Journal articles on the topic 'Emerson College'

Henry Thoreau boasted that he was widely travelled in Concord, Massachusetts. He was born there on 12 July 1817, and he died there on 6 May 1862, of tuberculosis, at the age of forty-four years. In 1837 he graduated from Harvard College, and in 1838 he joined Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, and others in the informal group that became known as the New England Transcendentalists. The author of four books, many essays and poems, and a voluminous journal, he is best known for the book Walden and the essay ‘Civil Disobedience’, and for the circumstances attending these two milestones in American thought and literature.

Henry Thoreau boasted that he was widely travelled in Concord, Massachusetts. He was born there on 12 July 1817, and he died there on 6 May 1862, of tuberculosis, at the age of forty-four years. In 1837 he graduated from Harvard College, and in 1838 he joined Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, and others in the informal group that became known as the New England Transcendentalists. The author of four books, many essays and poems, and a voluminous journal, he is best known for the book Walden and the essay ‘Civil Disobedience’, and for the circumstances attending these two milestones in American thought and literature.

Use of technology develops learner oral fluency, as well as their other learning skills. The recent research is on the role of modern technology in developing oral fluency of English among the students of intermediate level. The objective of the paper is to answer the question, what role technology plays in developing the oral fluency of learners? This study has been built on the hypothesis that technology has a positive influence on oral fluency, as by using technology learners enhance their oral fluency. In order to check our hypothesis this study used the quantitative data through questionnaire from 200 students (both male and female) aged between 17-19 years, at intermediate level from Government Emerson College Multan and Government Degree College Multan. The framework employed in this study is the input hypothesis by Stephen Krashen (1977). The hypothesis that technology plays positive role in developing oral fluency among students is proved in conclusion.

Ralph Waldo Emerson MacIvor, a Scottish chemist, was brought to Victoria in 1876 by the prominent landowner W. J. Clarke to lecture to farmers on scientific agriculture. MacIvor lectured frequently over the next few years, joining in agricultural politics and supporting the establishment of agricultural colleges. He also lectured in South Australia and New Zealand. His lectures were fully reported in the press and in 1879 he incorporated their content in a book, The Chemistry of Agriculture. He was one of the unsuccessful applicants for the University of Melbourne's chair of chemistry to which David Orme Masson was appointed in 1886. In 1884, MacIvor was appointed by the new Sydney Technical College to lecture in country districts on scientific agriculture, but served for less than a year. He returned to Britain where he practised in London as a consulting analytical chemist. MacIvor came with experience in original chemical research, but he was not brought to Australia to conduct research in agricultural chemistry. His role was to act as instructor and advocate for scientific agriculture.

Catherine D’Ignazio is a scholar, artist/designer and software developer who focuses on data literacy, feminist technology and civic art. She has run breastpump hackathons, created award-winning water quality sculptures that talk and tweet, and led walking data visualizations to envision the future of sea level rise. Her research at the intersection of gender, technology and the humanities has been published in the Journal of Peer Production, the Journal of Community Informatics, and the proceedings of Human Factors in Computing Systems (ACM SIGCHI). D’Ignazio is an Assistant Professor of Civic Media and Data Visualization at Emerson College, a faculty director of the Engagement Lab and a research affiliate at the MIT Center for Civic Media.

Problems 1-4 were submitted by Mike Arcidiacono, Frazer Boergadine, Gene Maier, Ted Nelson. Kathy Pfaendler, and Mike Shaughnessy of the Math Learning Center at Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207. Problem 5 was submitted by Betty J. Thomson, Community College of Rhode Island, Warwick, RI 02886. The problem was provided by Ruth Sperry, a student in Math 1470, History of Math. Problems 6, 7, 19-22 were sent by Corbin P. Smith. 8750 Hunter's Way, Apple Valley, MN 55124. Credit for 20 was given to Duane Hinders, Woodrow Wilson Summer Institute for Statistics. Problems 8, 9, 16-18 were supplied by Susan L. Besancon, 5100 South Ninety-second Street, Fort Smith, AR 72903. Problems 10 and 23 were adapted from The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers by David Wells (London: Penguin, 1987). Problems 11-15 were adapted from Let's Solve Some Math Problems by Derek Holton (Waterloo, Ont.: Canadian Mathematics Competition, 1993). Problems 25-27 were adapted from After Math: Puzzles and Brainteasers by Ed Barbeau (Toronto: Wall & Emerson, 1995). Problem 29 was contributed by Gene Zirkel, Nassau Community College, Garden City, NY 11530-6793.

The significance of vocabulary in second or foreign language cannot be denied. The study explores the knowledge sources used by ESL learners in generating the meanings of the unknown words found in the columns of a daily Dawn. The study also investigates the effect of text length and syntactic property of unknown words in the inferential behaviors of learners. The participants of the study were chosen randomly from BS English, Govt. Emerson College, Multan. The amended taxonomy of knowledge sources and clues given by Bengleil and Paribakht (2004) was used in the study. The inferences verbalized their thoughts while guessing the meanings of the unknown words. The higher group was more successful in their guessing than the lower group. The study also found out that text length and the syntactic property of an unknown word his impact on the process of lexical inferencing. The study recommends the strategy of lexical inferencing as it facilitates reading comprehension and enhances lexical knowledge of learners.

Most faculty will agree that students must learn to write well (Emerson, MacKay, MacKay, & Funnell, 2006), and in the sciences, a variety of approaches have been taken. In the College of Physical and Engineering Science at the University of Guelph, we have developed a way of embedding research, writing, and analytical skills into an introductory Nanoscience course that gives students the true-to-life experience of writing for publication, ignites their imaginations, and inspires them to do their best. Following the process of scholarly publication, students become researchers, authors, and reviewers for an electronic journal. Through appropriately timed workshops and tutorials, they receive support and feedback. Rubrics for the assessment of the students’ performances as authors and peer reviewers provide them with more insight into what constitutes work that falls below expectations, or meets or exceeds them. These rubrics also enable faculty to evaluate student contributions efficiently and fairly. In this essay, we showcase a suite of pedagogical tools that includes learning activities, open access software and assessment rubrics, and share our experiences of a faculty-librarian collaboration.

Whitman quoted no one in his poetry, at least not directly, as Matt Miller convincingly mgues in Collage of Myself However, Whitman was not above making use of the work of other writers in his poetry. It is through Whitman's early reading in conjunction with his collage approach to composition that he came to create Leaves of Grass as something which appears wholly original, but which resonates with so many echoes. It is often argued that Ralph Waldo Emerson is one of the most important influences on Whitman 's Leaves of Grass. The extent and significance of Emerson 's influence has been a subject of inquiry' since the advent of Whitman scholarship. This text will focus on Emerson's essays and lectures as the main influences on Whitman which can be read as providing a mediating influence between Blake and Whitman.

When I was growing up in Southern Connecticut, my mother referred occasionally to an ancestor of ours who had killed some Indians. In 1970, I went away to college and Mom came up to Massachusetts for Parents' Weekend. Just across the river from my campus in Bradford stood a statue in the center of Haverhill's town green. My mother pointed it out to me (my sister had gone to the same school, so Mom knew her way around the area). I'd been passing this tribute to our ancestor – supposedly the first statue of a woman ever erected in this country – every time I went to town to pick up subs or hang out with the townies. Not sure whether to be proud or ashamed, my mother and I stood and looked up at the bronze woman streaked with bird droppings. Her hatchet was raised, her hefty thigh slightly raised beneath her heavy skirts; we imagined we saw a family resemblance – the square jaw and round cheeks that are distinctive in our family. At the base of the statue, bas relief plaques narrated Hannah Emerson Dustin's story: taken by Abenaki Indians from her Haverhill home along with her week-old infant and her midwife, Mary Neff, Dustin watched as her infant was killed by the Indians. She was then marched up along the Merrimack River, through swamps and woods, to a small island where the Merrimack meets the Contoocook River, in present-day New Hampshire. Shortly after her arrival at the island, Dustin – with the aid of Mary Neff and perhaps that of an English boy, Samuel Lenardson, then living with the Indians – hatcheted to death the sleeping people, scalped them, then made her way back down the Merrimack in a canoe. As I looked at the statue, I wondered many things about Dustin.

Pierre Hadot (1922–2010), professor of ancient philosophy at the Collège de France, published, in the late 1950s and early 1960s, some of the earliest work on Wittgenstein to appear in French. Hadot conceived of philosophy as an activity rather than a body of doctrines and found in Wittgenstein a fruitful point of departure for ethical reflection. Hadot's understanding of philosophy as a spiritual exercise — articulated through his reading of ancient philosophy but also the American transcendentalists Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson — will find an echo in Wittgenstinian thinkers such as Stanley Cavell and Cora Diamond. Ultimately philosophy for Hadot is a call to personal and political transformation.

This exploratory online investigation sought to examine the links between African American college women’s gender role attitudes, Black racial identity attitudes, and domestic violence attitudes toward African American women in heterosexual marital relationships where domestic violence occurs ( N = 192). Less sophisticated Black racial identity attitudes (i.e., pre-encounter and immersion-emersion) predicted greater self-reports of justifying domestic violence toward African American women and believing that African American women benefit from abuse. Pre-encounter and immersion-emersion attitudes also predicted less willingness to help victims. An Afrocentric worldview (i.e., internalization Afrocentricity) was positively predictive of believing that African American women benefit from domestic violence as well as greater willingness to help victims. Appreciating one’s African American identity and other racial and ethnic groups (i.e., internalization multiculturalist inclusive) predicted less justification, fewer reports that African American women benefit from abuse, and a greater willingness to help victims. Post hoc mediation analyses revealed that gender role attitudes and an investment in protecting African American male domestic violence perpetrators (i.e., Black male victimage and justification beliefs) mediated the link between internalization Afrocentricity attitudes and the belief that African American women benefit from abuse.

The purposes of this paper are to describe a student-faculty, collaborative team and the evidence-based practice (EBP) project that supported a campus-wide, tobacco-free environment. Two faculty members served as mentors and undergraduate nursing students were selected to participate in a one credit independent study course outside the threaded curricular experiences. Weekly course meetings were used to assess course goals and EBP project progress. After reviewing literature evidence, a baseline campus survey, and focus group data, the best practice strategies were selected by the student-faculty collaborative team for a 3-year plan. The strategies included an orientation session to the tobacco-free campus during student fall orientations and a marketing campaign with social norm messaging. Pre and post-EBP project surveys to determine the effectiveness of the campaign were used to evaluate the outcomes of the team’s efforts. The undergraduate nursing students were effective in planning and implementing the project, and the students reported benefits and challenges to their involvement. The collaborative team was seen as an immensely positive experience despite the increased demands on time. Findings from this EBP project were similar to other literature on smoking abstinence on a college campus. One way to help undergraduate students better appreciate and gain expertise in the EBP process is to engage them in student-faculty collaborative EBP projects within the curriculum. In addition, an emersion experience offers expanded opportunities and greater expertise in EBP to students who can meet the challenge.

Munich: Reich's ‘Hindenburg’ Graham LockCleveland: Ives's ‘Emerson’ Concerto Richard TiedmanLondon: ‘Exody’ at the Proms Robert SteinTokyo: 1998 Suntory Festival Colin MatthewsMexico City Quartet David J. BrownDresden: Mathias Pintscher's ‘Thomas Chatterton’ Michael TöpelDonaueschingen: 1998 Music Days Christoph SchlürenOxford: Jonathan Dove's ‘Flight’ Raymond HeadKing's College: Anton Lukoszevieze Nicolas Hodges

Paolo Virno es uno de los filósofos que han dedicado más esfuerzos a la reflexión sobre la multitud, considerado un concepto adecuado para pensar la subjetividad política a la altura de los tiempos presentes. Virno es un pensador eminentemente político, sus reflexiones siempre echan raíces en inquietudes político-militantes; sin embargo, muchas veces la dimensión política de su pensamiento se encuentra en la reflexión sobre los temas eternos. Reconstruir una teoría política de la multitud en Virno implica por lo tanto componer un collage que vaya más allá de su mero cuerpo a cuerpo con la tradición filosófico-política, y en el cual emerjan los elementos que caracterizan la multitud, su politicidad intrínseca y, paralelamente, las bases para una política alternativa.

Periimplantite, realidade na Implantodontia: Qual a melhor conduta? Relato de caso. Adriana dos Santos Caetano, Vinícius Ferreira Bizelli, Paulo Vitor Ogliari, Edgard Franco Moraes JúniorCaracterização topográfica de implantes Ti-Cp com superfície usinada e modificada por laser. Ana Flávia Piquera Santos, Thallita P Queiroz, Antônio C Guastaldi, Gabriel M dos Santos, Laís Kawamata de Jesus, Ana Paula Farnezi Bassi, Idelmo Rangel Garcia Junior, Francisley Ávila de SouzaTratamento de fratura do complexo zigomático-orbitário através da fixação dos três pontos anatômicos do osso zigomático. André Hergesel de Oliva, Sormani Bento Fernandes de Queiroz, Valthierre Nunes de Lima, Gustavo Antonio Correa Momesso, João Paulo Bonardi, Fábio Roberto de Sousa Batista, Leonardo Perez Faverani, Osvaldo Magro FilhoO paciente pediátrico frente ao trauma bucomaxilofacial e sua etiologia na cidade de Araçatuba: um estudo retrospectivo. Cássio Messias Beija Flor Figueiredo, Izabela Soares Minari, Ana Paula Farnezi Bassi, Daniela Atili Brandini, Igor Mariotto Beneti, Francisley Ávila Souza, Idelmo Rangel Garcia JúniorManejo de fístula liquórica em fratura panfacial. Relato de caso. Estefânia Marrega Malavazi, Gabriel Mulinari dos Santos, João Paulo Bonardi, William Ricardo Pires, Ciro Borges Duailibe de Deus, Fábio Roberto de Souza Batista, André Hergesel de Oliva, Francisley Ávila SouzaEnxerto de tecido conjuntivo associado ao retalho deslocado lateralmente na estética periimplantar: relato de caso. Fred Lucas Pinto de Oliveira, Vivian Cristina Noronha Novaes, Breno Edson Sendão Alves, Nathália Januário de Araújo, David Jonathan Rodrigues Gusman, Daniela Pereira de Sá, Juliano Milanezi de AlmeidaIntubação submento-orotraqueal, aspectos anatômicos, principais indicações e descrição da técnica. Gabriel Pereira Nunes, Luis Fernando Azambuja Alcalde, Leandro Carlos Carrasco, Erik Neiva Ribeiro de Carvalho Reis, João Lopes Toledo Filho, Pedro Henrique Silva Gomes FerreiraUso dos antibióticos na cirurgia bucomaxilofacial. Revisão da literatura e relato de caso. Gabriela Caroline Fernandes, Gabriel Mulinari dos Santos, Mónica Johanna Palacio Muñoz, Leonardo de Freitas Silva, André Hergesel de Oliva, Leonardo Perez Faverani, Francisley Ávila Souza, Idelmo Rangel Garcia JúniorFraturas múltiplas em face e os acidentes de trânsito em Araçatuba. Izabela Soares Minari, Cássio Messias Beija Flor Figueiredo, Ana Paula Farnezi Bassi, Daniela Atili Brandini, Igor Mariotto Beneti , Daniela Ponzoni, Francisley Ávila Souza, Idelmo Rangel Garcia JúniorRemoção de raiz dentária impelida no seio maxilar com o uso de fibra ótica. Relato de caso . João Matheus Fonseca e Santos, Stefany Barbosa, Gustavo Antônio Correa Momesso, Tarik Ocon Braga Polo, Ana Paula Farnezi Bassi, Leonardo Perez FaveraniTrauma facial por acidente motociclístico: relato de caso. Lara Cristina Cunha Cervantes, Luara Teixeira Colombo, Gabriela Caroline Fernandes, João Paulo Bonardi, Leonardo de Freitas Silva, Erik Neiva Ribeiro de Carvalho Reis, Leonardo Perez FaveraniRemoção de tórus mandibular por indicação protética. Luana Sauvesuk, Luana Ribeiro do Vale, Daniela Ponzoni, Francisley Ávila Souza, Osvaldo Magro Filho, Alessandra Marcondes Aranega, Leonardo Perez Faverani, Ana Paula Farnezi BassiFratura do complexo zigomático orbitário: relato de caso. Luara Teixeira Colombo, Lara Cristina Cunha Cervantes, João Paulo Bonardi, Leonardo de Freitas Silva, Valthierre Nunes de Lima, Leonardo Perez FaveraniManipulação de tecido mole na implantodontia. Relato de caso. Natália de Campos, Edgard Franco Moraes JuniorGengivectomia, osteotomia e frenectomia na correção do sorriso gengival. Nathália Januario de Araujo, Álvaro Francisco Bosco, Vivian Cristina Noronha Novaes, Paula Lazilha Faleiros, David Jonathan Rodrigues Gusman, Fred Lucas Pinto de Oliveira, Breno Edson Sendão Alves, Juliano Milanezi de Almeida Avaliação do processo de incorporação óssea de biomaterial sintético a base de hidroxiapatita/β-tricálcio fosfato em bloco instalado em mandíbula de coelhos. Análise histológica. Rodrigo Capalbo-da-Silva, Luis Carlos de Almeida Pires, Paulo Sérgio Perri de Carvalho, Lais Kawamata de Jesus, Ana Flávia Piquera Santos, Francisley Ávila SouzaRelato de caso raro: fratura bilateral de côndilo e sínfise mandibular. Sara Tiemi Felipe Akabane, Gabriel Mulinari dos Santos, Erik Neiva Ribeiro de Carvalho Reis, William Ricardo Pires, Tárik Oncon Braga Polo, Leonardo Perez Faverani, Francisley Ávila Souza, Daniela PonzoniUso de piezocirúrgico para remoção de um odontoma mandibular complexo. Relato de caso clínico. Stefany Barbosa, João Matheus Fonseca e Santos, Cássio Messias Beija Flor Figueiredo, Gustavo Antonio Correa Momesso, Valthierre Nunes de Lima, Gabriel Mulinari dos Santos, Daniela Ponzoni, Leonardo Perez FaveraniReabilitação de maxila atrófica em paciente transplantado renal com implantes zigomáticos. Valthierre Nunes de Lima, Sormani Bento Fernandes de Queiroz, Jaqueline Suemi Hassumi, Nayla Caroline Santos Yamamoto, Karen Rawen Tonini, Leonardo de Freitas Silva, Tárik Ocon Braga Polo, Leonardo Perez FaveraniResolução de complicações estéticas com regeneração óssea guiada. Vinícius Ferreira Bizelli, Adriana dos Santos Caetano, Adriano Campesi Tonin, Edgard Franco Moraes JúniorReconstrução e reabilitação de mandibula atrófica após fratura iatrogênica. Adriana dos Santos Caetano, Vinícius Ferreira Bizelli, Paulo Vitor Ogliari, Edgard Franco Moraes JúniorFratura de complexo zigomáticomaxilar por prática esportiva – relato de caso. Dálete Samylle Ferreira Moraes, Gabriel Mulinari dos Santos, Erik Neiva Ribeiro de Carvalho Reis, Francisley Ávila Souza, Leonardo Perez Faverani, William Ricardo Pires, Osvaldo Magro Filho, Idelmo Rangel Garcia JúniorManejo de ferimento corto-contuso extenso em face: relato de caso. Elisa Mara de Abreu Furquim, Gabriel Mulinari dos Santos, Juliana Zórzi Coléte, Gabriel Ramalho Ferreira, Leonardo Perez Faverani, Idelmo Rangel Garcia JúniorManejo de ferimento contuso-contuso em região periorbitária: relato de caso clínico. Erika Kiyoko Chiba, Gabriel Mulinari dos Santos, João Paulo Bonardi, André Luís da Silva Fabris, Francisley Ávila Souza, Leonardo Perez Faverani, Ana Paula Farnezi Bassi, Idelmo Rangel Garcia JúniorMelhoria na qualidade de vida relacionada com saúde oral em pacientes com carcinomas oral e orofaringeano acompanhados por curto prazo após o tratamento. Fernanda Pereira de Caxias, Sandro Basso Bitencourt, Amália Moreno, Andressa Paschal Amoroso, Emerson Gomes dos Santos, Karina Helga Turcio de Carvalho, Marcelo Coelho Goiato, Daniela Micheline dos SantosFixação interna rígida do tipo Load Bearing para fratura mandibular atrófica. Gabriel Pereira Nunes, Pedro Henrique Silva Gomes Ferreira, Danila Oliveira, Luis Fernando Azambuja Alcalde, Jefferson Moura Vieira, Ana Paula Farnezi Bassi, Daniela Ponzoni, Roberta OkamotoTratamento inicial de ferimento corto-contuso em região peribucal: relato de caso. Gabriela Caroline Fernandes, Gabriel Mulinari dos Santos, Juliana Zorzi Coléte, Leonardo de Freitas Silva, André Hergesel de Oliva, Daniela Ponzoni, Alessandra Marcondes Aranega, Leonardo Perez FaveraniAvaliação do bio-oss collagen® no reparo de defeitos ósseos críticos em calvária de ratos. Guilherme André Del’Arco Ramires, Jucileia Maciel, Gustavo Antonio Correa Momesso, Leonardo Perez Faverani, Daniela Ponzoni, Ana Paula Farnezi BassiAvulsão dentária tratada por reimplante em paciente portadora de epilepsia. Iana Rodrigues Briggo, Willian Ricardo Pires, Xiomara Mónica Johanna Palacio Muñoz, Gabriel Mulinari dos Santos, Celso Koogi Sonoda, Sônia Regina Panzarini, Francisley Ávila Souza, Idelmo Rangel Garcia JúniorAvaliação do dano tecidual e do reparo causado por osteotomias para implantes com fresas convencionais e de motor piezoelétrico. Jadison Junio Conforte, Fabricio Euclides Pimentel Baracho Martins, Roberta Okamoto, Paulo Sérgio Perri de Carvalho, Daniela PonzoniTratamento de fratura nasal severa: relato de caso clínico. Karen Lumi Nakasato, Gabriel Mulinari dos Santos, William Ricardo Pires, Leonardo de Freitas Silva, Ciro Borges Duailibe de Deus, Gustavo Antônio Correa Momesso, Tárik Ocon Braga Polo, Leonardo Perez FaveraniEstudo da interface formada entre osso e implante de tiaiv com superfícies usinada e modificada. Avaliação biomecânica em coelhos. Laís Kawamata de Jesus, Rodrigo Capalbo-da-Silva, Ana Flávia Piquera Santos, Caroline Loureiro, Paulo Sérgio Perri de Carvalho, Ana Paula Farnezi Bassi, Alessandra Marcondes Aranega, Francisley Ávila SouzaRemoção de corpo estranho de lábio inferior com uso de intensificador de imagem: relato de caso. Lara Mariano Pinheiro, Gabriel Mulinari dos Santos, João Paulo Bonardi, André Luís da Silva Fabris, Juliana Zórzi Coléte, Igor de Oliveira Puttini, Ciro Borges Duailibe de Deus, Leonardo Perez Faverani.Avaliação da reparação óssea em defeitos críticos de calvária de ratos utilizando partículas de osso de origem bovina. Letícia de Freitas Mendes Brasil, Ana Paula Farnezi Bassi, Paulo Sérgio Perri de Carvalho, Daniela Ponzoni, Francisley Ávila Souza.Cranioplastia com resina de pometilmetacrilato em fratura extensa de osso frontal. Letícia de Oliveira Gonçalves, Xiomara Mónica Johanna Palacio Muñoz, João Paulo Bonardi, Leonardo de Freitas Silva, Erik Neiva Ribeiro de Carvalho Reis, Francisley Ávila Souza, Idelmo Rangel Garcia Júnior, Daniela PonzoniAssistência odontológica hospitalar para pessoas com deficiência do CAOE da faculdade de odontologia de Araçatuba. Luan Pier Benetti, Alessandra Marcondes Aranega, Fátima Hassan Baz Lauretto, Antônio Donizete Soares, Juliana Franco De Angelis, Tânia Sílvia Carneiro BaggioEstudo comparativo entre substituto ósseo heterógeno composto de origem bovina e biomaterial sintético a base de fosfato β-tricálcio para enxerto sinusal maxilar. Nathália Januario de Araujo, Maury Ponikwar de Souza, Paulo Sérgio Perri de Carvalho, Juliano Milanezi de Almeida, Idelmo Rangel Garcia Júnior, Francisley Ávila SouzaA difícil decisão por extrações dentárias como tratamento de mutilações labiais em pessoas com deficiência neurológica. Sandy Lais Tatibana, Alessandra Marcondes Aranega, André Luís da Silva Fabris, Liliane Passanezi A. Louzada, Regina Rodrigues Luciano, Idelmo Rangel Garcia Júnior, Luan Pier BenettiAvaliação histológica e histométrica do processo de reparo em defeitos de calvária de ratos com membrana de pcl e colágeno porcino. Tamires Melo Francati, Ana Carolina Rezende de Moraes Ferreira, Leonardo Perez Faverani, Guilherme André Del'Arco Ramires, Daniela Ponzoni, Ana Paula Farnezi BassiFratura de côndilo mandibular unilateral tratada com elasticoterapia: relato de caso. Thaisa Casteli Bonfim, Willian Ricardo Pires, Gabriel Mulinari dos Santos, Xiomara Mónica Johanna Palacio Muñoz, Celso Koogi Sonoda, Leonardo Perez Faverani, Francisley Ávila Souza, Idelmo Rangel Garcia Júnior

This paper will discuss the way in which the creative component of my thesis Hannah’s Place uses a style of neo-historical fiction to find ‘good’ narratives in (once) ‘bad’ women, keeping with the theme, here paraphrased as: The work of any researcher in the humanities is to…challenge what is simply thought of as bad or good, to complicate essentialist categories and question passively accepted thinking. As a way of expanding this statement, I would like to begin by considering the following quote from Barthes on the nature of research. I believe he identifies the type of research that I have been involved with as a PhD candidate producing a ‘creative’ thesis in the field of Communications. What is a piece of research? To find out, we would need to have some idea of what a ‘result’ is. What is it that one finds? What is it one wants to find? What is missing? In what axiomatic field will the fact isolated, the meaning brought out, the statistical discovery be placed? No doubt it depends each time on the particular science approached, but from the moment a piece of research concerns the text (and the text extends very much further than the literary work) the research itself becomes text, production: to it, any ‘result’ is literally im-pertinent. Research is then the name which prudently, under the constraint of certain social conditions, we give to the activity of writing: research here moves on the side of writing, is an adventure of the signifier. (Barthes 198) My thesis sits within the theoretical framework of postmodern literature as a new form of the genre that has been termed ‘historical fiction’. Although the novel breaks away from and challenges the concept of the traditional ‘saga’ style of narrative, or ‘grand narrative’ within historical fiction, it is no less concerned with events of the past and the idea of past experience. It departs from traditional historical fiction in that it foregrounds not only an imagined fictional past world created when the novel is read, but also the actual archival documents, the pieces of text from the past from which traditional history is made, and which here have been used to create that world–‘sparking points’ for the fictional narrative. These archival documents are used within the work as intertextual elements that frame, and, in turn, are framed by the transworld characters’ homodiegetic narrations. The term ‘transworld character’ has been attributed to Umberto Eco and refers to any real world personages found within a fictional text. Eco defines it as the ‘identity of a given individual through worlds (transworld identity)…where the possible world is a possible state of affairs expressed by a set of relevant propositions [either true or untrue which] outlines a set of possible individuals along with their properties’ (219). Umberto Eco also considers that a problem of transworld identity is ‘to single out something as persistent through alternative states of affairs’ (230). In Postmodernist Fiction, Brian McHale also puts forward a number of definitions for ‘transworld identity’. For my purposes, I take it to mean both that defined by Eco but also the literary device, as defined by McHale, of ‘borrowing a character from another text’ (57). It is McHale who elaborates on the concept as it relates to historical fiction when he states: All historical novels, even the most traditional, typically involve some violation of ontological boundaries. For instance they often claim ‘transworld identity’ between characters in their projected worlds and real-world historical figures (16-17). Interestingly for the type of fiction that I am attempting to write, McHale also takes the idea into another area when he discusses the ontological levels of the historical dimension that transworld identities may undergo. Entities can change their ontological status in the course of history, in effect migrating from one ontological realm or level to another. For instance, real world entities and happenings can undergo ‘mythification’, moving from the profane realm to the realm of the sacred (36). For transworld identities, such as those within my novel, this may mean a change in status between the past, where they were stereotyped and categorised as ‘bad’ in contemporary newspapers (my intertext elements), to something in the present approaching ‘good’, or at least a more rounded female identity within a fictional world. The introduced textual elements which I foreground in my novel are those things most often hidden from view within the mimetic and hermeneutic worlds of traditional historical fiction. The sources re-textualised within my novel are both ‘real’ items from our past, and representations and interpretations of past events. The female transworld characters’ stories in this novel are imaginative re-interpretations. Therefore, both the fictional stories, as well as their sources, are textual interpretations of prior events. In this way, the novel plays with the idea of historical ‘fact’ and historical ‘fiction’. It blurs their boundaries. It gives textual equality to each in order to bring a form of textual agency to those marginalised groups defined by PF Bradley as the ‘host of jarring witnesses, [of history] a chaos of disjoined and discrepant narrations’ (Bradley in Holton 11): In the past in Australia these were lower class women, Aboriginals, the Irish, the illiterate, and poor agricultural immigrants whose labour was excess to Britain’s needs. Hannah’s Place – A Brief Synopsis Six individual women’s stories, embedded in or ‘framed’ by a fictional topographic artist’s journal, recount ‘real’ events from Australia’s colonial past. The journal is set in 1845; a few years after convict transportation to Australia’s eastern states ceased, and the year of the first art exhibition held in the colony. That same year, Leichhardt’s expedition arrived at Port Essington in Australia’s far north, after 12 months inland exploration, while in the far south the immigrant ship Cataraqui was wrecked one day short of arrival at Melbourne’s Port Phillip with the drowning of all but one of the 369 immigrants and 38 of the 46 sailors on board. Each chapter title takes the form of the title of a topographic sketch as a way of placing the text ‘visually’ within the artist’s journal narrative. The six women’s stories are: New South Wales at Last (Woman on a Boat): A woman arrives with a sick toddler to tent accommodation for poor immigrants in Sydney, after a three month sea voyage and the shipboard birth, death, and burial at sea of her baby daughter. Yarramundi Homestead, as Seen from the East: An ill-treated Irish servant girl on a squatter’s run awaits the arrival of her fiancée, travelling on board the immigrant ship Cataraqui. In the Vale of Hartley: In the Blue Mountains, an emancipist sawyer who previously murdered three people, violently beats to death his lover, Caroline Collitts, the seventeen-year-old sister of Maria, his fifteen-year-old wife. She Being Dead Yet Speaketh: In Goulburn, Annie Brownlow, a pretty 24-year-old mother of three is executed by a convict executioner for the accidental ‘murder’, while drunk, of her adulterous husband. The Eldest Daughter: The isolated wife of a small settler gives birth, assisted by Lottie, her eldest daughter, and Merrung, an Aboriginal midwife. On Wednesday Last, at Mr Ley’s Coach and Horses Hotel: In Bathurst, a vagrant alcoholic, Hannah Simpson, dies on the floor of a dodgy boarding house after a night and a day of falling into fits and ranting about her lifetime of 30 years migration. Historiographic Metafiction Has been defined by Linda Hutcheon as ‘Fiction which keeps distinct its formal auto-representation from its historical context and in so doing problematises the very possibility of historical knowledge… There is no reconciliation, no dialectic…just unresolved contradiction’ (106). Unresolved contradiction is one of the themes that surfaces in my novel because of the juxtaposition of archival documents (past text ‘facts’) alongside fictional narrative. Historiographic metafiction can usefully be employed as a means of challenging prior patriarchal narratives written about marginalised women. It allows the freedom to create a space for a new understanding of silenced women’s lives. My novel seeks to illuminate and problematise the previously ‘seamless’ genre of hical fiction by the use of (narrative) techniques such as: collage and juxtaposition, intertextuality, framing, embedded narrative, linked stories, and footnote intertext of archival material. Juxtaposition of the fiction against elements from prior non-fiction texts, clearly enunciated as being those same actual historical sources upon which the fiction is based, reinforces this novel as a work of fiction. Yet this strategy also reminds us that the historical narrative created is provisional, residing within the fictional text and in the gaps between the fictional text and the non-fictional intertext. At the same time, the clear narrativity, the suspenseful and sensationalised text of the archival non-fiction, brings them into question because of their place alongside the fiction. A reading of the novel questions the truthfulness or degree of reliability of past textual ‘facts’ as accurate records of real women’s life events. It does this by the use of a parallel narrative, which articulates characters whose moments of ‘breaking frame’ challenge those same past texts. Their ‘fiction’ as characters is reinforced by their existence as ‘objects’ of narration within the archival texts. Both the archival texts and the fiction can be seen as ‘unreliable’. The novel uses ex-centric transworld characters and embedded intertextual ‘fragments’ to create a covert self-reflexivity. It also confuses and disrupts narrative temporality and linearity of plot in two ways. It juxtaposes ‘real’ (intertextual element) dates alongside conflicting or unknown periods of time from the fictional narrative; and, within the artist’s journal, it has a minimal use of expected temporal ‘signposts’. These ‘signposts’ of year dates, months, or days of the week are those things that would be most expected in an authentic travel narrative. In this way, the women’s stories subvert the idea, inherent in previous forms of ‘historical’ fiction, of a single point of view or ‘take’ on history that one or two main characters may hold. The use of intertext results in a continued restating of multiple, conflicting (gender, race, and class) points of view. Ultimately no one ‘correct’ reading of the past gains in supremacy over any other. This narrative construct rearticulates the idea that the past, as does the present, comprises different points of view, not all of which conform to the ‘correct’ view created by the political, social and economic ‘factors’ dominant at the time those events happen. For colonial Australia, this single point of view gave us the myth of heroic (white male) pioneers and positioned women such as some of those within my fiction as ‘bad’. The fictional text challenges that of the male ‘gaze’, which constructed these women as ‘objects’. Examples of this from the newspaper articles are: A younger sister of Caroline Collit, married John Walsh, the convict at present under sentence of death in Bathurst gaol, and, it appears, continued to live with him up till the time of her sister’s murder; but she, as well as her sister Caroline, since the trial, have been ascertained to have borne very loose characters, which is fully established by the fact, that both before and after Walsh had married the younger sister, Caroline cohabited with him and had in fact been for a considerable time living with him, under the same roof with her sister, and in a state of separation from her own husband (Collit). Sydney Morning Herald, April 27, 1842, The Mount Victoria Murder. About twelve months after her marriage, her mother who was a notorious drunkard hanged herself in her own house… Sydney Morning Herald, April 27, 1842, The Mount Victoria Murder. And when we further reflect that the perpetrator of that deed of blood was a woman our horror is, if possible, much augmented. Yes! A woman and one who ought to have been in as much as the means were assuredly in the power of her family-an ornament to her sex and station. She has been cut off in the midst of her days by the hands of the common executioner. And to add to our distress at this sad event she to whose tragic end I am referring was a wife and a mother. It was her hand which struck the blow that rendered her children orphans and brought her to an ignominious end… The Goulburn Herald, October 20, 1855, Funeral sermon on Mary Ann Brownlow. His wife had been drinking and created an altercation on account of his having sold [her] lease; she asked him to drink, but he refused, when she replied “You can go and drink with your fancywoman”. She came after him as he was going away and stabbed him…..she did it from jealousy, although he had never given her any cause for jealousy. The Goulburn Herald, Saturday, September 15, 1855, Tuesday, September 11, Wilful Murder. She was always most obedient and quiet in her conduct, and her melancholy winning manners soon procured her the sympathy of all who came in contact with her. She became deeply impressed with the sinfulness of her previous life… The Goulburn Herald, October 13, 1855, Execution of Mary Ann Brownlow. [Police] had known the deceased who was a confirmed drunkard and an abandoned woman without any home or place of abode; did not believe she had any proper means of support…The Bathurst Times, November 1871. It is the oppositional and strong narrative ‘voice’ that elicits sympathies for and with the women’s situations. The fictional narratives were written to challenge unsympathetic pre-existing narratives found within the archival intertexts. This male ‘voice’ was one that narrated and positioned women such that they adhered to pre-existing notions of morality; what it meant to be a ‘good’ woman (like Mary Ann Brownlow, reformed in gaol but still sentenced to death) or a ‘bad’ woman (Mary Ann again as the murdering drunken vengeful wife, stabbing her husband in a jealous rage). ‘Reading between the lines’ of history in this way, creating fictional stories and juxtaposing them against the non-fiction prior articulations of those same events, is an opportunity to make use of narrative structure in order to destabilise established constructs of our colonial past. For example, the trope of Australia’s colonial settler women as exampled in the notion of Anne Summers of colonial women as either God’s police or damned whores. ‘A Particularly rigid dualistic notion of women’s function in colonial society was embodied in two stereotypes….that women are either good [God’s police] or evil [Damned whores]’ (67). With this dualism in mind, it is also useful here to consider the assumption made by Veeser in laying the ground work for New Historicism, that ‘no discourse imaginative or archival, gives access to unchanging truths or expresses unalterable human nature’ (2). In a discussion of the ideas of Brian McHale, Middleton and Woods acknowledge McHale’s point of view that readers do recognise the degree to which all knowledge of the past is a construction. They make the claim that ‘the postmodern novelist answers that sense of dislocation and loss…by wrapping ruins of earlier textualities around the narrative’ (66). This to my mind is a call for the type of intertextuality that I have attempted in my thesis. The senses of dislocation and loss found when we attempt to narrativise history are embodied in the structure of the creative component of my thesis. Yet it could also be argued that the cultural complexity of colonial Australia, with women as the subjugated ‘other’ of a disempowered voice has only been constructed by and from within the present. The ‘real’ women from whose lives these stories are imagined could not have perceived their lives within the frames (class, gender, post coloniality) that we now understand in the same way that we as educated westerners cannot totally perceive a tribal culture’s view of the cosmos as a real ‘fact’. However, a fictional re-articulation of historical ‘facts’, using a framework of postmodern neo-historical fiction, allows archival documents to be understood as the traces of women to whom those documented facts once referred. The archival record becomes once again a thing that describes a world of women. It is within these archival micro-histories of illiterate lower-class women that we find shards of our hidden past. By fictionally imagining a possible narrative of their lives we, as the author/reader nexus which creates the image of who these transworld characters were, allow for things that existed in the past as possibility. The fictionalised stories, based on fragments of ‘facts’ from the past, are a way of invoking what could have once existed. In this way the stories partake of the Bernstein and Morson concept of ‘sideshadowing’. Sideshadowing admits, in addition to actualities and impossibilities, a middle realm of real possibilities that could have happened even if they did not. Things could have been different from the way they were, there are real alternatives to the present we know, and the future admits of various possibilities… sideshadowing deepens our sense of the openness of time. It has profound implications for our understanding of history and of our own lives (Morson 6). The possibilities that sideshadowing their lives invokes in these stories ‘alters the way that we think about earlier events and the narrative models used to describe them’ (Morson 7). We alter our view of the women, as initially described in the archival record, because we now perceive the narrative through which these events and therefore ‘lives’ of the women were written, as merely ‘one possibility’ of many that may have occurred. Sideshadowing alternate possibilities gives us a way out of that patriarchal hegemony into a more multi-dimensional and non-linear view of female lives in 19th Century Australia. Sideshadowing allows for the ‘non-closure’ within female narratives that these fragments of women’s lives represent. It is this which is at the core of the novel—an historiographic metafictional challenging by the fictional ‘voices’ of female transworld characters. In this work, they narrate from a female perspective the might-have-been alternative of that previously considered as an historical, legitimate account of the past. Barthes and Bakhtin Readers of this type of historiographic metafiction have the freedom to recreate an historical fictional world. By virtue of the use of self-reflexivity and intertext they participate in a fictional world constructed by themselves from the author(s) of the text(s) and the intertext, and the original women’s voices used as quotations by the intertext’s (male) author. This world is based upon their construction of a past created from the author’s research, the author’s subjectivity (from within and by disciplinary discourse), by the author(s) choice of ‘signifiers’ and the meanings that these choices create within the reader’s subjectivity (itself formed out of their individual cultural and social milieu). This idea echoes Barthes concept of the ‘death of the author’, such that: As soon as a fact is narrated no longer with a view to acting directly on reality but intransitively, that is to say, finally outside of any function other than that of the very practice of the symbol itself; this disconnection occurs, the voice loses its origin, the author enters into his own death, writing begins. (142) When entering into the world created by this style of historical fiction the reader also enters into a world of previous ‘texts’ (or intertexts) and the multitude of voices inherent in them. This is the Bakhtinian concept of heteroglossia, that ‘every utterance contains within it the trace of other utterances, both in the past and in the future’ (263). The narrative formed thus becomes one of multiple ‘truths’ and therefore multiple histories. Once written as ‘bad’, the women are now perceived as ‘good’ characters and the ‘bad’ events that occurred around them and to them make up ‘good’ elements of plot, structure, characterisation and voice for a fictionalised version of a past possibility. Bad women make good reading. Conclusion This type of narrative structure allows for the limits of the silenced ‘voice’ of the past, and therefore an understanding of marginalised groups within hegemonic grand narratives, to be approached. It seems to me no surprise that neo-historical fiction is used more when the subjects written about are members of marginalised groups. Silenced voices need to be heard. Because these women left no written account of their experiences, and because we can never experience the society within which their identities were formed, we will never know their ‘identity’ as they experienced it. Fictional self-narrated stories of transworld characters allows for a transformation of the women away from an identity created by the moralising, stereotyped descriptions in the newspapers towards a more fully developed sense of female identity. Third-hand male accounts written for the (then) newspaper readers consumption (and for us as occupiers of the ‘future’) are a construct of one possible identity only. They do not reflect the women’s reality. Adding another fictional ‘identity’ through an imagined self-narrated account deconstructs that limited ‘identity’ formed through the male ‘gaze’. It does so because of the ability of fiction to allow the reader to create a fictional world which can be experienced imaginatively and from within their own subjectivity. Rather than something passively recorded, literature offers history as a permanent reactivation of the past in a critique of the present, and at the level of content offers a textual anamnesis for the hitherto ignored, unacknowledged or repressed pasts marginalised by the dominant histories. (Middleton and Woods 77) References Bakhtin, Mikhail. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Trans. Michael Holquist. Ed. Caryl Emerson. Austin: U of Texas P, 1981. Barthes, Roland, and Stephen Heath, eds. Image, Music, Text. New York: Hill and Wang, 1977. Eco, Umberto. The Role of the Reader: Explorations in the Semiotics of Texts. Bloomington and London: Indiana UP, 1979. Holton, Robert. Jarring Witnesses: Modern Fiction and the Representation of History. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1994. Hutcheon, Linda. A Poetics of Postmodernism: History, Theory, Fiction. New York: Routledge, 1988. McHale, Brian. Postmodernist Fiction. New York and London: Methuen, 1987. Middleton, Peter, and Tim Woods. Literatures of Memory: History, Time and Space in Postwar Writing. Manchester and New York: Manchester UP, 2000. Morson, Gary Saul. Narrative and Freedom: The Shadows of Time. New Haven: Yale UP, 1994. Summers, Anne. Damned Whores and God’s Police. Ringwood Vic: Penguin Books, 1994. Veeser, H. Aram. The New Historicism. London: Routledge, 1989. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Lowes, Elanna Herbert. "Transgressive Women, Transworld Women: The Once ‘Bad’ Can Make ‘Good’ Narratives." M/C Journal 8.1 (2005). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0502/04-herbertlowes.php>. APA Style Lowes, E. (Feb. 2005) "Transgressive Women, Transworld Women: The Once ‘Bad’ Can Make ‘Good’ Narratives," M/C Journal, 8(1). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0502/04-herbertlowes.php>.