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Journal articles on the topic 'Embryonic developmenet'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 19 February 2023

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1

Güralp, H., K. Pocherniaieva, M. Blecha, T. Policar, M. Pšenička, and T. Saito. "Early embryonic development in pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) related to micromanipulation." Czech Journal of Animal Science 61, No. 6 (July 15, 2016): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/35/2015-cjas.

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2

Doetschman, Thomas C., Harald Eistetter, Margot Katz, Werner Schmidt, and Rolf Kemler. "The in vitro development of blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cell lines: formation of visceral yolk sac, blood islands and myocardium." Development 87, no. 1 (June 1, 1985): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.87.1.27.

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The in vitro developmental potential of mouse blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cell lines has been investigated. From 3 to 8 days of suspension culture the cells form complex embryoid bodies with endoderm, basal lamina, mesoderm and ectoderm. Many are morphologically similar to embryos of the 6- to 8-day egg-cylinder stage. From 8 to 10 days of culture about half of the embryoid bodies expand into large cystic structures containing alphafoetoprotein and transferrin, thus being analagous to the visceral yolk sac of the postimplantation embryo. Approximately one third of the cystic embryoid bodies develop myocardium and when cultured in the presence of human cord serum, 30 % develop blood islands, thereby exhibiting a high level of organized development at a very high frequency. Furthermore, most embryonic stem cell lines observed exhibit similar characteristics. The in vitro developmental potential of embryonic stem cell lines and the consistency with which the cells express this potential are presented as aspects which open up new approaches to the investigation of embryogenesis.

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3

Derebail, Suchitra, Casthri Krishnamurthy, Ong Hong Boon, Ang Kailin, Nur Amilia Bte M. Isa, Nur Ayuni Bte Hassan Jaya, and Orr Hui Min. "REVIEW." Asia-Pacific Biotech News 18, no. 01 (January 2014): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219030314000068.

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4

Faria, Claudia, Rita Borges, Fátima Gil, Vitor C. Almada, and Emanuel J. Gonçalves. "Embryonic and larval development of Lipophrys pholis (Pisces: Blenniidae)." Scientia Marina 66, no. 1 (March 30, 2002): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2002.66n121.

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5

Ross, Sharon A., Peter J. McCaffery, Ursula C. Drager, and Luigi M. De Luca. "Retinoids in Embryonal Development." Physiological Reviews 80, no. 3 (July 1, 2000): 1021–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.3.1021.

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The key role of vitamin A in embryonal development is reviewed. Special emphasis is given to the physiological action of retinoids, as evident from the retinoid ligand knockout models. Retinoid metabolism in embryonic tissues and teratogenic consequences of retinoid administration at high doses are presented. Physiological and pharmacological actions of retinoids are outlined and explained on the basis of their interactions as ligands of the nuclear retinoid receptors. Immediate target genes and the retinoid response elements of their promoters are summarized. The fundamental role of homeobox genes in embryonal development and the actions of retinoids on their expression are discussed. The similarity of the effects of retinoid ligand knockouts to effects of compound retinoid receptor knockouts on embryogenesis is presented. Although much remains to be clarified, the emerging landscape offers exciting views for future research.

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6

Murray, Patricia, and David Edgar. "Regulation of Programmed Cell Death by Basement Membranes in Embryonic Development." Journal of Cell Biology 150, no. 5 (September 4, 2000): 1215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.150.5.1215.

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The formation of the proamniotic cavity in the mammalian embryo is the earliest of many instances throughout development in which programmed cell death and the formation of epithelia play fundamental roles (Coucouvanis, E., and G.R. Martin. 1995. Cell. 83:279–287). To determine the role of the basement membrane (BM) in cavitation, we use embryoid bodies derived from mouse embryonic stem cells in which the LAMC1 genes have been inactivated to prevent BM deposition (Smyth, N., H.S. Vatansever, P. Murray, M. Meyer, C. Frie, M. Paulsson, and D. Edgar. 1999. J. Cell Biol. 144:151–610). We demonstrate here that LAMC1−/− embryoid bodies are unable to cavitate, and do not form an epiblast epithelium in the absence of a BM, although both embryonic ectodermal cells and extraembryonic endodermal cells do differentiate, as evidenced by the expression of cell-specific markers. Acceleration or rescue of BM deposition by exogenous laminin in wild-type or LAMC1−/− embryoid bodies, respectively, results in cavitation that is temporally and spatially associated with restoration of epiblast epithelial development. We conclude that the BM not only directly regulates development of epiblast epithelial cells, but also indirectly regulates the programmed cell death necessary for cavity formation.

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7

Przyborski, S. A., V. B. Christie, M. W. Hayman, R. Stewart, and G. M. Horrocks. "Human Embryonal Carcinoma Stem Cells: Models of Embryonic Development in Humans." Stem Cells and Development 13, no. 4 (August 2004): 400–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/scd.2004.13.400.

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8

Jakobsson, Lars, Johan Kreuger, and Lena Claesson-Welsh. "Building blood vessels—stem cell models in vascular biology." Journal of Cell Biology 177, no. 5 (May 29, 2007): 751–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200701146.

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Spheroids of differentiating embryonic stem cells, denoted embryoid bodies, constitute a high-quality model for vascular development, particularly well suited for loss-of-function analysis of genes required for early embryogenesis. This review examines vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in murine embryoid bodies and discusses the promise of stem cell–based models for the study of human vascular development.

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9

Yuan, Jianbo, Yuehui Chao, and Liebao Han. "Uncovering a Phenomenon of Active Hormone Transcriptional Regulation during Early Somatic Embryogenesis in Medicago sativa." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 15 (August 3, 2022): 8633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158633.

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Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a developmental process in which somatic cells undergo dedifferentiation to become plant stem cells, and redifferentiation to become a whole embryo. SE is a prerequisite for molecular breeding and is an excellent platform to study cell development in the majority of plant species. However, the molecular mechanism involved in M. sativa somatic embryonic induction, embryonic and maturation is unclear. This study was designed to examine the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and miRNA roles during somatic embryonic induction, embryonic and maturation. The cut cotyledon (ICE), non-embryogenic callus (NEC), embryogenic callus (EC) and cotyledon embryo (CE) were selected for transcriptome and small RNA sequencing. The results showed that 17,251 DEGs, and 177 known and 110 novel miRNAs families were involved in embryonic induction (ICE to NEC), embryonic (NEC to EC), and maturation (EC to CE). Expression patterns and functional classification analysis showed several novel genes and miRNAs involved in SE. Moreover, embryonic induction is an active process of molecular regulation, and hormonal signal transduction related to pathways involved in the whole SE. Finally, a miRNA–target interaction network was proposed during M. sativa SE. This study provides novel perspectives to comprehend the molecular mechanisms in M. sativa SE.

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10

Wheeler, MB. "Development and validation of swine embryonic stem cells: a review." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 6, no. 5 (1994): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9940563.

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The establishment of embryonic cell lines from swine should be useful for studies of cell differentiation, developmental gene regulation and the production of transgenics. This paper summarizes the establishment of porcine (Sus scrofa) embryonic stem (ES) cell lines from preimplantation blastocysts and their ability to develop into normal chimaeras. ES cells can spontaneously differentiate into cystic embryoid bodies with ectodermal, endodermal, and mesodermal cell types. Further, culture of ES cells to confluence or induction of differentiation with retinoic acid or dimethylsulfoxide results in morphological differentiation into fibroblasts, adipocytes, and epithelial, neuronal, and muscle cells. These ES cells have a normal diploid complement of 38 chromosomes. Scanning electron microscopy of the ES cells reveals a rounded or polygonal, epithelial-like cell with numerous microvilli. The differentiation of these embryonic cell lines into several cell types indicates a pluripotent cell. Furthermore, chimaeric swine have been successfully produced using such ES cells.

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11

Dani, C., A. G. Smith, S. Dessolin, P. Leroy, L. Staccini, P. Villageois, C. Darimont, and G. Ailhaud. "Differentiation of embryonic stem cells into adipocytes in vitro." Journal of Cell Science 110, no. 11 (June 1, 1997): 1279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.110.11.1279.

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Embryonic stem cells, derived from the inner cell mass of murine blastocysts, can be maintained in a totipotent state in vitro. In appropriate conditions embryonic stem cells have been shown to differentiate in vitro into various derivatives of all three primary germ layers. We describe in this paper conditions to induce differentiation of embryonic stem cells reliably and at high efficiency into adipocytes. A prerequisite is to treat early developing embryonic stem cell-derived embryoid bodies with retinoic acid for a precise period of time. Retinoic acid could not be substituted by adipogenic hormones nor by potent activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Treatment with retinoic acid resulted in the subsequent appearance of large clusters of mature adipocytes in embryoid body outgrowths. Lipogenic and lipolytic activities as well as high level expression of adipocyte specific genes could be detected in these cultures. Analysis of expression of potential adipogenic genes, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma and delta and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta, during differentiation of retinoic acid-treated embryoid bodies has been performed. The temporal pattern of expression of genes encoding these nuclear factors resembled that found during mouse embryogenesis. The differentiation of embryonic stem cells into adipocytes will provide an invaluable model for the characterisation of the role of genes expressed during the adipocyte development programme and for the identification of new adipogenic regulatory genes.

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12

Fagotto, Francois, Ernst Hess, and Andre Aeschlimann. "The early Embryonic Development of the Argasid tick Ornithodorus moubata (Acarina: Ixodoidea: Argasidae)." Entomologia Generalis 13, no. 1-2 (May 1, 1988): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/entom.gen/13/1988/1.

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13

Yang, Seul-Gi, Jae-Hun Choi, Young-Seo Jo, Ye-Won Kim, Dong-Mok Lee, Hyo-Jin Park, and Deog-Bon Koo. "Effect of Ovarian Extract on Oocyte Maturation and Early Embryonic Development in Pigs." Korean Society for Veterinary Nursing 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.56878/jvn.2022.1.2.51.

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Various factors in the ovary are known to regulate oocyte maturation and hormone secretory functions; however, the effect of ovarian extract (OE) on oocyte maturation and embryonic development in pigs remains unknown. In this study, we first evaluated whether OE supplementation in the in vitro maturation (IVM) medium alters the oocyte maturation capacity by affecting glucose/amino acid metabolites, meiotic maturation, cumulus cell (CC) expansion, and antioxidants. Various OE concentrations (50, 100, 200, 500, and 5000 μg/mL) were included in the IVM medium. Only the oocytes treated with 100 μg/mL OE exhibited an improved meiotic maturation rate when compared with that of the other groups (non-treated group, 78.6 ± 3.0% vs. 100 μg/mL OE-treated group, 81.6 ± 4.3%); however, the difference was not significant. To observe the changes in glucose and amino acid metabolism in the OE-treated oocytes, we measured the amounts of diverse constituents (glucose, lactate, glutamine, and ammonia) in the IVM medium containing OE. Lactate and ammonia levels in the OE-treated group after 44 h of IVM were higher (p < 0.01) than those in the non-treated group. In addition, the expression of the CC expansion factors (Has2 and Tnfaip6) significantly increased (p < 0.05), whereas the mRNA expression levels of antioxidative enzymes (Sod1, Cat, and Gpx1) significantly diminished (p < 0.05) in the OE-treated group. Moreover, mature oocytes treated with 100 μg/mL OE demonstrated increased subsequent embryonic development rates after 144 h of IVM. Thus, the addition of OE in IVM mediums may improve oocyte maturation capacity which could enhance antioxidative enzyme activation, energy metabolism, and expression of the CC expansion factors in porcine oocytes.

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14

Liu, Yufu, Guodong Yang, Chunqi Yang, Zhuo Shi, Yi Ru, Ningning Shen, Chengrong Xiao, Yuguang Wang, and Yue Gao. "The Mechanism of Houttuynia cordata Embryotoxicity Was Explored in Combination with an Experimental Model and Network Pharmacology." Toxins 15, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15010073.

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Houttuynia cordata (H. cordata) is the most common herb as a food and traditional Chinese medicine. Currently, studies on its toxicity have mainly focused on hepatotoxicity. However, its potential embryotoxicity by long-term exposure is often overlooked. Objective: To investigate the effects of H. cordata on embryonic development and its toxicity mechanism by combining network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vitro experimental methods. Methods: The effects of H. cordata on embryos were evaluated. Zebrafish embryos and embryoid bodies were administered to observe the effects of H. cordata on embryonic development. Based on network pharmacological analysis, it was found that the main active agents producing toxicity in H. cordata were oleanolic acid, lignan, and aristolactam AII. H. cordata can affect PI3K-Akt, MAPK, and Ras signaling pathways by regulating targets, such as AKT1, EGFR, CASP3, and IGF-1. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry results showed that the expression of AKT1 and PI3K in the embryoid body was significantly reduced after drug administration (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results of network pharmacology and in vitro experiments suggest that H. cordata may affect embryonic development by influencing the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.

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15

Mueller-Klieser, Wolfgang. "Three-dimensional cell cultures: from molecular mechanisms to clinical applications." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 273, no. 4 (October 1, 1997): C1109—C1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1997.273.4.c1109.

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This article reviews actual advances in the development and application of three-dimensional (3-D) cell culture systems. Recent therapeutically oriented studies include characterization of multicellular-mediated drug resistance, novel ways of quantifying hypoxia, and new approaches to more efficient immunotherapy. Recent progress toward understanding the development of necrosis in tumor spheroids has been made using novel spheroid models. 3-D cultures have been used for studies on molecular mechanisms involved in invasion and metastasis, with a major focus on the role of E-cadherin. Similarly, tumor angiogenesis and the significance of vascular endothelial growth factor have been investigated in a variety of 3-D culture systems. There are many ongoing developments in tissue modeling or remodeling that promise significant progress toward the development of bioartificial liver support and artificial blood. Perhaps one of the most interesting areas of basic research with 3-D cultures is the characterization of embryoid bodies obtained from stable embryonic stem cells. These models have greatly increased the understanding of embryonic development, in particular through the notable exceptional advances in cardiogenesis.

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16

Gross, Michael. "Embryonic developments." Current Biology 19, no. 11 (June 2009): R427—R428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.05.036.

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17

Li, Xiuju, Pratap Karki, Lei Lei, Huayan Wang, and Larry Fliegel. "Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 facilitates cardiomyocyte embryonic stem cell differentiation." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 296, no. 1 (January 2009): H159—H170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00375.2008.

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Embryonic stem cells provide one potential source of cardiomyocytes for cardiac transplantation; however, after differentiation of stem cells in vitro, cardiomyocytes usually account for only a minority of cells present. To gain insights into improving cardiomyocyte development from stem cells, we examined the role of the Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) in cardiomyocyte differentiation. NHE1 protein and message levels were induced by treatment of CGR8 cells to form embryoid bodies and cardiomyocytes. The NHE1 protein was present on the cell surface and NHE1 inhibitor-sensitive activity was detected. Inhibition of NHE1 activity during differentiation of CGR8 cells prevented cardiomyocyte differentiation as indicated by decreased message for transcription factors Nkx2-5 and Tbx5 and decreased levels of α-myosin heavy chain protein. Increased expression of NHE1 from an adenoviral vector facilitated cardiomyocyte differentiation. Similar results were found with cardiomyocyte differentiation of P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. CGR8 cells were treated to induce differentiation, but when differentiation was inhibited by dispersing the EBs, myocardial development was inhibited. The results demonstrate that NHE1 activity is important in facilitating stem cell differentiation to cardiomyocyte lineage. Elevated NHE1 expression appears to be triggered as part of the process that facilitates cardiomyocyte development.

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18

Elefanty, Andrew G., Lorraine Robb, Raquella Birner, and C. Glenn Begley. "Hematopoietic-Specific Genes Are Not Induced During In Vitro Differentiation of scl-Null Embryonic Stem Cells." Blood 90, no. 4 (August 15, 1997): 1435–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v90.4.1435.

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Abstract The helix-loop-helix transcription factor, scl, plays an essential role in hematopoietic development. Embryos in which the gene has been disrupted fail to develop yolk sac erythropoiesis, and scl-null embryonic stem cells do not contribute to hematopoiesis in chimeric mice. To analyze the molecular consequences of scl deficiency, we compared the gene expression profiles of control (wild-type and scl-heterozygous) and scl-null embryonic stem cells differentiated in vitro for up to 12 days. In control and scl-null embryoid bodies the temporal expression pattern of genes associated with the formation of ventral mesoderm, such as Brachyury, bone morphogenetic protein-4, and flk-1, was identical. Similarly, GATA-2, CD34, and c-kit, which are coexpressed in endothelial and hematopoietic lineages, were expressed normally in scl-null embryonic stem cell lines. However, hematopoietic-restricted genes, including the transcription factors GATA-1, EKLF, and PU.1 as well as globin genes and myeloperoxidase, were only expressed in wild-type and scl-heterozygous embryonic stem cells. Indirect immunofluorescence was used to confirm the observations that GATA-1 and globins were only present in control embryoid bodies but that CD34 was found on both control and scl-null embryoid bodies. These data extend the previous gene ablation studies and support a model whereby scl is absolutely required for commitment of a putative hemangioblast to the hematopoietic lineage but that it is dispensable for endothelial differentiation.

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19

Elefanty, Andrew G., Lorraine Robb, Raquella Birner, and C. Glenn Begley. "Hematopoietic-Specific Genes Are Not Induced During In Vitro Differentiation of scl-Null Embryonic Stem Cells." Blood 90, no. 4 (August 15, 1997): 1435–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v90.4.1435.1435_1435_1447.

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The helix-loop-helix transcription factor, scl, plays an essential role in hematopoietic development. Embryos in which the gene has been disrupted fail to develop yolk sac erythropoiesis, and scl-null embryonic stem cells do not contribute to hematopoiesis in chimeric mice. To analyze the molecular consequences of scl deficiency, we compared the gene expression profiles of control (wild-type and scl-heterozygous) and scl-null embryonic stem cells differentiated in vitro for up to 12 days. In control and scl-null embryoid bodies the temporal expression pattern of genes associated with the formation of ventral mesoderm, such as Brachyury, bone morphogenetic protein-4, and flk-1, was identical. Similarly, GATA-2, CD34, and c-kit, which are coexpressed in endothelial and hematopoietic lineages, were expressed normally in scl-null embryonic stem cell lines. However, hematopoietic-restricted genes, including the transcription factors GATA-1, EKLF, and PU.1 as well as globin genes and myeloperoxidase, were only expressed in wild-type and scl-heterozygous embryonic stem cells. Indirect immunofluorescence was used to confirm the observations that GATA-1 and globins were only present in control embryoid bodies but that CD34 was found on both control and scl-null embryoid bodies. These data extend the previous gene ablation studies and support a model whereby scl is absolutely required for commitment of a putative hemangioblast to the hematopoietic lineage but that it is dispensable for endothelial differentiation.

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20

Risau, W., H. Sariola, H. G. Zerwes, J. Sasse, P. Ekblom, R. Kemler, and T. Doetschman. "Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in embryonic-stem-cell-derived embryoid bodies." Development 102, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.102.3.471.

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Embryonic stem cells (ESC) have been established previously from the inner cell mass cells of mouse blastocysts. In suspension culture, they spontaneously differentiate to blood-island-containing cystic embryoid bodies (CEB). The development of blood vessels from in situ differentiating endothelial cells of blood islands, a process which we call vasculogenesis, was induced by injecting ESC into the peritoneal cavity of syngeneic mice. In the peritoneum, fusion of blood islands and formation of an in vivo-like primary capillary plexus occurred. Transplantation of ESC and ESC-derived complex and cystic embryoid bodies (ESC-CEB) onto the quail chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) induced an angiogenic response, which was directed by nonyolk sac endoderm structures. Neither yolk sac endoderm from ESC-CEB nor normal mouse yolk sac tissue induced angiogenesis on the quail CAM. Extracts from ESC-CEB stimulated the proliferation of capillary endothelial cells in vitro. Mitogenic activity increase during in vitro culture and differentiation of ESC. Almost all growth factor activity was associated with the cells. The ESC-CEB derived endothelial cell growth factor bound to heparin-sepharose. The identification of acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF)in heparin-sepharose-purified material was accomplished by immunoblot experiments involving antibodies against acidic and basic FGF. We conclude that vasculogenesis, the development of blood vessels from in situ differentiating endothelial cells, and angiogenesis, the sprouting of capillaries from preexisting vessels are very early events during embryogenesis which can be studied using ESC differentiating in vitro. Our results suggest that vasculogenesis and angiogenesis are differently regulated.

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21

Khairy, Khaled, and Philipp J. Keller. "Reconstructing embryonic development." genesis 49, no. 7 (January 24, 2011): 488–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.20698.

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22

Feraud, Olivier, Yihai Cao, and Daniel Vittet. "Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Embryoid Bodies Development in Collagen Gels Recapitulates Sprouting Angiogenesis." Laboratory Investigation 81, no. 12 (December 2001): 1669–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/labinvest.3780380.

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23

Szabo, P., and J. R. Mann. "Expression and methylation of imprinted genes during in vitro differentiation of mouse parthenogenetic and androgenetic embryonic stem cell lines." Development 120, no. 6 (June 1, 1994): 1651–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120.6.1651.

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Messenger RNA and methylation levels of four imprinted genes, H19, Igf2r, Igf-2 and Snrpn were examined by northern and Southern blotting in mouse parthenogenetic, androgenetic and normal or wild-type embryonic stem cell lines during their differentiation in vitro as embryoid bodies. In most instances, mRNA levels in parthenogenetic and androgenetic embryoid bodies differed from wild type as expected from previously determined patterns of monoallelic expression in midgestation embryos and at later stages of development. These findings implicate aberrant mRNA levels of these genes in the abnormal development of parthenogenetic and androgenetic embryos and chimeras. Whereas complete silence of one of the parental alleles has previously been observed in vivo, we detected some mRNA in the corresponding embryonic stem cell line. This ‘leakage’ phenomenon could be explained by partial erasure, bypass or override of imprints, or could represent the actual activity status at very early stages of development. The mRNA levels of H19, Igf2r and Igf-2 and the degree of methylation at specific associated sequences were correlated according to previous studies in embryos, and thereby are consistent with suggestions that the methylation might play a role in controlling transcription of these genes. Paternal-specific methylation of the H19 promoter region is absent in sperm, yet we observed its presence in undifferentiated androgenetic embryonic stem cells, or before the potential expression phase of this gene in embryoid bodies. As such methylation is likely to invoke a repressive effect, this finding raises the possibility that it is part of the imprinting mechanism of H19, taking the form of a secondary imprint or postfertilization epigenetic modification necessary for repression of the paternal allele.

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24

Fernández, Mercedes, Micaela Pannella, Vito Antonio Baldassarro, Alessandra Flagelli, Giuseppe Alastra, Luciana Giardino, and Laura Calzà. "Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Embryonic Stem Cells: Crosstalk with the Retinoic Acid Pathway." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 23 (November 25, 2020): 8945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21238945.

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While the role of thyroid hormones (THs) during fetal and postnatal life is well-established, their role at preimplantation and during blastocyst development remains unclear. In this study, we used an embryonic stem cell line isolated from rat (RESC) to study the effects of THs and retinoic acid (RA) on early embryonic development during the pre-implantation stage. The results showed that THs play an important role in the differentiation/maturation processes of cells obtained from embryoid bodies (EB), with thyroid hormone nuclear receptors (TR) (TRα and TRβ), metabolic enzymes (deiodinases 1, 2, 3) and membrane transporters (Monocarboxylate transporters -MCT- 8 and 10) being expressed throughout in vitro differentiation until the Embryoid body (EB) stage. Moreover, thyroid hormone receptor antagonist TR (1-850) impaired RA-induced neuroectodermal lineage specification. This effect was significantly higher when cells were treated with retinoic acid (RA) to induce neuroectodermal lineage, studied through the gene and protein expression of nestin, an undifferentiated progenitor marker from the neuroectoderm lineage, as established by nestin mRNA and protein regulation. These results demonstrate the contribution of the two nuclear receptors, TR and RA, to the process of neuroectoderm maturation of the in vitro model embryonic stem cells obtained from rat.

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25

Kh.T, Yuldoshev. "Peculiarities of Cultured Carps Embryonic Development Under Conditions of Artificial Reproduction in Temperate Climate Uzbekistan." Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 12, SP7 (July 25, 2020): 1485–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v12sp7/20202251.

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26

Megalofonou, Persefoni, and Vasiliki Kousteni. "Reproductive biology and embryonic development of Squalus blainvillei in the eastern Mediterranean Sea." Scientia Marina 75, no. 2 (March 29, 2011): 237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2011.75n2237.

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27

Bonisławska, Małgorzata, Agata Korzelecka-Orkisz, Aleksander Winnicki, Krzysztof Formicki, and Daniela Szaniawska. "Morphophysiological aspects of the embryonic development of ruffe, Gymnocephalus cernuus (L.) under different thermal conditions." Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 34, no. 1 (June 30, 2004): 51–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3750/aip2004.34.1.06.

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28

Benmahioul, B., F. Daguin, and M. Kaïd-Harche. "Cryopreservation of Pistacia vera embryonic axes." Journal of Forest Science 61, No. 4 (June 3, 2016): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/63/2014-jfs.

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This preliminary study investigated the conservation of Pistacia vera genetic resources using seeds and isolated embryonic axes. First, the effect of storing seeds in ambient conditions on embryo viability was evaluated by in vitro culture. The germination rate of P. vera embryonic axes gradually decreased from 100% to 31% after 30-month storage of seeds. Cryopreservation may thus be necessary for the long-term conservation of embryos. A simple protocol was set up using embryonic axes. It included a single dehydration step with silica gel prior to direct freezing in liquid nitrogen (–196°C). The optimal germination rate was obtained after 60 min dehydration (water content of 0.2 grams of water per gram of dry weight [g·g<sup>–1</sup> DW]). However, 90 minutes of dehydration (0.14 g·g<sup>–1</sup> DW) were necessary to obtain seedlings whose qualitative development was equivalent to that of the control embryonic axes.

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29

Azumendi, Guillermo, Kazuo Maeda, Ritsuko K. Pooh, and Iva Lausin. "Advances in Visualization of the Early Human Development." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 3, no. 3 (2009): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1018.

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Abstract The anatomy and physiology of placental and embryonic development is a field where medicine exerts its impact on early pregnancy and opens fascinating aspects of embryonic differentiation. The introduction of high frequency transvaginal transducers as well as three and four dimensional sonography has resulted in remarkable progress in ultrasonic visualization of early embryos and fetuses. Ultrasound has been widely used in the field of early human development due to its safety, diagnostic accuracy and convenience. Normal fetal anatomy and development have been widely investigated using two-dimensional ultrasound and most of the knowledge regarding early human development were established through understanding of sectional images of fetal body and organs obtained by two-dimensional ultrasound. Usage of new techniques has produced more objective and accurate information of embryonal and early fetal development. For the first time parallel analyses of structural and functional parameters in the first 12 weeks of gestation become possible. This article deals with establishment of human life from ovum and sperm, though fertilization, detailed histological development and the establishment of the placenta, and early human development visualized by 2- and 3-dimensional ultrasonography.

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Pera, M. F., B. Reubinoff, and A. Trounson. "Human embryonic stem cells." Journal of Cell Science 113, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.113.1.5.

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are cells derived from the early embryo that can be propagated indefinitely in the primitive undifferentiated state while remaining pluripotent; they share these properties with embryonic germ (EG) cells. Candidate ES and EG cell lines from the human blastocyst and embryonic gonad can differentiate into multiple types of somatic cell. The phenotype of the blastocyst-derived cell lines is very similar to that of monkey ES cells and pluripotent human embryonal carcinoma cells, but differs from that of mouse ES cells or the human germ-cell-derived stem cells. Although our understanding of the control of growth and differentiation of human ES cells is quite limited, it is clear that the development of these cell lines will have a widespread impact on biomedical research.

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Leon Hughes, R., and Leslie S. Hall. "Early development and embryology of the platypus." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1372 (July 29, 1998): 1101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0269.

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Information on the pre–hatching development of the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus , is reliant on a small number of specimens, whose precise age is unknown. Material collected for J. P. Hill and now housed in the Hubrecht International Embryological Laboratory, Utrecht, contributes a major source of specimens. This paper presents new observations on developmental stages from the Hill collection, which allow for a more complete description of pre–hatching development. A feature of the pre–embryonic development of the platypus is the incomplete meroblastic cleavage. A column of fine yolk spheres extends from beneath the embryonic blastodisc towards the centre of a yolky vitellus, as seen in birds. The major expansion of extra–embryonic membranes occurs after the formation of the primitive streak. The primitive streak develops within an embryonal area as part of the superficial wall of the yolk–sac, a feature also shared with marsupials, birds and reptiles. The full–term, subspheroidal, intrauterine egg of the platypus has a major axis of about 17 mm and contains a flat, 19 to 20 somite, neurula–stage embryo which has prominent trigeminal ganglion primordia. The embryo at this stage is in a period of rapid modelling of the major early organ primordia of the nervous system, cardiovascular system, excretory system, and somite–derived components of the body wall. Soon after laying, five primary brain vesicles are present, the trigeminal ganglia CN5 as well as CN7, CN8, CN9, CN10, CN11 and CN12 are well developed. The alimentary system has an expanded stomach, pancreatic primordia and a gall bladder. Mesonephric tubules are associated with patent mesonephric ducts, which empty laterally into the cloaca. Extra–embryonic membranes at this stage show an extensive chorioamniotic connection that extends through the greater part of the caudal half of fused amniotic folds. The vascularized yolk–sac consists of a superficial yolk–sac omphalopleura and a deep yolk–sac splanchnopleure. The non–vascularized yolk–sac comprises one–quarter of the aboembryonal pole. Some distinctive monotreme features have developed by the mid–incubation period. The head is bent at an acute angle to the main body axis. The blunt upturned snout marks the site of the future oscaruncle and on the maxilla there is a median primordial papilla representing the egg tooth. The eye is open with a partly pigmented retinal ring. The forelimbs have partly separated digits, and the hindfeet are paddles. Just before hatching the upturned snout contains an oscaruncle and a sharp recurved median egg tooth. Forelimbs are pronated with separate digits possessing claw primordia. Portions of the highly vascularized extra–embryonic membranes are attached to the umbilical region and the flattened vesicular allantois has a distal region fused with the chorion. Prominent features of the hatchling are the presence of a bluntly conical oscaruncle and a translucent, horn–like egg tooth. These structures are thought to enable the hatchling to extricate itself from the egg shell. At hatching, the forelimbs exhibit clawed digits and are capable of digitopalmar prehension. Hindlimbs are still paddles with digital rays. A prominent yolk–sac navel is present. The newly hatched platypus has an external form similar to that of a new–born marsupial. The early development of the platypus has many major differences to the developmental sequence for humans, which has been categorized by the use of Carnegie Stages. The rate of somitogenesis of the platypus is faster in relation to the central nervous system morphogenesis than seen in humans, and the size of the early platypus embryonal area is massive in relation to that of humans. The unique morphology and function of extra–embryonic membranes in the platypus defies comparative staging with human development. Structures adapted for altricial survival of the platypus hatchling require the acquisition of functional competence at an earlier stage of organogenesis than seen in eutherians, although they are reminiscent of those found in new–born marsupials.

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Jabber, A. A., A. R. M. Mohamed, and K. I. Salh. "Effect of salinity on embryonic development eggs hatching rate and of larvael survival of Common Carb." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE 4, no. 2 (2007): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijaq.2007.4.2.5.

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Morandini, André C., and Fábio L. Da Silveira. "Sexual reproduction of Nausithoe aurea (Scyphozoa, Coronatae). Gametogenesis, egg release, embryonic development, and gastrulation." Scientia Marina 65, no. 2 (June 30, 2001): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2001.65n2139.

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Cameron, C. M., Wei-Shou Hu, and Dan S. Kaufman. "Improved development of human embryonic stem cell-derived embryoid bodies by stirred vessel cultivation." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 94, no. 5 (2006): 938–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.20919.

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Brukhin, Vladimir B., and Peter V. Bozhkov. "Female gametophyte development and embryogenesis in Taxus baccata L." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 65, no. 1-2 (2014): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1996.023.

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Crassinucellate ovules are initiated in <em>Taxus</em>, directly from the shoot apex. The rudimentary pollen chamber is formed in the nucellus. A linear tetrad of megaspores with a functional chalazal megaspore is formed. A free-nuclear stage is charac-teristic at the beginning of megagametophyte development. Archegonia without ventral canal cell are solitary or in complexes. The embryo has a very long suspensor even after maturation. Two types of polyembryony have been revealed: i) embryogenic redifferentiation of suspensor cells and ii) cleavage of embryonic region in the early embryo. In the northern temperate climate of St. Petersburg one month delay in development of reproductive structures has been noted.

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Spina, Elena, and Pamela Cowin. "Embryonic mammary gland development." Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 114 (June 2021): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.12.012.

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Dahlen, Carl R., Pawel P. Borowicz, Alison K. Ward, Joel S. Caton, Marta Czernik, Luca Palazzese, Pasqualino Loi, and Lawrence P. Reynolds. "Programming of Embryonic Development." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 21 (October 28, 2021): 11668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111668.

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Assisted reproductive techniques (ART) and parental nutritional status have profound effects on embryonic/fetal and placental development, which are probably mediated via “programming” of gene expression, as reflected by changes in their epigenetic landscape. Such epigenetic changes may underlie programming of growth, development, and function of fetal organs later in pregnancy and the offspring postnatally, and potentially lead to long-term changes in organ structure and function in the offspring as adults. This latter concept has been termed developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD), or simply developmental programming, which has emerged as a major health issue in animals and humans because it is associated with an increased risk of non-communicable diseases in the offspring, including metabolic, behavioral, and reproductive dysfunction. In this review, we will briefly introduce the concept of developmental programming and its relationship to epigenetics. We will then discuss evidence that ART and periconceptual maternal and paternal nutrition may lead to epigenetic alterations very early in pregnancy, and how each pregnancy experiences developmental programming based on signals received by and from the dam. Lastly, we will discuss current research on strategies designed to overcome or minimize the negative consequences or, conversely, to maximize the positive aspects of developmental programming.

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Komiya, Yuko, Li-Ting Su, Hsiang-Chin Chen, Raymond Habas, and Loren W. Runnels. "Magnesium and embryonic development." Magnesium Research 27, no. 1 (January 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/mrh.2014.0356.

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Ferdous, Anwarul, and Joseph A. Hill. "FoxO1 in embryonic development." Transcription 3, no. 5 (September 2012): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/trns.21051.

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Schubert, Michael, and Yann Gibert. "Retinoids in Embryonic Development." Biomolecules 10, no. 9 (September 4, 2020): 1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10091278.

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Tzschentke, Barbara, and Marion Rumpf. "Embryonic development of endothermy." Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 178, no. 1 (August 2011): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2011.06.004.

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Scott Baldwin, H. "Early embryonic vascular development." Cardiovascular Research 31, supp1 (February 1, 1996): E34—E45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6363(95)00215-4.

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Beloussov, L. V., N. N. Louchinskaia, and A. S. Yermakov. "Morphomechanics of embryonic development." Journal of Biomechanics 31 (July 1998): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(98)80346-1.

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Moolenaar, Wouter H., Anna J. S. Houben, Shyh-Jye Lee, and Laurens A. van Meeteren. "Autotaxin in embryonic development." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids 1831, no. 1 (January 2013): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.09.013.

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EICHELE, GREGOR. "Retinoids in Embryonic Development." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 678, no. 1 Maternal Nutr (March 1993): 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb26107.x.

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Hansen, Jason M., and Craig Harris. "Glutathione during embryonic development." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 1850, no. 8 (August 2015): 1527–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.12.001.

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SCOTTBALDWIN, H. "Early embryonic vascular development." Cardiovascular Research 31 (February 1996): E34—E45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6363(95)00215-4.

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Taoudi, Samir. "Haematopoiesis during embryonic development." Experimental Hematology 41, no. 8 (August 2013): S4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exphem.2013.05.018.

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Kulibin, A. Yu, and E. A. Malolina. "The Rete Testis: Development and Role in Testis Function." Russian Journal of Developmental Biology 52, no. 6 (November 2021): 370–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062360421060072.

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Abstract The rete testis connects seminiferous tubules in which germ cells develop to the efferent ducts and the epididymis, where gametes mature and gain mobility. Several recent studies have thoroughly explored the morphogenesis of this structure in mice during embryonic and postnatal periods. A part of the rete testis has been shown to derive from the precursors of gonad somatic cells before sex determination. The other part forms from embryonal Sertoli cells of testis cords adjacent to the mesonephros. The transformation of Sertoli cells into rete testis cells is apparently not limited to the embryonic stage of development and continues during postnatal testis development. Recently, it was found that the rete testis participates in the formation and maintenance of specialized Sertoli cells in terminal segments of seminiferous tubules, transitional zones. Current views suggest that the transitional zones of the seminiferous tubules may represent a niche for spermatogonial stem cells, the site of the prolonged proliferation of Sertoli cells in the pubertal and postpubertal periods of testis development, and also could be a generator of spermatogenic waves. To sum up, the rete testis transports gametes from the testis to the epididymis, maintains pressure within seminiferous tubules, regulates the composition of the testicular fluid, and impacts the spermatogenic process itself.

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Eilenberger, Christoph, Mario Rothbauer, Konstanze Brandauer, Sarah Spitz, Eva-Kathrin Ehmoser, Seta Küpcü, and Peter Ertl. "Screening for Best Neuronal-Glial Differentiation Protocols of Neuralizing Agents Using a Multi-Sized Microfluidic Embryoid Body Array." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 2 (January 31, 2022): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14020339.

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Stem cell technology and embryonic stem cell models are of great interest in biomedical research since they provide deeper insights into, e.g., neurogenesis and early mammalian brain development. Despite their great scientific potential, the reliable establishment of three-dimensional embryoid bodies (EBs) remains a major challenge, and the current lack of standardization and comparability is still limiting a broader application and translation of stem cell technology. Among others, a vital aspect for the reliable formation of EBs is optimizing differentiation protocols since organized differentiation is influenced by soluble inducers and EB size. A microfluidic biochip array was employed to automate cell loading and optimize directed neuronal and astrocytic differentiation protocols using murine P19 embryoid bodies to facilitate reliable embryonic stem cell differentiation. Our gravity-driven microfluidic size-controlled embryoid body-on-a-chip system allows (a) the robust operation and cultivation of up to 90 EBs in parallel and (b) the reproducible generation of five increasing sizes ranging from 300 µm to 1000 µm diameters. A comparative study adds two differentiation-inducers such as retinoic acid and EC23 to size-controlled embryoid bodies to identify the optimal differentiation protocol. Our study revealed a 1.4 to 1.9-fold higher neuron and astrocyte expression in larger embryoid bodies (above 750 µm) over smaller-sized EBs (below 450 µm), thus highlighting the importance of EB size in the establishment of robust neurodevelopmental in vitro models.

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