Relevant bibliographies by topics / Emission pollution in ports

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Academic literature on the topic 'Emission pollution in ports'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 23 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Emission pollution in ports"

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Li, Zhu, Chen Jun Feng, and Duan Jun Ya. "Air Pollution and Control of Cargo Handling Equipments in Ports." E3S Web of Conferences 93 (2019): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199302001.

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In order to reduce and control air pollution caused by cargo handling equipments in ports, China’s transportation authority has proposed the goal of accelerating the elimination of old high-emission cargo handling equipments. This paper studies and constructs a dynamic method based on the level of cargo handling equipments activity to estimate the emissions of atmospheric pollutants. The results show that in 2017, if the engines of cargo handling equipment are upgraded and comply with Chinese standard Tier III, the air pollution will be significantly reduced. We show the ranking of the emission of air pollution of different type of equipment in ports. The government will make a good decision on air pollution and control with our research results.
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Sun, Xing, Zhe Tian, Reza Malekian, and Zhixiong Li. "Estimation of Vessel Emissions Inventory in Qingdao Port Based on Big data Analysis." Symmetry 10, no. 10 (2018): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym10100452.

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Exhaust emissions from vessels have increasingly attracted attention in the continuously growing marine transport world trade market. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has introduced a number of measures designed to reduce exhaust emissions from global shipping. As one of the busiest ports in the world, Qingdao port has been studied to propose possible support to the development of efficient emission reduction. In this study, a large amount data of emissions inventory in Qingdao port was used to predict its annual exhaust emissions, and hence, to help understand maritime pollution in Qingdao port. Bigdata analysis methodology was employed to perform accurate predictions on vessel emissions. The analysis results show that the emissions were dominated by container ships, oil tankers, and bulk cargo ships. The comparison between Qingdao port and other ports in emission control areas demonstrates the necessity of control measures for exhaust emissions. The adoption of shore power and efficient cargo handling seems to be a potential solution to reduce exhaust emissions. The findings of this study are meaningful for maritime safety administration to understand the current emission situation in Qingdao port, propose corresponding control measures, and perform pollution prevention.
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He, Wenqing. "Research on Air Pollution Modeling and Emission Inventory Methodology: A Case Study of Shanghai Yangshan Port." E3S Web of Conferences 536 (2024): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202453603005.

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In order to effectively manage the pollution from ships in ports, it is very necessary to understand the quantity and characteristics of the emissions from port pollution sources, so that more scientific management measures can be provided.This paper mainly analyzes the three pollution emission sources of Yangshan Port, namely port machinery, transport vehicles and ships, and uses the emission factor method to estimate and establish the air pollution emission inventory of Yangshan Port in 2021.The results show:1) The emissions of pollutants SO2, PM, NOx, CO, and VOCs are 5011t, 1252t, 27,560t, 1670t, and 2150t, respectively;2) Ships are the largest source of pollution, with container ships providing the largest pollution contribution among the different ship types, accounting for 38%;3) The main engine and auxiliary engines, as the main source of pollution from ships, accounted for 40% and 42% of the total amount of pollutants, respectively; the slow-speed state accounted for the highest proportion of pollution discharged in the four operating states, at 41%.
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Zhao, Tingting, Maowei Chen, and Hyangsook Lee. "A Study on the Framework for Estimating Ship Air Pollutant Emissions—Focusing on Ports of South Korea." Atmosphere 13, no. 7 (2022): 1141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13071141.

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With the globalization of trade and the rapid development of the world economy, the problem of air pollution emissions produced by shipping is becoming more serious. The exhaust gas emitted by ships has become a significant source of air pollution in ocean and coastal areas. In recent years, governments have paid more attention to shipping emissions as a major source of environmental problems. Establishing ship emission inventories plays an important role in formulating ship emission control measures and regulations. This study aimed to propose a framework for calculating ship air pollutant emissions by comprehensively considering processes and methods officially used in developed countries such as the US and those in the EU, as well as South Korean circumstances and available data sets. The framework was divided into three sections: defining the inventory, data collection and analysis of the data, and ship air pollutant emission estimation. The results of this study provided a standard for South Korean domestic port emission inventories. A case study focused on the Gwangyang and Yeosu Ports, one of the leading port areas in South Korea, using adaptive data collection and emission-calculation processes. This study can be used as guidelines when the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (MOF) or the Ministry of Environment (MOE) adopts a standard process in South Korea in the near future. Subsequently, it is necessary to establish a national port emission management system to respond to world environmental changes.
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Zhao, Ya Qian, Wei Wang, and Xue Jun Feng. "The Calculation of Air Pollutants Emission from Ships in Ports." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 3105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.3105.

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The air pollutants emissions from ships obtained a large proportion in the system. The research of air pollutants from ships has become a hot issue. The paper analyzes the generating mechanism and detriment of air pollution from ships, and summarizes the methods to calculate air pollution emissions in ports, clearly defined the concepts and details the formulas of the method based on fuel consumption and the method based on power, finally propose reasonable methods to calculate the ship air pollutants under different conditions, to improve the convenience and accuracy of calculation.
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Jieling, Cheng, and Li Haibo. "Analysis of Environmental Benefits of Shore Power for Preventing and Controlling Air Pollution Caused by Vessels at Berth." E3S Web of Conferences 53 (2018): 04036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185304036.

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When vessels are berthed at ports, the air pollutants emitted by auxiliary engines will cause severe pollution to the ports and surrounding environments. In view of this situation, the author first summarizes the Chinese policies and policies of foreign countries on emission of air pollutants from vessels at berth, and then analyses the current status of and measures for control of air pollutant emission from vessels at berth. Secondly, the author analyses the environmental benefits of using shore power for better controlling air pollutant emission from vessels at berth, compares vessels using shore power with vessels using generated power in the energy conservation and emission reduction effects based on the fuel consumption rate of different auxiliary engines and current status of pollutant emission from power generation in China etc., analyses the current status of shore power application in China, estimates the energy conserved and emission reduced when shore power is used by vessels at berth. Thirdly, the author identifies the scale of electric energy replacement by, and environmental benefits of, shore power at ports in China. This paper delivers innovative approaches to the comparison between the effects of energy conservation and emission reduction based on fuel consumption rates of different auxiliary engines and estimation of conserved energy and reduced emission.
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Yan, Xinrong, Juanle Wang, Fang Wu, et al. "Spatial and Temporal Variation Characteristics of Air Pollutants in Coastal Areas of China: From Satellite Perspective." Remote Sensing 17, no. 11 (2025): 1861. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17111861.

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Under increasingly stringent global policies aimed at reducing emissions from shipping, the impact of maritime activities on air quality has garnered significant attention. However, the absence of comprehensive macro-evaluation methods and a limited understanding of regional-scale pollutant emissions introduce substantial uncertainties in assessing emission reduction effectiveness and identifying pollution sources. In this study, we utilized Sentinel-5P satellite data from 2019 to 2024 to examine the spatiotemporal characteristics of six air pollutants (SO2, NO2, HCHO, O3, CO, and CH4) in China’s coastal areas. We further investigated the correlation between ship density and pollutant concentrations and analyzed the distribution of pollutant concentrations in major coastal ports across China. The results indicate the following: (1) The concentrations of SO2, HCHO, and CH4 exhibited a continuous increasing trend, whereas NO2, CO, and O3 remained relatively stable or showed a slight decline. All six pollutants demonstrated obvious seasonal variations, with NO2 and HCHO following a double-peak pattern and O3, SO2, CH4, and CO exhibiting a single-peak pattern. (2) Pollutant concentrations were higher along the northern coast (Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea) and relatively lower in the South China Sea region. Specifically, NO2, SO2, and O3 were higher in the Bohai Sea region; HCHO and CO were more concentrated in the northern coastal area; and CH4 was elevated in the north and certain ports of the Yangtze River Delta. (3) Ship density displayed a significant positive correlation with NO2, SO2, HCHO, CO, and CH4, indicating that ship emissions are an important source of these pollutants. Although O3 is not directly emitted by ships, a positive correlation was observed in certain ship-dense areas, primarily due to photochemical reactions involving NO2 and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). (4) Higher concentrations of NO2, SO2, HCHO, CO, and CH4 were observed in northern ports (e.g., Tianjin Xingang, Qinhuangdao, Tangshan, and Dalian), whereas southern Chinese ports (e.g., Shenzhen, Xiamen, and Haikou) exhibited lower pollution levels. These findings provide a scientific foundation for coastal air pollution control and highlight the necessity of ship emission regulation and integrated multi-pollutant management.
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Yu, Yao, Ruikai Sun, Yindong Sun, Jinyou Wu, and Wanying Zhu. "China’s Port Carbon Emission Reduction: A Study of Emission-Driven Factors." Atmosphere 13, no. 4 (2022): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13040550.

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Ports offer an effective way to facilitate the global economy. However, massive carbon emission during port operating aggravates the atmospheric pollution in port cities. Capturing characteristics of port carbon emission is vital to reduce GHG (greenhouse gas) in the maritime realm as well as to achieve China’s carbon neutral objective. In this work, an integrated framework is proposed for exploring the driving factors of China ports’ emissions combined with stochastic effects on population, affluence and technology regression (STIRPAT), Global Malmquist-Luenberger (GML) and multiple linear regression (MLR). The port efficiency is estimated for each port and the potential driving factors of carbon emission are explored. The results indicate that port carbon emissions have a strong connection with port throughput, productivity, containerization and intermodal transshipment. It is worth noting that the containerization ratio and port physical facility with fossil-free energy improvement have positively correlated with carbon emissions. However, the specific value of waterborne transshipment shows a complex impact on carbon dioxide emission as the ratio increases. The findings reveal that China port authorities need to improve containerization ratio and develop intermodal transportation; meanwhile, it is responsible for port authorities to update energy use and improve energy efficiency in ways to minimize the proportion of non-green energy consumption in accordance with optimizing port operation management including peak shaving and intelligent management systems under a new horizon of clean energy and automatic equipment.
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Zhang, Yan, Jian Gu, Wei Wang, Yiqiang Peng, Xiaojing Wu, and Xuejun Feng. "Inland port vessel emissions inventory based on Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model–Automatic Identification System." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 9, no. 7 (2017): 168781401771287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814017712878.

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The designation of ship emission control areas in China evidenced increased attention to ship emissions. Ships calling ports along inland waterways are of particular concern as their emissions exacerbate air pollution in nearby cities. Adapting the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model to the local context, this study combines data from Automatic Identification System, vessel profile database, and field investigation results to build a “bottom-up” activity-based inventory of ship emissions. The Nanjing Longtan Container Port was taken as a case study. Results show that total ship emissions for PM10, PM2.5, NOx, SOx, CO, HC, and CO2 in 2014 are 3.45, 2.76, 196.00, 2.90, 20.62, 8.13, and 12,554.29 t, respectively. Accordingly, ship emission reduction measures were proposed based on the analysis of emission characteristics. The methods and conclusions of the study provide a scientific basis for the inventory and control of the ship emissions in China.
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Razy-Yanuv, Eyal, Yogev Barak, Oran Noam, and Daniel Madar. "Marine Air Pollution in Israel: Extent, Proposed Mitigation Targets, Benefits and Feasibility." Atmosphere 13, no. 2 (2022): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020241.

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Marine air pollution is a major contributor to seaports and coastal air pollution, and Israel has yet to seriously confront this issue. This study aimed to update previous marine air pollution estimations in Israel’s two major ports: Haifa and Ashdod. The objectives were to examine technical and regulatory measures to address the problem, to propose mitigation targets and to estimate their potential benefits. Based on a model of emission-calculations that relies on an updated ship-inventory data as well as real-time ships’ location and movement tools, the combined marine NOx, SOx and PM2.5 annual emissions in these ports were found to be 18,415, 15,128 and 1453 tons, respectively. These values are considerably higher than previous estimates, are comparable to the constant pollution emitted at ground level from a 1000-MW coal powered city power plant and are 3–20 times higher than the industrial and land transportation sectors in these cities. Relatively high nickel concentration in PM was found in Israel only relatively adjacent to the Haifa and Ashdod ports. Since high nickel concentration in PM is today mainly associated with marine air pollution, this finding supports the hypothesis that marine air pollution worsens the air quality in these cities. SOx and PM2.5 emissions can be reduced by 78% and 27%, respectively, if Israel enforces the revised International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) Annex VI regulations in its territorial waters. While the latter step can achieve external benefits of NIS 518.4 million/year (EUR 132 million/year), additional mitigation actions and local regulations are suggested, focusing on NOx emissions but also on other pollutant criteria. Such actions can achieve further benefits of NIS 274.3 million/year (EUR 70 million/year). Achieving the suggested targets is challenging yet attainable, and their potential benefits will probably outweigh their costs.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Emission pollution in ports"

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Petzer, Jordan. "Developing long-term energy and carbon emission modelling for the operational activities of ports: A case study of Fremantle Ports." Thesis, Petzer, Jordan (2020) Developing long-term energy and carbon emission modelling for the operational activities of ports: A case study of Fremantle Ports. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2020. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/59807/.

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The port and maritime industry contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions. As such, there is increasing pressure for ports to decarbonise their operations. Despite the availability of multiple port carbon inventory and emission reduction guidance documents, no published methodologies currently exist for the development of port energy consumption and carbon emission forecasting. To fill this information gap, a methodology was developed through the review and experimentation with established forecasting techniques. The ‘ISCA’ Base Case Approach was adopted as a scaffolding for model development, largely to test the usability of the approach, currently in pilot. The approach consists of a baseline scenario and an ‘actual case’ scenario. A combination of qualitative, quantitative - time series and quantitative - causal modelling techniques were incorporated into the methodology. Linear and non-linear regression analysis curve-fitting techniques were selected as the most appropriate time-series modelling method for long-term energy and emissions projections, with simple linear regression analysis used for causal models. The methodology was tested through its application in a case study for Fremantle Ports. As a result of obligations from the state government to reach net-zero emissions by 2050, Fremantle Ports required the development of long-term energy consumption and carbon emission projections for its internal operations and container terminals to 2050. Using a bottom-up strategy, categorising energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions by trade type, energy type and facility, the methodology successfully developed long-term energy and emissions projections. As per this modelling, energy consumption at Fremantle Ports is expected to increase 53% under the baseline scenario and 46.5% under the actual case scenario (Figure 1). Despite increases of energy consumption at the port, greenhouse gas emissions are expected to decrease 71% and 74% under the baseline and actual case scenarios, respectively (Figure 2). These drastic emissions reductions are predominantly the result of projected scope 2 emission factor decreases as grid renewable electricity generation capacity increases. The usability of the ISCA Base Case Approach for energy and emissions modelling was found to be adequate, although issues were experienced distinguishing constant and variable energy use. Additionally, it is recommended that a third scenario is incorporated into the approach.
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Jack, Andrew G. "Total emission analysis of sewerage systems and wastewater treatment plants." Thesis, Abertay University, 1999. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/3a4ee741-9f14-47df-ab48-2759ca7c39f3.

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The proposed methodology to most effectively manage intermittent combined sewage discharges into urban watercourses in the UK is given in the Urban Pollution Management (UPM) manual. The method is based on the use of detailed computer models of the sewerage system, wastewater treatment plant and receiving watercourse. Solving intermittent discharge problems using UPM, often requires the installation of in-sewer storage tanks. However, recent research from Germany and elsewhere (e.g. Austria and Denmark) has shown that this type of solution may be of little benefit with respect to the total emissions discharged from the entire system, where emissions from both the Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) and the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WTP) are considered together. This is because, in certain situations, WTP efficiency can be compromised by the prolonged periods of dilute (low nutrients and substrate) inflows which can result from the draining down of in-sewer storage tanks. The earlier research in Germany and elsewhere has been concerned with long term total emissions (annual loads) and not the problems specific to individual sites, or the benefits and/or limitations of storage with respect to acute pollution. Thus the principal objective of the research described here has been to substantiate and quantify the total emission problem by means of detailed modelling, via an evaluation of the likely storage volumes which could give rise to total emissions problems for the Perth wastewater system. Following this, a general method has been developed to investigate and resolve total emission problems related to acute pollution effects. As WTP disruption due to flow dilution can last for a prolonged period after even a single rainfall event, computational simulation times need to be long enough to represent the delay in WTP performance returning to normal operating conditions. As long term continuous simulation is usually impractical due to protracted computational times, a method referred to as the Total Emission Analysis Period (TEAP) has been developed. This will define the minimum required computational time and rainfall inputs to be used to ensure that the effect of in-sewer storage on total emissions could be modelled. Utilising the TEAP method to analyse total emissions it has been concluded that increasing volumes of storage would not be expected to create a total emission XXVI problem with respect to the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). Consequently, it was concluded that the best storage volume with respect to BOD was the minimum volume which would allow compliance with receiving water quality standards. No direct comparison could be made with the conclusion derived from the German research due to the long term nature of their analysis, however, it would appear from an interpretation of their results, that similar findings were obtained. With respect to ammonia, it was found that increases in total emissions can occur as, ammonia concentrations, unlike BOD, do not increase at the start of a storm due to first foul flush effects. Consequently, any increased emissions from the WTP would not be offset via a reduced CSO spill load. It was also found, however, that increasing volumes of storage would not be expected to exacerbate acute pollution problems within a receiving watercourse and that both large and small storage volumes had the potential to give rise to very similar degrees of WTP disruption. This was due to the way in which different hydraulic loading conditions (caused by the different volumes of storage) affected the bacterial concentrations in the reactor. The conclusion that storage would not provide a significant benefit for ammonia total emissions was supported by the Austrian and Danish research.
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Namdeo, Anil Kumar. "Modelling the emission and dispersion of air pollution from motor vehicles." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294728.

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Rizky, Hermawan. "Aromatherapy mask as a solution for vehicle exhaust emission motorcyclist pollution." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/10002.

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Bel, Hadj Ali Imen. "Contribution à l'étude des sédiments marins tunisiens : cas des ports de Radès et de Gabès." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00957865.

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Le secteur du transport maritime assure le plus grand volume des échanges commerciaux entre la Tunisie et des pays du monde entier. L'entretien régulier des ports, particulièrement par le dragage des sédiments qui s'y accumulent, est indispensable pour garantir une circulation maritime fluide et sécuritaire. En Tunisie, les sédiments dragués sont soit rejetés en mer soit mis en dépôts terrestres. Bien que le rejet en mer soit interdit dans certains cas, par les critères environnementales adoptés, il constitue la solution la plus économique et donc la plus fréquemment utilisée. Dans le cadre de cette étude les sédiments de deux ports : le port de Radès et le port de Gabès ont été caractérisés en vue de comprendre leurs comportements et proposer au moins à un des deux cas une nouvelle alternative de gestion à savoir une valorisation dans un matériau de construction ou routier. Une telle solution doit présenter un grand intérêt économique et environnemental. Les sédiments du port de Radès sont étudiés car ils représentent le plus grand volume des sédiments dragués en Tunisie et que ce port est le plus important dans l'activité du transport marin. Les sédiments du port de Gabès sont considérés dans cette étude car ils posent un grand problème écologique à cause des rejets industriels. La caractérisation a concerné la détermination et l'analyse des propriétés physiques, minéralogiques, chimiques et environnementales des sédiments. Cette étude a permis de dresser des fiches synoptiques assez complètes des propriétés des sédiments du port de Radès et du port de Gabès
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Rotival-Libert, Christine. "Emission gazeuse pendant la thermolyse de quelques polymères (Vernis méthacrylique, polypropylène, polyuréthane)." Aix-Marseille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX11007.

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Quelques polluants de l'air choisis comme marqueur de toxicite lors de la decomposition thermique de 3 materiaux polymeres: vernis methacrylique, colle polyurethane et film de polypropylene sont etudies. Les gaz sont recueillis au fur a mesure de leur emission lors de la thermolyse d'echantillons. Le thermogramme enregistre simultanement permet d'etablir des limites de temperature a l'interieur desquelles la vitesse de decomposition est constante. L'etude porte sur les oxydes de carbone, les derives carbonyles, l'acide cyanhydrique et les isocyanates. Parmi les derives carbonyles, le formaldehyde et l'acetaldehyde sont ceux qui sont majoritairement emis. Pour le vernis methacrylique l'acroleine n'est presente que sous certaines conditions de thermolyse. En ce qui concerne les oxydes de carbone, leur emission est majoritaire par rapport aux 3 autres gaz etudies. Le dioxyde de carbone se degage toujours a des taux superieurs a ceux du monoxyde de carbone. L'emission de dioxyde de carbone est plus importante en fin de thermolyse alors que le phenomene est inverse pour le monoxyde de carbone. L'emission d'acide cyanhydrique et d'isocyanates a partir du polyurethane se produit de facon inverse pour ces deux gaz. L'etude d'un film de polypropylene enduit d'une mince pellicule de colle polyurethane montre egalement un degagement de ces deux gaz mais dans des proportions differentes de celles que l'on pourrait prevoir a partir des resultats fournis par l'analyse des materiaux polymeres pris separement, compte tenu de la composition centesimale du melange analyse
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Kozawa, Kathleen Hiromi. "Investigation of pollution concentrations and pollution concentration gradients in communities adjacent to the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach using a mobile monitoring platform." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1723112471&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Li, Mingwei Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Impacts of emission policies in China on air pollution and human health." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122223.

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Thesis: Ph. D. in Atmospheric Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2019<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 85-93).<br>Precursor emissions of air pollution can be reduced at emitting sources by end-of-pipe control policies or as co-benefits of climate policies that limit fossil fuel. Identifying cost-effective control strategies requires understanding policy costs, chemical non-linearities in pollution formation, and the value of health benefits. China suffers from severe air pollution, and is implementing both policies, but relevant studies are limited. This thesis incorporates three studies that examine the air quality co-benefits of China's recent climate policy for China and transboundary countries, and the potential changes in the sensitivities of inorganic PM₂.₅ to precursor emissions in China. The first study quantifies co-benefits of China's climate policy from reducing PM₂.₅ using a modeling framework that couples an energy-economic model with sub-national detail for China (C-REM) and an atmospheric chemical transport model GEOS-Chem.<br>The effects of an illustrative climate policy, a price on CO₂ emissions, are simulated under three stringencies. In a policy scenario consistent with China's recent pledge to peak CO2 emissions by 2030 (the 4% Policy scenario), national health co-benefits from improved PM₂.₅ pollution can partially or fully offset policy costs depending on chosen health valuation. This study also suggests co-benefits would rise with increasing policy stringency. Using the same model simulations, the second study further compares co-benefits from PM₂.₅ and ozone in China and three downwind countries (South Korea, Japan and the United States). This study suggests that under the 4% Policy scenario, avoided premature deaths from reducing ozone are about half of those from PM₂.₅ in China, and the total avoided deaths in transboundary countries are about 4% of those in China.<br>The third study examines the potential changes in the sensitivities of inorganic PM₂.₅ to precursor emissions in China in response to the current and projected national reductions in SO₂ and NO[subscript x] emissions. Under scenarios that reduce SO₂ and NO[subscript x], emissions, sensitivities to SO₂ and NO[subscript x] emissions would increase, but sensitivity to NH₃ emissions would decrease in January and July. The largest absolute changes in sensitivities are found in January for NO[subscript x] and NH₃.<br>"Funding from the Whiteman Fellowship, the Jack C. Tang (1949) Fellowship, the MIT Environmental Solutions Initiative, and the National Institutes of Health Superfund Research Program"--Page 5<br>by Mingwei Li.<br>Ph. D. in Atmospheric Chemistry<br>Ph.D.inAtmosphericChemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences
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Hallouli, Wajdi. "Le rôle de l'état du port dans la prévention et la répression de la pollution marine." Nice, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NICE0051.

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A l'origine, le contrôle des navires incombe aux Etats du pavillon. Toutefois, le manquement de certains Etats à leurs obligations, leur incapacité à assumer leur responsabilité de respecter les normes internationales a entraîné le développement d'une politique de contrôle des navires par l'Etat du port. L'Etat du port est celui dans un port duquel un navire de commerce étranger vient volontairement séjourner au cours d'une escale. Les fondements juridiques du contrôle des navires par l'Etat du port peuvent être recherchées dans les règles du droit international. Chaque Etat jouit de la souveraineté sur tout son territoire, y compris le port et les eaux intérieures qui constituent le prolongement naturel de cette zone , le port apparaît comme le lieu adéquat pour effectuer les contrôles. C'est un point de contrôle des navires où l'Etat du port peut exercer effectivement son contrôle, tout en associant le cas échéant et si nécessaire les autorités de l'Etat du pavillon. Il appartient aux eaux intérieures des Etats, assimilées au territoire national. De par les règles coutumières du droit international, le libre accès au port est normalement consenti, sauf si les autorités étatiques prennent des mesures restrictives en conformité avec les principes du droit international<br>Originally , the control of ships lies with the flag states. Yet , the fact that some states do not fulfill their duties , are unable to assume their responsibility in enforcing international rules , caused the development of a policy of ship control by port state. A port state is a port in the harbour of which a foreign trading ship puts into port for a while of its own will. The legal basis of the control of ships by port state can be traced into the rules of international law. Each state enjoys sovereignty over the whole of its territory, including the harbour and the territorial waters which form a natural extension of that area, the harbour seems to be the best place to carry out such supervision. It is a point of ship control where port state can enforce real control, and possibly, if necessary, in association with the authorities of flag state. It belongs to the states' territorial waters, assimilated to the national territory. According to common rules of international law, free access to the port is normally given, except if state authorities decide to limit it, in accordance with the principles of international law
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Chang, Cheng. "Automobile pollution control in China enforcement of and compliance with vehicle emission standards /." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 2006. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3235195.

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Books on the topic "Emission pollution in ports"

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California. Air Resources Board. Emission Inventory Branch., ed. Emission inventory, 1983. State of California, Air Resources Board, 1986.

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California. Air Resources Board. Emission Inventory Branch., ed. Emission inventory, 1989. State of California, Air Resources Board, 1996.

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Germany, (Federal Republic) Bundesministerium für Umwelt Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit. Air pollution control: Manual of continuous emission monitoring : regulations and procedures for emission measurements. 3rd ed. Federal Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, 1992.

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Marin, Guy B. Automotive emission control. Academic Press, 2008.

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Washington (State). Dept. of Ecology., ed. Motor vehicle emission inspections. Washington State Dept. of Ecology, 1992.

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International, Mitchell, ed. Automotive emission control. 6th ed. Mitchell International, 1989.

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Lahre, Thomas F. Compiling air toxics emission inventories. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, 1986.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards., United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air and Radiation., and United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Emission Standards Division., eds. Protocol for equipment leak emission estimates. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, 1993.

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Maine. Department of Environmental Protection. Maine low emission vehicle and zero emission vehicle program study. Maine Dept. of Environmental Protection, 2004.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Emission Standards Division, ed. Flexible polyurethane foam, emission reduction technologies, cost analysis. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Emission pollution in ports"

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Maragkogianni, Alexandra, Spiros Papaefthimiou, and Constantin Zopounidis. "Shipping Industry and Induced Air Pollution." In Mitigating Shipping Emissions in European Ports. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40150-8_1.

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Ramacher, Martin Otto Paul, Matthias Karl, Armin Aulinger, Johannes Bieser, Volker Matthias, and Markus Quante. "The Impact of Emissions from Ships in Ports on Regional and Urban Scale Air Quality." In Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXV. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57645-9_49.

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Andrade, Thiago, Nirbhaya Shaji, Rita P. Ribeiro, and João Gama. "Pollution Emission Patterns of Transportation in Porto, Portugal Through Network Analysis." In Progress in Artificial Intelligence. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49008-8_17.

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Friedrich, Rainer, and Uwe-Bernd Schwarz. "Emission Inventories." In Urban Air Pollution — European Aspects. Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9080-8_6.

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Rydin, Yvonne. "Pollution: Emission and Control." In The British Planning System. Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22823-2_15.

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Ryghaug, Marianne, Astrid Bjørgen, Kristin Y. Bjerkan, Susanne Jørgensen, and Lillian Hansen. "Ports as Urban Transition Actors Towards Zero-Emission Transport." In Lecture Notes in Mobility. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-89444-2_31.

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Abstract The transition to sustainable mobility and zero emission transport requires clear visions and engagement from actors with agency to influence and drive transition processes. Ports can be such actors, contributing to the development and diffusion of innovative zero emission and low carbon solutions in transport both on land and at sea. It is however still not clear how ports should act to reach such goals, and sustainability practices of ports are still largely understudied. This paper discusses how to strengthen energy and sustainability transitions and the capability of ports to engage in such transitions through co-creation of transition agendas, visions and role development. The paper demonstrates how ports themselves, if acting as urban community managers may drive transitions in zero-emission transport and how sustainability transitions as a result can become both wider and deeper, which is needed for the Net Zero transition to happen. The paper builds on studies of three Norwegian ports, transition management exercises in these ports and interviews with port actors in Norway.
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Quack, Rudolf G. "Air Quality Standards and Emission Regulation." In Industrial Air Pollution. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76051-8_2.

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Baumbach, Günter. "Emission and Air Quality Measurements Techniques." In Industrial Air Pollution. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76051-8_6.

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Martínez-Bravo, M., and J. Martínez-del-Río. "Urban Pollution and Emission Reduction." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71061-7_30-1.

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Martínez-Bravo, M., and J. Martínez-del-Río. "Urban Pollution and Emission Reduction." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95717-3_30.

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Conference papers on the topic "Emission pollution in ports"

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Yamane, Hiroshi, Yoshiaki Hiratsuka, and Jiro Kawano. "Study for Measurement Methods of Conducted Emission of Communication Ports." In 2010_EMC-Europe_Wroclaw. IEEE, 2010. https://doi.org/10.23919/emc.2010.10826234.

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VIRGILI, SIMONE, UMBERTO RIZZA, MARTINA TOMMASI, SILVIA DI NISIO, and GIORGIO PASSERINI. "AIR POLLUTION FROM CRUISE SHIPS DURING HOTELLING IN PORTS: A CASE STUDY IN ANCONA HARBOUR, ITALY." In SUSTAINABLE TOURISM 2024. WIT Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/st240181.

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Peng, Yan, Mingfang Hu, and Xiaomei Zou. "Spatiotemporal characteristics and carbon emission estimation of comprehensive logistics activities in container ports based on AIS data." In International Conference on Computer Graphics, Artificial Intelligence, and Data Processing (ICCAID 2024), edited by Xin Xu and Azlan bin Mohd Zain. SPIE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3061615.

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Yeo, Xi Jie, Eva Ernst, Alvin Leow, et al. "Direct measurement of coherent light proportion from a laser source without spectral filtering." In CLEO: Applications and Technology. Optica Publishing Group, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_at.2024.jtu2a.14.

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We present a technique to estimate the proportion of coherent emission in the light emitted by a semiconductor laser, by measuring photon correlations between the output ports of an asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
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Davies, M. "Ship emissions from Australian ports." In AIR POLLUTION 2014. WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air140271.

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Ribet Gomez, Josep Albert, Marcel·la Castells-Sanabra, Clara Boren, Francesc Xavier Martínez de Osés, and Anna Mujal-Colilles. "CHARACTERIZATION OF TUGBOATS ACTIVITY WITHIN SPANISH PORTS." In Maritime Transport Conference. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Iniciativa Digital Politècnica, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/mt.13191.

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The maritime industry's vital role in global trade contrasts with its significant greenhouse gas emissions. Pollution emitted from ports comes from different sources, one of which is merchant ships constantly docking and undocking and other auxiliary port vessels working continuously throughout the year (e.g., pilotage vessels, bunkering barges, vessel-generated waste collection services, mooring and unmooring services and port tugs). Port tugboats sail between terminals and provide docking, undocking and removing merchant ship services. This leads to a high variability on tugs’ manoeuvres. The first and most representative characteristic of a tug’s manoeuvre is the vessel in need of the service (e.g., ship particulars, cargo carried or mooring zone, among others), which usually defines the type of manoeuvre and the number of tugs needed. This study presents the initial phase of the research project TUG-EMI (Optimizing in-port tugboats emissions) aiming at reducing in-port emissions by optimizing tug’s manoeuvres. At this stage, the project focuses on characterizing tug manoeuvres within Spanish ports by combining a general overview of tug characteristics and prescriptions of port tugboat services in Spain, incorporating insights from stakeholder interviews. Tug shipmasters and chief engineers with a large experience are interviewed, aiming to obtain detailed information of how manoeuvres are performed and how to characterize them.
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Gore, Daniel J. "Maritime Administration’s Formulation of a Maritime Energy and Clean Emissions Program." In ASME 2002 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2002-462.

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The Environmental Protection Agency promulgation of “Control of Emissions of Air Pollution from New Marine Compression Ignition Engines at or above 37 kW,” on December 29, 1999, marked the first time federal air pollution regulations were directly applied to marine engines for commercial U.S. ships. Perhaps surprisingly, these regulations are not having as much impact as are individual State Implementation Plans (SIP) for Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) attainment, and local political pressures. These regional plans and pressures are forcing many domestic marine operators and ports to get a quick education on the cause and mitigation of air pollution. Cases in point, include: • The State of Alaska now fines passenger vessels that enter ports with greater than allowable stack gas opacities. One cruise operator has opted to plug into shore power when its vessels are tied up to pier. • In the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach vessel operators have been asked to slow vessel speeds below normal while entering and exiting in a voluntary attempt to reduce NOx emissions. • Environmentalists in the San Francisco Bay Area are applying significant political pressures to ensure proposed new ferry systems emit a minimum of air pollution. • The State of Texas briefly considered stopping all industrial equipment in the Port of Houston for twelve hours per day as a method of decreasing area ozone formation. • Potential NOx emissions generated during imminent channel dredging in the Port of New York and New Jersey is impeding the development of the latest State Implementation Plan. Local pressures are likely to continue to grow, federal regulations are set to become more stringent, and international conventions loom on the horizon. However, as expected in such a competitive industry, concerns are often focused on the bottom line in which cost of operations is a pre-eminent factor. It was in view of these dynamics that the federal Maritime Administration (MARAD) recently launched the Maritime Energy and Clean Emissions Program. This paper introduces the Program, including the background, evolution, and progress of each strategic goal. This paper is intended to be an overview. Attention is paid to the potential transferability and/or development of technologies not previously deployed in the U.S. marine environment. Any of the specific projects described could become the basis for a separate technical paper.
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Adesina, Dapo Oluwaseun. "Clean Mobility Systems, the way to Go." In Africa International Conference on Clean Energy and Energy Storage. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-mpdc8q.

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This paper aims discuss the concept of clean mobility, the energy requirements of clean mobility, challenges caused by unclean mobility as well as looking forward to the attainment of clean mobility system. The urban transport situation is as precarious as in the rural transport. Due to population growth and urban sprawl, there is rural-urban drift which has brough about an increase in the number of urban centres across the globe and coupled with the high dependence on fossil fuel, this has led to the continuous growth of air pollution and Green House Gas (GHG) emission level. Such pollution level has serious health effects and sometimes led to several death and contributes to climate change. Vehicular emissions are one of the major pollutant’s sources today with road transport as the key source of the PM2.5 pollution in large cities across the globe. This is due to several reasons including high vehicle density, old emission control technologies, fuels’ high Sulphur content, and limited public transportation options.Clean mobility will help to cut down on health cost and premature death due to air pollution, mitigate climate change actions and economic impacts of mobility. This paper will discuss issues such as stakeholder analysis on existing mobility systems and how to make it clean, policy framework and guidelines and public private partnership in the mobility sector. Therefore, the government in partnership with the private sector and multilateral agencies would have to invest in sustainable modern electric trains, Electric Mobility systems, build ports near deep rivers and create more local and international airports, and ensure people can afford to use them as well as explore the use of alternative fuel with less pollutants and reduced impact on the climate such as natural gas and hydrogen (green, blue, grey) as the case may be.
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Rangel, E., J. Cotrell, and V. Jafari Azad. "Electrifying America's Ports with Solar Reef: A Robust and Nature-Positive Fixed-Bottom Offshore Solar Solution." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4043/35568-ms.

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Abstract Coastal communities and ports face growing energy demands from electrification while also confronting increasing threats from sea-level rise and storm damage. Ports, as major economic hubs, contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, often disproportionately impacting vulnerable communities. SolarReef™, a fixed-bottom offshore solar platform, addresses these challenges by integrating 3D concrete-printed artificial reef foundations with bifacial solar panels and battery energy storage systems to deliver clean, renewable energy. Beyond energy generation, SolarReef serves as a living breakwater, reducing wave energy and promoting marine biodiversity to enhance coastal resilience. As SolarReef continues development, a detailed levelized cost of energy analysis will be conducted. While an exact figure is not yet available, the goal is to achieve an LCOE between $93/MWh and $120/MWh, aligning with the cost range of commercial rooftop photovoltaics and offshore wind, respectively. Additionally, its 3D concrete-printed foundation reduces costs by over 75% and carbon emissions by more than 50% compared to steel platforms. This paper details the design, manufacturing, and deployment considerations of SolarReef. A case study proposal explores the feasibility of deploying SolarReef to support a National Security Multi-Mission Vessel (NSMV), demonstrating its potential for nationwide adoption as a scalable, dual-purpose solution for port electrification and coastal resilience.
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Ancic, Ivica, Ante Šestan, and Nikola Vladimir. "Modification of the EEDI for Ro-ro Passenger Ships." In SNAME 5th World Maritime Technology Conference. SNAME, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/wmtc-2015-053.

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In the 3rd IMO GHG study the new data on the ships emissions indicate a clear need for improvements in ship energy efficiency in order to preserve the environment. Although the majority of the pollution originates from the international shipping, the environmental impact of the short-sea shipping, primarily from ro-ro passenger ships, should not be neglected. The pollution originating from these ships is especially pernicious for public health since they operate in and near ports and highly populated areas. The newest amendments to MARPOL Annex VI introduce the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI). The EEDI should be a measure of ships energy efficiency, but its application is limited since it may not be applied to ships with diesel-electric or hybrid propulsion systems. Also the EEDI seems not to be feasible for the regulation of energy efficiency for ro-ro passenger ships because their design criteria vary too much. The aim of this paper is to propose a new approach to the EEDI definition for ro-ro passenger ships. It introduces the Reference surface as the function of ships capacity and speed instead of the Reference line. It also expands the attained EEDI calculation to different loads trying to give a clearer view of the ships CO2 emission. This modified EEDI would then allow a fair comparison between different ro-ro passenger ships.
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Reports on the topic "Emission pollution in ports"

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Wilson, Sam. Ready for Work 2: On the Road to Clean Trucks. Union of Concerned Scientists, 2025. https://doi.org/10.47923/2025.15779.

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Medium- and heavy-duty vehicles (MHDVs), like the trucks that move containers and the vans and box trucks that deliver packages, are an essential part of our economy but are responsible for a disproportionate amount of pollution emitted from on-road vehicles. Despite comprising just over 10 percent of the vehicles on our roads, MHDVs emit over half of lung-damaging and ozone-forming pollutants and nearly a third of greenhouse gases from on-road vehicles. Communities near freight corridors, ports, and warehouses face heightened health risks from truck pollution. Zero-emission MHDV adoption has surged over the past several years - where fewer than 1,000 new zero-emission MHDVs were registered in 2019, over 27,000 were registered in 2023. Today, more than 70 different models of electric MHDVs are in operation across the US with many additional models planned for near-term deployment. Given that 85 percent of MHDVs in the US travel less than 100 miles each day, many fleets could reasonably meet their daily duty cycles with the zero-emission truck models available today. Despite their recent surge, policies and programs that promote the availability and adoption of zero-emission trucks are necessary to accelerate this progress. These policies will not only help to reduce harmful pollution but also drive down upfront costs for clean trucks, allowing fleets to benefit sooner from the significant operational cost savings offered by electric trucks.
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Moretti, Enrico, and Matthew Neidell. Pollution, Health, and Avoidance Behavior: Evidence from the Ports of Los Angeles. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14939.

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Gillingham, Kenneth, and Pei Huang. Racial Disparities in the Health Effects from Air Pollution: Evidence from Ports. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29108.

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Northrup, Jearldine I., Joyce C. Baird, Nona Y. Chan, James H. Johnson, and Hannon Maase. Pollution Reduction and Emission Prevention Automated Rule-based Expert (PREPARE) System for Operation and Maintenance of Pollution Control Equipment. Defense Technical Information Center, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada371877.

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Chepeliev, Maksym. Development of the Air Pollution Database for the GTAP 10A Data Base. GTAP Research Memoranda, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.rm33.

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The purpose of this note is to document data sources and steps used to develop the air pollution database for the GTAP Data Base Version 10A. Emissions for nine substances are reported in the database: black carbon (BC), carbon monoxide (CO), ammonia (NH3), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), organic carbon (OC), particulate matter 10 (PM10), particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). The dataset covers four reference years – 2004, 2007, 2011 and 2014. EDGAR Version 5.0 database is used as the main data source. To assist with emissions redistribution across consumption-based sources, IIASA GAINS-based model and IPCC-derived emission factors are applied. Each emission flow is associated with one of the four sets of emission drivers: output by industries, endowment by industries, input use by industries and household consumption. In addition, emissions from land use activities (biomass burning) are estimated by land cover types. These emissions are reported separately without association with emission drivers.
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Lu, Tianjun, Jian-yu Ke, Azure Fisher, Mahmoud Salari, Patricia Valladolid, and Fynnwin Prager. Should State Land in Southern California Be Allocated to Warehousing Goods or Housing People? Analyzing Transportation, Climate, and Unintended Consequences of Supply Chain Solutions. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2023.2231.

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In response to COVID-19 pandemic supply chain issues, the State of California issued Executive Order (EO) N-19-21 to use state land to increase warehousing capacity. This highlights a land-use paradox between economic and environmental goals: adding warehouse capacity increases climate pollution and traffic congestion around the ports and warehouses, while there is a deficit of affordable housing and high homeless rates in port-adjacent underserved communities. This study aims to inform regional policymakers and community stakeholders about these trade-offs by identifying current and future supply of and demand for warehousing and housing in Southern California through 2040. The study uses statistical analysis and forecasting, and evaluates across numerous scenarios the environmental impact of meeting demand for both with the Community LINE Source Model. Warehousing and housing are currently projected to be in high demand across Southern California in future decades, despite short-run adjustments in the post-pandemic period of inflation and net declines in population. Using state land for warehousing creates environmental justice concerns, as the number of air pollution hotspots increases even with electrifying trucking fleets, especially when compared against low-impact affordable housing developments. However, low-income housing demand appears to be positively correlated with unemployment, suggesting that the jobs provided by warehousing development might help to ameliorate that concern.
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Vela, Mauricio A., and Sebastián J. Miller. Are Environmentally Related Taxes Effective? Inter-American Development Bank, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011520.

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This paper focuses on the question of whether the magnitude of long-established environmentally related taxes (ERT) is related to countries environmental performance. While environmental taxes efficiencies have previously been discussed, those taxes contribution to reducing pollution and improving environmental quality has not been fully explored. This paper therefore analyzes the effectiveness of environmental taxes by examining the environmental performance of 50 countries from all regions in association with the amount of revenues from environmentally related taxes each country collects. Using a cross-section regression and a panel dynamic regression, the paper finds that countries with higher revenues from these types of taxes also exhibit higher reductions in CO2 emission, PM10 emissions, and energy consumption and production from fossil sources.
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Carballo, Jerónimo, Ignacio Marra de Artiñano, Monika Sztajerowska, and Christian Volpe Martincus. How Do Investment Promotion Policies Affect Sustainability? Inter-American Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005352.

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Sustainability has become an imperative. Understanding the effects of countries policies thereon has therefore acquired vital importance. This is particularly the case with ubiquitous policies such as investment promotion. In this paper, we address this timely policy question from an environmental perspective. We examine whether and how investment promotion policies affect Latin American economies emissions of pollutants. To do so, we create and use a unique dataset that combines data on multinational firms location, investment promotion agencies (IPAs) assistance, and pollutant-specific emission intensities across countries and sectors over time. Our analysis yields three main findings. First, multinational firms operating in Latin America have higher emission intensities than those located in Europe and that this is primarily driven by their sectoral distribution. Second, IPA client portfolios are biased toward more polluting multinational firms and this is mainly associated with the type of sectors targeted by the IPAs. Third, while on average the effects of IPA assistance are similar across multinational firms with different pollution levels, these are stronger on more polluting ones within priority sectors. These findings highlight the need and relevance of data-based evidence to uncover potential tensions and balance different economic and sustainability goals.
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Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka, Erik Fridell, Jaakko Kukkonen, et al. Environmental impacts of exhaust gas cleaning systems in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea area. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361898.

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Description: Shipping is responsible for a range of different pressures affecting air quality, climate, and the marine environment. Most social and economic analyses of shipping have focused on air pollution assessment and how shipping may impact climate change and human health. This risks that policies may be biased towards air pollution and climate change, whilst impacts on the marine environment are not as well known. One example is the sulfur regulation introduced in January 2020, which requires shipowners to use a compliant fuel with a sulfur content of 0.5% (0.1% in SECA regions) or use alternative compliance options (Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems, EGCS) that are effective in reducing sulfur oxide (SOx) emissions to the atmosphere. The EGCS cleaning process results in large volumes of discharged water that includes a wide range of contaminants. Although regulations target SOx removal, other pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals and combustion particles are removed from the exhaust to the wash water and subsequently discharged to the marine environment. Based on dilution series of the Whole Effluent Testing (WET), the impact of the EGCS effluent on marine invertebrate species and on phytoplankton was found to vary between taxonomic groups, and between different stages of the invertebrate life cycle. Invertebrates were more affected than phytoplankton, and the most sensitive endpoint detected in the present project was the fertilisation of sea urchin eggs, which were negatively affected at a sample dilution of 1 : 1,000,000. Dilutions of 1: 100,000 were harmful to early development of several of the tested species, including mussels, polychaetes, and crustaceans. The observed effects at these low concentrations of EGCS effluent were reduced egg production, and deformations and abnormal development of the larvae of the species. The ecotoxicological data produced in the EMERGE project were used to derive Predicted No Effect Concentration values. Corresponding modelling studies revealed that the EGCS effluent can be considered as a single entity for 2-10 days from the time of discharge, depending on the environmental conditions like sea currents, winds, and temperature. Area 10-30 km outside the shipping lanes will be prone to contaminant concentrations corresponding to 1 : 1,000,000 dilution which was deemed harmful for most sensitive endpoints of WET experiments. Studies for the Saronikos Gulf (Aegean Sea) revealed that the EGCS effluent dilution rate exceeded the 1 : 1,000,000 ratio 70% of the time at a distance of about 10 km from the port. This was also observed for 15% of the time within a band of 10 km wide along the shipping lane extending 500 km away from the port of Piraeus. When mortality of adult specimens of one of the species (copepod Acartia tonsa) was used as an endpoint it was found to be 3-4 orders of magnitude less sensitive to EGCS effluent than early life stage endpoints like fertilisation of eggs and larval development. Mortality of Acartia tonsa is commonly used in standard protocols for ecotoxicological studies, but our data hence shows that it seriously underestimates the ecologically relevant toxicity of the effluent. The same is true for two other commonly used and recommended endpoints, phytoplankton growth and inhibition of bioluminescence in marine bacteria. Significant toxic effects were reached only after addition of 20-40% effluent. A marine environmental risk assessment was performed for the Öresund region for baseline year 2018, where Predicted Environmental Concentrations (PECs) of open loop effluent discharge water were compared to the PNEC value. The results showed modelled concentrations of open loop effluent in large areas to be two to three orders of magnitude higher than the derived PNEC value, yielding a Risk Characterisation Ratio of 500-5000, which indicates significant environmental risk. Further, it should be noted that between 2018-2022 the number of EGCS vessels more than quadrupled in the area from 178 to 781. In this work, the EGCS discharges of the fleet in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, the English Channel, and the Mediterranean Sea area were studied in detail. The assessments of impacts described in this document were performed using a baseline year 2018 and future scenarios. These were made for the year 2050, based on different projections of transport volumes, also considering the fuel efficiency requirements and ship size developments. From the eight scenarios developed, two extremes were chosen for impact studies which illustrate the differences between a very high EGCS usage and a future without the need for EGCS while still compliant to IMO initial GHG strategy. The scenario without EGCS leads to 50% reduction of GHG emissions using low sulfur fuels, LNG, and methanol. For the high EGCS adoption scenario in 2050, about a third of the fleet sailing the studied sea areas would use EGCS and effluent discharge volumes would be increased tenfold for the Baltic Sea and hundredfold for the Mediterranean Sea when compared to 2018 baseline discharges. Some of the tested species, mainly the copepods, have a central position in pelagic food webs as they feed on phytoplankton and are themselves the main staple food for most fish larvae and for some species of adult fish, e.g., herring. The direct effect of the EGSE on invertebrates will therefore have an important indirect effect on the fish feeding on them. Effects are greatest in and near shipping lanes. Many important shipping lanes run close to shore and archipelago areas, and this also puts the sensitive shallow water coastal ecosystems at risk. It should be noted that no studies on sub-lethal effects of early 19 life stages in fish were included in the EMERGE project, nor are there any available data on this in the scientific literature. The direct toxic effects on fish at the expected concentrations of EGCS effluent are therefore largely unknown. According to the regional modelling studies, some of the contaminants will end up in sediments along the coastlines and archipelagos. The documentation of the complex chemical composition of EGCS effluent is in sharp contrast to the present legislation on threshold levels for content in EGCS effluent discharged from ships, which includes but a few PAHs, pH, and turbidity. Traditional assessments of PAHs in environmental and marine samples focus only on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) list of 16 priority PAHs, which includes only parent PAHs. Considering the complex PAHs assemblages and the importance of other related compounds, it is important to extend the EPA list to include alkyl-PAHs to obtain a representative monitoring of EGCS effluent and to assess the impact of its discharges into the marine environment. An economic evaluation of the installation and operational costs of EGCS was conducted noting the historical fuel price differences of high and low sulfur fuels. Equipment types, installation dates and annual fuel consumption from global simulations indicated that 51% of the global EGCS fleet had already reached break-even by the end of 2022, resulting in a summarised profit of 4.7 billion €2019. Within five years after the initial installation, more than 95% of the ships with open loop EGCS reach break-even. The pollutant loads from shipping come both through atmospheric deposition and direct discharges. This underlines the need of minimising the release of contaminants by using fuels which reduce the air emissions of harmful components without creating new pollution loads through discharges. Continued use of EGCS and high sulfur fossil fuels will delay the transition to more sustainable options. The investments made on EGCS enable ships to continue using fossil fuels instead of transitioning away from them as soon as possible as agreed in the 2023 Dubai Climate Change conference. Continued carriage of residual fuels also increases the risk of dire environmental consequences whenever accidental releases of oil to the sea occur.
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10

Muelaner, Jody. The Challenges of Vehicle Decarbonization. SAE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2022se1.

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Abstract:
A narrow focus on electrification and elimination of tailpipe emissions is unlikely to achieve decarbonization objectives. Renewable power generation is unlikely to keep up with increased demand for electricity. A focus on tailpipe emissions ignores the significant particulate pollution that “zero emission” vehicles still cause. It is therefore vital that energy efficiency is improved. Active travel is the key to green economic growth, clean cities, and unlocking the energy saving potential of public transport. The Challenges of Vehicle Decarbonization reviews the urgent need to prioritize active travel infrastructure, create compelling mass-market cycling options, and switch to hybrid powertrains and catenary electrification for long-haul heavy trucks. The report also warns of the potential increase in miles travelled with the advent of personal automated vehicles as well as the pitfalls of fossil-fuel derived hydrogen power.
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