Relevant bibliographies by topics / Emission reduction, poultry farming

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Emission reduction, poultry farming'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 18 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Emission reduction, poultry farming"

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Jarosz, Zuzanna, and Antoni Faber. "AMMONIA EMISSION FROM ANIMAL PRODUCTION IN POLAND ON A REGIONAL SCALE." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXI, no. 2 (June 3, 2019): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2071.

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The aim of the study was to present ammonia emissions from animal production on a regional scale in 2016. Emission estimates in particular regions were based on methodology developed by EEA in 2016 and applied in Poland by The National Centre for Emissions Management (NCEM). The conducted analyses were based on the size of livestock population, farming system and emission factors at every stage of manure management. The analysis showed substantial spatial differentiation of ammonia emissions from animal production. Voivodships that accounted for the biggest share in emissions from cattle farming were as follows: Mazowieckie, Podlaskie and Wielkopolskie. Estimated emissions in these voivodships amounted to: 47.4, 32.8 and 21.7 Gg NH3, respectively. The highest levels of ammonia emissions from pig production were identified in the region of Wielkopolska. Ammonia emissions in this voivodship amounted to 16.2 Gg NH3. The Wielkopolska region is also distinguished by the highest ammonia emissions from poultry production. The emissions equaled 11.4 Gg NH3 and accounted for 24.1% of total emissions in this region. The realization of reduction commitments for ammonia imposed by the NEC Directive depends on the introduction of a set of changes in livestock production: regarding the housing method, animal nutrition, fertilizer storage and application as well as dissemination of good agricultural practices aiming at ammonia emission reduction.
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Cui, Yuanlong, Elmer Theo, Tugba Gurler, Yuehong Su, and Riffat Saffa. "A comprehensive review on renewable and sustainable heating systems for poultry farming." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 15, no. 1 (November 20, 2019): 121–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctz048.

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Abstract Poultry farming is one of energy intensive industries that consume large amount of energy to provide the suitable indoor environment for chicken health and production like meat and eggs. Currently, there are extensive researches and practices of applying renewable and sustainable energy technologies to poultry farming to achieve energy saving and carbon dioxide emission reduction. Therefore, it is worth to retrospect the state-of-the-art development and summarize the key features in this field. The main technologies include photovoltaic (PV), solar collector, hybrid PV/Thermal, thermal energy storage, ground/water/air sources heat pumps, lighting and radiant heating. It is found that up to 85% energy saving can be achieved by using these advanced technologies in comparison to the traditional poultry houses with a payback time of 3–8 years.
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de Vries, Wim, Hans Kros, and Oene Oenema. "Modeled Impacts of Farming Practices and Structural Agricultural Changes on Nitrogen Fluxes in the Netherlands." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 664–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.332.

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In the Netherlands, nutrient emissions from intensive animal husbandry have contributed to decreased species diversity in (semi) natural terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, pollution of groundwater, and possibly global warming due to N2O emissions. This paper presents the results of a modelling study presenting the impacts of both structural measures and improved farming practices on major nitrogen (N) fluxes, including NH3and N2O emission, uptake, leaching, and runoff, in the Netherlands, using input data for the year 2000. Average annual fluxes (Gg N year–1) for the year 2000 were estimated at 132 for NH3emission (160 Gg NH3year–1), 28 for N2O emission, 50 for N inflow to groundwater, and 15 for N inflow to surface water at a total N input of 1046. At this input, nitrate (NO3) concentrations in groundwater often exceeded the target of 50 mg NO3l–1, specifically in well-drained sandy soils. The ammonia (NH3) emissions exceeded emission targets that were set to protect the biodiversity of nonagricultural land. Improved farming practices were calculated to lead to a significant reduction in NH3emissions to the atmosphere and N leaching and runoff to groundwater and surface water, but these improvements were not enough to reach all the targets set for those fluxes. Only strong structural measures clearly improved the situation. The NH3emission target of 30 Gg NH3year–1, suggested for the year 2030, could not be attained, however, unless pig and poultry farming is completely banned in the Netherlands and all cattle stay almost permanently in low emission stables.
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Tang, Yuk S., Christine F. Braban, Ulrike Dragosits, Anthony J. Dore, Ivan Simmons, Netty van Dijk, Janet Poskitt, et al. "Drivers for spatial, temporal and long-term trends in atmospheric ammonia and ammonium in the UK." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 2 (January 22, 2018): 705–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-705-2018.

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Abstract. A unique long-term dataset from the UK National Ammonia Monitoring Network (NAMN) is used here to assess spatial, seasonal and long-term variability in atmospheric ammonia (NH3: 1998–2014) and particulate ammonium (NH4+: 1999–2014) across the UK. Extensive spatial heterogeneity in NH3 concentrations is observed, with lowest annual mean concentrations at remote sites (< 0.2 µg m−3) and highest in the areas with intensive agriculture (up to 22 µg m−3), while NH4+ concentrations show less spatial variability (e.g. range of 0.14 to 1.8 µg m−3 annual mean in 2005). Temporally, NH3 concentrations are influenced by environmental conditions and local emission sources. In particular, peak NH3 concentrations are observed in summer at background sites (defined by 5 km grid average NH3 emissions < 1 kg N ha−1 yr−1) and in areas dominated by sheep farming, driven by increased volatilization of NH3 in warmer summer temperatures. In areas where cattle, pig and poultry farming is dominant, the largest NH3 concentrations are in spring and autumn, matching periods of manure application to fields. By contrast, peak concentrations of NH4+ aerosol occur in spring, associated with long-range transboundary sources. An estimated decrease in NH3 emissions by 16 % between 1998 and 2014 was reported by the UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory. Annually averaged NH3 data from NAMN sites operational over the same period (n = 59) show an indicative downward trend, although the reduction in NH3 concentrations is smaller and non-significant: Mann–Kendall (MK), −6.3 %; linear regression (LR), −3.1 %. In areas dominated by pig and poultry farming, a significant reduction in NH3 concentrations between 1998 and 2014 (MK: −22 %; LR: −21 %, annually averaged NH3) is consistent with, but not as large as the decrease in estimated NH3 emissions from this sector over the same period (−39 %). By contrast, in cattle-dominated areas there is a slight upward trend (non-significant) in NH3 concentrations (MK: +12 %; LR: +3.6 %, annually averaged NH3), despite the estimated decline in NH3 emissions from this sector since 1998 (−11 %). At background and sheep-dominated sites, NH3 concentrations increased over the monitoring period. These increases (non-significant) at background (MK: +17 %; LR: +13 %, annually averaged data) and sheep-dominated sites (MK: +15 %; LR: +19 %, annually averaged data) would be consistent with the concomitant reduction in SO2 emissions over the same period, leading to a longer atmospheric lifetime of NH3, thereby increasing NH3 concentrations in remote areas. The observations for NH3 concentrations not decreasing as fast as estimated emission trends are consistent with a larger downward trend in annual particulate NH4+ concentrations (1999–2014: MK: −47 %; LR: −49 %, p < 0.01, n = 23), associated with a lower formation of particulate NH4+ in the atmosphere from gas phase NH3.
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Dalgaard, T., J. F. Bienkowski, A. Bleeker, J. L. Drouet, P. Durand, U. Dragosits, A. Frumau, et al. "Farm nitrogen balances in six European agricultural landscapes – a method for farming system assessment, emission hotspot identification, and mitigation measure evaluation." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 7 (July 21, 2012): 8859–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-8859-2012.

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Abstract. Six agricultural landscapes in Poland (PL), the Netherlands (NL), France (FR), Italy (IT), Scotland (UK) and Denmark (DK) were studied, and a common method was developed for undertaking farm inventories and the derivation of farm nitrogen (N) balances and N surplus from the in total 222 farms and 11 440 ha of farmland. In all landscapes, a large variation in the farm N surplus was found, and thereby a large potential for reductions. The highest average N surpluses were found in the most livestock-intensive landscapes of IT, FR, and NL; on average 202 ± 28, 179 ± 63 and 178 ± 20 kg N ha−1yr−1, respectively. However, all landscapes showed hotspots, especially from livestock farms, including a special UK case with landless large-scale poultry farming. So, whereas the average N surplus from the land-based UK farms dominated by extensive sheep grazing was only 31 ± 10 kg N ha−1yr−1, the landscape average was similar to those of PL and DK (122 ± 20 and 146 ± 55 kg N ha−1yr−1, respectively) when landless poultry were included. However, the challenge remains how to account for indirect N surpluses and emissions from such farms with a large export of manure out of the landscape. We conclude that farm N balances are a useful indicator for N losses and the potential for improving N management. Significant correlations to N surplus were found, both with ammonia air concentrations and nitrate levels in soils and groundwater, measured during the landscape data collection campaign from 2007–2009. This indicates that farm N surpluses may be used as an independent dataset for validation of measured and modelled N emissions in agricultural landscapes. However, no significant correlation was found to N measured in surface waters, probably because of the short time horizon of the study. A case study of the development in N surplus from the landscape in DK from 1998–2008 showed a 22 % reduction, related to statistically significant effects (p < 0.01) of measures targeted at reducing N emissions from livestock farms. Based on the large differences between the average and the most modern and N-efficient farms, it was concluded that N-surplus reductions of 25–50 % as compared to the present level were realistic in all landscapes. The implemented N-surplus method was thus effective at comparing and synthesizing results on farm N emissions and the potentials of mitigation options, and is recommended for use in combination with other methods for the assessment of landscape N emissions and farm N efficiency, including more detailed N sink and N source hotspot mapping, measurements and modelling.
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Sutton, M. A., U. Dragosits, S. Hellsten, C. J. Place, A. J. Dore, Y. S. Tang, N. van Dijk, et al. "Ammonia Emission and Deposition in Scotland and Its Potential Environmental Impacts." Scientific World JOURNAL 4 (2004): 795–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2004.130.

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The main source of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) in Scotland is livestock agriculture, which accounts for 85% of emissions. The local magnitude of emissions therefore depends on livestock density, type, and management, with major differences occurring in various parts of Scotland. Local differences in agricultural activities therefore result in a wide range of NH3emissions, ranging from less than 0.2 kg N ha−1year−1in remote areas of the Scottish Highlands to over 100 kg N ha−1year−1in areas with intensive poultry farming. Scotland can be divided loosely into upland and lowland areas, with NH3emission being less than and more than 5 kg N ha−1year−1, respectively.Many semi-natural ecosystems in Scotland are vulnerable to nitrogen deposition, including bogs, moorlands, and the woodland ground flora. Because NH3emissions occur in the rural environment, the local deposition to sensitive ecosystems may be large, making it essential to assess the spatial distribution of NH3emissions and deposition. A spatial model is applied here to map NH3emissions and these estimates are applied in atmospheric dispersion and deposition models to estimate atmospheric concentrations of NH3and NH4+, dry deposition of NH3, and wet deposition of NHx. Although there is a high level of local variability, modelled NH3concentrations show good agreement with the National Ammonia Monitoring Network, while wet deposition is largest at high altitude sites in the south and west of Scotland. Comparison of the modelled NHxdeposition fields with estimated thresholds for environmental effects (“critical loads”) shows that thresholds are exceeded across most of lowland Scotland and the Southern Uplands. Only in the cleanest parts of the north and west is nitrogen deposition not a cause for concern. Given that the most intense effects occur within a few kilometres of sources, it is suggested that local spatial abatement policies would be a useful complement to traditional policies that mitigate environmental effects based on emission reduction technologies.
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Dalgaard, T., J. F. Bienkowski, A. Bleeker, U. Dragosits, J. L. Drouet, P. Durand, A. Frumau, et al. "Farm nitrogen balances in six European landscapes as an indicator for nitrogen losses and basis for improved management." Biogeosciences 9, no. 12 (December 20, 2012): 5303–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-5303-2012.

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Abstract. Improved management of nitrogen (N) in agriculture is necessary to achieve a sustainable balance between the production of food and other biomass, and the unwanted effects of N on water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity deterioration and human health. To analyse farm N-losses and the complex interactions within farming systems, efficient methods for identifying emissions hotspots and evaluating mitigation measures are therefore needed. The present paper aims to fill this gap at the farm and landscape scales. Six agricultural landscapes in Poland (PL), the Netherlands (NL), France (FR), Italy (IT), Scotland (UK) and Denmark (DK) were studied, and a common method was developed for undertaking farm inventories and the derivation of farm N balances, N surpluses and for evaluating uncertainty for the 222 farms and 11 440 ha of farmland included in the study. In all landscapes, a large variation in the farm N surplus was found, and thereby a large potential for reductions. The highest average N surpluses were found in the most livestock-intensive landscapes of IT, FR, and NL; on average 202 ± 28, 179 ± 63 and 178 ± 20 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively. All landscapes showed hotspots, especially from livestock farms, including a special UK case with large-scale landless poultry farming. Overall, the average N surplus from the land-based UK farms dominated by extensive sheep and cattle grazing was only 31 ± 10 kg N ha−1 yr−1, but was similar to the N surplus of PL and DK (122 ± 20 and 146 ± 55 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively) when landless poultry farming was included. We found farm N balances to be a useful indicator for N losses and the potential for improving N management. Significant correlations to N surplus were found, both with ammonia air concentrations and nitrate concentrations in soils and groundwater, measured during the period of N management data collection in the landscapes from 2007–2009. This indicates that farm N surpluses may be used as an independent dataset for validation of measured and modelled N emissions in agricultural landscapes. No significant correlation was found with N measured in surface waters, probably because of spatial and temporal variations in groundwater buffering and biogeochemical reactions affecting N flows from farm to surface waters. A case study of the development in N surplus from the landscape in DK from 1998–2008 showed a 22% reduction related to measures targeted at N emissions from livestock farms. Based on the large differences in N surplus between average N management farms and the most modern and N-efficient farms, it was concluded that additional N-surplus reductions of 25–50%, as compared to the present level, were realistic in all landscapes. The implemented N-surplus method was thus effective for comparing and synthesizing results on farm N emissions and the potentials of mitigation options. It is recommended for use in combination with other methods for the assessment of landscape N emissions and farm N efficiency, including more detailed N source and N sink hotspot mapping, measurements and modelling.
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Estrada-González, Iván E., Paul Adolfo Taboada-González, Hilda Guerrero-García-Rojas, and Liliana Márquez-Benavides. "Decreasing the Environmental Impact in an Egg-Producing Farm through the Application of LCA and Lean Tools." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (February 17, 2020): 1352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041352.

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Intensive poultry farming transforms vegetable protein into animal protein through shelf egg and chicken meat production. Mexico is the largest egg consumer and fifth-ranked egg producer worldwide. However, the environmental impact of egg production in this country is scarcely reported. This research aimed to design an eco-efficient approach for egg production in a semi-technified farm based on door-to-door life cycle assessment (LCA) and value stream mapping (VSM) methodologies. The LCA points out that the climate change category is a hotspot in egg production, with emissions of 5.58 kg CO2 eq/kg per egg produced. The implementation of an eco-efficient scheme focused on energy usage could result in a 49.5% reduction of total energy consumption and 56.3% saving in environmental impacts. Likewise, by using an environmental economic evaluation system, it is identified that the eco-efficient scheme allows more sustainable production through the internalization of externalities. From an environmental–economic point of view, externalities—that is, those environmental damages that are not initially considered part of the production cost—were included, meaning they were internalized. The integral framework for LCA and VSM provides a possible path for sustainable productivity.
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Kucheruk, M., and M. Galaburda. "Potential risk in the organic poultry production and its prevention." Naukovij vìsnik veterinarnoï medicini, no. 2(160) (November 24, 2020): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-4902-2020-160-2-28-38.

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The article provides general information on organic production, in order to obtain quality and safe poultry products that meet the requirements of current national, European and international legislation. Factors that may cause a risk in the roduction of organic food of animal origin are considered, taking into account the stages of primary production and specific requirements for keeping organic poultry, given the requirements for animal welfare. There have been identified biological, chemical and physical hazards that can reduce the profitability of production and affect the quality of poultry products, taking into account the peculiarities of organic livestock management and ensuring the welfare of animals in organic production. The given list of natural prophylactic drugs that can be used in organic livestock as an alternative to antimicrobial drugs, and demonstrated an example of prophylactic use in organic farming of young poultry, which resulted in increased poultry safety. It were compared certain parameters of the microclimate under conditions of intensive poultry farming vs poultry kept under the requirements of organic production. Microbiological air contaminations in poultry houses at industrial poultry farming system were exceeding the standard limits, when in organic poultry farming condition a significant reduction of the number of bacteria in the air was indicated. The list of national, European and international regulations governing the requirements for keeping poultry during organic production is given. It has been established the necessity of comprehensive approach for supporting the health of animals, their feeding and management, systematic monitoring of compliance with health and hygiene requirements of animals and poultry farming, products processing, obtaining high-quality, safe products to avoid risks in the chain for the successful development of the organic production. Key words: organic production, poultry farming, hazards, risk analysis, microclimate, organic food, probiotics.
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Chalova, Vesela I., Jihyuk Kim, Paul H. Patterson, Steven C. Ricke, and Woo K. Kim. "Reduction of nitrogen excretion and emission in poultry: A review for organic poultry." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 51, no. 4 (January 19, 2016): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2015.1120616.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Emission reduction, poultry farming"

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Lippmann, Jens. "Emissionen aus Haltungssystemen für Legehennen." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-152917.

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Im Zeitraum von 2010 bis 2012 wurden Fragestellungen zu Voliere-(VO) und Kleingruppenhaltungssystemen (KG) für Legehennen durch einen vom BMEL geförderten Forschungsverbund untersucht. Das LfULG untersuchte die Stallluft und Emissionen in jeweils zwei Ställen dieser Systeme. Dabei wurden Herdengrößen kleiner und größer 15.000 Hennen abgebildet. Neben Lufttemperatur und Luftfeuchte wurden luftgetragene Stallraumlasten (Gase, Stäube und mikrobielle Bestandteile) in der Stall- und Abluft untersucht und Ableitungen für die Emissionen erarbeitet sowie Managementempfehlungen abgeleitet. Im Ergebnis wurden für Ammoniak 23 bzw. 26 g (KG) und 71 bzw. 67 g (VO), für Gesamtstaub 35 bzw. 37 g (KG) und 246 bzw. 128 g (VO), für Bakterien 10 11 kbE (KG) und 10 12 kbE (VO) sowie für Endotoxine 10 8 EE (KG) und 10 9 EE (VO) als Emissionsfaktoren je Tierplatz im Jahr ermittelt.
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Lippmann, Jens. "Emissionsminderung in der Legehennenhaltung." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1188390509636-25613.

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Lin, Yen-Hsi, and 林妍希. "Reduction Measures Enforcement of Low-Carbon Emission for Farming Society – A Case Study of Town A on Chiayi County." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/g5pn5j.

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碩士
國立臺北科技大學
環境工程與管理研究所
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The study applies Town A in Chiayi County as the case study, to collect data and explore the daily routines of regional villagers and the status of greenhouse gas emission from agricultural activities through inventory. The philosophy and spirit of German Jühnde Village, the biomass energy plant, and the voluntary participation of carbon reduction from daily life supported by the public, are estimated to reduce carbon dioxide emission using different low-carbon measures. The result is then compared with the greenhouse gas produced by the Town. Research studies show that the greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural department mainly come from methane emission in rice cultivation, nitrous oxide emissions in agricultural soils (use of fertilizers), and methane emissions from livestock enteric fermentation; other greenhouse gas emissions of family department mainly come from transportation and electricity consumption. During the period from 2007~2009, the greenhouse gas emission from Town A averaged about 64,703 tons/year and 3.88 tons per capita per year. Taking into consideration of factors such as the greenhouse gas emission from Town A, agricultural waste and pollution reduction, and levels of cooperation in public, nine reduction measures have been chosen as the actions taken for greenhouse gas reduction. Taking 2009 as the base year, the reduction effectiveness of implementing various measures are estimated for 2012, 2015 and 2020, with the results showing that the total carbon dioxide reduction for 2020 is 46,277 tons/year, accounting approximately 72.09% of the total greenhouse gas emissions in 2009. The no-regrets approach to carbon reduction among the various measures yields the most reduction amount in carbon dioxide. In the example of 2020, the reduction accounts approximately 54.6% of the total carbon dioxide reduction and only change of living habits could easily achieve such carbon reduction benefits. In contrast, measure of promoting tree planning in public yields the least carbon reduction, which accounts for only 0.4% of total carbon dioxide reduction.
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KALKUŠ, Václav. "Environmentální dopady produkce vajec z hlediska produkce skleníkových plynů." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-154490.

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The aim of the study is to compare poultry farming focused on either conventional or organic egg production. Detailed information has been gathered in particular organizations by the means of questionnaires and provided technical literature. We have concentrated on the monitoring of the emission impact on the environment, caused especially by feed material consumption, electricity consumption and farm dung management. Based on the gathered data the emission burden was calculated by the means of Ecoinvent database using CO2 equivalent. We have compared the individual systems of management and evaluated greenhouse gasses production. The main target of the thesis was to find out whether the production of organic eggs has smaller impact on the environment than the conventional one.
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Book chapters on the topic "Emission reduction, poultry farming"

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Banhazi, Thomas. "Emission reduction from livestock buildings using a filtration device." In Air Quality and Livestock Farming, 299–306. Boca Raton : CRC Press/Balkema, 2018. | Series: Sustainable energy developments ; Volume 15: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315738338-18.

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Cui, Yuanlong, Xuan Xue, and Saffa Riffat. "Cost Effectiveness of Poultry Production by Sustainable and Renewable Energy Source." In Meat and Nutrition. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97543.

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Poultry farming is one of high energy consumption and energy-intensive industries that requires significant amount of fuel fossil to provide the desired internal temperature for health and production level of chicken, which results in high running cost and growth of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Renewable and sustainable energy technologies are being employed in the area of poultry farming in order to achieve energy saving, GHG emission reduction and to some extent supply potential selective benefits for farmers. Therefore, it is very necessary for generalizing the state-of-the-art technologies including the solar photovoltaic, solar photovoltaic/thermal, ventilation and wind turbine, air/water/ground sources heat pump and thermal energy storage. It is demonstrated that the system energy saving could achieve up to 85% with a payback time of 3–8 years, compared to the conventional heating system.
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"AMMONIA EMISSION FROM TWO POULTRY MANURE DRYING SYSTEMS." In Odour and Ammonia Emissions from Livestock Farming, 61–68. Routledge, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203215975-8.

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"cannot be distinguished from odourless air by 50% of the panel members (DT50). This implies that the threshold is a barely detectable odour. The number of times a sample has to be diluted to reach threshold levels is a measure for the relative strength of the odour. The relative odour strength times the ventilation rate of the building results in the odour emission. This can be regarded as the total odour load per unit of time leaving the building. Finally the odour emission can be used in atmospheric dispersion models in order to calculate the odour threshold distance. Table 2 shows the results of the experiments as well as the relevant data of the pighouses at the time of sampling. During the measurements the ventilation rate between the pighouses varied. The difference are due to different ventilation rates and due to sampling in the morning or in the afternoon at different ambient temperatures. Table 2: Odour measurements Pighouse with separation Data of sampling 24.5.83 31.5.83 14.9.83 28.10.83 Number of pigs 158 158 158 157 Average liveweight (kg|1 _1 75 80 45 75 Ventilation rate (m3kg~ h~ ) 0.61 0.93 0.89 0.47 Dilutions to threshold (DT50) 770 1008 817 1634 Total odour emission (DT50/h.103) 5595 11902 5195 9103 Odour emission/pig (DT50/h) 35410 75326 32877 57980 Emission reduction/pig (%) 49 50 50 59 Pighouse with underslat slurry storage Data of sampling 24.5.83 31.5.83 14.9.83 28.10.83 Number of pigs 300 275 279 279 Average liveweight (kg) 80 90 45 85 Ventilation rate (m3kg~ h- ) 0.21 0 54 0.52 0.57 Dilutions to threshold (DT50) 4133 3068 2820 2903 Total odour emission (DT50/h.103) 20632 41234 18409 39205 Odour emission/pig (DT50/h) 68773 149942 65982 140520 Emission reduction/pig (%) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.= not applicable It can be concluded from Table 2 that the installation of filter nets reduced the odour emission per pig by approximately 50%." In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 233. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-93.

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"phenols from piggeries. The total amounts are given in addition to the amounts of butyric acid and p-cresol which are both known as intensively smelling compounds. The recognition odour threshold values of these two components are included, as well. Under the assumption of a dust concentration of 10 mg/m3 (7) one cubic meter of air from a pig house contains 6.27 pg dust-borne VFA and 2.76 |j g dust-borne phenol ic/i ndol i c compounds; 62.7 mg VFA and 27.6 mg phenolic/indolic compounds are emitted from a 500 pig fattening unit per hour at a medium ventilation rate of 20m3/70kg pig-h. When comparing the dust-borne concentrations of butyric acid and p-cresol with the odour thresholds it seems that the concentrations are too small to be relevant for an odour nui­ sance. However, if the dust is removed from the gas phase of the air from animal houses the odour disappears ( 39),(40) ,(14). This supports the opinion of HAMMOND et al. (40) that the odor is concentrated on the dust particles. The authors conclude from their data that the concentration^ of the two odorants bu­ tyric acid and p-cresol is about 4 • 10 greater on an aerosol particle than it is in an equal volume of air. Thus, an aero­ sol particle deposited on the olfactory organ carries odour equivalent to a much greater volume of air (40). These consid­ erations indicate that dust from animal houses should be taken into account in connection with odour emission/immission meas­ urements not only by chemical analysis but by sensory evalua­ tions using olfactometers without dustfilters, as well. 5. CONTROL OF DUST-BORNE ODOURS There are basically two ways of controlling dust-borne odours. An effective way seems to be the filtration of the air to remove the dust (41). VAN GEELEN (14) reports on the reduc­ tion of the odour emission from a broiler house with 15.000 animals of 65% by means of filter bags when filtering the ex­ haust air. However, the investments and running costs amounted to about DM 4.00 per 100 birds per year. The second way is to avoid the dust release in the animal house as far as possible. The following possibilities are recommended: - feeding intervals, no self-feeding (17) - pellets instead of meal feed - wet feeding instead of dry feeding (25) - vacuum cleaning, fogging and showering (22) A reduction of the dust content in the air of animal con­ finements bare not only the chance to diminish the odour emis­ sion from the animal houses but can have a positive influence on the animals' health and performance, as well. Acknowledgement The author wants to express his thanks to Dr. W.Heidmann, Chem-mical Institute for his help in preparing Table IV, Dr.G.Klink-mann for revising the English text, Mr. K.H. Linkert for doing the drawing, and Mrs. U. Arzt for typing the manuscript." In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 338. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-132.

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"emission of dust-borne odourants like volatile fatty acids (VFA) and simple phenols and indoles from piggeries, the impor­ tance of particle-borne odours, and the possibilities of con­ trolling dust-borne odours. 2. ORIGIN, NATURE AND RELEASE OF THE DUST It is estimated that the dust in animal houses originates mainly from the feed (15 ), (16 ), (17 ), the bedding material (18), (19), the manure (20) and the animals themselves (21),(22). Relevant values are rare. Table I shows that feed and bedding, when used, are the predominant sources of dust in pig and hen houses. Dust from animal houses consists mainly of organic matter (23). The preferred technique for investigating both the mate­ rial composition of the dust and feed stuff is the WEENDER An­ alysis Technique (24). Table II shows the composition of dust from pig and hen houses compared to the feed fed. The differ­ ences in the protein content between dust and feed support the opinion that an important part of the dust originates from feathers, hairs, and skin cells of the animals. The release of the dust is caused by the activity of ani­ mals or man or the function of technical equipments in the an­ imal house. Feeding, particularly dry feeding (25), as well as bedding and cleaning activities, the use of different systems of feed distribution, manure removal and ventilation (26) can increase the dust level in the air of animal houses consider­ ably (27). Figure 1 gives an example of the relation between the amount of dust in the air and different activities based on values as reported by CERMAK and ROSS (27) for poultry houses. In the course of a day the dust level in animal houses varies considerably. Mostly feeding increases the dust concen­ tration in the air as demonstrated in Figure 2 (22). However, within 30 to 120 min the "normal" background level is reached again (16),(22). The figure shows that even before the feed is distributed, the activity of the animals increases the dust concentration in the air considerably. Table III shows the influence of rel . humidity, pen vol­ ume, feeding system and air flow on the number of dust parti­ cles and weight of settled dust in an experimental piggery.The essential influence of animal activity on the formation of dust is shown by the fact that self-feeding results in significant­ ly greater atmospheric dust concentration (particles/volume of air) than does floor-feeding. However, a significantly greater amount of settled dust is associated with floor feeding. Prob­ ably, the self-fed pigs spend much more time eating than the floor-fed pigs. The intense activity of the pigs during floor feeding results in a great deal of visible dust for only a pe­ riod of time, while the self-fed pigs may play with the excess feed (28),(17). These studies indicate that the factors deter­ mining the amount of dust in confinements include animal ac­ tivity, temperature, relative humidity, ventilation rate,stock­ ing density and volumetric air-space per animal, feeding method, and nature of feed. This dust originating from various sources can carry gases, vapours and odours (7)." In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 336. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-130.

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"efficiency. By measurements of total odour strength in a treatment plant the ED values pointed out the sludge press and dewatering process as the predominant odour sources of the plant. In the venting air from this position extremely high ED values were recorded. This air was led through a carbon filter for odour reduction. Olfactometric measurements at the filter revealed poor odour reducing efficiency. It was observed that odour compounds were not destroyed in the filter. They only restrained until the carbon became saturated, and thereafter evaporated into the outlet air contributing to the odour strength. The filter capacity was obviously too small for the heavy load. Attempts to reduce the odour strength before the filter did not succeed, until the air was led through a container filled with saturated lime slurry (pH = 12-14). The slurry was part of a precipitation process in the plant. Dispersion in the alkaline slurry extensively reduced the odour strength of the air, resulting in sufficient capacity of the carbon filter also when handling heavy loads of sewage sludge. Since then the carbon filter has worked well, within the limitation of such filters in general. Neither is it observed signs indicating reduced precipitation properties of the lime slurry. Measurements of total odour strength in combustion processes imply sampling challenges. Beside the chemical scrubber process, combustion of odorous air is the best odour reducing method. The disadvantage of this process is the high energy costs. Treatment at apropriate conditions, however, will destroy the odorous compounds extensively. Temperatures about 850 C and contact time up to 3 seconds are reported (2,3). Olfactometric measurements in combustion processes involve certain sampling problems caused by the temperature difference between inlet and outlet. The humidity of outlet air must also be taken into consideration. Problems may occur when hot outlet air is sampled at low temperatures. In most such cases sampling is impossible without special arrangements. Such conditions are present during odour measurements in fish meal plants with combustion as the odour reducing method. The largest problem turned out to be the temperature differences between outlet air (85-220 C) and outdoor temperatures (0-15 C), causing condensation. The dew point of the outlet air was calculated, and experiments were carried out with dilution of the outlet air to prevent condensation in the sampling bags. Condensation was prevented by diluting the outlet air 5-150 times with dry, purified N gas. Comparison of N -diluted and undiluted samples revealed large differences in ED value. In samples demanding a high degree of dilution to prevent condensation, the measured odour strength was up to 5 times higher than in the undiluted corresponding samples. Samples demanding less dilution showed less deviating results. 4. CONCLUSIONS In the attempt to minimize odour emission, olfactometric measurements of total odour strength give useful informations about the odour reducing efficiency of different processes as a function of parameters like dosage of chemicals in scrubbers, humidity and temperature in packed filters, flow rates, etc. Olfactometric measurements also point out the main odour sources of the plant. From a set of olfactometric data combined with other essential." In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 98. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-34.

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Conference papers on the topic "Emission reduction, poultry farming"

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Priekulis, Juris, Armins Laurs, and Ligita Melece. "Ammonia emission reduction measures in dairy cattle farming." In 18th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev2019.18.n091.

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Hong Li, Hongwei Xin, and Robert T. Burns. "Reduction of Ammonia Emission from Stored Poultry Manure Using Additives: Zeolite, Al+clear, Ferix-3 and PLT." In 2006 Portland, Oregon, July 9-12, 2006. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.21166.

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Huppmann, Gerhard. "The MTU Carbonate Fuel Cell HotModule®: Utilization of Biomass and Waste Originated Fuels for Polygeneration in Fuel Cells." In ASME 2006 4th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2006-97120.

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Abstract:
MTU’s HotModule is a High Temperature Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell System. It transfers the chemical energy of the fuel directly to electricity, heat and a useful depleted air with an electrical efficiency in the range of 42 to 52%. It convinces by minimal emissions of contaminants. The produced heat is given by the depleted air at a temperature level of 400 °C; this ensures a multi purpose and valuable utilization of the heat. The HotModule operated with natural gas is demonstrated meanwhile together with our partner Fuel Cell Energy Inc. in approximately 25 field trial plants and reached now a pre-commercial status. It is highly suitable for the utilization of hydrocarboneous gases, such as biogas, sewage gas, coal mine gas, of synthesis gases from thermal gasification processes of different waste material. Such gases are the most important renewable energy resources. In case of a consequent utilization of such gases for Combined Heat and Power Production a contribution of 12% to 15% of stationary consumable energy consumption can be reached. Even lean gases will be converted with high efficiency to electrical power and high exergetic heat. These characteristics recommend the HotModule for applications using the big potential of regenerative and secondary fuels with all their advantages in decentralized consumable energy supply, reduction of dependence on primary energy imports and reduction of greenhouse gas and other contaminants emission. MTU started recently a HotModule fed by methanol from waste material together with BEWAG in Berlin and many experimental work concerning applications with biogas and sewage gas has been performed with promising results. Due to the high electrical efficiency the HotModule saves about 1/3 of CO2 emission in comparison to conventional “prime movers”. If fuels are used, which are originated from renewable sources like biomass via fermentation or gasification, the balance of CO2 is zero within a suitable short period (in comparison to coal, natural gas and oil, where this period is some millions of years). The advantage of the Carbonate Fuel Cell HotModule is, that these fuel gases from the renewable sources can be used with the high performance and efficiency of the HotModule, even they are low caloric gases, which decline the electric efficiency of conventional prime movers significantly. The products of the HotModule are: • Electricity: DC for telecommunication and IT - AC to grid or to stand alone networks - Applications for uninterruptible power supply. • Premium Heat: Heat from HotModule is available in form of the depleted air at a high temperature. This high exergetic heat is valuable for steam production, industrial production processes as well as for many other processes e. g. in hospitals, in the food industry, in greenhouse farming. It can also be used in cascades of steam production for additional electricity generation via steam turbines, medium temperature processes like drying, cooking, and at the low temperature end for water heating and space heating and — may be — pool heating. • Cooling Power: Another important heat utilization is the production of cooling power for air conditioning and food storage facilities by thermal driven cooling systems, e. g. absorption chillers or steam injection chillers with the overlapping of the required energy amounts over the year: Cooling in summer, heating in winter. This leads to a thermal full power operation of the HotModule all over the year decreasing the pay back period of such equipment. • Fertilizing atmosphere: The depleted air consists of nitrogen, a small amount of oxygen, lots of water vapour and a substantial amount of CO2 (in the range of 5%vol). No contaminants, no toxic ingredients, no other loads. Mixed with fresh air, this depleted air is a most valuable atmosphere for greenhouse farming: Plants need the right temperature, the CO2-contents increase the growing rate of the plants (e. g. tomatoes need an average of 2%vol of CO2 in atmosphere for optimal growing; CO2-fertilizer) and the high water vapour content saves humidification water.
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