Journal articles: 'Emergency Response Plan'

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Abbott, Anthony A. "Emergency Response Plan." ACSM's Health & Fitness Journal 16, no. 5 (2012): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/fit.0b013e318264cc4b.

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Hung, Stephen C. "Seaway Emergency Response Plan." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-71.

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ABSTRACT An Emergency Response Plan (ERP) is developed to serve as a directive for corporation personnel in the event of an oil spill in the St. Lawrence River. A computerized database for resource and personnel inventories is incorporated in the plan. A computer simulation model for oil slick transformation is developed to predict oil slick movement at any part of the river under various flow and weather conditions. Initial training for oil boom deployment, for corporation personnel and local response teams, has been provided. Annual updates of the plan and the training exercise are scheduled.

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Dolling, J. A., and D. R. Boreham. "Radiological Emergency Response: The National Biological Dosimetry Response Plan." Dose-Response 5, no. 1 (January 2007): dose—response.0. http://dx.doi.org/10.2203/dose-response.06-107.dolling.

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Fontaine, M. V., and E. Guerel. "An Emergency Response Plan for Transport." International Journal of Radioactive Materials Transport 11, no. 1-2 (January 2000): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/rmt.2000.11.1-2.167.

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Kim-Farley, Robert J., John T. Celentano, Carol Gunter, Jessica W. Jones, Rogelio A. Stone, Raymond D. Aller, Laurene Mascola, Sharon F. Grigsby, and Jonathan E. Fielding. "Standardized Emergency Management System and Response to a Smallpox Emergency." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 4 (December 2003): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00000546.

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AbstractThe smallpox virus is a high-priority, Category-A agent that poses a global, terrorism security risk because it: (1) easily can be disseminated and transmitted from person to person; (2) results in high mortality rates and has the potential for a major public health impact; (3) might cause public panic and social disruption; and (4) requires special action for public health preparedness. In recognition of this risk, the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services (LAC-DHS) developed the Smallpox Preparedness, Response, and Recovery Plan for LAC to prepare for the possibility of an outbreak of smallpox.A unique feature of the LAC-DHS plan is its explicit use of the Standardized Emergency Management System (SEMS) framework for detailing the functions needed to respond to a smallpox emergency. The SEMS includes the Incident Command System (ICS) structure (management, operations, planning/intelligence, logistics, and finance/administration), the mutual-aid system, and the multi/interagency coordination required during a smallpox emergency. Management for incident command includes setting objectives and priorities, information (risk communications), safety, and liaison. Operations includes control and containment of a smallpox outbreak including ring vaccination, mass vaccination, adverse events monitoring and assessment, management of confirmed and suspected smallpox cases, contact tracing, active surveillance teams and enhanced hospital-based surveillance, and decontamination. Planning/intelligence functions include developing the incident action plan, epidemiological investigation and analysis of smallpox cases, and epidemiological assessment of the vaccination coverage status of populations at risk. Logistics functions include receiving, handling, inventorying, and distributing smallpox vaccine and vaccination clinic supplies; personnel; transportation; communications; and health care of personnel. Finally, finance/administration functions include monitoring costs related to the smallpox emergency, procurement, and administrative aspects that are not handled by other functional divisions of incident command systems.The plan was developed and is under frequent review by the LAC-DHS Smallpox Planning Working Group, and is reviewed periodically by the LAC Bioterrorism Advisory Committee, and draws upon the Smallpox Response Plan and Guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). The Smallpox Preparedness, Response, and Recovery Plan, with its SEMS framework and ICS structure, now is serving as a model for the development of LAC-DHS plans for responses to other terrorist or natural-outbreak responses.

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Kim-Farley, Robert J., John T. Celentano, Carol Gunter, Jessica W. Jones, Rogelio A. Stone, Raymond D. Aller, Laurene Mascola, Sharon F. Grigsby, and Jonathan E. Fielding. "Standardized Emergency Management System and Response to a Smallpox Emergency." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 4 (December 2003): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00001266.

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AbstractThe smallpox virus is a high-priority, Category-A agent that poses a global, terrorism security risk because it: (1) easily can be disseminated and transmitted from person to person; (2) results in high mortality rates and has the potential for a major public health impact; (3) might cause public panic and social disruption; and (4) requires special action for public health preparedness. In recognition of this risk, the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services (LAC-DHS) developed the Smallpox Preparedness, Response, and Recovery Plan for LAC to prepare for the possibility of an outbreak of smallpox.A unique feature of the LAC-DHS plan is its explicit use of the Standardized Emergency Management System (SEMS) framework for detailing the functions needed to respond to a smallpox emergency. The SEMS includes the Incident Command System (ICS) structure (management, operations, planning/intelligence, logistics, and finance/administration), the mutual-aid system, and the multi/interagency coordination required during a smallpox emergency. Management for incident command includes setting objectives and priorities, information (risk communications), safety, and liaison. Operations includes control and containment of a smallpox outbreak including ring vaccination, mass vaccination, adverse events monitoring and assessment, management of confirmed and suspected smallpox cases, contact tracing, active surveillance teams and enhanced hospital-based surveillance, and decontamination. Planning/intelligence functions include developing the incident action plan, epidemiological investigation and analysis of smallpox cases, and epidemiological assessment of the vaccination coverage status of populations at risk. Logistics functions include receiving, handling, inventorying, and distributing smallpox vaccine and vaccination clinic supplies; personnel; transportation; communications; and health care of personnel. Finally, finance/administration functions include monitoring costs related to the smallpox emergency, procurement, and administrative aspects that are not handled by other functional divisions of incident command systems.The plan was developed and is under frequent review by the LAC-DHS Smallpox Planning Working Group, and is reviewed periodically by the LAC Bioterrorism Advisory Committee, and draws upon the Smallpox Response Plan and Guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). The Smallpox Preparedness, Response, and Recovery Plan, with its SEMS framework and ICS structure, now is serving as a model for the development of LAC-DHS plans for responses to other terrorist or natural-outbreak responses.

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Raman, Murali, Terry Ryan, Murray E. Jennex, and Lorne Olfman. "Wiki Technology and Emergency Response." International Journal of Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management 2, no. 1 (January 2010): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jiscrm.2010120405.

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This article is about the design and implementation of a wiki-based knowledge management system for improving emergency response. Most organizations face difficult challenges in managing knowledge for emergency response, but it is crucial for response effectiveness that such challenges be overcome. Organizational members must share the knowledge needed to plan for emergencies. They also must be able during an emergency to access relevant plans and communicate about their responses to it. This study, which employed action research methods, suggests that wiki technology can be used to manage knowledge for emergency response. It also suggests that effective use of a knowledge management system for emergency response requires thorough training, a knowledge-sharing culture, and a good fit between emergency-response tasks and system capabilities.

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Micucci, Keith D., Craig Hanzl, Michael Ramos, John Lehr, Doug Dunn, Thomas Wagner, and John McCarthy. "An Effective Decontamination Response Plan." Journal of Emergency Nursing 32, no. 1 (February 2006): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jen.2005.12.020.

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Miller, Servel, and Derek France. "A real-time emergency response scenario using Web 2.0 (Yammer) technology." Planet 27, no. 2 (December 2013): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11120/plan.2013.00005.

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McPhail, Norman, and Joe Higson. "Nuclear Industry Road Emergency Response Plan (NIREP)." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 3, no. 2 (June 1994): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569410053914.

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Peralta, Steve. "Long-term Plan Key to Emergency Response." Opflow 25, no. 11 (November 1999): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8701.1999.tb02214.x.

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Cramer, Martin A., and Ronald J. Kalas. "WHICH PLAN SHOULD I USE? AN INTEGRATION OF PIPELINE RESPONSE PLANS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, no. 1 (April 1, 1997): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-253.

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ABSTRACT Because of a number of different federal and state regulations in the United States, the pipeline industry is required to maintain multiple emergency response plans. This often creates confusion about which plan to use when responding to a spill or other emergency. To alleviate this problem, BP Oil Pipeline Company worked with ENSR to integrate the various emergency planning requirements into a single response plan. This approach simplifies the response process, ensures consistency when responding, eliminates duplication, reduces training requirements, improves plan comprehension, and dramatically reduces the effort required to maintain and update the plan. Largely based on the U.S. Department of Transportation's (DOT's) pipeline oil spill planning standards in 49 CFR 194, the plan also incorporates DOT's applicable pipeline emergency planning requirements of 49 CFR 195, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Organization's (OSHA's) general hazardous material spill planning requirements in 29 CFR 1910.120 (1), and the U.S. Coast Guard's facility oil spill planning requirements in 33 CFR 154. Other integrated pipeline plans prepared by ENSR have also incorporated DOT's emergency planning requirements for gas pipelines in 49 CFR 192 and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) hazardous waste and oil spill planning requirements in 40 CFR 265 and 112.20. Many of the individual requirements are similar, thereby facilitating the development of a single plan. This paper examines the development of the BP plan, discusses the similarities and differences between various regulations, and provides a general outline for use in preparing an integrated pipeline response plan. A similar approach can be followed when developing integrated contingency plans in response to multiple requirements mandated by other countries, regions, international conventions, or the International Maritime Organization (IMO).

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Choi, Hyeongho, and Euipyeong Lee. "Analysis of the Emergency Fire Response Team for Disaster Response in Japan." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.2.133.

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32,000 fire fighters from 451 fire departments in 41 prefectures were mobilized to support and assist fire extinguishing and lifesaving in the Hyogo Prefecture Nanbu Earthquake that occurred on January 17, 1995. Based on this experience, the emergency fire response team for disaster response (EFRT) was established by the Fire and Disaster Management Agency (FDMA) on June 30, 1995. When large scale disasters occur over wide areas, EFRTs in Japan are dispatched to the disaster places to assist fire fighting on demand or by the order of the commissioner of the FDMA. This study analyzed the background required for establishing the EFRT; the process and details of the legislation; the establishment of basic plans, organizations, and operation plans; and assistance dispatch along with the plan for receiving outside support; registration and the plan for reinforcing equipment; the status of training for preparing assistance dispatch; and activity results in order to provide basic information to prepare large scale disasters and establish coping policies in Korea.

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Reilly, Michael, and David S. Markenson. "Education and Training of Hospital Workers: Who Are Essential Personnel during a Disaster?" Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 24, no. 3 (June 2009): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00006877.

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AbstractHospital plans often vary when it comes to the specific functional roles that are included in emergency and incident management positions.Bioterrorism coordinators and emergency managers for 31 hospitals in a seven-county region outside of a major metropolitan area, with urban, suburban, and rural demographics were surveyed to determine which specific functional roles were considered “essential” to their hospital's emergency operations plans. Furthermore, they were asked to estimate the percentage of their “essential” staff trained to perform the functional roles delineated in the hospital's plan. Responses were entered into a database and descriptive statistical computations were performed. Only three categories of hospital personnel were reported to be “essential” by all hospitals to their emergency preparedness plans: emergency department physicians, nurse, and support staff. Training for overall “essential” staff ranged by hospital 73.6–83.3%. Some hospitals reported that these staff members have received no training in their anticipated role based on the hospital emergency response plan. Allied health professionals and emergency medical technicians/paramedics (that are employed by hospitals) had the least amount of training on their role in the hospital preparedness and response plan, 33.3% and 22.2% respectively.Without improved guidance on benchmarks for preparedness from regulators and professional organizations, hospitals will continue to lack the capacity to effectively respond to disasters and public health emergencies.

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Huang, Wei Dong, Bang Lan Ding, and Li Yan. "The Design of Dynamic Response System Based on Digital Emergency Plan." Advanced Materials Research 605-607 (December 2012): 1855–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.605-607.1855.

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For emergency dynamic response, the system structure of emergency response system is designed. On the basic of analysis of the structure of emergency plan process, the algorithm of outside push and pull back is designed to give out the mechanism of reorganization and reasoning emergency plan knowledge, by using the theory of relationship compound in the category theory. Taking the forest fire emergency response system as a prototype, the paper achieves the automatic generation of digital emergency plan, which effectively improves the applicability of the generation of emergency plan and the capability of knowledge sharing.

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Ilo, Promise Ifeoma, Victor N. Nwachukwu, and Roland Izuagbe. "Emergency response plans: panacea for emergency preparedness and control in university libraries in Nigeria." International Journal of Emergency Services 9, no. 3 (July 15, 2020): 339–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijes-11-2019-0061.

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PurposeThe study examined library personnel awareness of the availability of emergency response plans, their forms and roles in safety routine preparedness and control in federal and state university libraries in Southwest Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachThe survey research design alongside a multi-stage sampling procedure comprising purposive, randomisation and total enumeration techniques guided the study. The population consisted of 327 library personnel drawn from 12 federal and state university libraries (i.e., six each). The questionnaire and structured interview methods were used for data gathering. Of the 327 copies of the questionnaire administered, 249 copies, representing 76.1%, were duly completed and found valid for analysis. Whereas the acceptance threshold of ≥90% response rate and a criterion mean of 2.50 were adopted for making judgements regarding the research questions, while the hypothesis was tested using chi-square statistics with cross-tabulation.FindingsThe state university libraries in the studied region are extremely lagging behind their federal counterpart in terms of emergency preparedness, judging by the availability of emergency response plan (ERPs). However, documenting the plans for routine emergency response is not widespread among the university libraries; thus, the extent of response preparedness is both simplistic and doubtful. Despite the seemingly proactive nature of the federal university libraries over their state counterpart, librarians in both settings do not perceive effectiveness and preference in either the written emergency response plan (WERP) or unwritten emergency response plan (UERP) as an emergency preparedness and control measure.Originality/valueThe research increases knowledge of emergency preparedness in university libraries beyond the mere availability of ERPs. Through a comparative empirical analysis, the desirability of the WERP as a measure of emergency response preparedness in university libraries has been strengthened.

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Smith, Gerard W., and Glenn F. Epler. "Industrial Business Continuity." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 423–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-423.

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ABSTRACT This paper and presentation will focus on the importance of developing a comprehensive emergency management plan and how it could be integrated with your corporate crisis management plan along with federal, state, and local response agencies. Industrial Business Continuity represents a comprehensive planning process that includes everything from risk assessment and response operations through recovery. The trend over the past few years has been to move from a corporate profit structure to strategic business units with plant managers increasingly responsible for overall business development. Traditionally, business continuity focuses on systems and data recovery, while regulatory requirements tend to focus on emergency response and compliance. Industrial Business Continuity goes a step beyond both of those. It focuses on quality and critical business functions as well as the more traditional risk assessment and emergency response procedures that are found in most plans. In today's world, a measure of quality for the plant manager is how quickly and efficiently the plant can resume normal operations and circumstances after a major incident. This process includes such areas as community relations and risk communications., those areas that are usually associated with recovery. An Industrial Business Continuity plan that is developed to enhance a facility's response and recovery capability and is developed solely within facility boundaries does not accurately reflect its actual capability. Companies must integrate their crisis and emergency management programs within their corporation and with pertinent external response agencies. The benefits of integrating these plans far surpass the costs of program development.

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Schaffer, Amy M., and Kenneth R. Burton. "Evaluation of State Plans and the Livestock Emergency Response Plan (LERP)." Health Security 15, no. 6 (December 2017): 611–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/hs.2017.0018.

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Rogers, William C., and Jean R. Cameron. "Integrated Vessel Response Plan Format." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 635–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-635.

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ABSTRACT Oil shipping companies operating on the West Coast of the United States are subject to international, federal, and state oil spill prevention and response planning regulations. Many companies wrote separate plans for each jurisdiction with the result that tank vessels carried several different plans on board and parent companies faced an administrative burden in keeping plans current. In June 1996, oil shipping company representatives proposed that the States/British Columbia Oil Spill Task Force work with them to develop a format incorporating West Coast states' and U.S. Coast Guard contingency planning requirements. A workgroup comprised of representatives of the Task Force, industry, and the U.S. Coast Guard, working cooperatively, eventually proposed a voluntary integrated plan format based on the key elements of the U.S. Coast Guard Vessel Response Plan. This format allowed correlation with state planning requirements as well as with the Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan (SOPEP) required by international regulations. The U.S. Coast Guard, the Canadian Ministry of Transport, and all West Coast states have subsequently documented their agreement to accept vessel plans in this format, to coordinate review as needed, and to allow references to public documents such as Area Plans.

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Gugg, LCDR Paul M. "INTEGRATED CONTINGENCY PLANNING: THE ONE PLAN APPROACH TO FACILITY RESPONSE PLANS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, no. 1 (April 1, 1997): 966–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-966.

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ABSTRACT Facility operators face myriad federal, state, and local emergency response planning requirements. The traditional approach to satisfying these requirements has been to develop separate plans for each set of regulations. Guidance recently published by the National Response Team (NRT) offers an efficient format for combining planning criteria into one effective document that will be readily accepted by regulatory authorities. The NRT is composed of 15 federal agencies identified in Subpart ? of the National Contingency Plan as having responsibility for federal environmental emergency response. The “One Plan” format avoids unnecessary duplication of effort and offers significant time, paper, and dollar savings. It also promotes an all-incident approach to response planning across facility divisions.

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Conlin, T., L. McDonagh, A. Rabbitts, P. Q. Bessey, and R. W. Yurt. "Burn Response Plan." Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 22 (March 2001): S63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004630-200103002-00037.

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Myers, L. M., and L. Fromberg. "(A324) Emergency Management Preparedness and Response Planning in the US: Aphis Foreign Animal Disease Preparedness and Response Plan (FAD PREP)." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11003086.

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BackgroundPreparing for and responding to foreign animal diseases are critical missions to safeguard any nation's animal health and food supply. A specific challenge of foreign animal disease preparedness and response is the ability to rapidly incorporate and scale-up veterinary functions and countermeasures into emergency management operations during a disease outbreak. The United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services has established a Foreign Animal Disease Preparedness and Response Plan (FAD PReP) which provides a framework for FAD preparedness and response. The FAD PReP goal is to integrate, synchronize, and de-conflict preparedness and response capabilities, as much as possible, before an outbreak by providing goals, guidelines, strategies, and procedures that are clear, comprehensive, easily readable, easily updated, and that comply with the National Incident Management System (NIMS). An overview of FAD PReP will be presented.BodyThe APHIS FAD PReP incorporates and synchronizes the principles of the National Response Framework (NRF), the National Incident Management System (NIMS), and the National Animal Health Emergency Management System (NAHEMS). The FAD PReP contains general plans and disease specific plans that include incident goals, guidelines, strategies, procedures and timelines for local, State, Tribal and Federal responders. The FAD PReP helps raise awareness of the required veterinary functions and countermeasures, helps identify gaps or shortcomings in current response preparedness and planning, and helps to provide a framework to the States, Tribes, and Industry sectors in developing their individual response plans for specific diseases such as HPAI and FMD. The FAD PReP will also identify resources and personnel for potential zoonotic disease outbreaks and large-scale outbreaks, define stakeholder expectations for successful and timely outcomes, identify and resolve issues that may become competing interests during an outbreak and provide a systems approach to preparedness issues that need additional time, attention and collaboration.

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Widagdo, MSc, MBA, Nugrahanto, and Teguh Cahyono, MSc. "The role of 3D-CFD simulation in optimizing pre-emergency responses." Journal of Emergency Management 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2020.0449.

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Consequences of an incident resulted from the release of hazards shall be mitigated to limit the undesirable effects. Emergency preparedness and response should address the duration and severity of the events and also prevent escalation. Therefore, emergency response plans are prepared, along with other related procedures, which are commonly called as preemergency responses. These plans or procedures are quick guidance used by the response team to handle emergency cases especially when it deals with critical equipment or condition. Each plan or case must involve related protection equipment available on site along with sequence for emergency command and hazard analysis.Common analysis provides only the highest magnitude of case or event (worst case scenario), therefore,this information could drive sequential preventive/mitigative actions which require significantly huge company resources to be deployed. To improve efficiency and effectiveness of this strategy, a review of consequence analysis using computational fluid dynamics approach is proposed. Several advantages of using this method are high quality presentation and visualization of phenomenon, ability to provide result monitoring over the period of time, and capacity to use several parameters on the analysis which were not available using the standard approach. Furthermore, this approach can enrich the information contained on the plans/procedures and enhance the quality of the plan representation to match with the actual scenarios. Hence by upgrading this pre-emergency response plans and procedures, it is expected that the emergency preparedness measures will be more comprehensively assessed and ready to provide best and optimum responses in emergencies.

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Hoffner, Pam, Becky Keck, Robin Hemphill, and Nancy Wells. "Integrating Physician Response Into an Academic Medical Center Emergency Operations Response Plan." Journal of Emergency Nursing 35, no. 4 (July 2009): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jen.2009.04.008.

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Shrestha, Ashis, Michael Khouli, Sumana Bajracharya, Rose House, and Joshua Mugele. "Development and Implementation of First Hospital-Based Epidemic Outbreak Management Plan: Lessons Learned from Nepal." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19001274.

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Introduction:Patan Hospital, located in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal is a 400-bed hospital that has a long history of responding to natural disasters. Hospital personnel have worked with the Ministry of Health (MOH) and the World Health Organization (WHO) to develop standardized disaster response plans that were implemented in multiple hospital systems after the earthquake of 2015. These plans focused primarily on traumatic events but did not account for epidemics despite the prevalence of infectious diseases in Nepal.Aim:To develop and test a robust epidemic/pandemic response plan at Patan Hospital in Kathmandu that would be generalizable to other hospitals nationwide.Methods:Using the existing disaster plan in conjunction with public health and disaster medicine experts,we developed an epidemic response plan focusing on communication and coordination (between the hospital and MOH, among hospital administration and staff), logistics and supplies including personal protective equipment (PPE), and personnel and hospital incident command (IC) training. After development, we tested the plan using a high-fidelity, real-time simulation across the entire hospital and the hospital IC using actors and in conjunction with the MOH and WHO. We adjusted the plan based on lessons learned from this exercise.Results:Lessons learned from the high-fidelity simulation included the following: uncovering patient flow issues to avoid contamination/infection; layout issues with the isolation area, specifically accounting for donning/doffing of PPE; more sustained duration of response compared to a natural disaster with implications for staffing and supplies; communication difficulties unique to epidemics; need for national and regional surveillance and inter-facility planning and communication. We adjusted our plan accordingly and created a generalizable plan that can be deployed at an inter-facility and national level.Discussion:We learned that this process is feasible in resource-poor hospital systems. Challenges discovered in this process can lead to better national and system-wide preparedness.

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Kurkjian, Katie M., Michelle Winz, Jun Yang, Kate Corvese, Ana Colón, Seth J. Levine, Jessica Mullen, et al. "Assessing Emergency Preparedness and Response Capacity Using Community Assessment for Public Health Emergency Response Methodology: Portsmouth, Virginia, 2013." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 10, no. 2 (January 22, 2016): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2015.173.

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AbstractObjectiveFor the past decade, emergency preparedness campaigns have encouraged households to meet preparedness metrics, such as having a household evacuation plan and emergency supplies of food, water, and medication. To estimate current household preparedness levels and to enhance disaster response planning, the Virginia Department of Health with remote technical assistance from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention conducted a community health assessment in 2013 in Portsmouth, Virginia.MethodsUsing the Community Assessment for Public Health Emergency Response (CASPER) methodology with 2-stage cluster sampling, we randomly selected 210 households for in-person interviews. Households were questioned about emergency planning and supplies, information sources during emergencies, and chronic health conditions.ResultsInterview teams completed 180 interviews (86%). Interviews revealed that 70% of households had an emergency evacuation plan, 67% had a 3-day supply of water for each member, and 77% had a first aid kit. Most households (65%) reported that the television was the primary source of information during an emergency. Heart disease (54%) and obesity (40%) were the most frequently reported chronic conditions.ConclusionsThe Virginia Department of Health identified important gaps in local household preparedness. Data from the assessment have been used to inform community health partners, enhance disaster response planning, set community health priorities, and influence Portsmouth’s Community Health Improvement Plan. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:193–198)

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Hayes, Brad, and Michael J. Lukas. "Be Prepared: Lift Station Power Failure Emergency Response Plan." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2009, no. 16 (January 1, 2009): 1308–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864709793956581.

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Karunarathne, Ayanthi, Lakruwan Dassanayake, Prasanna Gunasana, and Samath Dharmarathne. "Emergency Response Plan for Teaching Hospital Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 25, S1 (February 2010): S74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00023669.

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Zhao, Wanyu, Jianguo Lin, Hanjun Wu, and Yuanning Wang. "Numerical Simulation of Water Pollution Emergency Response Plan Comparison." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 252 (July 9, 2019): 042117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/252/4/042117.

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Yu, Feng, Xiao Feng Sun, and Xin Yu Zhang. "Marine Oil Spill Emergency Response Research." Advanced Materials Research 605-607 (December 2012): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.605-607.234.

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Oil spill emergency response is a way of controlling and cleaning oil spill fast and effectively according to emergency plan; it would decrease the pollution of oil spill. Refer to the vessel oil spill emergency response system status of China, based on the research of vessel oil spill emergency response system, this paper analyzes the function and parameter of a variety of oil spill emergency equipments, then does 3d modeling to WQJ1000 oil containment boom, this is of special interest to the oil spill emergency response system simulation.

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Rheem, Sang Kyu, Woo Jung Choi, Chang Jae Kwak, and Keum Ho Oh. "A Cooperative Emergency Response System based on the Disaster Response Activity Plan." Crisis and Emergency Management 12, no. 4 (April 30, 2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14251/crisisonomy.2016.12.4.1.

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Ren, Peijia, Zeshui Xu, and Jing Gu. "Assessments of the Effectiveness of an Earthquake Emergency Plan Implementation with Hesitant Analytic Hierarchy Process." International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 15, no. 06 (November 2016): 1367–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219622016500383.

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Numerous earthquakes occur throughout the world, and thus, earthquake emergency plan is a significant issue that concerns everyone in the affected areas. However, the absence of an effective, scientific assessments system may lead to a lack of awareness about the effectiveness and comprehensiveness of earthquake emergency plan implementation. This delays the construction of emergency plan and leads to low operational efficiency. In order to improve this situation, this paper aims to efficiently assess the earthquake emergency plan implementation to accelerate the replenishment and the amendment of the earthquake emergency plan. Firstly, we review the existing researches on the earthquake emergency system and some guidelines and plans of earthquake emergency. Secondly, we carefully conduct 30 indicators to assess the effectiveness of earthquake emergency plan implementation in terms of operational mechanism, emergency response, and emergency safeguards. Thirdly, according to the characteristic information obtained from the effectiveness assessments of earthquake emergency plan implementation, and based on the advantages of hesitant fuzzy elements for expressing information, we develop a method for the effectiveness assessments of earthquake emergency plan implementation using hesitant analytic hierarchy process (HAHP). Furthermore, we apply the method to assess the Wenchuan, Yushu and Lushan earthquakes, and also compare our method with the analytic hierarchy process. Based on our analysis, we conclude that the HAHP is highly suitable for assessments of earthquake emergency plan implementation’s effectiveness.

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Bajracharya, Sumana, and Ashis Shrestha. "Implementation of a Disaster Coordination and Communication Plan in Nepal: Hub and Satellite Concept." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19001651.

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Introduction:One lesson learned from the 2015 Nepal earthquake was the need for a more coordinated effort between hospitals to improve disaster response. To improve the coordination, the concept of a hub and satellite system was introduced.Aim:Describe the implementation of a hub and satellite system in the disaster management plan to improve coordination and communication between hospitals and the health system during a disaster.Methods:A standard hospital disaster management plan was developed and validated with governmental and non-governmental agencies. Twenty-five hub hospitals within Nepal were identified. Smaller hospitals surrounding hub hospitals were identified as satellite hospitals. A plan was made to address communication and coordination between hub-satellite hospitals and ministry of health involving resource sharing, capacity analysis, and development of deployment teams in each hub. An output-based workshop was planned. Each hospital’s existing plans were evaluated before the workshop with a checklist containing essential components of disaster management. Each hospital was oriented and allowed to fill up a standardized template of a disaster management plan, after which their disaster management plan was reevaluated. The newly developed plan was then tested with a tabletop exercise function. The trainings were conducted from September 2017 to October 2018.Results:Disaster management plans were made in 110 hospitals, including nine hub hospitals and 101 satellite hospitals in three of seven provinces in Nepal. Evaluation of a pre-workshop score for the existing disaster plan was 18/32, and the score of the disaster plan post-workshop was 30/32 on average. The average score for hospitals for the tabletop exercise was 68.2% (53.8% to 84.6%).Discussion:A hub-satellite system-based disaster management plan has been developed and implemented in more than 100 hospitals in Nepal. Workshops for these hub and satellite hospitals improved their communication, coordination, and planning to improve disaster preparedness and future response.

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Jones, Ashley. "Emma Dadson. Emergency Planning and Response for Libraries, Archives and Museums. Lanham: Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2012. 230p. ISBN 978-0810887565. $80." RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Cultural Heritage 15, no. 2 (September 1, 2014): 159–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rbm.15.2.429.

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Disaster and emergency planning for libraries and heritage institutions can be a daunting task, especially for individuals not already familiar with creating these plans. As someone who has recently been tasked with updating an existing disaster plan—or emergency plan, as Dadson prefers to call it—I approached Emergency Planning and Response for Libraries, Archives and Museums as both a reviewer and an interested reader. Despite coming in at only 230 pages, this book is a fully comprehensive guide to both creating and using a disaster plan. A quick glance at the table of contents told me everything I needed . . .

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Kelly, Joseph T. "Model for Pre-Hospital Disaster Response." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 2, no. 1-4 (1986): 78–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00030405.

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I will discuss the need for a viable pre-hospital contingency plan applicable to mass casualty or disaster mode situations.It is my experience, during eighteen years in public safety and emergency services, that most organizations are highly competent and responsive to the daily expectations which are placed upon them. As most emergency services managers will tell you, they generally plan for the expected. After all, analysis in such areas as population growth, economic levels, unemployment and criminal trends are the lifeblood of any emergency service agency's personnel, equipment and budgetary allocations. Our level of sophistication today allows us to predict, with some degree of certainty, what demand will be placed on our organizations and how we will meet that demand. The point is this: we in emergency services have been extremely efficient and proficient in addressing the expected needs of the public we serve.

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Staves, Jim, and Jim Taylor. "THE “ONE PLAN” PROJECT: GOVERNMENT AND INDUSTRY WORKING TO SIMPLIFY FACILITY EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANNING." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, no. 1 (April 1, 1997): 261–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-261.

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ABSTRACT The current approach to preparedness for oil and hazardous materials spills in the United States is a maze of federal, state, and local programs that often overlap. The National Response Team (NRT), in cooperation with the Region 6 Response Team (RRT), has developed a contingency plan format that simplifies existing federal regulatory requirements into a single integrated contingency plan (ICP). This format, which was developed by a working group chaired by the EPA Region 6, with representatives from government, industry, labor, and environmental groups, can be used as a model for cooperative projects involving the public and private sectors. The purpose of the ICP is to simplify emergency response plans at facilities. A facility using the ICP format would benefit from the reduced costs of maintaining and updating plans and from the simplified training for responders. Use of the ICP format should also reduce confusion about which plan to use during a response and should improve coordination between facilities and state and federal response agencies.

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Herthel, W. F., J. Madigan, and T. W. Graham. "(P2-35) Loose Livestock in Disaster and Emergency Situations, Risks to the Public and Emergency Responders." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11004791.

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IntroductionThe general public's association with livestock (cattle, sheep and horses) raises a need for public safety. During emergency/disasters, animals are accidentally/intentionally released from containment structures. Loose livestock become agitated with unpredictable behavior which is a risk to both humans and animals. Specific training/protocols for responders are necessary for dealing with livestock.ProblemLivestock running loose in populated areas raises risks to people, especially during capture attempts. Untrained personnel subject themselves to undue danger when assisting with livestock capture. Capture plans should be in place in advance and training should be provided to first responders on safety issues regarding animals.MethodsA review of a loose livestock event brought forth the following considerations: (1) Evaluate the risks of a loose livestock/public event; (2) Inspect containment facility and identify secondary containment barriers, including fencing, buildings, rivers, etc.; (3) Develop plan for capture and containment within the immediate facility and surrounding area; (4) Provide training: training exercises, animal capture, basic animal behavior, and Incident Command System for first responders; (5) Arrange for emergency care or humane euthanasia for injured animals; (6) Coordinate capture and transport activities with local livestock experts.ResultsProduction of a comprehensive loose livestock plan can prevent injury and/or death to both people/animals. Agencies involved in safety and emergency response should have a well written plan that can be used by all appropriate local agencies involved in loose livestock response. The utilization of a loose livestock worksheet (template) with professional training is essential for emergency response agencies.ConclusionDisaster managers should develop a comprehensive plan and training program with other local agencies in advance of an event to respond effectively to capture loose livestock.

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Zólyomi, Zsolt. "Crisis Management." Hadmérnök 14, no. 1 (April 8, 2019): 352–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32567/hm.2019.1.27.

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The security professionals are always talking about Emergency Plan, Emergency Preparedness, Emergency Response, Crisis Management, Crisis Management Plan, Business Continuity Management, Business Continuity Plan. etc. That is a question whichcomes to my mind do we know exactly what these phrases meanings are? My experiences show, usually we have different interpretations on the above mentioned expressions. Briefly we need to have an Emergency Plan to provide our Emergency Preparedness and to be able to take our Emergency Responses in case of a real Emergency situation. If we were able to eliminate the Emergency situation the problemhas been solved. If we had no success the Emergency can be develop a crisis situation which we need to manage by the Crisis Management Plan. As we are over the crisis we need to adopt our Business Continuity Plan to be able to manage our continuous operationor production. The aim of this study to providea useful tool or set up for security leaders on Crisis Management which is a clear security task and not as like Emergency Preparedness which is related to safety organization as Business Continuity is connected to each business functions.

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Storrie, Jamie. "A NATIONAL REVIEW OF AUSTRALIA'S MARITIME ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE ARRANGEMENTS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 847–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.847.

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ABSTRACT Australia's National Plan for Maritime Environmental Emergencies (‘the National Plan’) is a cooperative national strategy for the preparing, responding and recovering from maritime casualty and marine pollution incidents. A review of the National Plan was conducted between 2011 and 2012 following a series of shipping and offshore petroleum incidents which presented the most significant challenges to National Plan since its inception in 1973. The Review incorporated two streams of work – a national risk assessment modelled the current and 10 year outlook of the marine pollution threat to Australia and a capability analysis, involving consultation with over 90 stakeholder groups, identified areas for improvement in national preparedness. Forty-seven recommendations were forthcoming from the review including:Implementing a modern governance model for the National Plan, clarifying responsibilities and providing for the formal engagement of stakeholders.Alignment of planning and response systems with mainstream emergency services to improve the national response capability.Implementing a single response arrangement for maritime casualty and oil and chemical pollution.Addressing gaps in capability, including the development of a national chemical response capability, nationally accredited training and succession planning for the National Response Team. This paper describes the conduct of the Review, the significant outcomes for Australia's preparedness and the ongoing program to embed these outcomes into all levels of response planning in Australia.

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Schwartz, Thomas J. "Model for Pre-Hospital Disaster Response." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 2, no. 1-4 (1986): 80–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00030417.

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I will present a process by which many of the prehospital providers in this country are trying to organize effective and efficient response plans for major medical incidents which could in fact include a disaster response.Many people in the emergency medical services community, including myself, have been involved in a planning process for voluntary national EMS standards, the program being coordinated by the American Society of Testing & Materials (ASTM) F30 Emergency Medical Services Standards Committee. I chair a subtask group on Disaster Management. The committee has prepared a document containing elements, suggestions, processes and procedures from MCI/disaster response plans from EMS agencies around the country. These places include the cities of Los Angeles, New York, Chicago, Washington, D.C. area, Phoenix, Arizona and other urban places. The intent of this task group is not to prepare a document as a rigid standard to cover every detail on an individual task response plan. Instead, the intent of our task group is to provide an overview of expectations of what an individual mass casualty plan should include; focusing on such topical areas as Incident Command Management, communications, triage, transportation, logistical support issues, mutual aid and ancillary support services and many other topical areas that agency planners must address in developing their respective operational response plans.

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Fitzgerald, Matthew E. "The Emergency Response Plan: Key to Compliance with the Emergency Response Provisions of the Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Standard (29 CFR 1910.120)." Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 11, no. 9 (September 1996): 1154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1047322x.1996.10389386.

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Bennett, J., C. J. Webb, and S. Isch. "Preparing a laboratory for radioanalytical emergency response." Proceedings in Radiochemistry 1, no. 1 (September 1, 2011): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/rcpr.2011.0036.

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AbstractAs the state of the nation's ability to respond to a radiological event is examined, it has become apparent that both capacity and capability are lacking. Department of Homeland Security National Planning Scenario #11 is designed to address the planning activities for the response to an attack using radiological dispersal devices. The scenario details show that the cleanup activity will take several years, and that there will be between 360000 and 1000000 environmental samples in the first year. Based on existing capacity and capabilities it would take four to six years to analyze the samples generated at the lower end of the sample range.The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been given responsibility for the remediation activities following a radiological event, and has awarded cooperative agreements to several laboratories to start the process of developing capacity and capabilities. The Connecticut Department of Public Health Laboratory (DPHL) was awarded one of the cooperative agreements. The DPHL has started activities to further those goals by investigating and implementing procedures to ensure that samples with activity higher than normal background can be processed safely, as well as implementing more rapid methods for radiochemical analysis. The DPHL already served as the primacy radiochemistry laboratory for several New England states and thus had a solid foundation to build upon. The DPHL has taken a process flow approach in preparing for radiological emergency response and recommends that radioanalytical laboratories that are reviewing their roles in such a response: • Ensure that their Nuclear Regulatory Commission licenses allow for appropriate radioisotope types and activities;• Develop procedures and processes to ensure that samples with higher activities can be processed safely, with due regard for sample screening and aliquanting samples;• Provide for enhanced radioanalytical contamination control, with careful consideration of sample flow and breaking the laboratory into zones with controlled access;• Address personnel safety by enhancing training, adding real time dosimetry to exposure monitoring protocols, and reviewing personal protective equipment and hygiene protocols with staff;• Develop plans for spills and decontamination, as well as for increased monitoring of laboratory areas;• Plan for secure sample storage;• Exercise the plan.

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Girard, Clément, Pierre David, Eric Piatyszek, and Jean-Marie Flaus. "Emergency response plan: Model-based assessment with multi-state degradation." Safety Science 85 (June 2016): 230–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2015.12.016.

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Kim, Yushim, Minyoung Ku, and Seong Soo Oh. "Public health emergency response coordination: putting the plan into practice." Journal of Risk Research 23, no. 7-8 (June 14, 2019): 928–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2019.1628092.

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Soman, Ambalathumpara Raman, and Gopalswamy Sundararaj. "Accidental Release of Chlorine from a Storage Facility and an On-Site Emergency Mock Drill: A Case Study." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/483216.

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In the current industrial scenario there is a serious need for formulating strategies to handle hazardous substances in the safest way. Manufacture, storage, and use of hazardous substances pose a serious risk to industry, people, and the environment. Accidental release of toxic chemicals can lead to emergencies. An emergency response plan (ERP) is inevitable to minimize the adverse effects of such releases. The on-site emergency plan is an integral component of any process safety and risk management system. This paper deals with an on-site emergency response plan for a chlorine manufacturing industry. It was developed on the basis of a previous study on chlorine release and a full scale mock drill has been conducted for testing the plan. Results indicated that properly trained personnel can effectively handle each level of incidents occurring in the process plant. As an extensive guideline to the district level government authorities for off-site emergency planning, risk zone has also been estimated with reference to a chlorine exposure threshold of 3 ppm.

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Fatin, Mutia, Sofia Sofia, and Rina Suryani Oktari. "Earthquake and Tsunami Emergency Preparedness of Visually Disabled People." International Journal of Disaster Management 3, no. 1 (June 23, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/ijdm.v3i1.15787.

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This study aims to assess the level of preparedness of visually disabled people in terms of the emergency response plan for earthquake and tsunami. This study uses analytical methods, cross-sectional design, and questionnaires as data collection tools. The sample of this study was 54 visually disabled people who were living in Banda Aceh. The analysis revealed that the level of preparedness of the emergency response plan, the majority of visually disabled people has a low level of preparedness to plan an emergency response (63%), especially the total blindness group (46.3%). The Mann-Whitney test results showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between the visual impairment group and total blindness group on the preparedness of the emergency response plan (p = 0.016). Hence, this study suggests some recommendations, including a disaster preparedness program that is sensitive to people with disabilities, increasing the participation of people with disabilities in DRR education, and increasing the accessibility of people with disabilities to DRR teaching/learning materials.

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Zhang, Ying, Shi Hang Huang, De Peng Dang, and Hui Ruan. "Evaluation of Natural Disaster Emergency Response Procedure Based on Petri Net." Applied Mechanics and Materials 339 (July 2013): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.339.236.

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How to ensure a smooth, fast and efficient emergency response procedure becomes a highly concerned issue. However, a procedure of emergency plan may be confusing and inefficient in reality due to delay caused by waiting for decision-making, responding to conflicts and limited resource during the process of dealing with emergency. In this paper, we propose a colored stochastic Petri net to evaluate the security and complexity of emergency response procedure and the reasonableness of resource flow, so as to effectively analyze the potential deficiencies of emergency response procedure. We firstly establish a colored stochastic Petri net, and then convert the colored stochastic Petri net to an isomorphic Markov chain. Studying the structural properties of the colored stochastic Petri net and steady-state nature of the Markov chainprovides a scientific basis for the perfection of emergency plan. Meanwhile, it also ensures an ordered and efficient implementation of emergency response procedure in an emergency.

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Du, Lei, Wen Jun Wang, Cun Xiang Dong, Xian Kun Zhang, and Shan Gao. "Research on Hierarchically Petri Nets Modeling Based on Emergency Plan Process Ontology." Advanced Materials Research 108-111 (May 2010): 372–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.108-111.372.

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An emergency plan process modeling method has proposed in order to improve the emergency response information systems semantics of the model. First, emergency plan process ontology is designed by using ABC model as upper ontology. And the levels of the relationship of emergency plan process ontology, meta-model and hierarchically Petri nets are researched, especially the mapping rules between ontology and Petri nets. Finally, the hierarchically Petri nets model of an emergency plan is established by using the modeling method.

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Gebbie, DrPH, RN, Kristine M., Steve Silber, MD, MBA, Michael McCollum, MPA, and Eliot J. Lazar, MD, MBA. "Activating physicians within a hospital emergency plan: A concept whose time has come?" American Journal of Disaster Medicine 2, no. 2 (March 1, 2007): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2007.0014.

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Background: Clinicians are an essential component of the medical response to an emergency in which there are actual or suspected injuries. However, little is known about the institutional notification methods for clinicians during emergencies, particularly for off-site staff. Further, there is little knowledge regarding clinicians’ level of awareness of the emergency plans at hospitals with which they are affiliated, or of their knowledge regarding the notification protocols involved in plan activation during an emergency. If physicians are unaware of how to respond to an actual or threatened emergency, the effectiveness of any hospital emergency plan is severely limited. Objective: This study sought to examine hospital emergency plans, institutional clinician notification, and recall procedures, as well as clinicians’ level of knowledge regarding the emergency notification and recall protocol(s) at the hospital(s) with which they are affiliated. Methods: Written surveys were sent to hospital emergency coordinators, chiefs of service, and individ-ual clinicians employed by a large, multihospital healthcare system in a major urban area. Results: We found that 64 percent of respondents’ hospitals had a recall protocol; of those, 53 percent required that the hospital contact clinicians, with 17 percent of those hospitals using a central operator to make the calls. Of the chiefs of services who participat-ed, 56 percent claimed to be very familiar with their facility’s emergency plan, and 53 percent knew that it had been activated at least once in the past year. Conclusions: Hospital emergency responders are not sufficiently knowledgeable of their institutions’ emergency plans. In order to ensure sufficient surge capacity and timely response, a tiered activation sys-tem, intimately familiar to potential responders, should be developed, taught, and drilled by hospitals to formalize physician call-up.

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Wolf, Martha A. "Developing Integrated Area Contingency Plans That Work." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-311.

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ABSTRACT For Area Contingency Plans (ACPs) to be truly useful in a response, they must meet the needs of the local, state and federal responders, as well as contain information on the needs of the public, Natural Resource Trustees, and regulators. This has been accomplished in EPA, Region VIII by incorporating hazmat and oil response plans into one document. The plan is written by the Sub-Area Committee consisting of all federal, state, tribal, and local agencies, as well as industry, that would be involved in a hazmat or oil spill event. The planning process has worked out many issues that avoid confusion during the response. The plan is broken into two separate documents, available in hard copy or on a self contained computer program. The first document is the Emergency Response Action Plan that contains all the information that is found to be needed to complete the response actions. The second document is the material that is needed to develop the Emergency Response Action Plan (ERAP) but is not needed during an actual response. Planners emphasize that the information in the second document is important, but it is kept separately because it is not needed during a response. In July, 1996, the Sub-Area Contingency Plan (sACP) for the Yampa River became the first integrated response plan to be completed in Region VIII. On November 6, 1997 there was a release of 7500 gallons of diesel into Williams Creek, a tributary of the Yampa. The planning process had worked out some issues that avoided confusion during the response; however, the response did not go as smoothly as would be desired. All members on the Sub-Area Committee met, discussed lessons learned from the response, held follow-up exercises, developed action items, and revised the plan to insure a better response the next time around.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Emergency Response Plan'

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