Relevant bibliographies by topics / Emission factors

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Emission factors'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 21 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Emission factors"

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Reay, David S., Keith A. Smith, Anthony C. Edwards, Kevin M. Hiscock, Liang F. Dong, and David B. Nedwell. "Indirect nitrous oxide emissions: Revised emission factors." Environmental Sciences 2, no. 2-3 (June 2005): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15693430500415525.

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Mugica-Álvarez, Violeta, Francisco Hernández-Rosas, Miguel Magaña-Reyes, Jorge Herrera-Murillo, Naxieli Santiago-De La Rosa, Mirella Gutiérrez-Arzaluz, José de Jesús Figueroa-Lara, and Griselda González-Cardoso. "Sugarcane burning emissions: Characterization and emission factors." Atmospheric Environment 193 (November 2018): 262–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.09.013.

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Kong, Haojia, Lifan Shi, Dan Da, Zhijiang Li, Decai Tang, and Wei Xing. "Simulation of China’s Carbon Emission based on Influencing Factors." Energies 15, no. 9 (April 29, 2022): 3272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093272.

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China is one of the world’s largest energy consumers and carbon emitters, and the situation of carbon emission reduction is serious. This paper forecasts the future trend of China’s carbon emissions by constructing a system dynamics model of China’s carbon emissions. The results show that China cannot fulfill its commitment to peak its carbon emissions in 2030 as scheduled. Secondly, the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index model (LMDI) was used to analyze the influencing factors of China’s carbon emissions. The contribution rates of the five factors to China’s carbon emissions are as follows: economic development (226.30%), technological innovation (−105.92%), industrial structure (−26.55%), population scale (11.44%) and energy structure (−5.28%). Finally, this paper formulates five carbon emission reduction paths according to the size and direction of various factors that affect China’s carbon emissions. The paths of carbon emission reduction were simulated by using the system dynamics model of China’s carbon emissions. It is found that technological innovation is the key pathway for China to realize its commitment to carbon emission reduction. Slowing economic growth will delay the arrival time of peak carbon emissions and increase the intensity of carbon emissions. Optimizing the industrial structure, reducing the population scale and adjusting the energy structure can reduce the peak and carbon emissions in China, but the effect is small.
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Castellanos, P., K. F. Boersma, and G. R. van der Werf. "Satellite observations indicate substantial spatiotemporal variability in biomass burning NO<sub>x</sub> emission factors for South America." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 8 (April 17, 2014): 3929–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3929-2014.

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Abstract. Biomass burning is an important contributor to global total emissions of NOx (NO+NO2). Generally bottom-up fire emissions models calculate NOx emissions by multiplying fuel consumption estimates with static biome-specific emission factors, defined in units of grams of NO per kilogram of dry matter consumed. Emission factors are a significant source of uncertainty in bottom-up fire emissions modeling because relatively few observations are available to characterize the large spatial and temporal variability of burning conditions. In this paper we use NO2 tropospheric column observations from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) from the year 2005 over South America to calculate monthly NOx emission factors for four fire types: deforestation, savanna/grassland, woodland, and agricultural waste burning. In general, the spatial patterns in NOx emission factors calculated in this work are consistent with emission factors derived from in situ measurements from the region but are more variable than published biome-specific global average emission factors widely used in bottom-up fire emissions inventories such as the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED). Satellite-based NOx emission factors also indicate substantial temporal variability in burning conditions. Overall, we found that deforestation fires have the lowest NOx emission factors, on average 30% lower than the emission factors used in GFED v3. Agricultural fire NOx emission factors were the highest, on average a factor of 1.8 higher than GFED v3 values. For savanna, woodland, and deforestation fires, early dry season NOx emission factors were a factor of ~1.5–2 higher than late dry season emission factors. A minimum in the NOx emission factor seasonal cycle for deforestation fires occurred in August, the time period of severe drought in South America in 2005, supporting the hypothesis that prolonged dry spells may lead to an increase in the contribution of smoldering combustion from large-diameter fuels, offsetting the higher combustion efficiency of dryer fine fuels. We evaluated the OMI-derived NOx emission factors with SCIAMACHY NO2 tropospheric column observations and found improved model performance in regions dominated by fire emissions.
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Castellanos, P., K. F. Boersma, and G. R. van der Werf. "Satellite observations indicate substantial spatiotemporal variability in biomass burning NO<sub>x</sub> emission factors for South America." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 8 (August 30, 2013): 22757–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-22757-2013.

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Abstract. Biomass burning is an important contributor to global total emissions of NOx (NO + NO2). Generally bottom-up fire emissions models calculate NOx emissions by multiplying fuel consumption estimates with static biome specific emission factors, defined in units of grams of NO per kilogram of dry matter consumed. Emission factors are a significant source of uncertainty in bottom-up fire emissions modeling because relatively few observations are available to characterize the large spatial and temporal variability of burning conditions. In this paper we use NO2 tropospheric column observations from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) from the year 2005 over South America to calculate monthly NOx emission factors for four fire types: deforestation, savanna/grassland, woodland, and agricultural waste burning. In general, the spatial trends in NOx emission factors calculated in this work are consistent with emission factors derived from in situ measurements from the region, but are more variable than published biome specific global average emission factors widely used in bottom up fire emissions inventories such as the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) v3. Satellite based NOx emission factors also indicate substantial temporal variability in burning conditions. Overall, we found that deforestation fires have the lowest NOx emission factors, on average 30 % lower than the emission factors used in GFED v3. Agricultural fire NOx emission factors were the highest, on average a factor of 2 higher than GFED v3 values. For savanna, woodland, and deforestation fires early dry season NOx emission factors were a factor of ~1.5–2.0 higher than late dry season emission factors. A minimum in the NOx emission factor seasonal cycle for deforestation fires occurred in August, the time period of severe drought in South America in 2005. Our results support the hypothesis that prolonged dry spells may lead to an increase in the contribution of smoldering combustion from large diameter fuels to total fire emissions, which would lower the overall modified combustion efficiency (MCE) and NOx emission factor, and offset the higher combustion efficiency of dryer fine fuels. We evaluated the OMI derived NOx emission factors with SCIAMACHY NO2 tropospheric column observations and found improved model performance in regions dominated by fire emissions.
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Urbanski, Shawn. "Wildland fire emissions, carbon, and climate: Emission factors." Forest Ecology and Management 317 (April 2014): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.05.045.

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7

Davoli, Enrico, Giancarlo Bianchi, Anna Bonura, Marzio Invernizzi, and Selena Sironi. "Odor Emissions Factors for Bitumen-Related Production Sites." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 3700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083700.

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Bitumen-related production sites are facing increasing difficulties with nearby residents due to odor emissions. This parameter is still not regulated for these plants and little is known about the emissions that these plants have put into the atmosphere with the technologies available today. In this study, emission data from 47 Italian production plants were collected and analyzed to assess which values could describe the current situation in Italy. The results of the analysis showed that emissions are very variable, with odor concentration values between 200 to 37,000 ouE/m3, but data have a normal distribution. The mean value of the stack odor concentration was found to be 2424 ouE/m3. It was also possible to calculate emission factors of the plants, such as odor emission rate (OER), which represents the quantity of odor emitted per unit of time, and is expressed in odor units per second (ouE∙s−1) and odor emission factor (OEF) per ton of product, expressed in ouE/t. The values obtained were 7.1 × 104 ouE/s and 1.4 × 106 ouE/t. respectively. These data could provide a starting point for the definition of shared values among various stakeholders for the definition of regional guidelines for the emissions of these plants, in order to adjust available technologies towards emission parameters that are protective of the surrounding environment.
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Tang, Tianjia, Michael Claggett, Joon Byun, Mike Roberts, Jessica Granell, and Dale E. Aspy. "MOBILE6.2 Modeling of Exhaust Air Toxic Emission Factors." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1941, no. 1 (January 2005): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105194100112.

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The newly released MOBILE6.2 has incorporated both air toxic and particulate matter emission factor modeling functions. A series of test runs were performed to gain a better understanding of the air toxic modeling function and overall model behavior. These test runs and scenarios evaluated the changes in emission factors of all six built-in air toxic compounds as affected by vehicle activities, fuel physical properties, fuel chemical compositions, oxygenated fuel additives, and environmental conditions. Results obtained indicate that exhaust emission factors for acrolein, acetaldehyde, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, and methyl tertiary butyl ether are inversely proportional to freeway and arterial vehicle speeds. This phenomenon follows the trend of total organic gas emission factors. Effects from roadway facility differences indicated that the higher the percentage of vehicle miles traveled on a freeway, the lower the air toxic emission factors on a per vehicle mile traveled basis. Exhaust air toxic emission factors increase when fuel Reid vapor pressure value and sulfur content increase. Diesel sulfur content has no effect on the six toxic compound emission factors. Effects from fuel chemical compositions on all emission factors varied. However, chemical compositions do have significant effects on all air toxic compound emission factors. On the same note, both minimum and maximum temperatures affect all air toxic emissions significantly. The time series evaluation indicates that all six tested air toxic compound emissions decrease linearly from the year 2002 to 2020.
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Yu, Yao, Ruikai Sun, Yindong Sun, Jinyou Wu, and Wanying Zhu. "China’s Port Carbon Emission Reduction: A Study of Emission-Driven Factors." Atmosphere 13, no. 4 (March 29, 2022): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13040550.

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Ports offer an effective way to facilitate the global economy. However, massive carbon emission during port operating aggravates the atmospheric pollution in port cities. Capturing characteristics of port carbon emission is vital to reduce GHG (greenhouse gas) in the maritime realm as well as to achieve China’s carbon neutral objective. In this work, an integrated framework is proposed for exploring the driving factors of China ports’ emissions combined with stochastic effects on population, affluence and technology regression (STIRPAT), Global Malmquist-Luenberger (GML) and multiple linear regression (MLR). The port efficiency is estimated for each port and the potential driving factors of carbon emission are explored. The results indicate that port carbon emissions have a strong connection with port throughput, productivity, containerization and intermodal transshipment. It is worth noting that the containerization ratio and port physical facility with fossil-free energy improvement have positively correlated with carbon emissions. However, the specific value of waterborne transshipment shows a complex impact on carbon dioxide emission as the ratio increases. The findings reveal that China port authorities need to improve containerization ratio and develop intermodal transportation; meanwhile, it is responsible for port authorities to update energy use and improve energy efficiency in ways to minimize the proportion of non-green energy consumption in accordance with optimizing port operation management including peak shaving and intelligent management systems under a new horizon of clean energy and automatic equipment.
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Burns, Paul, Volkmar Timmermann, and Jon M. Yearsley. "Meteorological factors associated with the timing and abundance of Hymenoscyphus fraxineus spore release." International Journal of Biometeorology 66, no. 3 (November 11, 2021): 493–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00484-021-02211-z.

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AbstractThe ascomycete Hymenoscyphus fraxineus has spread across most of the host range of European ash with a high level of mortality, causing important economic, cultural and environmental effects. We present a novel method combining a Monte-Carlo approach with a generalised additive model that confirms the importance of meteorology to the magnitude and timing of H. fraxineus spore emissions. The variability in model selection and the relative degree to which our models are over- or under-fitting the data has been quantified. We find that both the daily magnitude and timing of spore emissions are affected by meteorology during and prior to the spore emission diurnal peak. We found the daily emission magnitude has the strongest associations to weekly average net radiation and leaf moisture before the emission, soil temperature during the day before emission and net radiation during the spore emission. The timing of the daily peak in spore emissions has the strongest associations to net radiation both during spore emission and in the day preceding the emission. The seasonal peak in spore emissions has a near-exponential increase/decrease, and the mean daily emission peak is approximately Gaussian.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Emission factors"

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de, Souza Nayara. "Total Fume Emissions and Emission Factors Applicable to Gas Metal Arc Welding." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2019. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2603.

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Welding is a common industrial practice that has the potential to emit air pollutants. Emission factors are useful indicators to help in the understanding of the extent of pollution from a process and managing them to reduce or minimize health impacts. The objective of this thesis is to determine emission factors applicable to the gas metal arc welding (GMAW), under varying current and voltage conditions. The most used base metals and an electrode for the shipbuilding industry were considered. A weld fume chamber was used to achieve the project goals along with standard sampling and analytical procedures. Three test runs were performed for each sampling scenario to ensure repeatability. The EPA EF average for MS experiments with the ER70S-6 electrode is 5.2 g/kg, and for SS experiments with the ER316L-Si electrode is 3.2 g/kg, while the average results for this study were 6.81 g/kg and 3.28 g/kg respectively.
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Bharvirkar, Ranjit. "Quantification of Variability and Uncertainty in Emission Factors and Emission Inventories." NCSU, 1999. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-19990520-122639.

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The purpose of this research is to demonstrate a methodology for quantifying the variability and uncertainty in emission factors and emission inventories. Emission inventories are used for various policy-making purposes, such as characterization of temporal emission trends, emissions budgeting for regulatory and compliance purposes, and the prediction of ambient pollutant concentration using air quality models. Failure to account for variability and uncertainty in emission inventories may lead to erroneous conclusions regarding source apportionment, compliance with emission standards, emission trends, and the impact of emissions on air quality. Variability is the heterogeneity of values of a quantity with respect to time, space, or across a population while uncertainty arises due to lack of knowledge about the true value of a quantity. The sources of variability and uncertainty are distinct and hence variability and uncertainty affect policy- making in different ways. For example, variability in emissions arises from differences in operating conditions among different power plants. Uncertainty arises due to measurement errors, systematic errors, and random sampling errors. It is possible to reduce uncertainty by taking more accurate and precise measurements (i.e. reducing measurement error) or by taking a larger number of measurements (i.e. random sampling error). However, it is not possible to reduce variability. Therefore, in this research variability and uncertainty are treated separately. A methodology for simultaneous characterization of variability and uncertainty in emission and activity factors and their propagation through an emission inventory model is described. Variability was characterized using probability distributions developed on the basis of data analysis. The uncertainty due to random sampling error was characterized using parametric bootstrap simulation. A methodology for the quantification of variability and uncertainty in censored data sets containing below detection limit values was developed. This methodology is demonstrated for three case studies. In Case Study 1, the variability and uncertainty in the activity and emission factors for NO x emissions from selected coal-fired power plant systems was quantified based on data obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. An illustrative partial probabilistic NO x emission inventory was developed for the state of North Carolina. In Case Study 2, the variability and uncertainty in the total short-term average emissions and in annual emissions of nine hazardous air pollutants (HAP) from a power plant was quantified by propagating the probability distributions for coal concentrations, boiler partitioning factors, and fabric filter partitioning factors through an emissions model. In Case Study 3, the effect of various levels of censoring on the variability and uncertainty in CO and HC emission factor data sets for diesel transit buses was studied. The main findings regarding the methodology demonstrated in this research include: (1) uncertainty due to random sampling error is substantial and in many cases was found to be of the same order of magnitude as the variability in the data set; and (2) the methodology developed for quantifying the variability and uncertainty in censored data sets is reasonably robust and accurate. The main insights obtained from the application of the methodology include: (1) the uncertainty in the total NO x emissions from selected power plants in North Carolina is ± 25 percent around the nominal value; (2) the uncertainty in the short-term average emissions of all HAPs from a power plant is substantially high in the upper percentiles (e.g., the width of the 95 percent confidence interval on the 95th percentile is 385 lb) than in the lower percentiles (e.g., the width of the 95 percent confidence interval on the median value is 60 lb) ; (3) the range of uncertainty in the annual average emissions is much wider than the range of variability in annual average emissions from one year to another; and (4) the uncertainty in the median value of censored CO and HC emission factor data sets increases as the level of censoring increases.

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Wollenberg, Jennifer Lee. "Factors affecting mercury emission from aquatic systems." Diss., [Free access to full dissertation available to Lehigh users only.], 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3358118.

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Sengupta, Amitdyuti. "Preliminary Hydrogen Sulfide Emission Factors and Emission Models for Wastewater Treatment Plant Headworks." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2014. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1829.

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Generation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a common phenomenon from wastewater collection, transport, and treatment processes. Impacts of H2S emissions from wastewater include corrosion and reduction in the service life of wastewater infrastructure, odor nuisance in the community, and health impacts on wastewater operations and maintenance personnel (Neilsen, et al. WEFTEC 2006). Conventional odor control studies performed by municipalities to design their individual odor/corrosion control strategies largely depend on establishing a dilution to detection threshold (D/T) ratio and ascertaining the recognition threshold (R/T) for air samples collected from the study area. These conventional odor studies based on grab samples using R/T and D/T technique using a few days of data have a number of limitations and potentially lead to inaccurate conclusions. However, H2S emission studies using continuous air monitoring is expensive and time consuming. The objective of this research is to understand the feasibility of utilizing emission factors as a tool to predict hydrogen sulfide emissions from headworks of four different Jefferson Parish, Louisiana wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). Proposed model(s) developed for predicting H2S emission factors that depend on wastewater parameters should be convenient for the municipalities to use as the data required is monitored routinely. Use of H2S emission models should assist rapid identification of H2S emission hot spots, optimize H2S control strategies, predict potential health risks, prevent community odor nuisance, and ascertain infrastructure corrosion. This dissertation attempts to; i) develop a research methodology, ii) identify instruments required, iii) generate emission factor ranges and compare their sensitivity to wastewater parameters, iv) generate preliminary empirical emission models based on flow treated, population serviced and area served by a treatment plant for each sampling location and v) provide a roadmap for future research opportunities to refine the models generated as part of this dissertation. Key words: emission model, emission factor, emission ranges, hydrogen sulfide, odor control, air quality, wastewater treatment.
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Franco, García Vicente. "Evaluation and improvement of road vehicle pollutant emission factors based on instantaneous emissions data processing." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/146187.

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Introduction
Current instrumentation makes it possible to measure vehicle emissions with high temporal resolution. But the increased resolution of emissions signals does not equate with increased accuracy. A prerequisite for the derivation of accurate emission factors from instantaneous vehicle emissions data is a fine allocation of measured mass emissions to recorded engine or vehicle states. This poses a technical challenge, because vehicle emission test facilities are not designed to support instantaneous emissions modelling, and they introduce distorting effects that compromise the instantaneous accuracy of the measured signals.

Methodology
These distorting effects can be compensated through a combination of physical modelling and data post-processing. The main original contribution of this dissertation is a novel methodology for the compensation of instantaneous emission signals, which is fully described herein. Whereas previous methodologies relied on systems theory modelling, and on comprehensive testing to model the sub-systems of the measurement setup, the alternative approach uses CO2 as a tracer of the distortions brought about by the measurement setup, which is modelled as a 'lump' system.

Conclusions
The main benefits of this methodology are its low burden of experimental work and its flexibility. Furthermore, it has been fully implemented in the 'esto' software tool, which can perform the compensation of emission signals with minimal user intervention and speed up the creation of engine emission maps.

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Nguyen, Phi Hung. "Feasible solutions to manage emissions of nitrous oxide in vegetable crops and orchards in Australia and Vietnam." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21454.

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Crop production is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions because cropping inputs and cultivation lead to the formation of nitrous oxide (N2O) in soils. This research measured the baseline N2O emissions from apple, cherry, processing tomato and babyleaf spinach production in Australia and assessed the impacts of crop management practices on these emissions. Nitrous oxide emissions were measured using static chambers, and the impact of management practices including crop residue mulches, cover crops, composts and irrigation management on emissions was assessed; and, the data compared to estimated emissions calculated using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the Cool Farm Tool (CFT) models. In Vietnam N2O emissions were measured in preliminary studies on vegetables crops, and the effectiveness of technical extension guidelines to mitigate N2O emissions were analysed. Average N2O emissions from fruit orchards and vegetable crops in Australia were low (less than 10 g N2O-N ha-1 day-1), while the emissions for choy sum, mustard and cabbage crops in Vietnam were higher, ranging from 12 g to 40 g N2O-N ha-1 day-1. Compost and lucerne straw additions increased N2O emissions in orchards while wheat straw mulch or bare soils did not. Sub-surface drip irrigation, legumes and ryegrass cover crops and low nitrogen fertiliser inputs were identified as potential strategies for mitigating N2O emissions in baby leaf spinach and processing tomatoes. The CFT and IPCC default values tended to overestimate measured N2O emissions. Technical guidelines for vegetable production in Vietnam focus on economic benefits rather than managing greenhouse gas emissions. Avoiding overuse of urea, using NPK, organic, slow-release urea fertilisers, and establishing permanent beds with small tractors were identified and ways to reduce GHG emissions in Vietnam.
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Dereix, Florian. "Adaptation of emission factors for the Tunisian carbon footprint tool." Thesis, KTH, Energisystemanalys, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-131694.

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In Tunisia, the National Agency for the Environment is encouraging the creation of a carbon footprint method specifically adapted to the Tunisian context. In cooperation with the French National Agency for the Environment, the adaptation of the French carbon footprint method is realised and has to go along with an adaptation of the emission factors. In this framework, this master thesis aims at presenting the emission factors adaptation process led to adapt the accounting tool. First, a literature review enables to present the main notions useful to understand the precise definition of emission factor. Then, a preliminary study of the main carbon footprint tools is presented so as to identify the main characteristics of a carbon footprint method. A comparison is then done to present the differences which can occur between the previous methods. Finally, for each category of emission factor, the adaptation process is presented showing three different ways to adapt emission factors: a replacing of the data in the calculations, an adaptation based on local studies and a more difficult adaptation requiring to develop a new method.
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Jia, Qi. "Dust from mining area and proposal of dust emission factors." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Geoteknologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-18601.

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Mining generates great deal of particulate matter, especially for surface mining. The principle of dust generation is based on the theory of soil wind erosion. This thesis theoretically and experimentally dealt with mining dust. In chapter 1 the development of study on soil erosion by wind and mining dust were introduced. Chapter 2 elaborated the process of soil wind erosion. Soil motion during wind erosion is classified into three categories which are creeping, saltation and suspension. Threshold wind velocity, which initiates particle motion, depends on particle size, soil moisture, roughness element etc. Roughness element refers to non erodible fraction in a soil. A test on erodible fraction was included in this research.Chapter 3 presented effects and sources of mining dust. Sources include haul road, stockpiles, open surfaces, overburden removal etc. Malmberget mine operated by LKAB is one of the most important iron mines in Sweden. The mining area includes an area with huge open pit and current industrial center area. Both areas are surrounded by residential areas where people are suffering from dust problem. In this research the collected dust from 26 measuring stations during the time period Aug. 2009 to Aug. 2010 were used to calculate the dust fallout and distribution using surfer 9.0 software. It was concluded that two sources for dust generation were spotted. One was located close to the open pit, and the other was located nearby the current mining industrial center. It should be mentioned that the concentration of dust was varying with time. The maximum value happened on May in 2010. The value suddenly became extremely high compared with the other months. This was attributed to a road construction at that time. Analysis results have shown dust production around Malmberget mine was attributed to three reasons: wind erosion of the exposed area closed to the open pit, trucks transportation on haul roads, and wind erosion of stockpiles. Since the mining activities were relatively going at a constant level, the variations of dust level were mostly attributed to the climatic factor. During the research erodible fractions for surface samples from the open surface nearby the open pit were measured. The result showed an erodibility index of 4.69kg/m2 per year. Because the index value indicated relatively low intrinsic soil erodibility, the dust problem might be more contributed by wind erosion of stockpiles and truck travelling on haul roads.Chapter 4 introduced how US EPA developed dust emission factors for various mining activities. Accordingly recommendations and the future plans for the establishment of the dust emission factors for Malmberget mine in Sweden were given and highlighted in chapter 5. Chapter 6 finalizes the thesis with a conclusive paragraph.
Godkänd; 2011; 20110516 (qijia); LICENTIATSEMINARIUM Ämnesområde: Geoteknik/Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Examinator: Professor Sven Knutsson, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Professor John McManus, St. Andrews University, United Kingdom Tid: Måndag den 3 oktober 2011 kl 10.30 Plats: F531, Luleå tekniska universitet
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Jilla, Abhinay Mr. "Particulate Matter and Carbon Monoxide Emission Factors from Incense Burning." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2017. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2380.

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Indoor air quality is a growing concern in the world. People spend a considerable amount of time in indoor environments such as homes, workplaces, shopping malls, stores, and so on. Indoor sources like incense and candle burning, cooking contribute a significant amount of indoor air pollutants such as particulate matter, carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds. Exposure to these kinds of pollutants can result in adverse health effects. The purpose of this research is to determine the particulate matter and carbon monoxide emission factors (EFs) from incense stick burning. A test chamber with a rectangular exhaust duct, a fan to exhaust air with pollutants in it, and pollutant sensors were used to achieve the project goals. Several experiments were performed with different cases/scenarios to accurately estimate the EFs and several test runs were conducted for each case to test the repeatability of the results. The CO, PM2.5 (mass), PM2.5 (number), PM10 (mass), PM10 (number) EFs developed in this research are between 110-120 mg/g of incense, 2.5-3 mg/g of incense, 800-1100 #particles/µg of incense, 32-33 mg/g of incense, 1200-1400 #particles/µg of incense respectively.
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Hornsey, Richard Ian. "Factors affecting ion energy distributions in liquid metal ion sources." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236154.

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Books on the topic "Emission factors"

1

Stelling, John H. E. VOC emission factors for NAPAP emission inventory. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1987.

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Misenheimer, David C. Ammonia emission factors for the NAPAP emission inventory. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1987.

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Homolya, James B. Primary sulfate emission factors for the NAPAP emissions inventory. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research and Development, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1986.

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Stockton, Margie B. Criteria pollutant emission factors for the 1985 NAPAP emissions inventory. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1987.

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Stockton, Margie B. Criteria pollutant emission factors for the 1985 NAPAP emissions inventory. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1987.

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CORINAIR Working Group on Emission Factors. CORINAIR Working Group on Emission Factors for calculating 1990 emission from road traffic. Brussels: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1993.

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Kindbom, Karin, Ingrid Mawdsley, Ole-Kenneth Nielsen, Kristina Saarinen, Kári Jónsson, and Kristin Aasestad. Emission factors for SLCP emissions from residential wood combustion in the Nordic countries. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/tn2017-570.

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Warn, Thomas E. Development and selection of ammonia emission factors for the 1985 NAPAP emissions inventory. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1990.

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Warn, Thomas E. Development and selection of ammonia emission factors for the 1985 NAPAP emissions inventory. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1990.

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Stelling, John H. E. Emission factors for equipment leaks of VOC and HAP. Research Triangle Park, N.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Emission Standards and Engineering Division, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Emission factors"

1

Memmesheimer, M., H. J. Jakobs, A. Oberreuter, H. J. Bock, G. Piekorz, A. Ebel, H. Hass, Johannes Staehelin, and Kurt Schläpfer. "Evaluation of Emissions and Emission Factors." In Tropospheric Modelling and Emission Estimation, 243–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03470-5_8.

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Karl, U., D. Oertel, C. Veaux, O. Rentz, R. Fliszár-Baranyai, J. Fekete, J. Osán, B. Török, and S. Török. "Power Plant Emission Factors." In Tropospheric Modelling and Emission Estimation, 337–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03470-5_12.

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Theloke, J., R. Steinbrecher, G. Smiatek, J. Theloke, R. Friedrich, W. Winiwarter, Å. Sjödin, et al. "Improvement of emission factors." In Emissions of Air Pollutants, 15–143. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07015-4_2.

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Smith, Kirk R. "The Pollutants and Their Emission Factors." In Biofuels, Air Pollution, and Health, 23–61. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0891-1_2.

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Castaldi, Simona, Giorgio Alberti, Teresa Bertolini, Annachiara Forte, Franco Miglietta, Riccardo Valentini, and Angelo Fierro. "N2O Emission Factors for Italian Crops." In The Greenhouse Gas Balance of Italy, 135–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32424-6_9.

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Yoshiki, Yumiko, Kazuyoshi Okubo, and Kiharu Igarashi. "Photon Emission by Natural Radical Scavengers in the Presence of Active Oxygen Species." In Food Factors for Cancer Prevention, 313–17. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-67017-9_62.

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Delmas, R., J. P. Lacaux, and D. Brocard. "Determination of Biomass Burning Emission Factors: Methods and Results." In African Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories and Mitigation Options: Forestry, Land-Use Change, and Agriculture, 75–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1637-1_6.

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Zhou, Zhou, Fan Shi, Yang Zhang, Yanjuan Yu, and Shoufeng Tang. "Influencing Factors of Gas Emission in Coal Mining Face." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 278–84. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8411-4_35.

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Dong, Longjun, and Xibing Li. "Factors Affecting the Accuracy of Acoustic Emission Sources Localization." In Velocity-Free Localization Methodology for Acoustic and Microseismic Sources, 53–94. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8610-9_3.

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O'Brien, Donal, and Laurence Shalloo. "Greenhouse gas emissions from livestock production: modelling methods, methane emission factors and mitigation strategies." In Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from livestock production, 25–54. London: Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003048213-2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Emission factors"

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Zhang, Kairan, Lei Yao, and Guofang Li. "Factors Affecting Vehicular Emissions and Emission Models." In Fourth International Conference on Transportation Engineering. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413159.413.

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White, Jeff J., James N. Carroll, Charles T. Hare, and Jacline G. Lourenco. "Emission Factors for Small Utility Engines." In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/910560.

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Keil, C. "119. Emission Factors for Toluene Parts Washing." In AIHce 1996 - Health Care Industries Papers. AIHA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2764778.

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Deru, Michael. "Establishing Standard Source Energy and Emission Factors for Energy Use in Buildings." In ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36105.

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Energy use in buildings is most commonly analyzed by using the energy measured at the site. Some analysts also calculate the source energy and emissions from the site energy. Source energy use and emission profiles offer better indicators of the environmental impact of buildings and allow other metrics for comparison of performance. However, there are no standard factors for calculating the source energy and emissions from the site energy. The energy and emission factors used are derived from different data using different methods resulting in wide variations, which makes comparisons difficult. In addition, these factors do not include the full life cycle of the fuels and energies, but only the combustion and transmission portions of the life cycle. The recently available U.S. Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Database provides LCI data for energy, transportation, and common materials. The LCI data for fuels include all the energy and emissions associated with the extraction, transportation, and processing of the fuels. This paper describes how the LCI data, along with other emissions data and energy consumption data from the Energy Information Administration, were used to generate source energy and emission factors specifically for energy use in buildings. The factors are provided on national, interconnect, and state levels. This effort was part of the U.S. Department of Energy Performance Metrics Project, which worked to establish standard procedures and performance metrics for energy performance of buildings.
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Ritter, K., M. Lev-On, and T. M. Shires. "The Road to Updated Emission Factors to Characterize Methane Emissions for Select Emission Sources in Natural Gas Systems." In SPE E&P Health, Safety, Security and Environmental Conference-Americas. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/173489-ms.

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John D Wanjura, William B Faulkner, Calvin B Parnell, Jr., Bryan W Shaw, Sergio C Capareda, and Ronald E Lacey. "Cotton Harvesting Emission Factors Based on Source Sampling." In 2008 Providence, Rhode Island, June 29 - July 2, 2008. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.25113.

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Zainordin, Nadzirah, and Dhuny Bibi Fatimah Zahra. "Factors Contributing to Carbon Emission in Construction Activity." In Third International Conference on Separation Technology 2020 (ICoST 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aer.k.201229.025.

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Qu, Guokun. "Analysis of carbon emission and its influencing factors." In Proceedings of the 2018 5th International Conference on Education, Management, Arts, Economics and Social Science (ICEMAESS 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icemaess-18.2018.32.

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Staaf, Oerjan, Carl-Gustaf Ribbing, and Stefan K. Andersson. "Broadband emission factors: temperature variation for nongray samples." In Aerospace/Defense Sensing and Controls, edited by Douglas D. Burleigh and Jane W. Maclachlan Spicer. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.235389.

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Chu, Daniel Y., Mee Koy Chin, and Seng-Tiong Ho. "Spontaneous-emission factors of microring and microdisk lasers." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1993.wn.2.

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Reports on the topic "Emission factors"

1

Maddalena, Randy, Marion Russell, and Michael G. Apte. Small-Chamber Measurements of Chemical-Specific Emission Factors for Drywall. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/992488.

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Deru, M., and P. Torcellini. Source Energy and Emission Factors for Energy Use in Buildings (Revised). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990.

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Marnay, Chris, Diane Fisher, Scott Murtishaw, Amol Phadke, Lynn Price, and Jayant Sathaye. Estimating carbon dioxide emission factors for the California electric power sector. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/806108.

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Gullett, Brian K. Temporal and Modal Characterization of DoD Source Air Toxic Emission Factors. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada571510.

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Avis, William. Emission Reductions and Health Impacts of LEVs. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.033.

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This rapid literature review summarises evidence on Emission reductions and health impacts of Low and Zero Emission Vehicles (LEVs and ZEVs). The review found a disparate but emerging evidence base derived from studies exploring the issue in a range of settings (predominantly high and middle income countries). The evidence base provides a mixed and complex picture given the heterogeneity of methodological approaches and contextual analyses to assessing reductions and health impacts. The report found a focus on carbon emission reduction and less evidence on other emissions. Given the above, evidence has been collected and presented in an annotated bibliography. A note of caution should be raised when drawing lessons from particular studies, with findings influenced by a range of contextual factors.
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Smith, Ann P., Stephen D. Richardson, Victoria H. Boyd, Richard L. Bowers, Susan K. Stuver, Seth Lyman, Carolyn LaFleur, and Stephen H. Perry. Integrated Component-Specific Measurements to Develop Emission Factors for Compressors and Gas Gathering Lines. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1475568.

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Spicer, Chester W., Michael W. Holdren, Anthony S. Wisbith, Kenneth A. Cowen, Bertram T. Jobson, Jan Satola, William R. Bolt, et al. A Field Program to Identify TRI Chemicals and Determine Emission Factors from DoD Munitions Activities. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada451108.

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Parthasarathy, Srinandini, Randy L. Maddalena, Marion L. Russell, and Michael G. Apte. Field Derived Emission Factors For Formaldehyde and other Volatile Organic Compounds in FEMA Temporary Housing Units. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1000862.

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Glenn C. England, Stephanie Wien, and Mingchih O. Chang. DEVELOPMENT OF FINE PARTICULATE EMISSION FACTORS AND SPECIATION PROFILES FOR OIL AND GAS-FIRED COMBUSTION SYSTEMS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/836815.

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Glenn C. England. DEVELOPMENT OF FINE PARTICULATE EMISSION FACTORS AND SPECIATION PROFILES FOR OIL AND GAS-FIRED COMBUSTION SYSTEMS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/836998.

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