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Tucker, Zoe. "Emergence and Complexity in Music." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/hmc_theses/101.
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How can we apply mathematical notions of complexity and emergence to music, and how can these mathematical ideas then inspire new musical works? Using Steve Reich's Clapping Music as a starting point, we look for emergent patterns in music by considering cases where a piece's complexity is significantly different from the total complexity of each of the individual parts. Definitions of complexity inspired by information theory, data compression, and musical practice are considered. We also consider the number of distinct musical pieces that could be composed in the same manner as Clapping Music. Finally, we present a new musical compositions to demonstrate some of these ideas.
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Geneston, Elvis L. Grigolini Paolo. "Emergence of complexity from synchronization and cooperation." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2008. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-6107.
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Geneston, Elvis L. "Emergence of Complexity from Synchronization and Cooperation." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc6107/.
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The dynamical origin of complexity is an object of intense debate and, up to moment of writing this manuscript, no unified approach exists as to how it should be properly addressed. This research work adopts the perspective of complexity as characterized by the emergence of non-Poisson renewal processes. In particular I introduce two new complex system models, namely the two-state stochastic clocks and the integrate-and-fire stochastic neurons, and investigate its coupled dynamics in different network topologies. Based on the foundations of renewal theory, I show how complexity, as manifested by the occurrence of non-exponential distribution of events, emerges from the interaction of the units of the system. Conclusion is made on the work's applicability to explaining the dynamics of blinking nanocrystals, neuron interaction in the human brain, and synchronization processes in complex networks.
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Lausa, Dawn E. "Descartes' daughters thinking-machines and the emergence of posthuman complexity /." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Maitland, Roger. "Exploring emergence in corporate sustainability." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31139.
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As the impacts of climate change intensify, businesses are increasingly committing to ambitious sustainable development goals, yet an enduring disconnect remains between corporate sustainability activities and declining global environment and society. This study adopts a complexity view that reductionism associated with Newtonian thinking has played a key role in creating many of the sustainability issues now faced by humanity. This dissertation departs from the premise that sustainability needs to be integrated into an organisation and uses a complexity view to argue that corporate sustainability is a co-evolutionary process of emergence. Whilst many studies have examined how sustainability can be integrated into a business, less is known about corporate sustainability as an emergent process. To address the knowledge gap, this research answered three questions: (1) How does sustainability emerge in financial institutions? (2) What is the role of coherence in the emergence of sustainability? and (3) What conditions enable the emergence of sustainability? A mixed method sequential design was used. In the initial quantitative strand of the research, a holistic business assessment survey based on integral theory was implemented in two financial services organisations in Southern Africa. The results were analysed using self-organising maps and explored in narrative interviews in the subsequent qualitative strand of the research. The study makes three contributions to our understanding of emergence in corporate sustainability. First, by proposing four modes by which corporate sustainability is enacted; these elucidate how integral domains are enacted in corporate sustainability. Second, by clarifying the process of emergence by articulating how zones of coherence emerge between embodied and embedded dimensions. Third, by explaining how the shift to corporate sustainability occurs by means of four conditions. These contributions serve to advance our understanding of corporate sustainability as a fundamental shift in the functioning of an organisation towards coevolutionary self-organisation. It is recommended that corporate sustainability is holistically cultivated to support emergence and self-organisation, rather than being integrated through a linear process of change.
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Ayaroglu, Mert. "Urban Complexity And Connectivity: Emergence Of Generative Models In Urban Design." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608234/index.pdf.
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This thesis analyzes the changing design and planning strategies in the contemporary urban design area. The rapid improvements during the 20th century in complexity sciences and computer technologies have directly affected all the branches of design. In architecture, as in urban design, generative models, evolutionary design attitudes and computer based simulation tools have taken a significant role during the last few decades. In urban design, emerged in a period starting form the second half of the century, non-determinist, dynamic and self-organized design attitudes depending on naturalistic models have emerged as an alternative to determinist, static and reductionist approaches based on linear solutions.
In this study, it is aimed to define and evaluate these emerging contemporary approaches with respect to their antecedents and precedents. The study also searches for the conceptual and technical developments and background which support this process. With an analysis of case studies, the paradigm shift is examined in practice.
The study intends to clarify whether contemporary urban design approaches, especially naturalistic models could be an alternative to deterministic stances.
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Dobosh, Melissa Ann. "The impact of cognitive complexity and self-monitoring on leadership emergence." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 0.75Mb , 85 p, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1428189.
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Schonour, Lane. "Complexity Leadership, Generative Emergence, and Innovation in High Performing Nonprofit Organizations." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13807351.
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This study examined the function of complexity leadership in the generative emergence of new ideas in a high-performance nonprofit organization. The conceptual framework for the study combines Uhl-Bien, Marion, & McKelvey’s (2007) Complexity Leadership Theory with Lichtenstein’s (2014) concept of generative emergence in order to investigate the growth of new ideas in high performance nonprofit organizations. The study was conducted at Goodwill Industries of Central Indiana (GICI), a high performing nonprofit that is one of 162 local Goodwill member agencies that make up Goodwill Industries International (GII).
This empirical case study examined the emergence and successful operation of one innovative idea—the creation and operation of public charter high schools—with GICI’s operating territory. Data was collected through interviews with GICI leaders, board members, and community leaders, well a review of documents pertinent to the case. Merrriam’s (2009) case study framework guided the collection of the data, and coding followed the process outlined by Saldaña (2013).
The study identified numerous specific leadership actions as they appeared through each stage of the generative emergence process. These were coded and analyzed through the lens of CLT in order to address the study’s research questions. Case findings determined that, in high-performing nonprofits, the function of complexity leadership in the generative emergence of new ideas is to identify, interpret, and respond to specific system behaviors so that the idea has the best possible chance to reach its full potential.
The study shows that if a high performing non-profit organization is to employ complexity leadership to successfully grow and implement new, innovative ideas via generative emergence, a mix of administrative, enabling, and adaptive leadership actions must be employed during each phase of the process. The study has implications for both CLT and Generative Emergence because it provides specific, empirical examples of the elements articulated by each concept. The study offers implications for practice since the structure and definitions provided by both CLT and generative emergence may be helpful to organizations as they generate and manage the growth of new ideas.
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Tříšková, Petra. "Emergentní chování v komplexních informačních systémech." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-124693.
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This thesis concerns with both practical and theoretical aspects of phenomenon called Emergence. First part has been devoted to the research of available specialized resources on emergent topic and also on main features of complex systems. Acquired knowledge of two topics has been implemented on a real practical example of complex information system by creation of method which purpose is to help finding and determining emergent behavior. Last part of the thesis brings outcome of analysis of real system and discusses the recommendations for researchers on how to determine emergent behavior in their own systems.
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Andriani, Pierpaolo. "The emergence of self-organisation in social systems : the case of the geographic industrial clusters." Thesis, Durham University, 2003. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4011/.
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The objective of this work is to use complexity theory to propose a new interpretation of industrial clusters. Industrial clusters constitute a specific type of econosphere, whose driving principles are self-organisation, economies of diversity and a configuration that optimises the exploration of diversity starting from the configuration of connectivity of the system. This work shows the centrality of diversity by linking complexity theory (intended as "a method for understanding diversity"') to different concepts such as power law distributions, self-organisation, autocatalytic cycles and connectivity.I propose a method to distinguish self-organising from non self-organising agglomerations, based on the correlation between self-organising dynamics and power law network theories. Self-organised criticality, rank-size rule and scale-free networks theories become three aspects indicating a common underlying pattern, i.e. the edge of chaos dynamic. I propose a general model of development of industrial clusters, based on the mutual interaction between social and economic autocatalytic cycle. Starting from Kauffman's idea(^2) on the autocatalytic properties of diversity, I illustrate how the loops of the economies of diversity are based on the expansion of systemic diversity (product of diversity and connectivity). My thesis provides a way to measure systemic diversity. In particular I introduce the distinction between modular innovation at the agent level and architectural innovation at the network level and show that the cluster constitutes an appropriate organisational form to manage the tension and dynamics of simultaneous modular and architectural innovation. The thesis is structured around two propositions: 1. Self-organising systems are closer to a power law than hierarchical systems or aggregates (collection of parts). For industrial agglomerations (SLLs), the closeness to a power law is related to the degree of self-organisation present in the agglomeration, and emerges in the agglomeration’s structural and/or behavioural properties subject to self-organising dynamic.2. Self-organising systems maximise the product of diversity times connectivity at a rate higher than hierarchical systems.
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Martin, Tiffani L. Vaidya Manish. "Does stimulus complexity affect acquisition of conditional discriminations and the emergence of derived relations?" [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12160.
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Martin, Tiffani L. "Does Stimulus Complexity Affect Acquisition of Conditional Discriminations and the Emergence of Derived Relations?" Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12160/.
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Despite the central importance of conditional discriminations to the derivation of equivalence relations, there is little research relating the dynamics of conditional discrimination learning to the derivation of equivalence relations. Prior research has shown that conditional discriminations with simple sample and comparison stimuli are acquired faster than conditional discriminations with complex sample and comparison stimuli. This study attempted to replicate these earlier results and extend them by attempting to relate conditional discrimination learning to equivalence relations. Each of four adult humans learned four, four-choice conditional discriminations (simple-simple,
simple-complex, complex-simple, and complex-complex) and were tested to see if equivalence relations had developed. The results confirm earlier findings showing acquisition to be facilitated with simple stimuli and retarded with complex stimuli. There was no difference in outcomes on equivalence tests, however. The results are in implicit agreement with Sidman's theory of stimulus equivalence.
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Hussain, Hanin Binte. "Complicity in games of chase and complexity thinking: Emergence in curriculum and practice-based research." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Sciences and Physical Education, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5892.
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This thesis explores how the discourse of complexity thinking can be used to foster emergence in curriculum and practice-based research. The curriculum-related exploration focused specifically on games of chase as one facet of early childhood curriculum. It investigated using complexity thinking firstly, to occasion emergence (that is, create a new phenomenon) in children’s games of chase at an early childhood centre and secondly, to describe this emergence. The research-related exploration focused on creating an emergent methodology which is underpinned by complexity thinking.
In this thesis report, I present a series of emergent curriculum-related phenomena that arose during the explorations, that is, an emergent game, a local curriculum theory for games of chase, the concepts of local curriculum theory, curriculum design and curriculum dynamics, and a curriculum vision. I also present an understanding of emergent methodology and two methodological innovations in the form of the Research Data Management System and the Visual Summary.
This research involved taking the role of a volunteer teacher-researcher-curriculum designer at an early childhood centre to play games of chase with children. This role was informed by and contributed to a curriculum design that focused on designing the teaching and learning environment to occasion emergence in learning and curriculum.
The games of chase curriculum contributed to children’s learning, my own learning and the general rhythm of life at the centre. The children learnt to distinguish between children who were playing and those who were not. They also learnt different ways to tag people in a game. In addition, the children and I developed a game playing routine before playing each game. This routine involved putting on tag belts, discussing what game we were playing and how we were going to play it. We played three different games of chase, starting with tag, followed by What is the time Mr(s) Wolf?, and finally the emergent game Big A, Little A.
The stories of emergence are described in visual, descriptive and narrative texts organised into curriculum stories, teaching stories and children’s learning stories. Curriculum stories describe the activities that unfolded. Teaching stories present stories of teaching while learning stories are stories of children’s learning. These stories represent views of the enacted curriculum as activity, teaching and learning respectively. Taken together, the stories present a description of the curriculum dynamics that unfolded at the centre in relation to games of chase.
This thesis shows that a local curriculum theory for games of chase at the centre emerged from the complex interactions of curriculum design and curriculum dynamics that unfolded at the centre. It also articulates the emergent concepts of local curriculum theory, curriculum design and curriculum dynamics using the language of complexity.
This thesis also presents the local curriculum theory as a curriculum vision. This vision involves a shift in thinking about curriculum as either a set “course to be run” or the “path created in the running” (currere) to embracing curriculum as both “the space for running” and currere. It is a vision that values both children’s and teachers’ interests, focuses on teachers and children exploring depth and breadth of a curriculum domain together, enables teachers to follow, generate and sustain children’s interest in the explorations, and is generative, flexible and future-focused.
This thesis conceptualises an emergent methodology as a methodology for emergence which (1) involves the researcher actively striving to foster emergence in research, (2) is brought forth in the interactions between the designed and enacted facets of methodology, (3) is local to a particular research project, and (4) emerges from the interactions of several related strategies.
This thesis can be seen as an attempt to change the language game of curriculum by using the language of complexity throughout the thesis. In so doing, it not only enables the reader to talk about the discourse of complexity thinking, it also enables the reader to experience the discourse and the emergence of the curriculum-related phenomena and the methodological innovations that are the focus of this thesis.
Finally, this thesis argues that using the discourse of complexity thinking in teaching and research can be enabling. It can enable the teacher and/or researcher to be creative, flexible and ethical within the constraints of his/her professional and personal life.
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Risdon, Cathy. "Curricular processes as practice : the emergence of excellence in a medical school." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/1837.
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This thesis deals with two related questions. The first relates to a critical inquiry into the processes of curriculum creation and formation within a medical school which has undergone a significant curriculum revision. I explore the notion that such processes can be understood as a form of practice in which the relationship between content and process is held together by what is explored in the thesis as an indivisible, paradoxical tension. Exploring curriculum as a kind of process is a novel approach in a school steeped in the traditions of the natural sciences. The common metaphors for curriculum in this setting refer to blueprints, models, behavioural competencies and objective standards. These are all founded on the belief in an objective observer who can maintain some form of distance between themselves and the subject in question. Issues of method are, therefore, central to my explorations of how we might, instead, locate curriculum in social processes and acts of evaluation involving power relations, conflict and the continuous negotiation of how it is we work together. The paradox of process and content in this way of understanding is that participants in curricular practice are simultaneously forming and being formed by their participation. In this way of thinking, it makes no sense to say one can either “step back” to “reflect” on their participation or that there is a way to approach participation “objectively.” The other question I address in this thesis has to do with the emergence of excellence. By emergence, I refer to thinking in the complexity sciences which attempts to explain phenomena which have a coherence which cannot be planned for or known in advance. “Excellence” is a kind of idealization which has no meaning until it is taken up and “functionalized” within specific settings and situations. In the setting of participating in curriculum formation, excellence may be understood as one possible outcome of persisting engagement and continuous inquiry which itself influences the ongoing conversation of how excellence is recognized and understood. In other words, excellence emerges in social processes as a theme simultaneously shaping and being shaped by curricular practice. This research was initiated as a result of a mandate to establish a program which could demonstrate excellence in the area of relationships in health care. The magnitude of this mandate felt overwhelming at the time and raised a lot of anxiety. I found that the traditional thinking regarding participation in organizational change processes (which, within my setting, could be understood as “set your goal and work backwards”) did not satisfactorily account for the uncertainties and surprises of working with colleagues to create something new. The method of inquiry can be read as another example of a process / content paradox through which my findings regarding curriculum and excellence emerged. This method involved taking narratives from my experience as an educator and clinician and a participant in varied forms of curricular processes and inquiring into them further by both locating them within relevant discourses from sociology, medical education and organizational studies and also sharing them with peers in my doctoral program as well as colleagues from my local setting. This method led to an inquiry and series of findings which was substantively different from my starting point. This movement in thinking offers another demonstration of an emergent methodology in which original findings are “discovered” through the course of inquiry. These findings continue to affect my practice and my approach to inquiry within the setting of medical education. The original contributions to thinking in medical education occur in several ways. One is in the demonstration of a research method which takes my own original experience seriously and seeks to challenge taken for granted assumptions about a separation of process and content, instead exploring the implications of understanding these in a relation of paradox. By locating my work within social processes of engagement and recognition, I explore the possibility that excellence can also be understood as an emergent property of interaction which is under continuous negotiation which itself forms the basis for further recognition and exploration of “excellence.” The social processes which shape and are shaped by “excellence” are fundamental to the practice of curriculum itself. Both curricula and “excellence” emerge within the interactions of people with a stake in the desired outcomes as the product of continued involvement and consideration of ongoing experience. Finally, a process view of medical education is presented as a contribution to understanding the work of training physicians who are comfortable with the uncertainties and contingencies involved in the humane care of their patients.
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Amon, Mary Jean. "Examining Coordination and Emergence During Individual and Distributed Cognitive Tasks." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1468336815.
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Girten, Brendan. "A Need for Change: Emergent Architecture in a Complex Landscape." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1617106323720889.
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Price, Max. "Pigs and Power: Pig Husbandry in Northern Mesopotamia During the Emergence of Social Complexity (6500-2000 Bc)." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493422.
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This dissertation examines the evolution of pig husbandry during the period in which complex societies developed in northern Mesopotamia. Pigs were unique in the ancient Middle East because they were particularly well suited for smallholder production as opposed to elite control. In tracking the evolution of pig husbandry practices over this long period of time, this dissertation asks two questions. The first question is: when did pig husbandry practices intensify? In other words, when did northern Mesopotamian communities begin penning and stall-feeding their pigs? The second question is: why? Was there a correlation between intensification and the development class conflict, a critical part of the emergence of complex societies? Did smallholders intensify pig production to resist elite control over the agricultural sector?
After developing a theoretical framework informed by previous zooarchaeological research and Marxist scholarship, this dissertation focuses on reconstructing pig husbandry at 10 archaeological sites dating to the 7th-3rd millennia BC. This research uses the assemblage of hunted wild boar at Epipaleolithic (11th millennium) Hallan Çemi as a control. The 3rd-millennium site of Tell Leilan, which included recognizable elite and non-elite areas, provides a means of testing the hypothesis that smallholders intensified pig husbandry in order to resist economic domination. This study employs a battery of standard and specialized zooarchaeological techniques to provide multiple lines of evidence for determining three aspects of pig husbandry: control over diet, mobility, and reproduction. These methods include: geometric morphometrics, survivorship analysis, biometrics, analysis of pathologies (including linear enamel hypoplasia and dental calculus), dental microwear, and analysis of starch granules and phytoliths embedded in calculus. Special attention is paid to developing appropriate statistical models to make sense of the numerous datasets.
The results indicate that pig husbandry underwent region-wide intensification before or during the Halaf (6th millennium BC), and thus intensification predated the development of complex societies by about 2000 years. The Halaf is a relatively unknown period in the long-term history of the region, and it remains unclear why pig husbandry may have changed at this time. There was no detectable correlation between the emergence of complex societies and pig husbandry change despite the fact that the development of social inequality radically changed the nature of food production and consumption in the region. Moreover, there were few differences between pig husbandry practices in the elite and non-elite areas of Tell Leilan. These results, although plagued by a high degree of statistical uncertainty, suggest that the connections between pigs and power are not reducible to the single axis of husbandry as a form of class-based resistance. The concluding chapter offers alternative methods and theoretical frameworks for archaeologists to investigate both class conflict and pig husbandry.Anthropology
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Schueller, William. "Active control of complexity growth in Language Games." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0382/document.
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Nous apprenons très jeunes une quantité de règles nous permettant d'interagir avec d'autres personnes: des conventions sociales. Elles diffèrent des autres types d'apprentissage dans le sens où les premières personnes à les avoir utilisées n'ont fait qu'un choix arbitraire parmi plusieurs alternatives possibles: le côté de la route où conduire, la forme d'une prise électrique, ou inventer de nouveaux mots. À cause de celà, lorsqu'une nouvelle convention se crée au sein d'une population d'individus interagissant entre eux, de nombreuses alternatives peuvent apparaître et conduire à une situation complexe où plusieurs conventions équivalentes coexistent en compétition. Il peut devenir difficile de les retenir toutes, comment faisons-nous pour trouver un accord efficacement ? Nous exerçons communément un contrôle actif sur nos situations d'apprentissage, en par exemple sélectionnant des activités qui ne soient ni trop simples ni trop complexes. Il a été montré que ce type de comportement, dans des cas comme l'apprentissage sensori-moteur, aide à apprendre mieux, plus vite, et avec moins d'exemples. Est-ce que de tels mécanismes pourraient aussi influencer la négociation de conventions sociales? Le lexique est un exemple particulier de convention sociale: quels mots associer avec tel objet ou tel sens? Une classe de modèles computationels, les Language Games, montrent qu'il est possible pour une population d'individus de construire un langage commun via une série d'interactions par paires. En particulier, le modèle appelé Naming Game met l'accent sur la formation du lexique reliant mots et sens, et montre une typique explosion de la complexité avant de commencer à écarter les conventions synonymes ou homonymes et arriver à un consensus. Dans cette thèse, nous introduisons l'idée de l'apprentissage actif et du contrôle actif de la croissance de la complexité dans le Naming Game, sous la forme d'une politique de choix du sujet de conversation, applicable à chaque interaction. Différentes stratégies sont introduites, et ont des impacts différents sur à la fois le temps nécessaire pour converger vers un consensus et la quantité de mémoire nécessaire à chaque individu. Premièrement, nous limitons artificiellement la mémoire des agents pour éviter l'explosion de complexité locale. Quelques stratégies sont présentées, certaines ayant des propriétés similaires au cas standard en termes de temps de convergence. Dans un deuxième temps, nous formalisons ce que les agents doivent optimiser, en se basant sur une représentation de l'état moyen de la population. Deux stratégies inspirées de cette notion permettent de limiter les besoins en mémoire sans avoir à contraindre le système, et en prime permettent de converger plus rapidement. Nous montrons ensuite que la dynamique obtenue est proche d'un comportement théorique optimal, exprimé comme une borne inférieure au temps de convergence. Finalement, nous avons mis en place une expérience utilisateur en ligne sous forme de jeu pour collecter des données sur le comportement d'utilisateurs réels placés dans le cadre du modèle. Les résultats suggèrent qu'ils ont effectivement une politique active de choix de sujet de conversation, en comparaison avec un choix aléatoire.Les contributions de ce travail de thèse incluent aussi une classification des modèles de Naming Games existants, et un cadriciel open-source pour les simulerSocial conventions are learned mostly at a young age, but are quite different from other domains, like for example sensorimotor skills. The first people to define conventions just picked an arbitrary alternative between several options: a side of the road to drive on, the design of an electric plug, or inventing a new word. Because of this, while setting a new convention in a population of interacting individuals, many competing options can arise, and lead to a situation of growing complexity if many parallel inventions happen. How do we deal with this issue?Humans often exhert an active control on their learning situation, by for example selecting activities that are neither too complex nor too simple. This behavior, in cases like sensorimotor learning, has been shown to help learn faster, better, and with fewer examples. Could such mechanisms also have an impact on the negotiation of social conventions ? A particular example of social convention is the lexicon: which words we associated with given meanings. Computational models of language emergence, called the Language Games, showed that it is possible for a population of agents to build a common language through only pairwise interactions. In particular, the Naming Game model focuses on the formation of the lexicon mapping words and meanings, and shows a typical burst of complexity before starting to discard options and find a final consensus. In this thesis, we introduce the idea of active learning and active control of complexity growth in the Naming Game, in the form of a topic choice policy: agents can choose the meaning they want to talk about in each interaction. Several strategies were introduced, and have a different impact on both the time needed to converge to a consensus and the amount of memory needed by individual agents. Firstly, we artificially constrain the memory of agents to avoid the local complexity burst. A few strategies are presented, some of which can have similar convergence speed as in the standard case. Secondly, we formalize what agents need to optimize, based on a representation of the average state of the population. A couple of strategies inspired by this notion help keep the memory usage low without having constraints, but also result in a faster convergence process. We then show that the obtained dynamics are close to an optimal behavior, expressed analytically as a lower bound to convergence time. Eventually, we designed an online user experiment to collect data on how humans would behave in the same model, which shows that they do have an active topic choice policy, and do not choose randomly. Contributions from this thesis also include a classification of the existing Naming Game models and an open-source framework to simulate them
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Groot, Nol. "Senior executives and the emergence of local responsibilities in large organisations : a complexity approach to potentially better results." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/4616.
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All executives strive for better results in their organisations. They are always dependent on others to achieve these results and this dependency is particularly evident in large organisations. This thesis is concerned with the ways in which these better results might be achieved and the role senior executives might play in this process. The traditional view is that senior executives design and control the way their organisations function and better results therefore depend upon getting the design and the controls ‘right’. My personal experience, supported by many authors, is that this view is often far from reality. In this thesis I therefore draw on an alternative view of how organisations function, namely, the theory of complex responsive processes, in order to explore how senior executives can be more effective given their very limited ability to design and control their organisations. From a complex responsive processes perspective (Stacey, Griffin and Shaw, 2000; Stacey, 2003a), an organisation is understood, by analogy with the complexity sciences, to be processes of self-organising interaction between agents. The abstract analogy from the complexity sciences is interpreted in the case of human interaction according to the thinking of the American pragmatist G. H. Mead (1934). Mead explains the simultaneous emergence of mind and society in terms of the social act in which one person gestures to another and in doing so calls forth a response from that other in ongoing conversational processes in which patterns of communication (meaning) emerge across the organisational population. Work in organisations is accomplished in these conversational processes. In their conscious, self-conscious and responsive interaction, human agents depend on each other; according to the process sociologist N. Elias (1978), this means that all human relating is simultaneously constraining and enabling. Elias defines power as these enabling constraints between people, so that power is an aspect of all human relating. According to Elias, values, norms and ideology are the basis of power. Human choice and intention influence the shifting of power balances in which conflict, as a normal aspect of human interaction, plays an important role. Power, ideology and identity are then seen as central aspects of organisations. 4 People only interact locally with a small proportion of the total population they are part of, and do so on the basis of their own local organising principles (communication, power and choice) rather than simply obeying centrally set rules. This can be understood as self-organisation. The global patterns of communicative interaction and power relations across the organisation emerge in these local interactions rather than following a specific plan, programme or blueprint. The global patterns are unpredictable and are not under the control of any member of the organisation. Global – that is, company-wide – results are thus not directly determined by global design or control, but emerge in this local interaction. This approach means re-thinking what is involved in leadership and the roles of senior executives. From this perspective, senior executives are paradoxically in control and not in control at the same time (Streatfield, 2001). In this thesis I draw on my own personal experience over the past three years as a senior executive in a large services and transport company to identify the role a senior executive can actively play in potentially achieving better results despite not being fully in control. I emphasise the active contribution of senior executives in many local interactions in which global company-wide results emerge. Through the manner in which they participate in, and inspire, the development of local conversational interaction, senior executives can actively encourage front-line staff to take local responsibility for contributing to global, company-wide improvement of results. During these local interactions a chain reaction of local responsibilities can emerge that can contribute to the improvement of global company-wide performance. It is the responsibility of senior executives to communicate clearly in the organisation about demands on performance and results by customers and stakeholders in the market, and to encourage the taking of local responsibility for them. From a complexity view, the impact of leaders on the organisation is not less but different, with potentially better results.
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Sands, Daniel B. "Complexity Theory, Asymmetric Shock, and the Emergence of Previously Hidden Subsystems within the 2008/2009 Global Financial Crisis." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192958.
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Rajnoha, Martin. "Fenomén emergencie v komplexných informačných systémoch." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-81964.
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The aim of this diplomma thesis is to build a platform of the phenomenon of emergence in complex information systems. To our best knowledge, there has not been provided any similar concept in either internetional or domestic academic literature. The necessity to create a concept of the phenomenon of emergence in the enviroment of information systems stems from the observation of the fragmented knowledge about the emergence concept in the pool of scientific papers where the link between emergence and information systems is missing. As a result, the platform created in this work is the reaction to the lack of the above mentioned link, while the ambition is to provide a cornerstone for potential emergence's utilization in information systems. In this work, we provide a construct that describes and analyzes the characteristics, technics and methodologies in connection with the phenomenon of emergence, placing a great deal on the specifics of the emergence in complex information sytems. Special attention is paid to eNetworks that we consider to be the best enviroment for examining the characteristics of emergent behavior in regards to the concept of complexity. This enviroment shows suitable conditions for the analysis of information spreading and dynamic interactions, which is primarily connected with generating of emergent characteristic. In order to understand the causality of specific emergence's demonstrations, we take a closer look at two approaches: Holonistic multi-agemt systems and iterative simulation process.
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Sims, Lionel Duke. "Interpretation through emergence : reconstituting the lost complexity of the Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age cosmovision by multi-disciplinary method." Thesis, University of East London, 2013. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/1885/.
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This PhD by publication and production represents some of the published outputs of a research project in interpreting some monuments of late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age (EBA) in NW Europe. In the course of this project it became clear that it is necessary to integrate a number of methodologies that presently are mainly conducted in isolation – behavioural ecology, social and cultural anthropology, archaeology and archaeoastronomy. This integrated methodology required not just a new way of conducting field work, but also a new interpretive method that requires analytically reconstructing the prehistoric monument building cultures. This interpretive method is based upon a return to ‘system theory’ through and taking with it many of the assumptions of post-constructionist thinking. I call this method - ‘re-emergence’, and its rationale and application are justified and explained in the Critical Review and in the published papers. Over the course of the past decade during which I have developed and applied these methods, I have simultaneously developed and tested a theory of ‘lunar-solar conflation’. This theory locates the monument building cultures of late Neolithic/EBA NW Europe as both a continuation and reversal of their Palaeolithic/Mesolithic forager forebears. At Stonehenge this is exhibited by cattle pastoralists confiscating Palaeolithic ritual entrainment upon monthly dark moons by substituting dark moon rituals which coincide with the solstices twice every nineteen years of the draconic cycle. The published papers of this PhD constitute the evidence and tests for this new theory. Early in this research programme, and quite coincidently, a film production company approached me to make a film on Stonehenge commissioned by National Geographic based upon my research. As I became the main participant, consultant and script writer for this film it is included as the ‘production’ part of my PhD.
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Chave, Sarah Sian. "Education, sustainability and intersubjectivity : exploring the possibility of the emergence of new ways of knowing, being and acting in the world." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/27316.
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In this conceptual thesis I explore a paradox inherent in sustainability, namely that to 'sustain' something it needs to be allowed to emerge into something different than it currently is. Moreover, it is not always knowable in advance what that ‘something’ will be. I also argue that education is fundamentally about sustainability, as its role is to allow/encourage a human being to emerge into someone different than he/she currently is. I assert, however, that whilst this is education’s role, it currently, and paradoxically, works against itself by defining the human subject in advance (as a particular ‘ideal’ kind of rational autonomous being), hence closing the matter of what a human can grow into before education even starts. I argue that complexity thinking and what Osberg (2015) calls complexity- compatible thinking, posthumanist/posthuman and feminist thinking provide logics to approach the issue of emergence, including the emergence of what it is to be a human subject. It is through engaging with these logics to keep the abundant possibilities of the future radically open that my thesis makes a contribution to the field of education and sustainability. To make such a contribution I first of all identify that Biesta (2006, 2013) and his ‘pedagogy of interruption’ are working within the logic of complexity thinking. In his theory Biesta identifies how fleeting moments can interrupt existing rational autonomous understandings of human subjectivity. Whilst acknowledging that one cannot programme such ‘fleeting moments’ into education, I draw on ideas from Arendt, Mouffe, Rancière and Masschelein and Simons to encourage the possibility of such moments - moments which open up spaces in which, through acting and speaking with others, who one is as an initium, a beginner can emerge. However, emergence of the new raises the important issue of ethics. I argue that in her two-fold concept of forgiveness and mutual promising Arendt provides a way to develop an immanent ethics arising from horizontal relationships between people speaking and acting together. Finally, I focus on the fleeting moment or event of interruption itself. Drawing on Arendt, Loidolt, Keller and Braidotti I argue that this can be understood as a first-person intersubjective encounter under conditions of plurality. I understand plurality as speaking and acting together with unique others open to the stance one expresses and vice versa. In intersubjective encounters one does not reveal an inner essence to others. Instead who one is emerges intersubjectively, in and through the encounter, creating a surplus, something new that was not in the world before. I also argue how such encounters have the potential to be ethical encounters. I then go beyond Arendt and draw on posthumanist and posthuman thinking to consider the possibility of intersubjective first-being ethical encounters with(in) the wider natural world. I argue that allowing some time for school understood as skholé – a safe space, protected from politicisation by the issues of the day, to reflect and explore who one is, and how one can act in the world – has an important role in encouraging, valuing and reflecting on such encounters. I conclude that education which understands sustainability as an emergent process builds a bridge between education as a sustainable and education as a democratic process. In such an education who one is as a subject appears through intersubjective encounters, bringing into the world the possibility of the emergence of new, unexpected ways of knowing, being and acting essential for sustainability.
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Al, Saidi Faisal. "Language emergence in collaborative CALL environments : an investigation within higher education in Oman from a complexity theory and noticing hypothesis perspective." Thesis, University of Bath, 2018. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.760991.
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This study investigates the process of the emergence of authentic language use in collaborative activities within computer-assisted language learning (CALL) environments. Despite technology being widely incorporated in English language programmes in higher education institutions in Oman, language study in a CALL context is under-researched in the Omani context. The educational reforms and strategic plans in Oman have always targeted wider incorporation of technology as well as developing English language teaching and learning despite the lack of studies that investigate and explore the ways in which the two might relate in the Omani context. From the joint, and novel, perspectives of Complexity Theory and the Noticing Hypothesis, this study investigates the emergence of authentic language use in collaborative CALL environments and the ways in which this process of emergence relates to collaboration. To achieve this, the study adopts the perspective of Complexity Theory where language development is argued to be emergent, nonlinear, based on the here-and-now context and in constant flux. The study also draws on the Noticing Hypothesis in relation to how and why learners attend to specific features of language in a CALL environment. The study followed a qualitative enquiry design. Data were drawn from twelve groups of three to four learners within three English language classes from a foundation programme in one Omani college. In the course of one semester, two language learning lessons from each class were observed. After each observed lesson, two groups of learners were selected to participate in stimulated recall interviews. The findings indicated that the language emergence process in collaborative CALL environments is triggered by a process of signalling relevance (perceiving a link between Web-based cues and the learners’ goal in a class activity) followed by an action (e.g., a discussion or rereading of the text) and finally the act of evaluating that information as to whether or not it is relevant to the learners’ goals in the activity. The process was also found to be influenced by the participants’ interaction with the multimodal components in the collaborative CALL environment. The findings also indicated that, while carrying out their activities, the participants employed a number of specific strategies that influenced the way in which they attended to particular language, selected information and achieved their goals. The study concludes by identifying a range of recommendations derived from the findings for facilitating the occurrence of authentic language use in a collaborative CALL environment.
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Viegas, Eduardo. "A complexity evolutionary theory for the emergence of financial and economic crises : synchronising Gould and Minsky through von Neumann and Mandelbrot." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/44548.
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A theoretical complexity framework to analyse the fundamental business dynamics of financial markets and economies is developed through coherently coupling selected aspects of Gould's evolutionary theory concepts to the essence of Minsky's Financial Instability Hypothesis. This framework is grounded, or articulated in quantitative terms, through mathematical methods inspired at its core by von Neumann's automata theory, and by Maldenbrot's fractal geometry. By consistently applying such framework to the analysis of the emerging features within the financial markets and economies through a range of different and diverse datasets, markets, business dynamics and research problems, an embryonic Complexity Evolutionary Theory on Financial and Economic Crises ('CETFEC') is developed. CETFEC characterises financial markets and economies as complex systems, whereby the emergence of financial crises is regarded as the natural consequence of fundamental evolutionary processes that lead relevant agents to adapt to different environmental conditions. As a result, the theory has a marked distinction that it does not pre-define, categorise or exercise a level of judgement about the behaviour of the agents within the system. CETFEC aims to identify the signals that lead the existence of the necessary conditions for the emergence of crises, rather than trying to predict the timing of crises. As a result, the nature of shocks may be either or both, endogenous and exogenous. Fundamentally it holds that the understanding of the distribution and the diversity of the agents provide essential signals to the resilience of the system.
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Eldredge, Blaine Thomas. "Rhetorical emergence and the economy : the Sante Fe Institute Artificial Stock Market, complexity economics, and the rhetorical dimensions of economic activity." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/56364.
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Drawing on work in digital and algorithmic rhetoric, I analyze the organization of space and time in complexity models. I argue that the success of complexity economic models is a consequence of their ability to reflect the rhetorical situation of the marketplace: they represent time as a series of causal interactions and space as a consequence of coordinated interaction. Complexity economics investigates the inclination of markets to behave as complex systems: self-organizing, emergent, and non-linear. The 1999 Artificial Stock Market designed by Sante Fe Institute theorists Blake LeBaron, William Brian Arthur, and Richard Palmer is perhaps the fundamental expression of a complex marketplace. It was among the first models to accurately predict market downturns, a success that followed as a consequence of its construction. In ordinary market models, traders are driven by profit maximization and a simple recursive strategy: they remember their mistakes, and respond to analogous market situations with new information in a linear, causal process. In their model, LeBaron, Arthur, and Palmer created a series of overlapping causal processes in which the market could operate as a persuasive agent. In complexity economics, the market is itself an interlocutive agent, thereby permitting nonlinear, bidirectional causality. These causal modes have spatial and temporal corollaries. The unique compositions of complex economies is rhetorical. Their complex causal processes reflect a discursive marketplace in which space and time to emerge as relational properties.Arts, Faculty of
English, Department of
Graduate
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Sullivan, John P. "Emergent Learning: Three Learning Communities as Complex Adaptive Systems." Thesis, Boston College, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/663.
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Thesis advisor: Patrick J. McQuillanIn the 2007-2008 school year, the author conducted a collaborative case study (Stake, 2000) with the goal of discovering and describing "emergent learning" in three high school classrooms. Emergent learning, defined as the acquisition of new knowledge by an entire group when no individual member of the group possessed it before, is implied by the work of many theorists working on an educational analog of a natural phenomenon called a complex adaptive system. Complex adaptive systems are well networked collectives of agents that are non-linear, bounded and synergistic. The author theorized that classes that maximized the features of complex adaptive systems could produce emergent learning (a form of synergy), and that there was a continuum of this complexity, producing a related continuum of emergence. After observing a co-curricular jazz group, an English class, and a geometry class for most of one academic year, collecting artifacts and interviewing three students and a teacher from each class, the author determined that there was indeed a continuum of complexity. He found that the actively complex nature of the Jazz Rock Ensemble produced an environment where emergence was the norm, with the ensemble producing works of music, new to the world, with each performance. The English section harnessed the chaotic tendencies of students to optimize cognitive dissonance and frequently produce emergent learning, while the mathematics section approached the learning process in a way that was too rigidly linear to allow detectable emergence to occur
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2009
Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education
Discipline: Teacher Education, Special Education, Curriculum and Instruction
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Jansen, Christopher Paul. "Leadership development through appreciative inquiry : complexity thinking in the non-government (NGO) sector." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Educational Studies and Leadership, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9885.
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“much of what we know about leadership is today redundant because it is literally
designed for a different operating model, a different context, a different time”
(Pascale, Sternin, & Sternin, p. 4).
This thesis describes a project that was designed with a focus on exploring ways to enhance leadership capacity in non-government organisations operating in Christchurch, New Zealand. It included 20 CEOs, directors and managers from organisations that cover a range of settings, including education, recreation, and residential and community therapeutic support; all working with adolescents.
The project involved the creation of a peer-supported professional learning community that operated for 14 months; the design and facilitation of which was informed by the Appreciative Inquiry principles of positive focus and collaboration. At the completion of the research project in February 2010, the leaders decided to continue their collective processes as a self-managing and sustaining professional network that has grown and in 2014 is still flourishing under the title LYNGO (Leaders of Youth focussed NGOs).
Two compelling findings emerged from this research project. The first of these relates to efficacy of a complexity thinking framework to inform the actions of these leaders. The leaders in this project described the complexity thinking framework as the most relevant, resonant and dynamic approach that they encountered throughout the research project. As such this thesis explores this complexity thinking informed leadership in detail as the leaders participating in this project believed it offers an opportune alternative to more traditional forms of positional leadership and organisational approaches. This exploration is more than simply a rationale for complexity thinking but an iterative in-depth exploration of ‘complexity leadership in action’ which in Chapter 6 elaborates on detailed leadership tools and frameworks for creating the conditions for self-organisation and emergence.
The second compelling finding relates to efficacy of Appreciative Inquiry as an emergent research and development process for leadership learning. In particular the adoption of two key principles; positive focus and inclusivity were beneficial in guiding the responsive leadership learning process that resulted in a professional learning community that exhibited high engagement and sustainability. Additionally, the findings suggest that complexity thinking not only acts as a contemporary framework for adaptive leadership of organisations as stated above; but that complexity thinking has much to offer as a framework for understanding leadership development processes through the application of Appreciative Inquiry (AI)-based principles. A consideration of the components associated with complexity thinking has promise for innovation and creativity in the development of leaders and also in the creation of networks of learning.
This thesis concludes by suggesting that leaders focus on creating hybrid organisations, ones which leverage the strengths (and minimise the limitations) of self-organising complexity-informed organisational processes, while at the same time retaining many of the strengths of more traditional organisational management structures. This approach is applied anecdotally to the place where this study was situated: the post-earthquake recovery of Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Nyberg, Karin. "Quality management for a new paradigm : How design thinking and a human centred culture can meet increased complexity." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för kvalitets- och maskinteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-42971.
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I denna fallstudie har SeventyOne Consulting analyserats som ett exempel på en organisation som verkar under det kommande paradigmet inom kvalitetsutvecklingen. Studien kopplar samman teori från kvalitetfältet med design thinking, paradigmteori och teori om människocentrerad företagskultur. Syftet var att bidra med kunskap gällande vilken roll design thinking och människocentrerad företagskultur kan spela i ett kommande paradigm inom kvalitetsutveckling. Frågeställningarna var: 1. Hur kan det kommande paradigmet i kvalitetsutveckling förstås? 2. Vilken roll kan design thinking och en människocentrerad företagskultur spela i det kommande paradigmet? Metoden inkluderade semi-deltagande observationer av organisationen, icke-deltagande observationer av arbetet med kunder, intervjuer med företagets medlemmar samt dokumentationsanalys. Studien har huvudsakligen genomförts online. Dess resultat har organiserats i den metaforiska och hypotetiska analysmodellen bröllopstårtan, vilken illustrerar hur en människocentrerad företagskultur baserad på psykologisk trygghet, Teal-principer och glädje utgör grunden för att hantera kunders komplexa problem utifrån de metodologiska strategierna relatera och samskapa, eklektisk metod och ett design thinking mindset. Design kapabilitet har analyserats som förmågan att sammankoppla och arbeta utifrån flera olika kunskapstraditioner samtidigt, samt integrera företagskulturer utifrån en människocentrerad bas. Människocentrerad kultur har därmed förståtts som en förutsättning för att kunna möta komplexiteten och innovationskraven som präglar det nya paradigmet, medan design thinking förståtts som en potentiellt användbar metod, förutsatt att design kapabilitet utvecklats.In this case study, SeventyOne Consulting was analysed as an example of an organisation operating under the coming paradigm in quality management. The study connected theory from quality management, design thinking, paradigm theory and human-centred culture theory. The purpose was to contribute with knowledge concerning what role design thinking and a human-centred culture can play in the coming paradigm of quality management. The research questions were: 1. How can the coming paradigm of Quality Management be understood? 2. Which roles can design thinking and a human-centred culture play in the coming paradigm? The method included semi-participatory observations of the organisation, non-participatory observations with its customers, interviews with its members and document analysis. The study has mainly been performed online. Its result were organised into the metaphorical and hypothetical analytic model of the wedding cake, illustrating how a human-centred culture based on psychological safety, Teal principles and happiness gives the foundation for handling customers’ complex problems through the methodological strategies relate and co-create, eclectic methodology and a design thinking mindset. Design capability was analysed as the ability to connect and work simultaneously with different kinds of knowledge and integrating cultures, while also coming from a human-centredness. Human-centred cultures were thereby understood as an important prerequisite for being able to meet the complexity and innovative demands of a new paradigm, while design thinking was understood as a potentially suitable method, provided that design-capability has been developed.
2021-06-06
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Roy, Suparna S. "The complex classrooms of three award-winning Ontario high school physics teachers." Thesis, Kingston, Ont. : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/453.
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Ziadat, Wael. "A meta-analysis study of project and programme management complexity in the oil and gas sector of the Middle East and North Africa region." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-metaanalysis-study-of-project-and-programme-management-complexity-in-the-oil-and-gas-sector-of-the-middle-east-and-north-africa-region(1fb607f9-b665-4dbd-9f10-9ef5f73d43e9).html.
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Projects and programmes are inherently complex; the interaction of people, systems, processes and data within a dynamic environment creates an intricate network of agents whose behaviour can be unpredictable and unexpected. The management of this complexity is ordinarily concerned with the implementation of tools and techniques to ensure that projects are completed within the desired cost and time, at the agreed level of performance and quality – this is often referred to as the †̃iron triangleâ€TM. However, the impact of a dynamic external environment on the †̃softâ€TM boundaries of the project domain can lead to extreme difficulty in attempting to forecast or predict outcomes and system behaviours. This thesis contends that there is a clear desideratum for a new paradigm in project management practice and research that moves beyond the traditionalist (reductionist) approach to one that embraces, rather than attempts to simplify complexity. The research described in this thesis seeks to uncover the characteristics of complexity, in the context of projects and programmes, in an attempt to uncover if complexity is a factor in the determination of †̃valuableâ€TM outcomes. Subsequently, and through the theoretical lens of complexity theory, this research seeks to highlight the importance of our understanding and treatment of complexity in the execution and management of projects and programmes. The research further seeks to demonstrate how complexity thinking may inform a more sophisticated understanding of how projects, programmes and portfolios delivered successfully (Ziadat, 2017). The context of the research is the oil and gas (O & G) engineering sector in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. A two stage qualitative and quantitative methodology is applied, based on deductive reasoning. The first stage involves the development of a questionnaire and a series of unstructured interviews to gain an understanding of the practical consideration that emerges from the literature review. The second stage of the research involves the application of meta-analysis to study the correlation between the complexity factors identified in the first stage, aiming for heterogeneity, identification of patterns and directing to achieve robust conclusions by using sensitivity analysis. The thesis proposes a new model of complexity factors for oil & gas engineering projects in the MENA region. The model is designed to facilitate the analysis of the project complexity landscape and to define requirements for oil & gas organisations involved with the delivery of projects and programmes to cope with different complexity factors within and across the MENA region. The outcomes include substantial relationship between technical and health, safety & environment complexity factors and project performance despite the mediation of project management complexity factors, yet the organizational complexity factors can be observed at a significant level when project management in complexity factors are considered as a mediator in the model (Ziadat, 2016).
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Voorsluijs, Valérie. "Emergent properties of nonlinear compartmentalised dynamics." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/273993.
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Systems chemistry aims at studying and developing "smart" materials displaying reactivity to external stimuli, metabolism, self-repair abilities and self-replication properties. These features constitute the principal characteristics of living systems that smart materials tend to mimic. The synthesis strategies of these materials are still in their infancy, and identifying the mechanisms underlying emergent phenomena could lead to a better control and use of these behaviours in the synthesis of new materials. The complex dynamics of biological systems usually arises from the coupling of compartmentalised units in which nonlinear chemical reactions take place. In this thesis, we are interested in the complex dynamics emerging from such compartmentalisation of a reactive system. First, we analyse the impact of fluctuations of concentration on the dynamics of a chemical oscillatory reaction, namely the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction. We show that oscillations are more robust against fluctuations than other behaviours generated by the reaction (birhythmicity, chaos, ) and highlight different mechanisms by which oscillations can arise from fluctuations. Then, we study a model for chemical chaos, the so-called Willamowsky-Rössler model, in which we incorporate fluctuations and crowding effects. Fluctuations have a destructive effect on chaotic dynamics but when the reaction takes place on a surface where the different species can diffuse and react, a synergy develops between fluctuations, crowding effects and the mobility of the particles. This synergy enhances the re-emergence of chaos and the development of new behaviours. Finally, we show throughout different modelling approaches that compartmentalisation effects play a central role in the intracellular calcium dynamics and emphasise how microscopic properties of the system shape the global behaviour of this system. Compartmentalised nonlinear dynamics thus offer a wide range of future prospects for the synthesis of smart materials and fosters the development of nanoreactors based on these properties.Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Rah-Khem, Shabazz A. "DEALING WITH THE COMPLEXITY OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE: THE MIDDLE MANAGERS’ ROLE IN CONTRIBUTING TO PLANNED AND EMERGENT CHANGE." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1504813145895963.
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Powell, Alexander. "Molecules, cells and minds : aspects of bioscientific explanation." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/95416.
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In this thesis I examine a number of topics that bear on explanation and understanding in molecular and cell biology, in order to shed new light on explanatory practice in those areas and to find novel angles from which to approach relevant philosophical debates. The topics I look at include mechanism, emergence, cellular complexity, and the informational role of the genome. I develop a perspective that stresses the intimacy of the relations between ontology and epistemology. Whether a phenomenon looks mechanistic, or complex, or indeed emergent, is largely an epistemic matter, yet has an objective basis in features of the world. After reviewing several concepts of mechanism I consider the influential recent account of Machamer, Darden and Craver (MDC). That account makes interesting proposals concerning the relationship between mechanistic explanation and intelligibility, which are consistent with the results of the investigation I undertake into the science surrounding protein folding. In relation to a number of other issues pertaining to biological systems I conclude that the MDC account is insufficiently nuanced, however, leading me to outline an alternative approach to mechanism. This emphasizes the importance of structure—function relations and addresses issues raised by reflection on the nature of cellular complexity. These include the distinction between structure and process and the different possible bases on which system organization may be maintained. The account I give of emergence construes the phenomenon in terms of psychological deficit: phenomena are emergent when we lack the capacity to trace through and model their causal structures using our cognitive schemas. I conclude by developing these ideas into a preliminary and partial account of explanation and understanding. This aspires to cover the significant fraction of work in molecular and cell biology that correlates biological structures, processes and functions by visualizing phenomena and making them imaginable.
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Freitas, Mikael Peric de. "Origem e evolução da desigualdade material hereditária: uma abordagem dos Sistemas Adaptativos Complexos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/100/100132/tde-17102016-110242/.
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A desigualdade material hereditária teria surgido no registro arqueológico pela primeira vez por volta de 6.500 A.C. na região da Mesopotâmia, tendo posteriormente emergido de maneira independente em diferentes localidades e contextos, dentro de um intervalo de tempo relativamente curto. Muitas teorias foram propostas para explicar os fenômenos, porém sua compreensão permanece em aberto. Buscou-se, aqui, abordar a questão sob a perspectiva dos Sistemas Adaptativos Complexos, construindo um Modelo Baseado em Agentes que teve como base teórica a literatura que trata da questão, focada nos últimos vinte anos do debate, aprofundada em dois estudos de caso: a Mesopotâmia e a Costa Noroeste da América do Norte. Dos nove parâmetros testados oito apresentaram relação direta com a assimetria material dos indivíduos podendo colaborar com a emergência da desigualdade material hereditária, de forma que fomos levados a considerar a igualdade material e a cooperação presente entre os caçadores e coletores como propriedades decorrentes de uma estrutura social de criticalidade auto-organizadaThe hereditary material inequality would have emerged for the first time in the archaeological record around 6.500 BC in Mesopotamia, emerging after it repeatedly and independently in different localities and contexts, in a small time period. Many theories have been proposed but the complete understanding of the issue remains open to debate. Thus, we have proposed here an approach of the phenomenon under the Complex Adaptive Systems perspective, through which an agent-based model have been built. Constitutes the background of the model the working papers and text books written in the last two decades, which were later checked agains two case studies: Mesopotamia and Northwest Coast, in North America. Among the nine parameters tested in the model eight presented direct relation to the material asymmetry of individuals, potentially participating of the precesses involved in the emergence of material inequality. This results leads us to consider the possibility of the egalitarian and cooperative social structures of huntergatherers to be one of self-organized criticality
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Mahmoodi, Korosh. "Emergence of Cooperation and Homeodynamics as a Result of Self Organized Temporal Criticality: From Biology to Physics." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1248467/.
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This dissertation is an attempt at establishing a bridge between biology and physics leading naturally from the field of phase transitions in physics to the cooperative nature of living systems. We show that this aim can be realized by supplementing the current field of evolutionary game theory with a new form of self-organized temporal criticality. In the case of ordinary criticality, the units of a system choosing either cooperation or defection under the influence of the choices done by their nearest neighbors, undergo a significant change of behavior when the intensity of social influence has a critical value. At criticality, the behavior of the individual units is correlated with that of all other units, in addition to the behavior of the nearest neighbors. The spontaneous transition to criticality of this work is realized as follows: the units change their behavior (defection or cooperation) under the social influence of their nearest neighbors and update the intensity of their social influence spontaneously by the feedback they get from the payoffs of the game (environment). If units, which are selfish, get higher benefit with respect to their previous play, they increase their interest to interact with other units and vice versa. Doing this, the behavior of single units and the whole system spontaneously evolve towards criticality, thereby realizing a global behavior favoring cooperation. In the case when the interacting units are oscillators with their own periodicity, homeodynamics concerns, the individual payoff is the synchronization with the nearest neighbors (i.e., lowering the energy of the system), the spontaneous transition to criticality generates fluctuations characterized by the joint action of periodicity and crucial events of the same kind as those revealed by the current analysis of the dynamics of the brain. This result is expected to explain the efficiency of enzyme catalyzers, on the basis of a new non-equilibrium statistical physics. We argue that the results obtained apply to sociological and psychological systems as well as to elementary biological systems.
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Nojimoto, Cynthia. "Construíndo diálogos: complexidade e emergência em processos de design." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/102/102132/tde-08032016-103306/.
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Esta pesquisa investiga processos de design de objetos que surgem da intersecção entre o mundo físico e o meio digital a partir de construção teórica pautada em conceitos presentes na Cibernética, na Teoria Geral dos Sistemas e no contemporâneo campo dos sistemas complexos. Considerando que tais objetos apresentam algumas peculiaridades inerentes da associação entre a instância física e digital, a hipótese desta pesquisa é, portanto, que os processos de design são sistemas complexos que devem ser analisados por uma abordagem sistêmica e holística para formulação de proposições que possam incorporar complexidade e estimular fenômenos emergentes nos processos de design. Assim, a pesquisa possui como objetivos entender em que aspectos os processos de design de tais objetos podem ser considerados como sistemas complexos; estabelecer relações sistêmicas ao longo do processo; compreender como os atores dialogam entre si, considerando que possuem distintos conhecimentos específicos, experiências e visões de mundo; e refletir sobre o uso do meio digital para o diálogo entre os atores e também como meio instrumental no processo. Para atingir esses objetivos, além de reflexão teórica, a pesquisa alimenta-se de fontes primárias através de entrevistas e visitas a centros de pesquisa, institutos e escritórios que trabalham na interseção de instâncias físicas e digitais, que, associadas aos experimentos realizados, fornecem uma visão ampliada dos processos de design para o desenvolvimento de uma reflexão propositiva.This research investigates design processes of products that are created from the intersection between physical and digital world, according to theoretical framework basing on concepts from Cybernetics, General System Theory and contemporary complex systems approach. Considering that such products involve some peculiarities regarded to the association between physical and digital instance, the hypothesis of this research is, therefore, that design processes are complex systems that must be analyzed by a systemic and holistic perspective to formulate propositions embracing the complexity and stimulating the emergence in design processes with the support of digital technologies. Thus, the research aims to explore what circumstances design processes can be considered as complex system; establish systemic relationships throughout the process; understand how the actors interact with each other, considering they have different expertise, experiences, worldviews; and reflect on the use of digital media for dialogue between the actors and as instrument in the process. To achieve these objectives, in addition to theoretical analysis, the research seeks to understand design processes from primary sources through interviewing and visiting research centers, institutes and offices that work in the intersection of physical and digital instances, that, associated with the experiments conducted in this research, provide comprehensive view about the subject of study in order to develop propositions for design processes.
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Kagi, Reinaldo Kenji. "Fragmentos de complexidade aplicados ao mercado financeiro." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/11518.
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The rise of complexity in financial markets has been reported by Rajan (2005), Gorton (2008) and e Haldane & May (2011) as one of the main features that led to the increase of systemic risk, which climaxed in the financial crisis of 2007/08. The Bank for International Settlements (2013) covers the matters of complexity in the context of banking regulation and discusses the comparability of capital adequacy among banks and jurisdictions. Nonetheless, definitions for concepts such as complexity and complex adaptive systems are omitted from the major discussions. This paper elucidates some concepts related to the Theories of Complexity, how this phenomenon arises, how they may be applied to financial markets. We discuss the use of two tools in the context of complex adaptive systems: Agent Based Models (ABMs) and entropy. We come to the conclusion that although the complexity research agenda still leaves us some gaps, it most definitely contributes to the economic research in understanding the mechanisms that trigger systemic risks, as well as adding tools that allows us model interacting heterogeneous agents, which leads to the rise of emergent phenomena in the system. Some research hypotheses are suggested for later development.
O aumento da complexidade do mercado financeiro tem sido relatado por Rajan (2005), Gorton (2008) e Haldane e May (2011) como um dos principais fatores responsáveis pelo incremento do risco sistêmico que culminou na crise financeira de 2007/08. O Bank for International Settlements (2013) aborda a questão da complexidade no contexto da regulação bancária e discute a comparabilidade da adequação de capital entre os bancos e entre jurisdições. No entanto, as definições dos conceitos de complexidade e de sistemas adaptativos complexos são suprimidas das principais discussões. Este artigo esclarece alguns conceitos relacionados às teorias da Complexidade, como se dá a emergência deste fenômeno, como os conceitos podem ser aplicados ao mercado financeiro. São discutidas duas ferramentas que podem ser utilizadas no contexto de sistemas adaptativos complexos: Agent Based Models (ABMs) e entropia e comparadas com ferramentas tradicionais. Concluímos que ainda que a linha de pesquisa da complexidade deixe lacunas, certamente esta contribui com a agenda de pesquisa econômica para se compreender os mecanismos que desencadeiam riscos sistêmicos, bem como adiciona ferramentas que possibilitam modelar agentes heterogêneos que interagem, de forma a permitir o surgimento de fenômenos emergentes no sistema. Hipóteses de pesquisa são sugeridas para aprofundamento posterior.
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Nuñez, Lautaro. "Complex Formative Settlements in the Central-South Andes: When the Periphery became the Nucleus." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113341.
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In this paper we discuss the diffusionist implications derived from centre-periphery relationships and the establishment of dependency links between western valley and circunpuna societies within the nuclear zone of the central and southern highlands during the Early and Middle Formative periods in northern Chile (1500 BC up to AD 400). By analyzing two complex settlements, Tulán-54 (located 3000 meters above sea level) and Caserones-1 (900 meters above sea level), we have observed that there has been an over-interpretation of foreign contributions in explaining the rise of sedentism that is associated with Formative Period developments. The identification of Archaic and Formative period components at the Tarapacá and Tulán loci supports an autochthonous development, which suggests the rise of local complex societies with early multidirectional links within a framework of highly diversified Formative responses in the Central-South Andean area.En el presente trabajo se discuten las implicancias difusionistas derivadas del enfoque de las relaciones centro-periferia y la tendencia a establecer vínculos de dependencia entre las sociedades de las subáreas de los Valles Occidentales y la Circunpuna respecto de las tierras altas nucleares durante los periodos Formativo Temprano y Medio del norte de Chile (1500 a.C. a 400 d.C.). Mediante el análisis de dos asentamientos complejos, Tulán-54 (3000 metros sobre el nivel del mar) y Caserones-1 (900 metros sobre el nivel del mar), se advierte que ha existido una sobrevaloración de los aportes alóctonos para explicar el surgimiento del sedentarismo asociado a prácticas formativas. La identificación de componentes arcaico-formativos transicionales sustenta la tesis autoctonista, que valoriza, más bien, el surgimiento de tempranas sociedades complejas regionales que establecieron relaciones de interacción paritaria y multidireccional en el área centro-sur andina.
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Kaldis, Emmanuel. "Designing a knowledge management architecture to support self-organization in a hotel chain." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/designing-a-knowledge-management-architecture-to-support-selforganization-in-a-hotel-chain(d7e51581-b634-49e1-8d34-4bb29b958774).html.
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Models are incredibly insidious; they slide undetected into discussions and then dominate the way people think. Since Information Systems (ISs) and particularly Knowledge Management Systems (KMSs) are socio-technical systems, they unconsciously embrace the characteristics of the dominant models of management thinking. Thus, their limitations can often be attributed to the deficiencies of the organizational models they aim to support. Through the case study of a hotel chain, this research suggests that contemporary KMSs in the hospitality sector are still grounded in the assumptions of the mechanistic organizational model which conceives an organization as a rigid hierarchical entity governed from the top. Despite the recent technological advances in terms of supporting dialogue and participation between members, organizational knowledge is still transferred vertically; from the top to the bottom or from the bottom to the top. A number of limitations still exist in terms of supporting effectively the transfer of knowledge horizontally between the geographically distributed units of an organization. Inspired from the key concepts of the more recent complex systems model, referred frequently as complexity theories, a Knowledge Management Architecture (KMA) is proposed aiming to re-conceptualize the existing KMSs towards conceiving an organization as a set self-organizing communities of practice (CoP). In every such CoP, order is created from the dynamic exchange of knowledge between the structurally similar community members. Thus, the focus of the KMA is placed on capturing systematically for reuse the architectural knowledge created upon every initiative for change and share such knowledge with the rest of the members of the CoP. A KMS was also developed to support the dynamic dimensions that the KMA proposes. The KMS was then applied in the case of the hotel chain, where it brought significant benefits which constitute evidence of an improved self-organizing ability. The previously isolated hotel units residing in distant regions could now trace but also reapply easily changes undertaken by the other community members. Top-management’s intervention to promote change was reduced, while the pace of change increased. Moreover, the organizational cohesion, the integration of new members as well as the level of management alertness was enhanced. The case of the hotel chain is indicative. It is believed that the KMA proposed can be applicable to geographically distributed organizations operating in different sectors too. At the same time, this research contributes to the recent discourse between the fields of IS and complexity by demonstrating how fundamental concepts from complexity such as self-organization, emergence and edge-of-chaos can be embraced by contemporary KMSs.
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Neto, Moacyr Marangoni. "Tribos urbanas e moda de rua : análise de imagens de frequentadores do Baixo Augusta." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/100/100133/tde-14062017-123330/.
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A presente dissertação busca delimitações de termos mais legitimados - a partir da indústria da moda e da cultura hegemônica - para então compreender indefinições e alguns de seus fluxos aparentemente incoerentes. Partindo de uma compreensão dos estudos de moda e da linguagem legitimada de moda, investigará as possibilidades de modas ditas alternativas, suas nuances e formalizações. Para isso são capturadas e analisadas imagens de frequentadores da região do Baixo Augusta na cidade de São Paulo, levando em consideração e como contextualização conceitualizações como sociologia da moda e do consumo, difusões de tendências, cultura e subcultura, tribos urbanas, moda e anti-moda, imagem, processos de dados, complexidade e emergênciaThe present work seeks delineations of the most legitimized terms - on the fashion industry and the hegemonic culture - and then understand uncertainties and some of their apparently incoherent flows. Beginning with an understanding of fashion studies and fashion industry legitimated language, investigate the possibilities of so-called alternative fashions, nuances and formalizations. For this, are taken and analysed images of goers of Baixo Augusta area in Sao Paulo city, taking into account and as contextualization concepts in sociology of fashion and consumption, broadcasts trends, culture and subculture, urban tribes, fashion and anti-fashion, image, data processes, complexity and emergence
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Lamarche-Perrin, Robin. "Analyse macroscopique des grands systèmes : émergence épistémique et agrégation spatio-temporelle." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00933186.
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L'analyse des systèmes de grande taille est confrontée à des difficultés d'ordre syntaxique et sémantique : comment observer un million d'entités distribuées et asynchrones ? Comment interpréter le désordre résultant de l'observation microscopique de ces entités ? Comment produire et manipuler des abstractions pertinentes pour l'analyse macroscopique des systèmes ? Face à l'échec de l'approche analytique, le concept d'émergence épistémique - relatif à la nature de la connaissance - nous permet de définir une stratégie d'analyse alternative, motivée par le constat suivant : l'activité scientifique repose sur des processus d'abstraction fournissant des éléments de description macroscopique pour aborder la complexité des systèmes. Cette thèse s'intéresse plus particulièrement à la production d'abstractions spatiales et temporelles par agrégation de données. Afin d'engendrer des représentations exploitables lors du passage à l'échelle, il apparaît nécessaire de contrôler deux aspects essentiels du processus d'abstraction. Premièrement, la complexité et le contenu informationnel des représentations macroscopiques doivent être conjointement optimisés afin de préserver les détails pertinents pour l'observateur, tout en minimisant le coût de l'analyse. Nous proposons des mesures de qualité (critères internes) permettant d'évaluer, de comparer et de sélectionner les représentations en fonction du contexte et des objectifs de l'analyse. Deuxièmement, afin de conserver leur pouvoir explicatif, les abstractions engendrées doivent être cohérentes avec les connaissances mobilisées par l'observateur lors de l'analyse. Nous proposons d'utiliser les propriétés organisationnelles, structurelles et topologiques du système (critères externes) pour contraindre le processus d'agrégation et pour engendrer des représentations viables sur les plans syntaxique et sémantique. Par conséquent, l'automatisation du processus d'agrégation nécessite de résoudre un problème d'optimisation sous contraintes. Nous proposons dans cette thèse un algorithme de résolution générique, s'adaptant aux critères formulés par l'observateur. De plus, nous montrons que la complexité de ce problème d'optimisation dépend directement de ces critères. L'approche macroscopique défendue dans cette thèse est évaluée sur deux classes de systèmes. Premièrement, le processus d'agrégation est appliqué à la visualisation d'applications parallèles de grande taille pour l'analyse de performance. Il permet de détecter les anomalies présentes à plusieurs niveaux de granularité dans les traces d'exécution et d'expliquer ces anomalies à partir des propriétés syntaxiques du système. Deuxièmement, le processus est appliqué à l'agrégation de données médiatiques pour l'analyse des relations internationales. L'agrégation géographique et temporelle de l'attention médiatique permet de définir des évènements macroscopiques pertinents sur le plan sémantique pour l'analyse du système international. Pour autant, nous pensons que l'approche et les outils présentés dans cette thèse peuvent être généralisés à de nombreux autres domaines d'application.
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Kitto, Kirsty, and Kirsty Kitto@flinders edu au. "Modelling and Generating Complex Emergent Behaviour." Flinders University. School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, 2006. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20060626.132947.
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Despite a general recognition of the importance of complex systems, there is a dearth of general models capable of describing their dynamics. This is attributed to a complexity scale; the models are attempting to describe systems at different parts of the scale and are hence not compatible. We require new models capable of describing complex behaviour at different points of the complexity scale. This work identifies, and proceeds to examine systems at the high end of the complexity scale, those which have not to date been well understood by our current modelling
methodology. It is shown that many such models exhibit what might be termed contextual dependency, and that it is precisely this feature which is not well understood by our current modelling methodology. A particular problem is
discussed; our apparent inability to generate systems which display high end complexity, exhibited by for example
the general failure of strong ALife. A new model, Process Physics, that has been developed at Flinders University is discussed, and arguments are presented that it exhibits high end complexity. The features of this model that
lead to its displaying such behaviour are discussed, and the generalisation of this model to a broader range of complex systems is attempted.
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Toustou, Beatrice. "Le rôle des interactions sociales dans le processus créatif : le cas des chercheurs de l'industrie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1058.
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Si pendant de nombreuses décennies, la créativité a été décrite comme une activité solitaire, en référence à des caractéristiques individuelles possédées par certains individus, il est aujourd’hui établi que les relations jouent un rôle critique dans la création de connaissances (Perry-Smith, 2006). Néanmoins, en dépit de leur importance, les échanges interpersonnels ont reçu relativement peu d’attention en comparaison d’autres ressources utiles au processus créatif. Ce travail doctoral est donc consacré à l’étude du rôle des interactions sociales dans la dynamique du processus créatif. Les cadres théoriques mobilisés sont la théorie de la complexité et la théorie de l’échange social. Notre recherche empirique a été réalisée auprès de chercheurs de l’industrie dont le cœur de la mission est de nature inventive. Cette thèse est composée de trois articles, qui répondent à la question de recherche suivante : Dans quelle mesure et de quelle manière les interactions sociales jouent-elles un rôle dans le processus créatif ? Notre contribution théorique consiste à (1) apporter une définition plurielle de la créativité ; (2) mettre en évidence les différentes ressources sociales mobilisées, qui façonnent un processus créatif dynamique en deux méta-étapes (émergence et amplification des idées) ; (3) décrire trois formes d’échange social, sous-tendues par différentes logiques de réciprocité, qui jouent un rôle important au cours du processus créatif. Cette thèse souligne le rôle des interactions sociales dans le processus créatif et toute l’importance des moments de socialisation dans la vie des organisations qui souhaitent développer la créativité de leurs salariésAlthough for many decades creativity has been described as a solitary activity that refers to individual characteristics possessed by certain individuals, today it has been established that relationships play a crucial role in the creation of knowledge (Perry-Smith, 2006). Nevertheless, despite their importance, interpersonal exchanges have received relatively little attention compared to other resources useful to the creative process (Bouty, 2000). This doctoral study is therefore devoted to examining the role of social interactions in the creative process. The theoretical framework draws on literature in the fields of complexity theory and social exchange. The empirical research was carried out among industrial researchers whose main mission is creative in nature. The thesis is composed of three articles, each of which treats a dimension of the overall research question: To what extent and in which ways do social interactions influence the creative process?The research contributes to theory building by (1) providing a plural definition of creativity; (2) highlighting the different social resources that researchers draw on and building a dynamic creative process divided into two meta-stages (emergence of ideas and their amplification); and (3) describing three forms of social exchange, underpinned by different logics of reciprocity that play an important role during the creative process.Overall, this thesis points out the importance of social interactions in the creative process and the full importance of moments of socialization within organizations wishing to develop their employees’ creativity
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Watanabe, Lynne M. "Changes in Kindergarteners' Writing Complexity When Using Story Elements." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2571.pdf.
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Meridan, Lissa. "De l'harmonie au chaos : émergence dans la musique de Gérard Pape." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BOR30055.
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Les années soixante ont laissé libre expression aux pionniers d’une musique nouvelle — leurs expérimentations et l’avènement de la musique électroacoustique ont fait apparaître d’innombrables formes et théories qui ont définitivement changé les fondements du langage de la musique savante et la façon dont on l’aborde. Face à la musique contemporaine on se trouve dans une impasse quand on cherche à expliquer, par une démarche analytique classique, les interactions complexes de cette musique qui produisent des formes et des sons inédits. Nous cherchons à éviter cette impasse en nous appuyant sur une méthodologie innovante fondée sur les théories de la systémique, approche adoptée par les sciences contemporaines parce qu’elle donne priorité au qualitatif sur le quantitatif. Appliquée à une œuvre qui intègre les éléments électroacoustiques en interaction avec les instruments traditionnels, cette méthodologie nous permet de dégager et d’expliquer les processus qui permettent au compositeur d’intervenir à l’intérieur même du son et de créer les illusions et les paradoxes sonores, autrement dit, les émergents. L’objet de cette analyse sera l’approche de la composition de Gérard Pape, artiste singulier, pour lequel, l’énergie musicale est une force transcendante. Sa vision innovante de la composition contemporaine intègre la notion d’émergence dans une écriture complexe et dynamique. Les paradoxes sonores frappent l’auditeur alors qu’ils échappent en partie à l’écriture de la partition. Nous cherchons à dégager les éléments définis par la partition au regard des effets dits « émergents » produits par l’interrelation dynamique de ces éléments. En utilisant la systémique comme approche d’analyse musicale, nous voulons développer une approche transversale qui permet de souligner l’apparition de structures et de propriétés nouvelles, proches de celles du vivant. Par elles, l’écriture musicale explose pour aller, comme en témoigne l’œuvre de Gérard Pape, de l’harmonie au chaosThe free expression of the sixties gave rise to a generation of pioneers that we now call the avant-garde. The arrival of electroacoustic music fuelled their experimentation and as a result, numerous new musical genres and theories appeared which have not only changed the language of music at a fundamental level, but have also redefined the ways we perceive it. Contemporary music now finds itself confronted by an analytical dilemma. The limits of a traditional approach simply don’t take into account the complex interactions in this music that are responsible for its unusual forms and original sounds. We hope to resolve this dilemma by integrating an innovative methodology based on systems theory, a scientific approach that takes into account the qualitative aspects of scientific problems, reason for which it has gained momentum over the past thirty years. By applying this approach to a musical work we aim to develop a methodology that will permit us to explain the process by which the composer intervenes at the molecular level of sound and thus creates illusions and musical paradoxes, which we might consider emergent effects. The objective of this analysis is to gain an understanding of Gerard Pape’s particular musical approach, for whom musical energy seems to be a transcendental force. His innovative musical vision engages the principles of emergence in the dynamic complexity of his writing. Sonic paradoxes strike the listener but are less evident to transcribe into a musical score. We hope to find a link between the notated score and the emergent effect produced by the dynamic interrelations of its content. By undertaking a systems approach to musical analysis, we hope to develop a transversal model that will enable us to highlight the elusive new structures and properties that seem to grow out of this process. In Pape’s music, these emergent features distort the musical surface, and although engendered by the score, seem to burst out of nowhere, leading the listener from harmony into chaos
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Janusek, John W. "Regional Centrality, Religious Ecology, and Emergent Complexity in the Lake Titicaca Basin Formative." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113490.
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In this paper, I discuss early complexity in the southern Lake Titicaca Basin of the Bolivian Andes. I examine a regional landscape of multi-community formations that emerged during the Late Formative Period (100 BC-AD 500). I suggest that during the Late Formative in the southern Lake Titicaca basin, the establishment of Khonkho Wankane and other disembedded centers, played an important role in the social transformations that ultimately gave rise to centralized political systems. Political activity was undoubtedly an important element of social interaction, but it was enmeshed with ritual and other activities, such as mound construction, and formed an embedded part of more encompassing, large-scale ceremonial encounters. More than they were aggrandizers, those who resided at Khonkho were social and ideological mediators. This case suggests that non-state complexity may be far more variable than most current archaeological models propose.En este artículo se discute la complejidad temprana en la cuenca sur del lago Titicaca, en los Andes bolivianos. Se estudia un paisaje regional con formaciones de carácter multicomunal que surgieron durante el Periodo Formativo Tardío (100 a.C.-500 d.C.). Se sugiere que, en esta etapa, el establecimiento de Khonkho Wankane, junto con el de los disembedded centers, es decir, centros con poca población residente, pero a los que llegaban gente en número nutrido para la realización de ceremonias, festines u otras prácticas rituales, tuvo un papel importante en la transformación social que dio origen, por último, a los sistemas políticos centralizados. Sin duda, la actividad política fue un elemento importante de interacción social, pero estuvo involucrada con rituales y otras actividades —tales como la construcción de montículos— que constituyeron una parte primordial de los más influyentes encuentros ceremoniales a gran escala. Más que un conjunto de individuos que deseaban diferenciarse o acumular más poder que los demás (aggrandizers), aquellos que residieron en Khonkho Wankane fueron mediadores sociales e ideológicos. Este caso sugiere que la complejidad no estatal pudo ser mucho más variable de lo que diversos modelos arqueológicos proponen en la actualidad.
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Dillehay, Tom D. "Incipient Organization and Socio-Public Spaces: Three Andean Cases." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113472.
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Three archaeological cases from different areas of the Andes are employed to study the rise of social and cultural complexity in varying social and economic contexts, with the intention of distinguishing certain environmental and cultural factors in each case. The purpose also is to search not only for differences but for commonalities to be used for cross-cultural comparisons and to learn more about the developmental cultural history of the societies representing these cases.En el presente trabajo se analizan tres casos de diferentes áreas de los Andes para estudiar el incremento de la complejidad cultural en contextos sociales y económicos variados con el fin de distinguir factores definidos de carácter ambiental y cultural en cada caso. El propósito final es el de la búsqueda de diferencias, así como de las características en común que se utilizan para hacer comparaciones culturales y para aprender más acerca de la historia del desarrollo cultural de las sociedades que representan estos ejemplos.
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Hayes, Jared, and n/a. "Reducing the impact of decision complexity in ambulance command and control." University of Otago. Department of Information Science, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20080404.160620.
Full textAbstract:
The overriding goal of this work was to present information to ambulance command and control (AC2) operators in a manner that complemented their dispatchers decision making processes whilst minimising the effects of a number of identified complexities. It was theorised that presenting information in this manner would improve the decision making performance of the dispatchers. The initial stages of this work involved identifying the strategies that AC2 operators use when making decisions regarding the allocation of ambulances to emergency incidents and the complexities associated with these decisions. These strategies were identified after the analysis of interviews with AC2 operators using an interview approach called the Critical Decision Method. The subsequent analysis of the interview transcripts using an Emergent Themes Analysis provided a significant number of insights regarding the decision making processes of the operators and the information required to support these decisions. Of particular significance was the importance of situation awareness in the decision making process. For example, when dispatchers have a sound understanding of incidents and additional factors such as the ambulances under their control, the dispatch decision becomes less complicated.
To extend the understanding of the dispatcher�s work in the communication centres, a number of factors that could contribute to the complexity of the dispatch task were identified from an additional analysis of the interview transcripts. However it was not possible to establish from this the contribution of these factors to the perceived complexity encountered by the operators. To address this, a questionnaire was circulated requiring dispatchers to rate the contribution of a number of factors to the complexity of the dispatch task and the frequency that these factors occurred. The results showed that the most prevalent factors related to a number of the cognitive processes that the dispatchers performed to manage the dispatch task. Such processes included determining the resource most likely to arrive at the scene of an emergency incident the quickest. There were also differences in regard to which areas of the dispatch process the dispatchers in the two centres considered to be the most complex.
The final stage of this research was the design of a prototype interface that complemented the decision making strategies used by the dispatchers and addressed the identified complexities. At this stage the scope of the research was narrowed to focus primarily on the resource assessment and allocation phases of the dispatch process and several of the complexities associated with these. The prototype interface made use of a novel display technology that allowed the presentation of information across two overlapping LCD displays (referred to as a Multi Layered Display (MLD)). To test the effectiveness of this display a laboratory experiment was conducted comparing the perfomance of participants using the MLD with participants using a Single Layered Display (SLD) that presented the same information. The results indicated that in almost all cases the participants using the multi layer display performed better. However these differences did not prove to be significant.
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Nemitz, Markus P. "HoverBot : a manufacturable swarm robot that has multi-functional sensing capabilities and uses collisions for two-dimensional mapping." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33160.
Full textAbstract:
Swarm robotics is the study of developing and controlling large groups of robots. Collectives of robots possess advantages over single robots such as being robust to mission failures due to single-robot errors. Experimental research in swarm robotics is currently limited by swarm robotic technology. Current swarm robotic systems are either small groups of sophisticated robots or large groups of simple robots due to manufacturing overhead, functionality-cost dependencies, and their need to avoid collisions, amongst others. It is therefore useful to develop a swarm robotic system that is easy to manufacture, that utilises its sensors beyond standard usage, and that allows for physical interactions. In this work, I introduce a new type of low-friction locomotion and show its first implementation in the HoverBot system. The HoverBot system consists of an air-levitation and magnet table, and a HoverBot agent. HoverBots are levitating circuit boards which are equipped with an array of planar coils and a Hall-effect sensor. HoverBot uses its coils to pull itself towards magnetic anchors that are embedded into a levitation table. These robots consist of a Printed Circuit Board (PCB), surface mount components, and a battery. HoverBots are easily manufacturable, robots can be ordered populated; the assembly consists of plugging in a battery to a robot. I demonstrate how HoverBot's low-cost hardware can be used beyond its standard functionality. HoverBot's magnetic field readouts from its Hall-effect sensor can be associated with successful movement, robot rotation and collision measurands. I build a time series classifier based on these magnetic field readouts, I modify and apply signal processing techniques to enable the online classification of the time-variant magnetic field measurements on HoverBot's low-cost microcontroller. This method allows HoverBot to detect rotations, successful movements, and collisions by utilising readouts from its single Hall-effect sensor. I discuss how this classification method could be applied to other sensors and demonstrate how HoverBots can utilise their classifier to create an occupancy grid map. HoverBots use their multi-functional sensing capabilities to determine whether they moved successfully or collided with a static object to map their environment. HoverBots execute an "explore-and-return-to-nest" strategy to deal with their sensor and locomotion noise. Each robot is assigned to a nest (landmark); robots leave their nests, move n steps, return and share their observations. Over time, a group of four HoverBots collectively builds a probabilistic belief over its environment. In summary, I build manufacturable swarm robots that detect collisions through a time series classifier and map their environment by colliding with their surroundings. My work on swarm robotic technology pushes swarm robotics research towards studies on collision-dependent behaviours, a research niche that has been barely studied. Collision events occur more often in dense areas and/or large groups, circumstances that swarm robots experience. Large groups of robots with collision-dependent behaviours could become a research tool to help invent and test novel distributed algorithms, to understand the dependencies between local to global (emergent) behaviours and more generally the science of complex systems. Such studies could become tremendously useful for the execution of large-scale swarm applications such as the search and rescue of survivors after a natural disaster.