Relevant bibliographies by topics / Emergence Of Complexity

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Emergence Of Complexity'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Emergence Of Complexity"

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Jonas-Simpson, Christine, Gail Mitchell, and Nadine Cross. "Emergence: Complexity Pedagogy in Action." Nursing Research and Practice 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/235075.

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Many educators are looking for new ways to engage students and each other in order to enrich curriculum and the teaching-learning process. We describe an example of how we enacted teaching-learning approaches through the insights of complexity thinking, an approach that supports the emergence of new possibilities for teaching-learning in the classroom and online. Our story begins with an occasion to meet with 10 nursing colleagues in a three-hour workshop using four activities that engaged learning about complexity thinking and pedagogy. Guiding concepts for the collaborative workshop were nonlinearity, distributed decision-making, divergent thinking, self-organization, emergence, and creative exploration. The workshop approach considered critical questions to spark our collective inquiry. We asked, “What is emergent learning?” and “How do we, as educators and learners, engage a community so that new learning surfaces?” We integrated the arts, creative play, and perturbations within a complexity approach.
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Bruce H. Weber. "Biochemical Complexity: Emergence or Design?" Rhetoric & Public Affairs 1, no. 4 (1998): 611–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rap.2010.0113.

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Korn, J. "Systems view, emergence and complexity." Kybernetes 36, no. 5/6 (June 19, 2007): 776–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684920710749848.

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Harrison, Stephan, Doreen Massey, and Keith Richards. "Complexity and emergence (another conversation)." Area 38, no. 4 (December 2006): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4762.2006.00711.x.

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Whitesides, George M. "Dynamic Self-Assembly, Complexity, and Emergence." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 59, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/000942905777676713.

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Fernandez-Recio, Juan, and Chandra Verma. "Theory and simulation: complexity and emergence." Current Opinion in Structural Biology 22, no. 2 (April 2012): 127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2012.02.002.

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Rhodes, M. L. "Complexity and Emergence in Public Management." Public Management Review 10, no. 3 (May 2008): 361–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14719030802002717.

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Rosser, J. Barkley. "Emergence and complexity in Austrian economics." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 81, no. 1 (January 2012): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2011.09.001.

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Araya, Roberto. "Complexity, Emergence and Embodied Cognition in Education." Innoeduca. International Journal of Technology and Educational Innovation 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/innoeduca.2017.v3i2.3020.

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fenómenos a partir de más básicos son nociones básicas para entender y mejorar el aprendizaje. Por un lado, con conceptos complejos los estudiantes se desconciertan y el aprendizaje se vuelve muy difícil. Por otro lado, los procesos en los que emergen nuevos fenómenos parecen ser mágicos o ilusiones cognitivas. Parecen basarse en cualidades adicionales que no están incluidas en los fenómenos subyacentes. ¿Puede el docente simplificar las nociones complejas sin cambiarlas? Para ello, argumentamos que la complejidad y el proceso de emerger no son exclusivamente inherentes a objetos o fenómenos. También dependen del sistema perceptivo, motor y cognitivo del estudiante. Así, si el profesor ayuda a conectar nociones y fenómenos con el conocimiento innato y corporizado de los estudiantes, entonces estas nociones se vuelven menos complejas y el fenómeno emergente pierde su magia: se conecta lógicamente con los fenómenos subyacentes. En este artículo presentamos evidencia empírica del efecto en la comprensión de los estudiantes debido a la conexión establecida en dos conceptos matemáticos centrales del currículo y que se consideran muy desafiantes.
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Mao, Chengde. "The Emergence of Complexity: Lessons from DNA." PLoS Biology 2, no. 12 (December 14, 2004): e431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020431.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Emergence Of Complexity"

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Tucker, Zoe. "Emergence and Complexity in Music." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/hmc_theses/101.

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How can we apply mathematical notions of complexity and emergence to music, and how can these mathematical ideas then inspire new musical works? Using Steve Reich's Clapping Music as a starting point, we look for emergent patterns in music by considering cases where a piece's complexity is significantly different from the total complexity of each of the individual parts. Definitions of complexity inspired by information theory, data compression, and musical practice are considered. We also consider the number of distinct musical pieces that could be composed in the same manner as Clapping Music. Finally, we present a new musical compositions to demonstrate some of these ideas.
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Geneston, Elvis L. Grigolini Paolo. "Emergence of complexity from synchronization and cooperation." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2008. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-6107.

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Geneston, Elvis L. "Emergence of Complexity from Synchronization and Cooperation." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc6107/.

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The dynamical origin of complexity is an object of intense debate and, up to moment of writing this manuscript, no unified approach exists as to how it should be properly addressed. This research work adopts the perspective of complexity as characterized by the emergence of non-Poisson renewal processes. In particular I introduce two new complex system models, namely the two-state stochastic clocks and the integrate-and-fire stochastic neurons, and investigate its coupled dynamics in different network topologies. Based on the foundations of renewal theory, I show how complexity, as manifested by the occurrence of non-exponential distribution of events, emerges from the interaction of the units of the system. Conclusion is made on the work's applicability to explaining the dynamics of blinking nanocrystals, neuron interaction in the human brain, and synchronization processes in complex networks.
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Lausa, Dawn E. "Descartes' daughters thinking-machines and the emergence of posthuman complexity /." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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Maitland, Roger. "Exploring emergence in corporate sustainability." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31139.

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As the impacts of climate change intensify, businesses are increasingly committing to ambitious sustainable development goals, yet an enduring disconnect remains between corporate sustainability activities and declining global environment and society. This study adopts a complexity view that reductionism associated with Newtonian thinking has played a key role in creating many of the sustainability issues now faced by humanity. This dissertation departs from the premise that sustainability needs to be integrated into an organisation and uses a complexity view to argue that corporate sustainability is a co-evolutionary process of emergence. Whilst many studies have examined how sustainability can be integrated into a business, less is known about corporate sustainability as an emergent process. To address the knowledge gap, this research answered three questions: (1) How does sustainability emerge in financial institutions? (2) What is the role of coherence in the emergence of sustainability? and (3) What conditions enable the emergence of sustainability? A mixed method sequential design was used. In the initial quantitative strand of the research, a holistic business assessment survey based on integral theory was implemented in two financial services organisations in Southern Africa. The results were analysed using self-organising maps and explored in narrative interviews in the subsequent qualitative strand of the research. The study makes three contributions to our understanding of emergence in corporate sustainability. First, by proposing four modes by which corporate sustainability is enacted; these elucidate how integral domains are enacted in corporate sustainability. Second, by clarifying the process of emergence by articulating how zones of coherence emerge between embodied and embedded dimensions. Third, by explaining how the shift to corporate sustainability occurs by means of four conditions. These contributions serve to advance our understanding of corporate sustainability as a fundamental shift in the functioning of an organisation towards coevolutionary self-organisation. It is recommended that corporate sustainability is holistically cultivated to support emergence and self-organisation, rather than being integrated through a linear process of change.
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Ayaroglu, Mert. "Urban Complexity And Connectivity: Emergence Of Generative Models In Urban Design." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608234/index.pdf.

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This thesis analyzes the changing design and planning strategies in the contemporary urban design area. The rapid improvements during the 20th century in complexity sciences and computer technologies have directly affected all the branches of design. In architecture, as in urban design, generative models, evolutionary design attitudes and computer based simulation tools have taken a significant role during the last few decades. In urban design, emerged in a period starting form the second half of the century, non-determinist, dynamic and self-organized design attitudes depending on naturalistic models have emerged as an alternative to determinist, static and reductionist approaches based on linear solutions. In this study, it is aimed to define and evaluate these emerging contemporary approaches with respect to their antecedents and precedents. The study also searches for the conceptual and technical developments and background which support this process. With an analysis of case studies, the paradigm shift is examined in practice. The study intends to clarify whether contemporary urban design approaches, especially naturalistic models could be an alternative to deterministic stances.
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Dobosh, Melissa Ann. "The impact of cognitive complexity and self-monitoring on leadership emergence." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 0.75Mb , 85 p, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1428189.

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Schonour, Lane. "Complexity Leadership, Generative Emergence, and Innovation in High Performing Nonprofit Organizations." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13807351.

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This study examined the function of complexity leadership in the generative emergence of new ideas in a high-performance nonprofit organization. The conceptual framework for the study combines Uhl-Bien, Marion, & McKelvey’s (2007) Complexity Leadership Theory with Lichtenstein’s (2014) concept of generative emergence in order to investigate the growth of new ideas in high performance nonprofit organizations. The study was conducted at Goodwill Industries of Central Indiana (GICI), a high performing nonprofit that is one of 162 local Goodwill member agencies that make up Goodwill Industries International (GII).

This empirical case study examined the emergence and successful operation of one innovative idea—the creation and operation of public charter high schools—with GICI’s operating territory. Data was collected through interviews with GICI leaders, board members, and community leaders, well a review of documents pertinent to the case. Merrriam’s (2009) case study framework guided the collection of the data, and coding followed the process outlined by Saldaña (2013).

The study identified numerous specific leadership actions as they appeared through each stage of the generative emergence process. These were coded and analyzed through the lens of CLT in order to address the study’s research questions. Case findings determined that, in high-performing nonprofits, the function of complexity leadership in the generative emergence of new ideas is to identify, interpret, and respond to specific system behaviors so that the idea has the best possible chance to reach its full potential.

The study shows that if a high performing non-profit organization is to employ complexity leadership to successfully grow and implement new, innovative ideas via generative emergence, a mix of administrative, enabling, and adaptive leadership actions must be employed during each phase of the process. The study has implications for both CLT and Generative Emergence because it provides specific, empirical examples of the elements articulated by each concept. The study offers implications for practice since the structure and definitions provided by both CLT and generative emergence may be helpful to organizations as they generate and manage the growth of new ideas.

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Tříšková, Petra. "Emergentní chování v komplexních informačních systémech." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-124693.

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This thesis concerns with both practical and theoretical aspects of phenomenon called Emergence. First part has been devoted to the research of available specialized resources on emergent topic and also on main features of complex systems. Acquired knowledge of two topics has been implemented on a real practical example of complex information system by creation of method which purpose is to help finding and determining emergent behavior. Last part of the thesis brings outcome of analysis of real system and discusses the recommendations for researchers on how to determine emergent behavior in their own systems.
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Andriani, Pierpaolo. "The emergence of self-organisation in social systems : the case of the geographic industrial clusters." Thesis, Durham University, 2003. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4011/.

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The objective of this work is to use complexity theory to propose a new interpretation of industrial clusters. Industrial clusters constitute a specific type of econosphere, whose driving principles are self-organisation, economies of diversity and a configuration that optimises the exploration of diversity starting from the configuration of connectivity of the system. This work shows the centrality of diversity by linking complexity theory (intended as "a method for understanding diversity"') to different concepts such as power law distributions, self-organisation, autocatalytic cycles and connectivity.I propose a method to distinguish self-organising from non self-organising agglomerations, based on the correlation between self-organising dynamics and power law network theories. Self-organised criticality, rank-size rule and scale-free networks theories become three aspects indicating a common underlying pattern, i.e. the edge of chaos dynamic. I propose a general model of development of industrial clusters, based on the mutual interaction between social and economic autocatalytic cycle. Starting from Kauffman's idea(^2) on the autocatalytic properties of diversity, I illustrate how the loops of the economies of diversity are based on the expansion of systemic diversity (product of diversity and connectivity). My thesis provides a way to measure systemic diversity. In particular I introduce the distinction between modular innovation at the agent level and architectural innovation at the network level and show that the cluster constitutes an appropriate organisational form to manage the tension and dynamics of simultaneous modular and architectural innovation. The thesis is structured around two propositions: 1. Self-organising systems are closer to a power law than hierarchical systems or aggregates (collection of parts). For industrial agglomerations (SLLs), the closeness to a power law is related to the degree of self-organisation present in the agglomeration, and emerges in the agglomeration’s structural and/or behavioural properties subject to self-organising dynamic.2. Self-organising systems maximise the product of diversity times connectivity at a rate higher than hierarchical systems.
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Books on the topic "Emergence Of Complexity"

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Fromm, Jochen. The emergence of complexity. Kassel: Kassel University Press, 2004.

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Hager, Paul, and David Beckett. The Emergence of Complexity. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31839-0.

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University of California, Riverside. Pacific Rim Research Unit, Kosrae (Micronesia). Office of History and Culture Preservation, and United States. National Park Service, eds. Safonfok, Kosrae: Emergence of complexity. [Riverside, Calif: Pacific Rim Research Unit, Dept. of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside], 2003.

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Kreps, David. Bergson, Complexity and Creative Emergence. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137412201.

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Emergence in mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

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Deep simplicity: Chaos, complexity and the emergence of life. London: Allen Lane, 2004.

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Juarrero, Alicia, and Carl A. Rubino. Emergence, complexity, and self-organization: Precursors and prototypes. Litchfield Park, AZ: Emergent Publications, 2010.

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The emergence of everything: How the world became complex. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.

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Congresso italiano di sistemica (2nd 2001 Trento, Italy). Emergence in complex, cognitive, social, and biological systems. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum, 2002.

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Vesterby, Vincent. Origins of self-organization, emergence, and cause. Goodyear, AZ: ISCE Pub., 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Emergence Of Complexity"

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Goertzel, Ben. "Complexity and Emergence." In Creating Internet Intelligence, 53–69. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0561-7_4.

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Ellis, George. "Complexity and Emergence." In The Frontiers Collection, 1–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49809-5_1.

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MacWhinney, Brian. "The emergence of linguistic complexity." In Syntactic Complexity, 405–32. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tsl.85.15the.

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Whalen, Thomas B. "Emergence theory." In Complexity, Society and Social Transactions, 68–72. Abingdon, Oxon ; NewYork, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Routledge studies in social and political thought: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315179919-10.

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Kreps, David. "Creative Emergence." In Bergson, Complexity and Creative Emergence, 211–33. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137412201_6.

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Zafeiris, Anna, and Tamás Vicsek. "Modelling Emergence and Control." In SpringerBriefs in Complexity, 89–105. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70483-8_5.

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Goldstein, Jeffrey, James K. Hazy, and Benyamin B. Lichtenstein. "Leading Emergence." In Complexity and the Nexus of Leadership, 75–100. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230107717_4.

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Gooding, Tim. "Complexity, Emergence, and Evolution." In Economics for a Fairer Society, 13–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17020-2_3.

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Zafeiris, Anna, and Tamás Vicsek. "Experiments on the Emergence and Function." In SpringerBriefs in Complexity, 79–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70483-8_4.

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Kaneko, Kunihiko. "Emergence of Recursivity through Isologous Diversification." In Complexity and Diversity, 46–51. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-66862-6_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Emergence Of Complexity"

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desJardins, Marie. "Computation, complexity, and emergence." In Proceeding of the 44th ACM technical symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2445196.2445224.

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Aste, T., and T. Di Matteo. "Materials and complexity: emergence of structural complexity in sphere packings." In Microelectronics, MEMS, and Nanotechnology, edited by Axel Bender. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.637534.

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Ricard, J. "Complexity, emergence and the origins of life." In Origins of Life: Self-Organization and/or Biological Evolution? Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/orvie/2009009.

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Ulises Moulines, C. "Formal Metatheoretical Criteria of Complexity and Emergence." In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the International Academy of the Philosophy of Science. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812776617_0003.

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Casartelli, Mario. "Complexity and the Emergence of Intentionality: Some Misconceptions." In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the International Academy of the Philosophy of Science. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812776617_0011.

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Lenk, Hans, and Achim Stephan. "On Levels and Types of Complexity and Emergence." In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the International Academy of the Philosophy of Science. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812776617_0002.

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Ricard, Jacques. "Reduction, Integration, Emergence and Complexity in Biological Networks." In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the International Academy of the Philosophy of Science. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812776617_0009.

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Schuster, P. "Evolution in simple systems and the emergence of complexity." In Proceedings. The 2005 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wi.2005.62.

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Schuster, P. "Evolution in simple systems and the emergence of complexity." In Proceedings. The 2005 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Intelligent Agent Technology. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iat.2005.71.

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Storrie-Lombardi, Michael C., Stanley M. Awramik, and John Nesson. "3D characterization of stromatolites and the emergence of complexity." In Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Richard B. Hoover, Gilbert V. Levin, Alexei Y. Rozanov, and Paul C. Davies. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.800918.

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Reports on the topic "Emergence Of Complexity"

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Perdigão, Rui A. P., and Julia Hall. Spatiotemporal Causality and Predictability Beyond Recurrence Collapse in Complex Coevolutionary Systems. Meteoceanics, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46337/201111.

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Causality and Predictability of Complex Systems pose fundamental challenges even under well-defined structural stochastic-dynamic conditions where the laws of motion and system symmetries are known. However, the edifice of complexity can be profoundly transformed by structural-functional coevolution and non-recurrent elusive mechanisms changing the very same invariants of motion that had been taken for granted. This leads to recurrence collapse and memory loss, precluding the ability of traditional stochastic-dynamic and information-theoretic metrics to provide reliable information about the non-recurrent emergence of fundamental new properties absent from the a priori kinematic geometric and statistical features. Unveiling causal mechanisms and eliciting system dynamic predictability under such challenging conditions is not only a fundamental problem in mathematical and statistical physics, but also one of critical importance to dynamic modelling, risk assessment and decision support e.g. regarding non-recurrent critical transitions and extreme events. In order to address these challenges, generalized metrics in non-ergodic information physics are hereby introduced for unveiling elusive dynamics, causality and predictability of complex dynamical systems undergoing far-from-equilibrium structural-functional coevolution. With these methodological developments at hand, hidden dynamic information is hereby brought out and explicitly quantified even beyond post-critical regime collapse, long after statistical information is lost. The added causal insights and operational predictive value are further highlighted by evaluating the new information metrics among statistically independent variables, where traditional techniques therefore find no information links. Notwithstanding the factorability of the distributions associated to the aforementioned independent variables, synergistic and redundant information are found to emerge from microphysical, event-scale codependencies in far-from-equilibrium nonlinear statistical mechanics. The findings are illustrated to shed light onto fundamental causal mechanisms and unveil elusive dynamic predictability of non-recurrent critical transitions and extreme events across multiscale hydro-climatic problems.
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McKenna, Patrick, and Mark Evans. Emergency Relief and complex service delivery: Towards better outcomes. Queensland University of Technology, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.211133.

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Emergency Relief (ER) is a Department of Social Services (DSS) funded program, delivered by 197 community organisations (ER Providers) across Australia, to assist people facing a financial crisis with financial/material aid and referrals to other support programs. ER has been playing this important role in Australian communities since 1979. Without ER, more people living in Australia who experience a financial crisis might face further harm such as crippling debt or homelessness. The Emergency Relief National Coordination Group (NCG) was established in April 2020 at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to advise the Minister for Families and Social Services on the implementation of ER. To inform its advice to the Minister, the NCG partnered with the Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra to conduct research to understand the issues and challenges faced by ER Providers and Service Users in local contexts across Australia. The research involved a desktop review of the existing literature on ER service provision, a large survey which all Commonwealth ER Providers were invited to participate in (and 122 responses were received), interviews with a purposive sample of 18 ER Providers, and the development of a program logic and theory of change for the Commonwealth ER program to assess progress. The surveys and interviews focussed on ER Provider perceptions of the strengths, weaknesses, future challenges, and areas of improvement for current ER provision. The trend of increasing case complexity, the effectiveness of ER service delivery models in achieving outcomes for Service Users, and the significance of volunteering in the sector were investigated. Separately, an evaluation of the performance of the NCG was conducted and a summary of the evaluation is provided as an appendix to this report. Several themes emerged from the review of the existing literature such as service delivery shortcomings in dealing with case complexity, the effectiveness of case management, and repeat requests for service. Interviews with ER workers and Service Users found that an uplift in workforce capability was required to deal with increasing case complexity, leading to recommendations for more training and service standards. Several service evaluations found that ER delivered with case management led to high Service User satisfaction, played an integral role in transforming the lives of people with complex needs, and lowered repeat requests for service. A large longitudinal quantitative study revealed that more time spent with participants substantially decreased the number of repeat requests for service; and, given that repeat requests for service can be an indicator of entrenched poverty, not accessing further services is likely to suggest improvement. The interviews identified the main strengths of ER to be the rapid response and flexible use of funds to stabilise crisis situations and connect people to other supports through strong local networks. Service Users trusted the system because of these strengths, and ER was often an access point to holistic support. There were three main weaknesses identified. First, funding contracts were too short and did not cover the full costs of the program—in particular, case management for complex cases. Second, many Service Users were dependent on ER which was inconsistent with the definition and intent of the program. Third, there was inconsistency in the level of service received by Service Users in different geographic locations. These weaknesses can be improved upon with a joined-up approach featuring co-design and collaborative governance, leading to the successful commissioning of social services. The survey confirmed that volunteers were significant for ER, making up 92% of all workers and 51% of all hours worked in respondent ER programs. Of the 122 respondents, volunteers amounted to 554 full-time equivalents, a contribution valued at $39.4 million. In total there were 8,316 volunteers working in the 122 respondent ER programs. The sector can support and upskill these volunteers (and employees in addition) by developing scalable training solutions such as online training modules, updating ER service standards, and engaging in collaborative learning arrangements where large and small ER Providers share resources. More engagement with peak bodies such as Volunteering Australia might also assist the sector to improve the focus on volunteer engagement. Integrated services achieve better outcomes for complex ER cases—97% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. The research identified the dimensions of service integration most relevant to ER Providers to be case management, referrals, the breadth of services offered internally, co-location with interrelated service providers, an established network of support, workforce capability, and Service User engagement. Providers can individually focus on increasing the level of service integration for their ER program to improve their ability to deal with complex cases, which are clearly on the rise. At the system level, a more joined-up approach can also improve service integration across Australia. The key dimensions of this finding are discussed next in more detail. Case management is key for achieving Service User outcomes for complex cases—89% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. Interviewees most frequently said they would provide more case management if they could change their service model. Case management allows for more time spent with the Service User, follow up with referral partners, and a higher level of expertise in service delivery to support complex cases. Of course, it is a costly model and not currently funded for all Service Users through ER. Where case management is not available as part of ER, it might be available through a related service that is part of a network of support. Where possible, ER Providers should facilitate access to case management for Service Users who would benefit. At a system level, ER models with a greater component of case management could be implemented as test cases. Referral systems are also key for achieving Service User outcomes, which is reflected in the ER Program Logic presented on page 31. The survey and interview data show that referrals within an integrated service (internal) or in a service hub (co-located) are most effective. Where this is not possible, warm referrals within a trusted network of support are more effective than cold referrals leading to higher take-up and beneficial Service User outcomes. However, cold referrals are most common, pointing to a weakness in ER referral systems. This is because ER Providers do not operate or co-locate with interrelated services in many cases, nor do they have the case management capacity to provide warm referrals in many other cases. For mental illness support, which interviewees identified as one of the most difficult issues to deal with, ER Providers offer an integrated service only 23% of the time, warm referrals 34% of the time, and cold referrals 43% of the time. A focus on referral systems at the individual ER Provider level, and system level through a joined-up approach, might lead to better outcomes for Service Users. The program logic and theory of change for ER have been documented with input from the research findings and included in Section 4.3 on page 31. These show that ER helps people facing a financial crisis to meet their immediate needs, avoid further harm, and access a path to recovery. The research demonstrates that ER is fundamental to supporting vulnerable people in Australia and should therefore continue to be funded by government.
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