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Journal articles on the topic 'Emergence-trap'

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Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Trimble, R. M. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STICKY TRAP CATCHES AND EMERGENCE OF PHOLETESOR ORNIGIS (WEED) (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE), A PARASITE OF THE SPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAFMINER, PHYLLONORYCTER BLANCARDELLA (F.) (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE)." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 120, S146 (1988): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm120146095-1.

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AbstractThe relationship between yellow sticky trap catches of Pholetesor (= Apanteles) ornigis (Weed) and its emergence during the first two of its three yearly emergence periods was examined using four trap locations in five commercial apple orchards in Norfolk County, Ont., during 1984 and 1985. Orchards were divided into two zones: the border row of trees (= peripheral zone) and all trees within the border row (= interior zone). Traps were positioned within and below the tree canopy in the two zones.The sensitivity of the yellow traps to first male and female spring emergence was similar. Trap location had no obvious effect on the relationship between first spring emergence and first spring trap catch of males and females. The traps were similar in sensitivity to peak male and female spring emergence. Trap location affected the relationship between peak male emergence and peak male trap catch during the spring emergence period; the number of parasites caught on traps placed below the tree in the interior zone was the best indicator of peak male emergence. Trap location did not affect the relationship between peak female emergence and peak female trap catch during the spring emergence period.The yellow traps were more sensitive to male than to female first emergence during the first summer emergence period. During this emergence period, trap location had no obvious effect on the relationship between first emergence and first trap catch of males and females. The traps were more sensitive to peak male than to peak female emergence during the first summer emergence period. The number of male parasites caught on traps placed within the tree in the peripheral zone gave the best indication of peak male emergence during the first summer emergence period. The most accurate indication of peak female emergence was given by the number of female parasites caught on traps placed within or below the tree in the interior zone of the orchard.During the spring emergence period, few parasites were caught after emergence was complete, whereas during the first summer emergence period, relatively large numbers of parasites were sometimes caught up to 2 weeks after emergence was complete.The application of the results for monitoring P. ornigis emergence is discussed.

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Trimble, R. M. "ASSESSMENT OF A SEX-ATTRACTANT TRAP FOR MONITORING THE SPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAFMINER, PHYLLONORYCTER BLANCARDELLA (FABR.) (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE): RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE EMERGENCE AND BETWEEN TRAP CATCHES AND EMERGENCE." Canadian Entomologist 118, no. 12 (1986): 1241–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent1181241-12.

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AbstractThe temporal relationship between male and female emergence and the relationship between attractant-baited trap catches and emergence of the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (Fabr.), were studied in commercial apple orchards in Norfolk County, Ontario, during 1983 and 1984. The onset and progression of male and female emergence was highly synchronized during each of the three-yearly activity periods. The traps were a sensitive indicator of the onset of the spring-emergence period. However, peaks in the numbers of moths trapped did not occur at times of peak moth emergence and changes in the size of trap catches were not a reliable indicator of changes in the rate of moth emergence. During the spring-emergence period, peaks in trap catch were associated with relatively high daily air temperatures.

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Moeck, Henry A. "A BUCKET EMERGENCE TRAP FOR CORTICOLOUS INSECTS." Canadian Entomologist 120, no. 10 (1988): 855–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent120855-10.

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AbstractAn emergence trap for bark-inhabiting insects was constructed out of a 22.7-L plastic pail. Screened windows in the sides of the bucket provided ventilation. A plastic funnel in the bottom of the bucket held one of three sizes of container for live- or dead-trapping of emerged insects. In laboratory and field tests with lodgepole pine bolts infested with mountain pine beetle and associated insects, the traps had a trapping efficiency of 97.5%.

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D'ARCY-BURT, S., and G. V. KELL. "A new emergence trap for grassland insects." Ecological Entomology 13, no. 3 (1988): 355–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1988.tb00366.x.

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Bell, M. R., and D. D. Hardee. "Early Season Application of a Baculovirus for Area-Wide Management of Heliothis/Helicoverpa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): 1992 Field Trial." Journal of Entomological Science 29, no. 2 (1994): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-29.2.192.

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A 9.6-km diam area in the intensive cotton-growing region of the Mississippi Delta was treated with an entomopathogenic virus to determine the effect on populations of adult tobacco budworms, Heliothis virescens (F.), and bollworms, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), emerging from early season weed hosts. Four aircraft were used to treat ≈ 7,106 ha during 24–28 April at a rate of 100 larval equivalents per ha. Emergence data from cages placed over treated and untreated areas indicated that virus treatments reduced tobacco budworm emergence by 80.6% and bollworm emergence by 46.2%. During the emergence period, tobacco budworm traps in the area surrounding the treated area averaged 11.4 moths per trap per night. Average trap capture per trap per night in the center (6.4 km diam) of the treated area was 6.4 moths, a reduction of 43.9% compared with the untreated area. Correspondingly, reduction in trap counts for bollworm in the center was 21% when compared with the untreated area.

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Sarasija, P., Y. B. Srinivasa, and O. K. Remadevi. "A NEW FIELD EMERGENCE TRAP FOR SAMPLING INSECTS FROM PRECISE AREAS OF LOGS." ANNALS OF ENTOMOLOGY 41, no. 02 (2023): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.59467/ae.2023.41.125.

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A new emergence trap was fabricated for collecting saproxylic insects from precise areas of dead and fallen trees. The trap works on the principle of all emergence traps, i.e., organisms emerging from a substrate get attracted towards light, where they encounter a transparent surface and get collected in a collecting tube with preservative fluid. It is one of the most objective methods for sampling saproxylic insects as they emerge from wood substrata. Using many replicates of this trap, the entire heterogeneity of a substratum like dead wood can be easily covered. The trap can provide a higher definition of the sampling area and be used for studying assemblages of saproxylic insects. It is almost cost-effective and user-friendly under field conditions, on logs and snags, and even on live trees. In this study, 102 such field emergence traps were deployed in a conserved area, and 59 species of saproxylic insects belonging to 5 functional groups were collected during a brief sampling period of 3 months. Extensive sampling trials using such traps in more numbers for extended periods can provide insights into species? diversity and host preferences.. KEYWORDS :Emergence Trap, Insect Diversity, Insect Sampling, Saproxylic Insects, Xylophagous Insects

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Berthélemy, Jean-Claude. "Health, Education and Emergence from the Development Trap." African Development Review 23, no. 3 (2011): 300–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8268.2011.00288.x.

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Fitzpatrick, Sheila M., Warren H.L. Wong, Kieryn Matthews, et al. "A bucket-type emergence trap for detecting overwintered Dasineura oxycoccana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and its parasitoids in cranberry." Florida Entomologist 101, no. 4 (2018): 695–98. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.101.0410.

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Fitzpatrick, Sheila M., Wong, Warren H.L., Matthews, Kieryn, Mathur, Snehlata, Elsby, Miranda, Schurmann, Kaitlyn, Craig, Lindsay N. (2018): A bucket-type emergence trap for detecting overwintered Dasineura oxycoccana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and its parasitoids in cranberry. Florida Entomologist 101 (4): 695-698, DOI: 10.1653/024.101.0410, URL: https://bioone.org/journals/florida-entomologist/volume-101/issue-4/024.101.0410/A-Bucket-Type-Emergence-Trap-for-Detecting-Overwintered-Dasineura-oxycoccana/10.1653/024.101.0410.full

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Su, Tianyun, Patrick Mullens, Jennifer Thieme, Alfonso Melgoza, Robert Real, and Michelle Q. Brown. "Deployment and Fact Analysis of the In2Care® Mosquito Trap, A Novel Tool for Controlling Invasive Aedes Species." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 36, no. 3 (2020): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/20-6929.1.

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ABSTRACT During April–October 2019, the West Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District (Ontario, CA) deployed large numbers of In2Care® mosquito traps in a preliminary study to evaluate the trap's potential effectiveness at controlling invasive Aedes aegypti (L.) and Ae. albopictus (Skuse) in 6 cities of San Bernardino County, CA. The trap was used to attract ovipositing females, expose them to the juvenile hormone mimic pyriproxyfen and the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, and autodisseminate pyriproxyfen to other water sources prior to their death from fungal infection. The trap attracted Ae. aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus, with the latter species predominating at much higher larval densities in the trap reservoirs. Field-collected larvae and pupae from the trap reservoirs showed complete adult emergence inhibition. Furthermore, the trap reservoirs retained high levels of residual larvicidal, pupicidal, and emergence inhibition activity after they were retrieved from the field, as indicated by laboratory bioassays against laboratory colony of Cx. quinquefasciatus. Results of this study support more detailed quantitative local evaluations on trap efficacy to measure the impact of the In2Care mosquito trap on wild invasive Aedes and Culex populations in future mosquito control efforts.

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Childers, C. C. "TRAP DESIGNS FOR MONITORING EMERGENCE OF FRANKLINIELLA BISPINOSA (MORGAN) (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) FROM SOIL IN CITRUS GROVES." Canadian Entomologist 125, no. 3 (1993): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent125449-3.

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AbstractThree emergence trap designs were evaluated for effectiveness in collecting adult Frankliniella bispinosa (Morgan) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) from beneath and between citrus trees in Florida. Trap A [a wooden-frame 30- by 30-cm (= 900 cm2) square trap with removable Plexiglas® lid coated with Tangle-Trap® adhesive] was effective in trapping F. bispinosa adults whereas trap B [a polyvinylchloride (PVC) round trap with a centered 3.7-mL capacity shell vial] was ineffective. Trap A was as effective in collecting emerging F. bispinosa adults as trap C [a PVC round trap with a 30-cm-diameter (= 706.5 cm2) removable adhesive-coated Plexiglas lid]. Comparative costs for trap construction, maintenance, and insect counting are all higher for trap A compared with trap C. Trap placement beneath citrus trees 15 cm from the trunk or just inside the dripline of the canopy provided similar thrips catches in two citrus grove sites. Both interior and dripline trap positions beneath "navel" orange trees had significantly higher numbers of F. bispinosa than did traps exposed within rows between these trees.

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Tedders, W. L., and B. W. Wood. "A New Technique for Monitoring Pecan Weevil Emergence (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 29, no. 1 (1994): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-29.1.18.

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An inexpensive pyramidal-shaped trap was designed and demonstrated to effectively monitor the emergence of pecan weevil adults Curculio caryae (Horn). The trap is constructed of masonite and uses a modified boll weevil eradication trap top as a collecting container. Weevils were preferentially attracted to brown traps when traps were painted brown vs. white. Brown traps positioned adjacent to pecan trees having whitewashed trunks also were more attractive to weevils than when positioned beneath non-white washed trees. Tall traps attracted more weevils than short traps having the same surface area. Two traps per tree captured twice as many weevils as one trap. This report describes the new trap design and presents information to which its effectiveness could possibly be attributed.

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Moore, R. "Emergence trap developed to capture adult large pine weevil Hylobius abietis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and its parasite Bracon hylobii (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 91, no. 2 (2001): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber200070.

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A novel type of emergence trap capable of capturing and separating ‘live’insect catches is described. The trap was shown to be 96% efficient at capturing newly emergent adult Hylobius abietis Linnaeus on bare ground and at least 82% efficient over stumps on a weedy Sitka spruce clearfell. The trap was more than 80% efficient at capturing Bracon hylobii Ratzeburg, the most commonly found parasite of H. abietis. It was also shown to be effective at capturing adult H. abietis of unknown age (98%), indicating that it could also be used to trap out H. abietis from known areas to estimate on-site overwintering densities. Fifty-four percent of newly emergent weevils were captured within 12 h of release on bare mineral soils. Forty-two percent of unknown age weevils and 52% of parasites were captured within 1 h of their release within the trap. The rapid rates of capture mean that when traps are checked frequently they can be used to reflect accurately temporal patterns of emergence. Its potential for use in control programmes and ecological studies is discussed.

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Hanula, James L. "Monitoring Adult Emergence, Ovary Maturation, and Control of the Black Vine Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 25, no. 1 (1990): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-25.1.134.

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Pitfall traps captured 8–10 black vine weevils, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), per trap, while trap-boards and cardboard wafers averaged less than 2 adults per trap. In addition, the trapboards and cardboard wafers were not effective for determining the onset of adult emergence. In 1988, pitfall traps captured 16.6 adults per trap while deep-pan traps captured 5.7 adults per trap. However, deep-pan traps, constructed from dog food dishes, were as effective as pitfall traps in capturing the first adults to emerge, and they captured adults throughout the summer. Their simple design and easy installation may make them more useful for detecting infestations. Emergence traps, consisting of pitfall traps surrounded by a circular barrier, did not result in accurate estimates of density. The number of females with mature ovaries peaked in late July and early August, 1988, about 30 days after the peak in trap captures. Removal of overwintered females and those that emerged early, by applying a short residual insecticide (acephate), had no impact on subsequent larval infestation. However, single applications of Evercide Concentrate 2357 (fenvalerate plus d-cis, trans allethrin and N-octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide), Asana (esfenvalerate) and Mavrik (fluvalinate), to control adults, significantly reduced the infestation.

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Pines, Irene, and Richard Westwood. "A Mark-recapture Technique for the Dutch Elm Disease Vector the Native Elm Bark Beetle, Hylurgopinus rufipes (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34, no. 2 (2008): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2008.015.

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Six mark-recapture experiments were conducted in Manitoba, Canada, to determine the effectiveness of fluorescent powder to mark emerging native elm bark beetle adults, Hylurgopinus rufipes (Eichoff) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), the vector of Dutch elm disease, Ophiostoma novo-ulmi (Brazier), after departure from overwintering sites in spring and emergence from broodwood in summer. Native elm bark beetles marked themselves on emergence from overwintering sites and summer trap logs. The spring and summer periods of flight activity for unmarked and marked beetles were similar. Marked beetles were captured over 1 month after peak emergence in the spring and 2 months after emergence from trap logs in the summer. Marked beetles were captured up to 1 km (0.6 mi) from release sites. Where integrated Dutch elm disease management activities are implemented in buffer zones to minimize the number of elm bark beetles entering community urban forests, buffer zones should be a minimum of 1 km (0.6 mi) in width.

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Kaya Apak, Fulya, and Hüseyin Başpınar. "Aydın İli Zeytin Alanlarında Zeytin Sineği (Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin)) (Diptera: Tephritidae)’ nin Populasyon Değişimleri ve Zararı." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 9, no. 3 (2021): 607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i3.607-614.4152.

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Emergence period of Olive fly (Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin)) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and its population changes and damage on the fruits were studied in three olive orchards in Umurlu, Dalama and Çakmar districts in Aydın province. During the study, one McPhail trap with 2 per cent diammonium phosphate liquid (McPhail), one yellow visual trap with pheromone capsule on (YVTP), and three yellow visual traps mounted an eppendorf capsule within pure ammonium acetate (AA) were placed in each olive orchards. Studies were conducted between 2009-2011 years, and the traps were counted weekly. As a result of population monitoring, first flies were seen on the traps in mid-October and continued during the season till mid-December when its emergence ended. The population levels were too low during the study. However, as the population peaked, the higher population level was determined on YVTP with 307.0 individual/trap in olive orchard in Umurlu district in October 30, 2009. On the other hand, it was counted 70,0 individual/trap in McPhail and 51.3 individual/trap in avarage in AA. The damage on the fruit was the highest in Umurlu with 17.2 per cent in 2009. The population levels in Dalama and Çakmar were 45.0 and 3.0 individual/trap in pheromone traps, and 8.0 and 1.0 individual/trap in avarage in AA, respectively. The damages on the fruits were 8.9 and 3.7 per cent in Dalama and Çakmar, respectively. The population level and damage were appeared in a very low levels in the following years of the study.

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Casanova, Cláudio. "A soil emergence trap for collections of phlebotomine sand flies." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 96, no. 2 (2001): 273–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02762001000200023.

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Freitag, Hendrik. "Adaptations of an Emergence Trap for Use in Tropical Streams." International Review of Hydrobiology 89, no. 4 (2004): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/iroh.200310709.

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Manteca-Acosta, Mariana, Regino Cavia, María Eugenia Utgés, Oscar Daniel Salomón, and María Soledad Santini. "Peridomestic natural breeding sites of Nyssomyia whitmani (Antunes and Coutinho) in an endemic area of tegumentary leishmaniasis in northeastern Argentina." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 8 (2021): e0009676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009676.

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The scarce information about breeding sites of phlebotomines limits our understanding of the epidemiology of tegumentary leishmaniasis. Identifying the breeding sites and seasons of immature stages of these vectors is essential to propose prevention and control strategies different from those targeting the adult stage. Here we identified the rural breeding environments of immature stages of Ny. whitmani, vector species of Leishmania braziliensis in the north of Misiones province, Argentina; then we determined and compared the environmental and structural characteristics of those sites. We also identified the season of greatest emergence and its relationship with adult abundance. During a first collection period, between 28 and 48 emergence traps were set continuously for 16 months in six environments of the farm peridomicile and domicile: below house, chicken shed, experimental chicken shed, forest edge, pigsty and under fruit tree. Traps were checked and rotated every 40 nights. A total of 146 newly emerged individuals were collected (93.8% of them were Ny. whitmani), totaling an effort of 23,040 emergence trap-nights. The most productive environments were chicken shed and below house, and the greatest emergence was recorded in spring and summer. During a second collection period, emergence traps and light traps for adult capture were placed in the chicken shed and below house environments of eight farms. Emergence traps were active continuously during spring, summer, and early autumn. Environmental and structural characteristics of each environment were recorded. A total of 84 newly emerged phlebotomines (92.9% Ny. whitmani; 72,144 emergence trap-nights) and 13,993 adult phlebotomines (147 light trap-nights) were recorded in the chicken shed and below house environments. A positive correlation was also observed between trap success of newly emerged phlebotomines and of adults after 120 days. A high spatial variability was observed in the emergence of Ny. whitmani, with the number of newly emerged individuals being highest in soils of chicken sheds with the highest number of chickens and closest to forest edge. Moreover, below house was found to be as important as chicken sheds as breeding sites of Ny. whitmani. Management of the number of chickens in sheds, soil moisture and pH, and the decision of where to localize the chicken sheds in relation to the houses and the forest edge, might contribute to reduce the risk of human vector exposure and transmission of Leishmania.

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Islamutdinov, Vadim Faruarovich. "Impact of digitalization on the evolution of internal corporate institutions in the northern resource-extraction region." SHS Web of Conferences 89 (2020): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20208903002.

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The article examines domestic and foreign sources that study the impact of digitalization on the evolution of intracorporate institutions. Then the state of internal corporate institutions in the northern resource- extracting region - KhMAO-Yugra is considered. The author’s features of the classification of intracorporate institutions are proposed. Institutional traps of intracorporate institutions are identified and described, both all- Russian: the trap of the authoritarianism of the head and the trap of information asymmetry, and specific to Yugra KhMAD: the trap of bureaucracy, the trap of incentive payments and the trap of low unemployment. The influence of digitalization on the evolution of internal corporate institutions in the northern resource-extraction region is shown, including on overcoming old institutional traps and on the emergence of the new ones: the trap of ease of interaction and the trap of trust in the algorithms. The impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the pace of digitalization of internal corporate institutions in -Yugra KhMAD, which lags behind the global ones, was especially noted.

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Tedders, W. L., and B. W. Wood. "Pyramidal Traps for Monitoring the Presence of Pecan Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 30, no. 4 (1995): 534–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-30.4.534.

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Pyramidal traps constructed of masonite and painted to reflect light levels ranging from 1 to 84% reflectance (black, shades of gray and white) were evaluated for attractiveness to adult pecan weevils, Curculio caryae (Horn). Black (1% reflectance) and dark gray (5% reflectance) were found to be more attractive to weevils than traps having greater reflectance (lighter grays and white). Dark gray traps captured almost 9 fold more weevils than did standard cone emergence traps. Dark gray traps also captured weevils in orchards after the emergence period as indicated by screen cone traps. Trap distances of 1.9 and 4.6 m from tree trunks did not influence trap effectiveness. Trap density of 4/tree did not provide an economic level of weevil control as measured by number of infested nuts per tree. Traps positioned on the eastern side of trees caught more weevils (α ≤ 0.05) than traps on the northern side, but captures were not significantly different from those positioned at the southern and western sides of trees.

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Pszczolkowski, Maciej A. "A Simple & Inexpensive Do-It-Yourself Trap for Monitoring Adult Insects." American Biology Teacher 87, no. 4-5 (2025): 292–95. https://doi.org/10.1525/abt.2025.87.4-5.292.

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A simple and inexpensive do-it-yourself trap was developed for monitoring the green June beetle, Cotinis nitida, using readily available isopropanol as bait and recycled polyethylene terephthalate beverage bottles. Despite its simplicity, the trap has been used by professionals for monitoring, habitat preference, and prediction of the mass emergence of the green June beetle. The trap and bait described in this paper also attract other insects, such as the flower scarab, Euphoria sepulcralis, the American carrion beetle, Necrophila americana, and the green lacewing, Chrysopa quadripunctata. The trap is inexpensive and easy to make, and it provides teachers, high school students, and citizen scientists with an excellent opportunity for field insect studies.

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Guimarães Brasil, Michelle De Oliveira, Daniel De Freitas Brasil, Alípio José de Souza Pacheco Filho, Cláudia Inês da Silva, and Breno Magalhães Freitas. "Occupation and Emergence of Solitary Bees in Different Types of Trap Nests." Sociobiology 66, no. 2 (2019): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v66i2.3598.

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The study investigated the occupation and emergence of bees that nest in trap-nests and assessed aspects of the structure of such nests, sex ratio, parasitism and mortality of bees in four areas of Baturité Massif, State of Ceará. Samples were taken using three types of trap-nests: dried bamboo internodes, cardboard tubes and rational boxes. In the four studied sites, a total of 185 artificial nests were offered monthly and 34 of them were occupied by bees. Six species of bees, distributed in five genera (Centris, Mesocheira, Euglossa, Megachile and Coelioxys) occupied the 34 trap-nests, but of this total nests, 24 presented emergence of individuals. In the rest of the nests there was mortality of the occupants. Considering the total of nests with emergence, it was obtained 139 individuals: 131 bees (28 kleptoparasite bees) and 8 coleopterans. In 34 bee nests obtained, there were constructed 162 brood cells, the number of cells per trap-nest varied from 1 to 13 brood cells and the length of these nests varied from 2.4 to 14cm. Thirteen nests were parasitized by hymenopterans (Apidae and Megachilidae) and coleopterans (Meloidae), resulting in a parasitism rate of 38.2% of the total of nests founded. In addition, mortality occurred from unknown causes in 29.4% (n=10) of individuals before reaching adult stage. This work identified the bee species that use pre-existing cavities in the Baturite Massif, determined their nesting requirements and constrains for their reproduction. This information may contribute to conservation efforts of these bee species as well as their potential use for pollination services.

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Resende, Bethânia Oliveira de, Victor Rennan Santos Ferreira, Leandro Juen, and Helena Soares Ramos Cabette. "EMERGENCE TRAP FOR THE COLLECTION OF EXUVIAE AND ADULT OF ODONATA." Oecologia Australis 24, no. 03 (2020): 742–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2020.2403.18.

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Dutcher, James D., J. A. Payne, and J. K. Sharpe. "Monitoring Adult Pecan Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Emergence with a Malaise Trap." Journal of Economic Entomology 79, no. 5 (1986): 1397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/79.5.1397.

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Cope, Grace C., Joshua W. Campbell, Steven M. Grodsky, and James D. Ellis. "Evaluation of nest-site selection of ground-nesting bees and wasps (Hymenoptera) using emergence traps." Canadian Entomologist 151, no. 02 (2019): 260–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2019.3.

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AbstractApproximately 70% of the 30 000 known bee (Hymenoptera) species and most flower-visiting, solitary wasps (Hymenoptera) nest in the ground. However, nesting behaviours of most ground-nesting bees and wasps are poorly understood. Habitat loss, including nesting habitat, threatens populations of ground-nesting bees and wasps. Most ground-nesting bee and wasp studies implement trapping methods that capture foraging individuals, but provide little insight into the nesting preferences of these taxa. Some researchers have suggested that emergence traps may provide a suitable means by which to determine ground-nesting bee and wasp abundance. We sought to evaluate nest-site selection of ground-nesting bees and wasps using emergence traps in two study systems: (1) planted wildflower enhancement plots and fallow control plots in agricultural land; and (2) upland pine and hammock habitat in forests. Over the course of three years (2015–2017), we collected 306 ground-nesting bees and wasps across all study sites from emergence traps. In one study, we compared captures per trap between coloured pan traps and emergence traps and found that coloured pan traps captured far more ground-nesting bees and wasps than did emergence traps. Based on our emergence trap data, our results also suggest ground-nesting bees and wasps are more apt to nest within wildflower enhancement plots than in fallow control plots, and in upland pine habitats than in hammock forests. In conclusion, emergence traps have potential to be a unique tool to gain understanding of ground-nesting bee and wasp habitat requirements.

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Bella, Giovanni. "A Note on the Bogdanov–Takens Bifurcation in the Romer Model with Learning by Doing." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 27, no. 01 (2017): 1750002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021812741750002x.

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This paper is aimed at describing the whole set of necessary and sufficient conditions for the emergence of multiple equilibria and global indeterminacy in the standard endogenous growth framework with learning by doing. The novelty of this paper relies on the application of the original Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation theorem, which allows us to characterize the full dynamics of the model, and determine the emergence of an unavoidable poverty trap.

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Rauch, H., R. Zelger, and H. Strasser. "Highly Efficient Field Emergence Trap for Quantitative Adult Western Corn Rootworm Monitoring." Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 89, no. 3 (2016): 256–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2317/151113.1.

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Cadmus, Pete, Justin P. F. Pomeranz, and Johanna M. Kraus. "Low-cost floating emergence net and bottle trap: comparison of two designs." Journal of Freshwater Ecology 31, no. 4 (2016): 653–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2016.1217944.

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Laster, M. L., D. D. Hardee, and J. L. Roberson. "Emergence of Male-Sterile Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Backcross Moths at a Central Release Point and Their Resulting Spatial Distribution." Journal of Entomological Science 28, no. 3 (1993): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-28.3.241.

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Heliothis virescens backcross moths are most effectively released in wide-area release programs from pupae placed in the field prior to moth emergence. A significantly greater moth emergence was obtained in the field from unharvested pupae in rearing trays than was obtained from harvested pupae. Mating, oviposition, and egg viability of emerged female moths were not adversely affected by handling procedures. Moths released from emergence containers were recovered in the most distant trap, 5.5 km, from the release point. However, the greatest number of released moths was captured in pheromone traps within 1.7 km of the release point.

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Bedard, William D., George T. Ferrell, Mark C. Whitmore, and Allen S. Robertson. "TRAPPING EVALUATION OF BEETLE VECTORS OF BLACK STAIN ROOT DISEASE IN DOUGLAS FIR." Canadian Entomologist 122, no. 3 (1990): 459–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent122459-5.

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AbstractThe performance of unbaited emergence traps and attractant-baited pitfall and flight traps was compared on the basis of suitability to produce population indices for two beetles, Steremnius carinatus (Boheman) and Hylastes nigrinus (Mannerheim), colonizing roots of Douglas fir in northern California. These beetles transmit Ceratocystis wageneri Goheen and Cobb, the fungus causing black stain root disease in Douglas fir. Trap sites were near stumps along transect lines through recently logged areas. Pitfall traps were judged the most promising for both species based on their relatively high catches and low expense. Although catch by emergence traps was low for both species, they appeared to catch the majority of S. carinatus. For both species, pitfall trap catches varied with date, study area, trapping line within study area, and stump within line. A number of variables, such as diameter of stump or type of ground cover, were significantly correlated with trap catch, and made significant contributions to linear models with catch as the dependent variable. Differences between study areas in the effect of variables on catch, and the possibility that pitfall trapping is subject to artifacts, suggested that the results of pitfall trapping need to be carefully scrutinized if they are to be used as a population index.

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Sunda, S., V. Arya, S. Narayana, A. Venkateshaih, and P. Divekar. "Evaluation of different concentrations of Cue-lure for effective management of the melon fruit fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett), in cucurbits ecosystem." Journal of Environmental Biology 45, no. 3 (2024): 268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/45/3/mrn-5223.

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Aim: To identify the effective concentration of Cue-lure (CL) for efficacious management of melon fruit fly (Zeugodacus cucurbitae), associated with the cucurbits. Methodology: Wooden blocks were soaked in different concentrations of Cue-lure (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%), installed in trap bottles along with commercially used McPhail traps baited with tablet lures, were tested for higher trap catches, in the bitter gourd field. The infested cucurbits were collected from the fields and placed in insect-rearing cages to check for the emergence of the adults. Results: The mean number of flies trapped/trap/week (FTW) was significantly highest in 25% Cue-lure compared with the remaining concentrations along with Tablet lures. On the basis of adults emerged from infested fruits, Z. cucurbitae proved to be the major fruit fly species infesting bitter gourd, with a sex ratio (♂:♀) of 1:1.3. However, in sponge gourd, a ♂:♀ of 1:1.9 was observed for Z. cucurbitae and 1:1.27 for Z. tau. Interpretation: Z. cucurbitae is the most damaging fruit fly species for cucurbits in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. 25% Cue-lure solution was found best for mass trapping of responsive fruit flies. Key words: Adult emergence, Cucurbits, Cue-lure, Parapheromone, Melon fruit fly

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Park, Woo‐Yong, Faisal Khurshid, and Chanchai Tangpong. "To Fill a Hollow Core: Roles of Firm Knowledge When Outsourcing Core Component During Technological Change." Journal of Operations Management 71, no. 1 (2025): 130–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/joom.1349.

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ABSTRACTThe innovation literature has been marked by contrarian views regarding the roles of firms' knowledge accumulation with regards to outsourced core components. To reconcile these views, we draw on the behavioral theory of the firm and the technological evolution literature in hypothesizing firms' local search as a mechanism by which firms' accumulated knowledge affects their product performance. Firms' in‐house knowledge can expose them to an accumulated knowledge trap, as firms' accumulated knowledge tends to escalate their local search for a solution to a new technological challenge, but the impact of the local search on performance is unlikely to be materialized. We maintain that firms' accumulated knowledge can make them more prone to the accumulated knowledge trap before rather than after the dominant technology has emerged. We further hypothesize that prior exploratory experiences and suppliers' outsourced component knowledge can reduce firms' susceptibility to such a knowledge trap before the dominant technology emergence, but their moderating roles fade away after the dominant technology emergence. Data from the U.S. Hybrid Electric Vehicle drivetrain market support our hypotheses. Our findings enrich the current literatures on the behavioral theory of the firm and technological evolution while reconciling the contrarian views in the innovation literature.

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Smith, Michael W. "Alternative Production Practices for Pecan." HortScience 31, no. 4 (1996): 692b—692. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.692b.

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Several new management tools and management practices are being developed for pecan. Major insect pests of pecan are pecan nut casebearer, hickory shuckworm, and pecan weevil. Sex pheromone attractants are being developed for each of these pests that improve monitoring. Also, a pecan weevil trap (Tedder's trap) was introduced recently that is more sensitive to weevil emergence than the previous trap. New models that predict critical periods for pecan scab infection are being tested. Certain legume ground covers are being tested to increase beneficial arthropods in the orchard for aphid control, and to supply N. Mulches are being investigated as an alternative to herbicide management for young trees. A mechanical fruit thinning method has been developed that increases fruit quality and reduces alternate bearing as well as stress-related disorders.

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Hallett, Rebecca H., Sheila A. Goodfellow, and James D. Heal. "Monitoring and detection of the swede midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)." Canadian Entomologist 139, no. 5 (2007): 700–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n05-071.

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AbstractIn 2002, two types of light traps were compared against sticky yellow cards for efficiency and selectivity in capturing adult swede midge Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Incandescent light traps were more efficient at capturing swede midge than were sticky traps. Incandescent light traps were more selective than blacklight traps and required less time for processing of samples and identification of captured midges. Emergence (2003 and 2004) and pheromone (2004) traps were used to assess swede midge population dynamics. Captures from emergence traps indicate up to five overlapping emergence events for swede midge each year. Emergence traps captured swede midge earlier in the season than pheromone traps, but pheromone-trap captures continued later in the season than those in emergence traps. Pheromone traps are small and portable, easy to maintain, and capture significantly more swede midge than emergence traps.

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Bergh, J. C., E. S. Eveleigh, and W. D. Seabrook. "THE MATING STATUS OF FIELD-COLLECTED MALE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN RELATION TO TRAP LOCATION, SAMPLING METHOD, SAMPLING DATE, AND ADULT EMERGENCE." Canadian Entomologist 120, no. 8-9 (1988): 821–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent120821-8.

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AbstractMale spruce budworm moths, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), were captured in 1986 and 1987 and the proportion recently mated was determined for each sample. Mating status was examined in relation to trap location, sampling method, sampling date, and adult emergence. On a given day the proportion of recently mated males captured was similar among pheromone-baited traps both within and among test sites. The number of males trapped increased with increasing trap elevation, although there was no difference in the proportion of mated males at each elevation. Males exhibiting “mate-location behaviour” were captured individually with an insect net and were found to be mated in the same proportion as those caught in pheromone-baited traps. The proportion of recently mated males trapped tended to increase during the early part of the flight season, to fluctuate during the middle portion, and then to decline toward the end of the season. This pattern was due, in part, to adult emergence trends.

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Holuša, J., P. Heralt, and K. Drápela. "Occurrence and bionomy of Barbitistes constrictus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) in the eastern part of the Czech Republic." Journal of Forest Science 52, No. 2 (2012): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4488-jfs.

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The bionomy of Barbitistes constrictuswas studied using emergence traps, sticky bands, sweeping and counting of females in two localities and Malaise traps in 27 localities in spruce forests in the eastern part of the Czech Republic in 1998&ndash;2004. It is a common species there but with a low population density. It has five instars (based on the length of femur and tibia) and the larval development lasts 10&ndash;12 weeks. Nymphs climb up to crowns after hatching. Adulthood extends from July to October. Abundance of eggs in the ground is very low. The most effective and exact monitoring method seems to be the method of sticky bands. It is also easy to catch nymphs on forest edges with low branchiness and southern or south-eastern exposition. To catch adults, the transect method and observation of trees are the most suitable. Traps are generally less effective (emergence trap, Malaise trap). The use of cut trees during thinning and principal felling is possible.

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Tamosiunas, Rimantas, Laisvune Duchovskiene, and Alma Valiuskaite. "Monitoring of Sawfly Populations (Hymenoptera, Symphyta: Hoplocampa Spp.) In Plum And Apple Orchards Using Visual Traps." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences 67, no. 2 (2013): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2013-0020.

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The investigation of Hoplocampa minuta (Christ, 1791) (black plum sawfly), Hoplocampa flava (Linné, 1760) (yellow plum sawfly) and Hoplocampa testudinea (Klug, 1816) (apple sawfly) populations using white sticky traps Rebell®bianco was carried out in conventionally and organically managed apple and conventionally managed plum orchards of the Institute of Horticulture of Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry in 2010 and 2011. Temperature sums for predicting sawfly spring emergence were determined: 120 ± 5 degree-days for apple sawfly, 85 ± 26 degree-days for black plum sawfly and 95 ± 28 degree-days for yellow plum sawfly. However, more years of the study are needed to confirm these temperature sums. The average densities of sawflies during the flight period were: H. minuta - 14.8 ± 7.3 sawfly trap-1 in 2010 and 54.2 ± 35.9 sawfly trap-1 in 2011; H. flava - 13.3 ± 5.2 sawfly trap-1 in 2010,and 16.6 ± 6.9 sawfly trap-1 in 2011; and H. testudinea in organic orchard - 38.3 ± 26.2 sawfly trap-1 in 2010 and 5.0 ± 2.8 sawfly trap-1 in 2011, in conventional orchard - 14.8 ± 8.1 sawfly trap-1 in 2010 and 9.3 ± 4.3 sawfly trap-1 in 2011. Conditions for development of both plum sawfly species were better in 2011, when abundance nearly reached the economic threshold. Population density, cumulative trap catches during the flight period, and damage caused by apple sawfly varied significantly between the study years and apple cultivars. In 2010, apple sawfly was more abundant and caused more serious damage than in 2011. The economic threshold of 30-40 individuals per trap was reached in 2010 due to the better conditions of development. The various apple cultivars suffered different damage levels: cv. ‘Aldas’, ‘Vitos’ and ‘Rubinola’ suffered the highest damage in the organic orchard, but no significant differences were observed. In the conventional garden, cv. ‘Auksis’ had the most damaged fruits.

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Zhou, Kang, Lin-Chen Zhang, He Zhu, et al. "A Common Neuronal Ensemble in the Lateral Habenula Regulates Ciprofol Anesthesia in Mice." Pharmaceuticals 17, no. 3 (2024): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph17030363.

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General anesthetics were first used over 170 years ago; however, the mechanisms of how general anesthetics induce loss of consciousness (LOC) remain unclear. Ciprofol, a novel intravenous anesthetic, has been developed by incorporating cyclopropyl into the chemical structure of propofol. This modification offers the benefits of rapid onset and minimal injection pain. Recent studies have revealed that the glutamatergic neurons of the lateral habenula (LHb) play a crucial role in modulating the LOC induced by propofol and sevoflurane. Nevertheless, the specific involvement of LHb in the anesthetic effects of ciprofol remains uncertain. Here, using targeted recombination in active populations (TRAP) combined with electroencephalogram/electromyography recordings and the righting reflex behavioral test, our study revealed that intravenous infusion of ciprofol for 1 h could lead to the induction of c-Fos expression in the LHb in mice. The combination of TRAP and gene ablation, aimed at selectively ablating ciprofol-activated neurons in the LHb, has been shown to facilitate the emergence of ciprofol anesthesia and decrease the proportion of delta waves during the emergence phase. Chemogenetic inhibition of these neurons produced a comparable effect, whereas chemogenetic activation resulted in the opposite outcome. Chemogenetic activation of ciprofol-activated neurons in the LHb delays the emergence of anesthesia and induces a deep hypnotic state during the emergence phase. Taken together, our findings suggest that LHb ciprofol-activated neurons modulate the state of consciousness and could potentially be targeted to manipulate consciousness during ciprofol anesthesia.

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Domek, J. M., and D. T. Johnson. "EVIDENCE OF A SEX PHEROMONE IN THE GREEN JUNE BEETLE, COTINIS NITIDA (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE)1." Journal of Entomological Science 22, no. 3 (1987): 264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-22.3.264.

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A trapping study was conducted in an area of heavy green June beetle (GJB), Cotinis nitida (L.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), emergence to collect evidence in support of the hypothesis that unmated females attract males with a sex pheromone. Yellow-painted baffle and funnel traps, baited with unmated females, mated females, unmated males or no beetles (control), were arranged in a Latin-cube design and randomized daily for four consecutive days. Trap catch was not significantly affected by trap placement (row or column) or time. Significantly more male beetles were caught in traps baited with unmated females than in any other treatments (P = 0.05, Duncan's multiple range test).

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Welch, Harold E., John K. Jorgenson, and Martin F. Curtis. "Measuring Abundance of Emerging Chironomidae (Diptera): Experiments on Trap Size and Design, Set Duration, and Transparency." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45, no. 4 (1988): 738–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f88-089.

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Experiments at Saqvaqjuac, N.W.T. (63°39′N) showed that submerged funnel traps (0.283 m2) had equal catch rates at 10–12 °C, independent of emptying interval between 1 and 6 d. Inverted funnels in the trap jars reduced the loss of active pupae, and probably sinking dead insects. Catch rates were independent of trap size (0.071–0.283 m2) at emergence densities [Formula: see text]. Preserving-type traps which retained the catch had the same daily catch rate as regular traps when left in place up to 18 d, but none of the preservatives tried was satisfactory and decay was a problem. Catch rates for clear and opaque traps were similar.

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Andrade, Samuel de Carvalho, Nilza Maria Martinelli, Guilherme D. Rossi, and Daniel J. Andrade. "Giant Cicada Emergence, Protandry and Chorus Centers Formation as Revealed by Studies Using a Sound Trap." Journal of Insect Behavior 30, no. 3 (2017): 300–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-017-9621-5.

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Andrade, Samuel de Carvalho, Martinelli, Nilza Maria, Rossi, Guilherme D., Andrade, Daniel J. (2017): Giant Cicada Emergence, Protandry and Chorus Centers Formation as Revealed by Studies Using a Sound Trap. Journal of Insect Behavior 30 (3): 300-307, DOI: 10.1007/s10905-017-9621-5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10905-017-9621-5

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Rattu, Roberto, Roberto A. Pantaleoni, and Rinaldo Nicoli Aldini. "Emergence trap for woodpile insects provides two interesting species of Neuropterida from Sardinia." Biodiversity Journal 11, no. 4 (2020): 969–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31396/biodiv.jour.2020.11.4.969.974.

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Fraley, J. J., M. A. Gaub, and J. R. Cavigli. "Emergence Trap and Holding Bottle for the Capture of Salmonid Fry in Streams." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 6, no. 1 (1986): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1986)6<119:etahbf>2.0.co;2.

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Burlai, T. "Risks of the emergence of divergence trap in the process of Ukraine's eurointegration." Ekonomìčna teorìâ 2018, no. 3 (2018): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/etet2018.03.099.

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Bater, J. E. "A trap design for combined insect emergence and soil arthropod extraction from soil." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 34, no. 1-4 (1991): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(91)90110-j.

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Smith, A. M., and G. McDonald. "Interpreting ultraviolet-light and fermentation trap catches of Mythimna convecta (walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) using phenological simulation." Bulletin of Entomological Research 76, no. 3 (1986): 419–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300014917.

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AbstractUltraviolet-light and fermentation trap catches of adults of Mythimna convecta (Walker) in Victoria, Australia, could be related to the times of various stages of larval development in oat crops by means of a day-degree accumulation model. Mated females were more attracted to fermentation than ultraviolet-light traps, and predicted oviposition times closely coincided with fermentation trap catches. The phenological model successfully mimicked the observed larval instar development in the field. Peak moth flights occurred within three periods. The first peak period (October to mid-November) usually contained mated moths which generated larval populations in maturing oat crops; in 1983, these moths probably occurred in late August. The second (mid-November to December) contained unmated females; in 1983–84, moth flights during this period could be related to the emergence of moths from crops 70–130 km north of the trap site. The third peak period (January to February) also comprised unmated moths which had usually emerged locally and were probably emigrating.

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Judd, Gary J. R., and Mark G. T. Gardiner. "FORECASTING PHENOLOGY OF ORTHOSIA HIBISCI GUENÉE (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN BRITISH COLUMBIA USING SEX-ATTRACTANT TRAPS AND DEGREE-DAY MODELS." Canadian Entomologist 129, no. 5 (1997): 815–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent129815-5.

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AbstractEmergence, oviposition, and seasonal flight activity of adult, speckled green fruit worm, Orthosia hibisci Guenée (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were monitored during 1991 and 1992 in a mixed block of McIntosh and Spartan apple trees at Summerland, British Columbia, to establish relationships between the phenology of these events and degree-days (DD). Using air temperatures and a developmental threshold of 3 °C, median emergence of males was predicted most accurately (0–2 days) by starting DD summations on 1 March. Median emergence of females was predicted without error when first catch of a male in a trap baited with sex attractant was used as a population reference point (biofix) to start DD summation. Using a threshold temperature of 3 °C, observed cumulative emergence of females reached 50% at 63.5 ± 4.05 DD3 °C after biofix, similar to the laboratory-derived prediction of 61.3 ± 4.2 DD with a threshold temperature of 2.8 °C. Catches of males with sex attractant preceded oviposition, but female catches in light traps lagged behind oviposition, suggesting older females were being caught in light traps. The oviposition curve was linear and parallel to the cumulative curve of male catches with sex attractant. Oviposition began at 26.7 DD3 °C and reached 50% at 94.2 DD3 °C after biofix, respectively. Weibull equations fitted to observed cumulative catches with sex attractant, female emergence, and oviposition, combined with laboratory-derived DD models of egg and larval development, were used to predict phenology of O. hibisci and correlate it with flowering phenology of pome fruits. This study provides a basis for timing application of selective insecticides against O. hibisci based on first catch in a sex-attractant trap and DD summations.

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Oleson, J. D., B. P. Spike, J. M. Gifford, and J. J. Tollefson. "Seedcorn Maggot Control, 1988." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 14, no. 1 (1989): 210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/14.1.210.

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Abstract Planting-time insecticides for seedcorn maggot control were tested at Ames, Iowa. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied to 40-ft-long rows on 30-inch spacing. The test was conducted in a field that had been planted to alfalfa. Approximately 1 wk prior to planting, manure was spread on the alfalfa and then plowed under to provide decaying organic matter that attracted ovipositing adult females. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been calibrated to deliver material at 4 mph. The applicators were mounted on a 4-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter. Each row was monitored constantly to ensure that insecticide was being correctly applied at all times. Drag chains were used for incorporation. Examination of the seeds in the untreated check rows 10 d after planting revealed no damage, although pupae were found in the soil. At that time, adult emergence traps designed by Funderburk and Pedigo were placed over the rows. The galvanized steel trap, a rectangular bottomless box, has the following dimensions: length, 1,0 m; width, 0.2 m; height, 0.1 m. Fastened to the top of each trap were two 0.25-liter Mason jars with Tack Trap applied to the inside bottom. Two traps were placed over each treatment row. On Jun 3, the number of adults in the collection jars was counted and stand counts were taken. Data were subjected to ANOVA. No phytotoxicity was noted with any treatment. Dyfonate and Fortress were the only insecticides to significantly reduce adult emergence.

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Hamer, Gabriel L., Patrick H. Kelly, Dana A. Focks, Tony L. Goldberg, and Edward D. Walker. "Evaluation of a Novel Emergence Trap to Study Culex Mosquitoes in Urban Catch Basins." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 27, no. 2 (2011): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/10-6090.1.

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Gouix, Nicolas, and Hervé Brustel. "Emergence trap, a new method to survey Limoniscus violaceus (Coleoptera: Elateridae) from hollow trees." Biodiversity and Conservation 21, no. 2 (2011): 421–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-011-0190-1.

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