polarity changes and asymmetric cell movements. It is now well documented that components of these Wnt pathways bioch

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5

Kemp, Karin, and J. G. C. Small. "Anaerobic germination and metabolism of Erythrina seeds with special reference to mitochondria and nitrate reductase." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 102 (1994): 355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000014342.

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AbstractSeeds of Erythrina caffra Thunb. are able to germinate anaerobically. Cycloheximide, chloramphenicol and malonate depressed germination. N2-incubated seeds metabolised [2-14C] Na-acetate. Synthesis of ATP in embryonic axes of N2-incubated seeds occurred to the same extent as in air-germinated seeds. Cycloheximide but not chloramphenicol depressed ATP and ethanol contents and respiratory capacity of embryonic axes.Embryonic axis mitochondrial O2 uptake capacity was similar for seeds incubated for 24 h in air and N2. The activities of five mitochondrial enzymes at this stage were slightl

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6

Santos, Izulmé Rita Imaculada, and Antonieta Nassif Salomão. "Viability Assessment ofGenipa americanaL. (Rubiaceae) Embryonic Axes after Cryopreservation UsingIn VitroCulture." International Journal of Agronomy 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7392710.

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Embryonic axes excised from seeds ofGenipa americanaL. desiccated to different water contents were successfully cryopreserved by rapidly plunging seed samples directly into liquid nitrogen. Control and cryopreserved embryonic axes were excised and grown in WPM culture medium for viability assessment. All control embryonic axes (−LN2) excised from fully hydrated seeds (43.89% moisture content) germinated after 21 days of culturein vitro. These high germination percentages persisted even after the water content of the seeds was as low as 6.79%. After freezing in liquid nitrogen high germination

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7

SALOMÃO, A. N., I. R. I. SANTOS, S. C. B. R. JOSÉ, J. P. DA SILVA, and B. G. LAVIOLA. "Methods to assess the viability of cryopreserved Jatropha curcas L. seed germplasm." Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais 18, no. 2 (2016): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-084x/15_175.

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ABSTRACT Jatropha curcas L. is a plant species with many potential applications, especially medicinal uses (hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, haemostatic, healing, anti-tumor). The objective of this study was to test germination in moist paper rolls for whole seeds and in vitro for excised embryonic axes, in an attempt to identify the best method to assess the quality of J. curcas seed germplasm, cryopreserved with different water contents. The experimental sample with a 6.2% moisture content (MC) was divided in subsamples which were hydrated and dehydrated for 0 (control), 4, 8, 11 and 24h. Th

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8

Bansal, Alka, Daman Saluja, and R. C. Sachar. "Protein kinase in Cicer embryonic axes." Phytochemistry 26, no. 7 (1987): 1877–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)81720-3.

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9

Gonzalez-Benito, M. E., and C. Perez-Ruiz. "Cryopreservation of Quercus faginea embryonic axes." Cryobiology 29, no. 6 (1992): 685–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2240(92)90072-a.

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10

Saude, L., K. Woolley, P. Martin, W. Driever, and D. L. Stemple. "Axis-inducing activities and cell fates of the zebrafish organizer." Development 127, no. 16 (2000): 3407–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.127.16.3407.

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We have investigated axis-inducing activities and cellular fates of the zebrafish organizer using a new method of transplantation that allows the transfer of both deep and superficial organizer tissues. Previous studies have demonstrated that the zebrafish embryonic shield possesses classically defined dorsal organizer activity. When we remove the morphologically defined embryonic shield, embryos recover and are completely normal by 24 hours post-fertilization. We find that removal of the morphological shield does not remove all goosecoid- and floating head-expressing cells, suggesting that th

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11

Gaidamashvili, Mariam, Eka Khurtsidze, Tamari Kutchava, Maurizio Lambardi, and Carla Benelli. "Efficient Protocol for Improving the Development of Cryopreserved Embryonic Axes of Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) by Encapsulation–Vitrification." Plants 10, no. 2 (2021): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020231.

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An optimized cryopreservation protocol for embryonic axes (EAs) of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) has been developed based on the encapsulation–vitrification procedure. EAs of mature seeds were aseptically dissected and encapsulated in alginate beads with or without 0.3% (w/v) activated charcoal (AC). Embedded EAs were dehydrated with Plant Vitrification Solution 2 for different treatment times up to 120 min, followed by direct immersion in liquid nitrogen. Cryopreserved embryonic axes encapsulated with AC showed higher survival (70%) compared to those encapsulated without AC (50%). Sixty-fo

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12

Morris, J. B., S. Dunn, and R. N. Pittman. "Plant Recovery from Embryonic Axes of Deteriorated Peanut Seed for Germplasm Renewal1." Peanut Science 22, no. 1 (1995): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/pnut.22.1.0015.

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Abstract Embryo axes explants from deteriorated seed of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) were incubated at a 16 hr photoperiod at 26 C on an MSB5 medium containing MS salts, B5 vitamins, 20 g/L sucrose, and 8 g/L agar. Five to 8-wk-old plants regenerated from embryonic axes were transplanted to Jiffy pots in the greenhouse. Thirty-two samples of deteriorated seed between 2 and 32 yr old were evaluated. Significant differences in organogenesis were observed between different seed accessions. Shoots and roots were recovered from 74 and 36%, respectively, of embryonic axes explants. In the same exper

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13

Khanam, Salma, Kimie Atsuzawa, and Yasuko Kaneko. "Localization of Lipid Droplets in Embryonic Axis Radicle Cells of Soybean Seeds under Various Imbibition Regimes Indicates Their Role in Desiccation Tolerance." Plants 12, no. 4 (2023): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12040799.

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Desiccation tolerance allows plant seeds to remain viable during desiccation and subsequent re-hydration. In this study, we tried to develop an experimental system to understand the difference between desiccation tolerant and desiccation sensitive radicle cells by examining excised embryonic axes after re-desiccation and subsequent imbibition under various regimes. Embryonic axes excised from soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seeds imbibed for 3 h to 15 h which remained attached to the cotyledons during imbibition would grow normally after 24 h of desiccation and re-imbibition on wet filter pap

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14

Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane. "Determination of the embryonic axes of Drosophila*." Development 113, Supplement_1 (1991): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.113.supplement_1.1.

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The principles of embryonic pattern formation have been studied extensively in many systems using classical experimental approaches. In Drosophila, a powerful combination of genetics and transplantation experiments, as well as molecular biology, have helped to elucidate the mechanisms that operate during oogenesis and early embryogenesis to establish a set of positional cues required for axis determination in the early embryo. In systematic searches for maternal effect mutations a small number of about 30 genes have been identified that specifically affect the process of determination of the e

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15

Kalemba, Bagniewska-Zadworna, Suszka, and Pukacka. "Dehydration Sensitivity at the Early Seedling Establishment Stages of the European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)." Forests 10, no. 10 (2019): 900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10100900.

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Shortage of water is a limiting factor for the growth and development of plants, particularly at early developmental stages. We focused on the European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), which produces seeds and further seedlings in large intervals of up to ten years. To explore the beech seedling establishment process, six stages referring to embryo expansion were studied to determine sensitivity to dehydration. The characterization of the response of elongating embryonic axes and cotyledons included a viability test before and after dehydration and measurement of the amounts of electrolyte leakage,

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16

Malik, S. K., and R. Chaudhury. "Cryopreservation of seeds and embryonic axes of wild apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)." Seed Science and Technology 38, no. 1 (2010): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2010.38.1.24.

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17

Puntarulo, Susana. "Effect of oxidative stress during imbibition of soybean embryonic axes." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 102 (1994): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026972700001424x.

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SynopsisBoth respiration and generation by soybean embryonic axes showed a sharp increase upon germination, leading to a significant increase in the steady-state concentration of and H2O2 after 6 h of imbibition. An assay was developed to assess in vivo generation of reactive oxygen species, based upon DCFH-DA oxidation. Fluorescence of the external medium was dependent on reaction time and axes number and was inhibited by catalase.α-Tocopherol content declined significantly after 24 h of incubation, as compared to the content at the onset of germination. Incubation in the presence of redox cy

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18

Simontacchi, Marcela, and Susana Puntarulo. "Effect of ageing on oxygen radical generation by soybean seeds." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 102 (1994): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000014275.

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SynopsisRates of leakage of protein and electrolytes were measured in soybean embryonic axes from soybean seeds stored for 8–42 months. A significant increase in the content of proteins and electrolytes was determined in the external medium where aged embryonic axes were incubated. Lipid peroxidation was evaluated by the measurement of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in isolated axes from aged seeds. No significant differences were detected either in the content in vivo nor in the rate of generation in vitro. To assess in vivo oxidative condition of the axes, an assay employing

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19

Ntuli, Tobias M., Patricia Berjak, Norman W. Pammenter, and Michael T. Smith. "Effects of temperature on the desiccation responses of seeds of Zizania palustris." Seed Science Research 7, no. 2 (1997): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258500003482.

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AbstractSeeds of wild rice (Zizania palustris var. interior) have been reported to show maximum survival when dehydrated at 25°C. It has also been reported that axis cells sustain least damage at this drying temperature. In the present study, a linear relationship between drying rate and dehydration temperature was established. Whereas the highest positive tetrazolium staining and lowest leakage were recorded for seeds dehydrated at 25°C, maximum germination was recorded for seeds dried at 20°C. A proportion of seeds showed glass formation irrespective of the dehydration temperatures used. Par

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20

Zalewski, Kazimierz. "The metabolism of aged seeds. The formation of polyribosomes in germinating field bean ( Vicia faba sp. minor) seeds of different ages." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 61, no. 2 (2014): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1992.018.

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Total dehydrogenase activity and formation of polyribosomes in embryonic axes and cotyledons of field bean seeds from different harvest years were studied. <sup>3</sup>H-uridine incorporation experiments showed that seed ageing was accompanied by decreased capability for RNA synthesis and polyribosome formation. The embryonic axes of seeds with reduced vigor contained lower levels of polyribosomes.

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21

Prize, Alfred P. Sloan, and Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard. "The formation of the embryonic axes inDrosophila." Cancer 71, no. 10 (1993): 3189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19930515)71:10<3189::aid-cncr2820711048>3.0.co;2-y.

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22

Patil, Pravin D., Bupesh K. Mendhe, and S. K. Malik. "Ultrastructural studies in Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) after desiccation and freezing." Tropical Plant Research 9, no. 1 (2022): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/tpr.2022.v9.i1.003.

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Recalcitrant seeds are remarkably short-lived and therefore are difficult to be successfully stored with respect to the ex situ conservation. Litchi seed embryonic axes were desiccated before cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen (direct immersion). Microscopic investigations were undertaken on Litchi embryonic axes in response to the desiccation and freezing sensitivity. Evidences shows that cryopreservation has a disruptive effect at the cellular level in Litchi.

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23

Obeidy, Ahmed A., and M. A. L. Smith. "Organogenesis from Mature Pecan Cotyledons and Embryonic Axes." HortScience 28, no. 3 (1993): 213–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.3.213.

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The regenerative capacity of mature pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] embryonic tissues was demonstrated after pretreating mature nuts to eliminate associated endogenous contaminants. Cultured cotyledon segments were induced to form adventitious roots in a medium with 50 μm NAA. A regeneration medium with 20 μm BA and 5 μm IBA stimulated prolific axillary shoot production from the embryonic axis without causing cotyledon abscission. Cotyledon retention was essential for shoot initiation and long-term development. Eighty-five percent of the shoots emerging from embryonic axes forme

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Avila-Alejandre, Alma X., Fulgencio Espejel, Esmeralda Paz-Lemus, et al. "Effect of insulin on the cell cycle of germinating maize seeds (Zea mays L.)." Seed Science Research 23, no. 1 (2013): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258512000281.

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AbstractDuring seed germination, metabolism is reactivated, DNA is repaired and cell division is restarted in the meristems. The mechanisms that co-ordinate cell growth and division in maize embryonic axes during germination are not well understood. However, the presence of a factor similar to IGF (insulin-like growth factor) that accelerates germination has been reported. In the present work, the regulation of the cell-cycle restart by bovine insulin [which has been demonstrated to produce similar effects as insulin-like growth factor of maize (ZmIGF) in maize seeds] was studied in germinatin

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25

Goldstein, Bob, Steven N. Hird, and John G. White. "Cell polarity in early C. elegans development." Development 119, Supplement (1993): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.119.supplement.279.

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The polarization of the embryonic axes is a key event in embryogenesis, being one of the earliest manifestations of the shape and form of the organism. The acquisition of polarity by individual blastomeres is one of the earliest indicators of commitment t o a particular pathway of differentiation. These phenomena have been studied in the development of C. elegans both at the cellular and organismal level. This review summarizes what is known about how polarity is established in the blastomeres of this organism, how the division axes of polarized cells arc determined, and how the embryonic axes

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26

Tacán, Marcelo, Raquel Andrango, César Tapia, Marten Sørensen, Rainer Vollmer, and César Pérez. "Developing a Cryopreservation Protocol for Embryonic Axes of Six South American Peanut Genotypes (Arachis hypogaea L.) Using Desiccation–Vitrification." Crops 4, no. 4 (2024): 701–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/crops4040048.

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The present study investigates the cryopreservation of embryonic axes from the peanut genotype ECU-12466, demonstrating a successful protocol involving a 1 h desiccation on silica gel followed by a 1 h cryoprotection with Plant Vitrificatin Solution 2 (PVS2). The average dimensions of the excised embryonic axes were 5.6 mm in length and 3.5 mm in width, with plumule lengths averaging 2.2 mm. Notably, germination rates for cryopreserved axes ranged from 71.4% to 85.7%, showing resilience to varying desiccation and PVS2 treatment times, particularly at 1 h. Shoot length was significantly enhance

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27

Kalemba, Ewa Marzena, Shirin Alipour, and Natalia Wojciechowska. "NAD(P)H Drives the Ascorbate–Glutathione Cycle and Abundance of Catalase in Developing Beech Seeds Differently in Embryonic Axes and Cotyledons." Antioxidants 10, no. 12 (2021): 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10122021.

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European beech is an important component of European lowland forests in terms of ecology, and produces irregular seeds categorized as intermediate due to their limited longevity. Removal of the excess of reactive oxygen species is crucial for redox homeostasis in growing plant tissues. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is detoxified via the plant-specific ascorbate-glutathione cycle, and enzymatically, mainly by catalase (CAT). The reduced and oxidized (redox) forms of ascorbate (AsA, DHA) and glutathione (GSH, GSSG) decreased during maturation as the content of redox forms of nicotinamide adenine dinu

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28

Lammer, Doug L., and David J. Gifford. "Lodgepole pine seed germination. II. The seed proteins and their mobilization in the megagametophyte and embryonic axis." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 9 (1989): 2544–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-329.

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Insoluble crystalloid proteins formed the major storage reserve in the mature lodgepole (Pinus contorta Dougl.) seed where they were found mainly in the megagametophyte. Smaller amounts were identified in the embryonic axis. These proteins had a subunit molecular mass in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate of 50–55 kDa. Crystalloid subunits were heterodimers with subunit polypeptide molecular masses of 33–36 and 22–23.5 kDa. Following the emergence of the radicle from the seed coat, this reserve was rapidly mobilized in both the megagametophyte and the embryonic axis, and clearly played a m

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29

Poulsen, K. M., and E. N. Eriksen. "Physiological aspects of recalcitrance in embryonic axes of Quercus robur L." Seed Science Research 2, no. 4 (1992): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258500001409.

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AbstractThe sorption isotherm for excised embryonic axes of recalcitrant (i.e. desiccation-sensitive) Quercus robur L. acorns was determined to find the relation between moisture content and water potential. Subsequently, physiological studies on the effect of desiccating the axes to a range of water potentials were undertaken. The respiratory capacity declined steeply after short exposure to water potentials from −5 to −30 MPa. The leachate conductivity increased significantly after exposure to −5 MPa and rose steeply after exposure to between −12 and −40 MPa. Axes were equilibrated at differ

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30

Paul, Bidisha, Zachary R. Sterner, Daniel R. Buchholz, Yun-Bo Shi, and Laurent M. Sachs. "Thyroid and Corticosteroid Signaling in Amphibian Metamorphosis." Cells 11, no. 10 (2022): 1595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11101595.

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In multicellular organisms, development is based in part on the integration of communication systems. Two neuroendocrine axes, the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal/interrenal axes, are central players in orchestrating body morphogenesis. In all vertebrates, the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis controls thyroid hormone production and release, whereas the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal/interrenal axis regulates the production and release of corticosteroids. One of the most salient effects of thyroid hormones and corticosteroids in post-embryonic developmen

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Vlahou, A., M. Gonzalez-Rimbau, and C. N. Flytzanis. "Maternal mRNA encoding the orphan steroid receptor SpCOUP-TF is localized in sea urchin eggs." Development 122, no. 2 (1996): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.122.2.521.

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The SpCOUP-TF gene is a highly conserved sea urchin homologue of the vertebrate COUP-TFs and the Drosophila seven up subfamily of transcription factors, which are members of the orphan steroid hormone receptors. Whole-mount in situ hybridization experiments, using three sea urchin species, detect the maternal SpCOUP-TF mRNA deposited unevenly in the oocytes, mature eggs and the blastomeres of the early embryo. The localization pattern indicates that, in all three sea urchin species, the maternal SpCOUP-TF mRNA is placed in the egg in a fixed position relative to the embryonic axes, i.e. latera

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Zhang, Ming-Jia, Yong-Zheng Wang, Yang Xian, et al. "Desiccation Sensitivity Characteristics and Low-Temperature Storage of Recalcitrant Quercus variabilis Seed." Forests 14, no. 9 (2023): 1837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14091837.

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This study aims to investigate the desiccation sensitivity characteristics and the critical moisture content of the recalcitrant Quercus variabilis seed. Additionally, cryopreservation of the recalcitrant seeds were studied. Wild-collected Q. variabilis seeds were used in this research. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was employed to evaluate the critical moisture content and germination indices at different moisture contents were measured. The initial moisture content of the seeds and embryonic axes decreased from 33.1% and 40.9%, respectively, to 10.0%, accompanied by a germination r

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33

Nery, F. C., R. Paiva, A. C. A. L. Campos, G. F. Nogueira, V. C. Stein, and A. A. Alvarenga. "CRYOPRESERVATION OF ANADENANTHERA COLUBRINE (VELL.) BRENAN EMBRYONIC AXES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 908 (September 2011): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.908.28.

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34

Yates, I. E., and B. W. Wood. "Organogenesis from Immature Pecan Embryonic Axes in Vitro." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114, no. 6 (1989): 1025–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.114.6.1025.

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Abstract Immature embryos were excised during kernel development from fruits of the pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] cultivars Desirable and Stuart. The cotyledons were removed and the main embryo axes were used as explants. Explants were cultured in vitro on media containing various levels of cytokinins and auxins. Morphogenesis in ‘Stuart’ preceded that of ‘Desirable’ by 1 to 2 weeks. In both cultivars, the percentage of embryo axes forming shoots only or both shoots and roots increased until ≈4 to 6 weeks before nut maturity, as judged by shuck dehiscence. After this time, devel

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35

Puntarulo, Susana, Martha T. Beconi, Rodolfo A. Sánchez, and Alberto Boveris. "Oxidative activities in soybean embryonic axes during germination." Plant Science 52, no. 1-2 (1987): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9452(87)90102-6.

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36

Morris, Craig F. "Isolation of Mature Cereal Embryos and Embryonic Axes." Crop Science 33, no. 5 (1993): 1007–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183x003300050027x.

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37

Pawlowski, Tomasz, and Zofia Szczotka. "Qualitative changes in protein content during cold and warm stratification of Norway maple (Acer platanoidesL.) seeds." Seed Science Research 7, no. 4 (1997): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258500003792.

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AbstractProtein synthesis in embryonic axes of Norway maple (Acer platanoides) was studied in seeds stratified at 3 or 15°C. At 3°C stratification, germination of seeds started between 6 and 7 weeks; at 15°C stratification germination did not occur. During imbibition of embryonic axes undergoing cold and warm stratification many new proteins became visible. Two of these proteins may be connected with the release from dormancy at 3°C. In seeds stratified at 15°C, these proteins occur in low amounts or are completely absent.

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38

Babenko, L. "The іnfluence of water defіcіt and abscіsіc acіd on the cells’ ultrastructure of іsolated embryonіc axes of Phaseolus vulgarіs L." Modern Phytomorphology 4 (1 квітня 2013): 349–54. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.161420.

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The influence of dehydration and rehydration processes on the cells structure of isolated embryonic axes on different germination stage of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgarіs) was investigated. It was found that polysomes, endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosomes are sensitive to these processes. They formed in hydration and disappeared in dehydration phase. Dehydration of embryonic axes in sensitive phase caused cells plasmolysis and irreversible destruction of their membrane compartments. Abscisic acid (10-4 M) treatment delays the cell structure changes related to active growth phase but does not

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Smith, L. J. "Embryonic axis orientation in the mouse and its correlation with blastocyst relationships to the uterus." Development 89, no. 1 (1985): 15–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.89.1.15.

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Each of the three primary axes of the primitive streak (6¾ days p.c.) to C-shaped (9½ days) stage mouse embryo has a specific relationship to the uterine horn axes. By a retrograde analysis of younger sectioned embryos it has been possible to construct an axis fate map for the implanting 4¼-day blastocyst and to show how its implantation in one or the other of two specific orientations to the ends and walls of the horn leads to these embryo-horn relationships. The implanting blastocyst axis fate map can be related to an axis fate map of the attached blastocyst (Smith, 1980) since these too are

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Ozga, Jocelyn A., and F. G. Dennis. "The Role of Abscisic Acid in Heat Stress-induced Secondary Dormancy in Apple Seeds." HortScience 26, no. 2 (1991): 175–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.2.175.

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Exposure of stratified apple (Malus domestics Borkh. cv. Golden Delicious) seeds to 30C induces secondary dormancy. To determine if an increase in abscisic acid (ABA) content was associated with the loss in germination capacity, stratified seeds (3,- 6, or 9 weeks at 5C) were held at 30C for 0, 3, or 6 days. Stratification at 5C either had no effect or increased ABA content in embryonic axes, cotyledons, and seed coats. Exposure to 30C after stratification either did not affect or decreased ABA content of embryonic axes and seed coats; in contrast, cotyledonary ABA was increased. Seed coats, c

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Wleklik, Karolina, Szymon Stefaniak, Katarzyna Nuc, Małgorzata Pietrowska-Borek, and Sławomir Borek. "Identification and Potential Participation of Lipases in Autophagic Body Degradation in Embryonic Axes of Lupin (Lupinus spp.) Germinating Seeds." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 1 (2023): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010090.

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Autophagy is a fundamental process for plants that plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and promoting survival in response to various environmental stresses. One of the lesser-known stages of plant autophagy is the degradation of autophagic bodies in vacuoles. To this day, no plant vacuolar enzyme has been confirmed to be involved in this process. On the other hand, several enzymes have been described in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), including Atg15, that possess lipolytic activity. In this preliminary study, which was conducted on isolated embryonic axes of the white l

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Baker, Ellen H., Kent J. Bradford, John A. Bryant, and Thomas L. Rost. "A comparison of desiccation-related proteins (dehydrin and QP47) in peas (Pisum sativum)." Seed Science Research 5, no. 4 (1995): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258500002841.

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AbstractDehydrin and QP47, proteins present in mature pea seeds (Pisum sativum), have been proposed to play protective roles during desiccation. To identify possible relationships between these proteins and desiccation tolerance, their tissue locations and patterns of synthesis and degradation have been examined during germination. Tissue locations were determined by immunocytochemistry using polyclonal antibodies raised against a conserved dehydrin amino acid sequence and against purified QP47. In embryonic axis and cotyledon cells, QP47 and dehydrin were distributed uniformly with no apparen

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Gardner, R. L. "Specification of embryonic axes begins before cleavage in normal mouse development." Development 128, no. 6 (2001): 839–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.128.6.839.

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Studies on the development of aggregated, isolated and rearranged blastomeres have engendered the view that in mammals, unlike most other animals, egg organization has no role in the genesis of asymmetries that are essential for cellular diversification and the specification of embryonic axes. Such asymmetries are assumed to arise post-zygotically through interactions between initially naive cells. However, various findings are difficult to reconcile with this view. Here, a consistent relationship between the structure of the blastocyst and the two-cell stage in the mouse has been found using

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Manikandan, Priyadharshini, Swapnalee Sarmah, and James A. Marrs. "Ethanol Effects on Early Developmental Stages Studied Using the Zebrafish." Biomedicines 10, no. 10 (2022): 2555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10102555.

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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) results from prenatal ethanol exposure. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an outstanding in vivo FASD model. Early development produced the three germ layers and embryonic axes patterning. A critical pluripotency transcriptional gene circuit of sox2, pou5f1 (oct4; recently renamed pou5f3), and nanog maintain potency and self-renewal. Ethanol affects sox2 expression, which functions with pou5f1 to control target gene transcription. Various genes, like elf3, may interact and regulate sox2, and elf3 knockdown affects early development. Downstream of the pluripo

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Aguilar, R., E. Reynoso, M. Albores, and E. Sánchez de Jiménez. "Changes in protein synthesis in embryonic axes after long-term storage of maize seeds." Seed Science Research 2, no. 4 (1992): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258500001379.

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AbstractThe aim of this work was to analyse the capacity for protein synthesis in embryonic axes from long-term-stored maize seeds, including the role of proline. Embryonic axes from seeds stored for 13 years (S) and non-stored seeds (NS) were incubated in nutrient media after application of [14C]proline. Transformation of [14C]proline into other amino acids was analysed by thin-layer chromatography. After 6 h of incubation, no other labelled amino acids were found. Incorporation of 14C into total soluble and cell-wall (proline-rich) proteins was assessed during this period. Incorporation of [

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Hardstaff, Lyndle, Karen Sommerville, Bryn Funnekotter, Eric Bunn, Catherine Offord, and Ricardo L. Mancera. "Cryostorage of Macadamia Nut Embryonic Axes Using Droplet-Vitrification." Cryobiology 103 (December 2021): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.11.029.

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Hoffmannowa, A. "Growth of decotylised embryonic axes of radish on synthetic." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 36, no. 1 (2015): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1967.003.

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Hunt, P., and R. Krumlauf. "Hox Codes and Positional Specification in Vertebrate Embryonic Axes." Annual Review of Cell Biology 8, no. 1 (1992): 227–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cb.08.110192.001303.

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Stern, Claudio D. "Evolution of the mechanisms that establish the embryonic axes." Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 16, no. 4 (2006): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2006.06.005.

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Sadler, Thomas. "Establishing the Embryonic Axes: Prime Time for Teratogenic Insults." Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 4, no. 3 (2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcdd4030015.

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