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Jarosz, Zuzanna, and Antoni Faber. "AMMONIA EMISSION FROM ANIMAL PRODUCTION IN POLAND ON A REGIONAL SCALE." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXI, no. 2 (June 3, 2019): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2071.
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The aim of the study was to present ammonia emissions from animal production on a regional scale in 2016. Emission estimates in particular regions were based on methodology developed by EEA in 2016 and applied in Poland by The National Centre for Emissions Management (NCEM). The conducted analyses were based on the size of livestock population, farming system and emission factors at every stage of manure management. The analysis showed substantial spatial differentiation of ammonia emissions from animal production. Voivodships that accounted for the biggest share in emissions from cattle farming were as follows: Mazowieckie, Podlaskie and Wielkopolskie. Estimated emissions in these voivodships amounted to: 47.4, 32.8 and 21.7 Gg NH3, respectively. The highest levels of ammonia emissions from pig production were identified in the region of Wielkopolska. Ammonia emissions in this voivodship amounted to 16.2 Gg NH3. The Wielkopolska region is also distinguished by the highest ammonia emissions from poultry production. The emissions equaled 11.4 Gg NH3 and accounted for 24.1% of total emissions in this region. The realization of reduction commitments for ammonia imposed by the NEC Directive depends on the introduction of a set of changes in livestock production: regarding the housing method, animal nutrition, fertilizer storage and application as well as dissemination of good agricultural practices aiming at ammonia emission reduction.
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Cui, Yuanlong, Elmer Theo, Tugba Gurler, Yuehong Su, and Riffat Saffa. "A comprehensive review on renewable and sustainable heating systems for poultry farming." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 15, no. 1 (November 20, 2019): 121–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctz048.
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Abstract Poultry farming is one of energy intensive industries that consume large amount of energy to provide the suitable indoor environment for chicken health and production like meat and eggs. Currently, there are extensive researches and practices of applying renewable and sustainable energy technologies to poultry farming to achieve energy saving and carbon dioxide emission reduction. Therefore, it is worth to retrospect the state-of-the-art development and summarize the key features in this field. The main technologies include photovoltaic (PV), solar collector, hybrid PV/Thermal, thermal energy storage, ground/water/air sources heat pumps, lighting and radiant heating. It is found that up to 85% energy saving can be achieved by using these advanced technologies in comparison to the traditional poultry houses with a payback time of 3–8 years.
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de Vries, Wim, Hans Kros, and Oene Oenema. "Modeled Impacts of Farming Practices and Structural Agricultural Changes on Nitrogen Fluxes in the Netherlands." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 664–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.332.
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In the Netherlands, nutrient emissions from intensive animal husbandry have contributed to decreased species diversity in (semi) natural terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, pollution of groundwater, and possibly global warming due to N2O emissions. This paper presents the results of a modelling study presenting the impacts of both structural measures and improved farming practices on major nitrogen (N) fluxes, including NH3and N2O emission, uptake, leaching, and runoff, in the Netherlands, using input data for the year 2000. Average annual fluxes (Gg N year–1) for the year 2000 were estimated at 132 for NH3emission (160 Gg NH3year–1), 28 for N2O emission, 50 for N inflow to groundwater, and 15 for N inflow to surface water at a total N input of 1046. At this input, nitrate (NO3) concentrations in groundwater often exceeded the target of 50 mg NO3l–1, specifically in well-drained sandy soils. The ammonia (NH3) emissions exceeded emission targets that were set to protect the biodiversity of nonagricultural land. Improved farming practices were calculated to lead to a significant reduction in NH3emissions to the atmosphere and N leaching and runoff to groundwater and surface water, but these improvements were not enough to reach all the targets set for those fluxes. Only strong structural measures clearly improved the situation. The NH3emission target of 30 Gg NH3year–1, suggested for the year 2030, could not be attained, however, unless pig and poultry farming is completely banned in the Netherlands and all cattle stay almost permanently in low emission stables.
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Tang, Yuk S., Christine F. Braban, Ulrike Dragosits, Anthony J. Dore, Ivan Simmons, Netty van Dijk, Janet Poskitt, et al. "Drivers for spatial, temporal and long-term trends in atmospheric ammonia and ammonium in the UK." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 2 (January 22, 2018): 705–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-705-2018.
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Abstract. A unique long-term dataset from the UK National Ammonia Monitoring Network (NAMN) is used here to assess spatial, seasonal and long-term variability in atmospheric ammonia (NH3: 1998–2014) and particulate ammonium (NH4+: 1999–2014) across the UK. Extensive spatial heterogeneity in NH3 concentrations is observed, with lowest annual mean concentrations at remote sites (< 0.2 µg m−3) and highest in the areas with intensive agriculture (up to 22 µg m−3), while NH4+ concentrations show less spatial variability (e.g. range of 0.14 to 1.8 µg m−3 annual mean in 2005). Temporally, NH3 concentrations are influenced by environmental conditions and local emission sources. In particular, peak NH3 concentrations are observed in summer at background sites (defined by 5 km grid average NH3 emissions < 1 kg N ha−1 yr−1) and in areas dominated by sheep farming, driven by increased volatilization of NH3 in warmer summer temperatures. In areas where cattle, pig and poultry farming is dominant, the largest NH3 concentrations are in spring and autumn, matching periods of manure application to fields. By contrast, peak concentrations of NH4+ aerosol occur in spring, associated with long-range transboundary sources. An estimated decrease in NH3 emissions by 16 % between 1998 and 2014 was reported by the UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory. Annually averaged NH3 data from NAMN sites operational over the same period (n = 59) show an indicative downward trend, although the reduction in NH3 concentrations is smaller and non-significant: Mann–Kendall (MK), −6.3 %; linear regression (LR), −3.1 %. In areas dominated by pig and poultry farming, a significant reduction in NH3 concentrations between 1998 and 2014 (MK: −22 %; LR: −21 %, annually averaged NH3) is consistent with, but not as large as the decrease in estimated NH3 emissions from this sector over the same period (−39 %). By contrast, in cattle-dominated areas there is a slight upward trend (non-significant) in NH3 concentrations (MK: +12 %; LR: +3.6 %, annually averaged NH3), despite the estimated decline in NH3 emissions from this sector since 1998 (−11 %). At background and sheep-dominated sites, NH3 concentrations increased over the monitoring period. These increases (non-significant) at background (MK: +17 %; LR: +13 %, annually averaged data) and sheep-dominated sites (MK: +15 %; LR: +19 %, annually averaged data) would be consistent with the concomitant reduction in SO2 emissions over the same period, leading to a longer atmospheric lifetime of NH3, thereby increasing NH3 concentrations in remote areas. The observations for NH3 concentrations not decreasing as fast as estimated emission trends are consistent with a larger downward trend in annual particulate NH4+ concentrations (1999–2014: MK: −47 %; LR: −49 %, p < 0.01, n = 23), associated with a lower formation of particulate NH4+ in the atmosphere from gas phase NH3.
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Dalgaard, T., J. F. Bienkowski, A. Bleeker, J. L. Drouet, P. Durand, U. Dragosits, A. Frumau, et al. "Farm nitrogen balances in six European agricultural landscapes – a method for farming system assessment, emission hotspot identification, and mitigation measure evaluation." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 7 (July 21, 2012): 8859–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-8859-2012.
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Abstract. Six agricultural landscapes in Poland (PL), the Netherlands (NL), France (FR), Italy (IT), Scotland (UK) and Denmark (DK) were studied, and a common method was developed for undertaking farm inventories and the derivation of farm nitrogen (N) balances and N surplus from the in total 222 farms and 11 440 ha of farmland. In all landscapes, a large variation in the farm N surplus was found, and thereby a large potential for reductions. The highest average N surpluses were found in the most livestock-intensive landscapes of IT, FR, and NL; on average 202 ± 28, 179 ± 63 and 178 ± 20 kg N ha−1yr−1, respectively. However, all landscapes showed hotspots, especially from livestock farms, including a special UK case with landless large-scale poultry farming. So, whereas the average N surplus from the land-based UK farms dominated by extensive sheep grazing was only 31 ± 10 kg N ha−1yr−1, the landscape average was similar to those of PL and DK (122 ± 20 and 146 ± 55 kg N ha−1yr−1, respectively) when landless poultry were included. However, the challenge remains how to account for indirect N surpluses and emissions from such farms with a large export of manure out of the landscape. We conclude that farm N balances are a useful indicator for N losses and the potential for improving N management. Significant correlations to N surplus were found, both with ammonia air concentrations and nitrate levels in soils and groundwater, measured during the landscape data collection campaign from 2007–2009. This indicates that farm N surpluses may be used as an independent dataset for validation of measured and modelled N emissions in agricultural landscapes. However, no significant correlation was found to N measured in surface waters, probably because of the short time horizon of the study. A case study of the development in N surplus from the landscape in DK from 1998–2008 showed a 22 % reduction, related to statistically significant effects (p < 0.01) of measures targeted at reducing N emissions from livestock farms. Based on the large differences between the average and the most modern and N-efficient farms, it was concluded that N-surplus reductions of 25–50 % as compared to the present level were realistic in all landscapes. The implemented N-surplus method was thus effective at comparing and synthesizing results on farm N emissions and the potentials of mitigation options, and is recommended for use in combination with other methods for the assessment of landscape N emissions and farm N efficiency, including more detailed N sink and N source hotspot mapping, measurements and modelling.
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Sutton, M. A., U. Dragosits, S. Hellsten, C. J. Place, A. J. Dore, Y. S. Tang, N. van Dijk, et al. "Ammonia Emission and Deposition in Scotland and Its Potential Environmental Impacts." Scientific World JOURNAL 4 (2004): 795–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2004.130.
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The main source of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) in Scotland is livestock agriculture, which accounts for 85% of emissions. The local magnitude of emissions therefore depends on livestock density, type, and management, with major differences occurring in various parts of Scotland. Local differences in agricultural activities therefore result in a wide range of NH3emissions, ranging from less than 0.2 kg N ha−1year−1in remote areas of the Scottish Highlands to over 100 kg N ha−1year−1in areas with intensive poultry farming. Scotland can be divided loosely into upland and lowland areas, with NH3emission being less than and more than 5 kg N ha−1year−1, respectively.Many semi-natural ecosystems in Scotland are vulnerable to nitrogen deposition, including bogs, moorlands, and the woodland ground flora. Because NH3emissions occur in the rural environment, the local deposition to sensitive ecosystems may be large, making it essential to assess the spatial distribution of NH3emissions and deposition. A spatial model is applied here to map NH3emissions and these estimates are applied in atmospheric dispersion and deposition models to estimate atmospheric concentrations of NH3and NH4+, dry deposition of NH3, and wet deposition of NHx. Although there is a high level of local variability, modelled NH3concentrations show good agreement with the National Ammonia Monitoring Network, while wet deposition is largest at high altitude sites in the south and west of Scotland. Comparison of the modelled NHxdeposition fields with estimated thresholds for environmental effects (“critical loads”) shows that thresholds are exceeded across most of lowland Scotland and the Southern Uplands. Only in the cleanest parts of the north and west is nitrogen deposition not a cause for concern. Given that the most intense effects occur within a few kilometres of sources, it is suggested that local spatial abatement policies would be a useful complement to traditional policies that mitigate environmental effects based on emission reduction technologies.
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Dalgaard, T., J. F. Bienkowski, A. Bleeker, U. Dragosits, J. L. Drouet, P. Durand, A. Frumau, et al. "Farm nitrogen balances in six European landscapes as an indicator for nitrogen losses and basis for improved management." Biogeosciences 9, no. 12 (December 20, 2012): 5303–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-5303-2012.
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Abstract. Improved management of nitrogen (N) in agriculture is necessary to achieve a sustainable balance between the production of food and other biomass, and the unwanted effects of N on water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity deterioration and human health. To analyse farm N-losses and the complex interactions within farming systems, efficient methods for identifying emissions hotspots and evaluating mitigation measures are therefore needed. The present paper aims to fill this gap at the farm and landscape scales. Six agricultural landscapes in Poland (PL), the Netherlands (NL), France (FR), Italy (IT), Scotland (UK) and Denmark (DK) were studied, and a common method was developed for undertaking farm inventories and the derivation of farm N balances, N surpluses and for evaluating uncertainty for the 222 farms and 11 440 ha of farmland included in the study. In all landscapes, a large variation in the farm N surplus was found, and thereby a large potential for reductions. The highest average N surpluses were found in the most livestock-intensive landscapes of IT, FR, and NL; on average 202 ± 28, 179 ± 63 and 178 ± 20 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively. All landscapes showed hotspots, especially from livestock farms, including a special UK case with large-scale landless poultry farming. Overall, the average N surplus from the land-based UK farms dominated by extensive sheep and cattle grazing was only 31 ± 10 kg N ha−1 yr−1, but was similar to the N surplus of PL and DK (122 ± 20 and 146 ± 55 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively) when landless poultry farming was included. We found farm N balances to be a useful indicator for N losses and the potential for improving N management. Significant correlations to N surplus were found, both with ammonia air concentrations and nitrate concentrations in soils and groundwater, measured during the period of N management data collection in the landscapes from 2007–2009. This indicates that farm N surpluses may be used as an independent dataset for validation of measured and modelled N emissions in agricultural landscapes. No significant correlation was found with N measured in surface waters, probably because of spatial and temporal variations in groundwater buffering and biogeochemical reactions affecting N flows from farm to surface waters. A case study of the development in N surplus from the landscape in DK from 1998–2008 showed a 22% reduction related to measures targeted at N emissions from livestock farms. Based on the large differences in N surplus between average N management farms and the most modern and N-efficient farms, it was concluded that additional N-surplus reductions of 25–50%, as compared to the present level, were realistic in all landscapes. The implemented N-surplus method was thus effective for comparing and synthesizing results on farm N emissions and the potentials of mitigation options. It is recommended for use in combination with other methods for the assessment of landscape N emissions and farm N efficiency, including more detailed N source and N sink hotspot mapping, measurements and modelling.
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Estrada-González, Iván E., Paul Adolfo Taboada-González, Hilda Guerrero-García-Rojas, and Liliana Márquez-Benavides. "Decreasing the Environmental Impact in an Egg-Producing Farm through the Application of LCA and Lean Tools." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (February 17, 2020): 1352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041352.
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Intensive poultry farming transforms vegetable protein into animal protein through shelf egg and chicken meat production. Mexico is the largest egg consumer and fifth-ranked egg producer worldwide. However, the environmental impact of egg production in this country is scarcely reported. This research aimed to design an eco-efficient approach for egg production in a semi-technified farm based on door-to-door life cycle assessment (LCA) and value stream mapping (VSM) methodologies. The LCA points out that the climate change category is a hotspot in egg production, with emissions of 5.58 kg CO2 eq/kg per egg produced. The implementation of an eco-efficient scheme focused on energy usage could result in a 49.5% reduction of total energy consumption and 56.3% saving in environmental impacts. Likewise, by using an environmental economic evaluation system, it is identified that the eco-efficient scheme allows more sustainable production through the internalization of externalities. From an environmental–economic point of view, externalities—that is, those environmental damages that are not initially considered part of the production cost—were included, meaning they were internalized. The integral framework for LCA and VSM provides a possible path for sustainable productivity.
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Kucheruk, M., and M. Galaburda. "Potential risk in the organic poultry production and its prevention." Naukovij vìsnik veterinarnoï medicini, no. 2(160) (November 24, 2020): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-4902-2020-160-2-28-38.
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The article provides general information on organic production, in order to obtain quality and safe poultry products that meet the requirements of current national, European and international legislation. Factors that may cause a risk in the roduction of organic food of animal origin are considered, taking into account the stages of primary production and specific requirements for keeping organic poultry, given the requirements for animal welfare. There have been identified biological, chemical and physical hazards that can reduce the profitability of production and affect the quality of poultry products, taking into account the peculiarities of organic livestock management and ensuring the welfare of animals in organic production. The given list of natural prophylactic drugs that can be used in organic livestock as an alternative to antimicrobial drugs, and demonstrated an example of prophylactic use in organic farming of young poultry, which resulted in increased poultry safety. It were compared certain parameters of the microclimate under conditions of intensive poultry farming vs poultry kept under the requirements of organic production. Microbiological air contaminations in poultry houses at industrial poultry farming system were exceeding the standard limits, when in organic poultry farming condition a significant reduction of the number of bacteria in the air was indicated. The list of national, European and international regulations governing the requirements for keeping poultry during organic production is given. It has been established the necessity of comprehensive approach for supporting the health of animals, their feeding and management, systematic monitoring of compliance with health and hygiene requirements of animals and poultry farming, products processing, obtaining high-quality, safe products to avoid risks in the chain for the successful development of the organic production. Key words: organic production, poultry farming, hazards, risk analysis, microclimate, organic food, probiotics.
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Chalova, Vesela I., Jihyuk Kim, Paul H. Patterson, Steven C. Ricke, and Woo K. Kim. "Reduction of nitrogen excretion and emission in poultry: A review for organic poultry." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 51, no. 4 (January 19, 2016): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2015.1120616.
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Kim, Chang Gil, Hak Kyun Jeong, and Yong Gyu Kim. "Effects of Organic Farming on Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction." Journal of Climate Change Research 7, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.15531/ksccr.2016.7.3.335.
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Guo, Yixuan, Yidong Wang, Shufeng Chen, Shunan Zheng, Changcheng Guo, Dongmei Xue, Yakov Kuzyakov, and Zhong-Liang Wang. "Inventory of Spatio-Temporal Methane Emissions from Livestock and Poultry Farming in Beijing." Sustainability 11, no. 14 (July 16, 2019): 3858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143858.
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Livestock and poultry farming sectors are among the largest anthropogenic methane (CH4) emission sources, mainly from enteric fermentation and manure management. Previous inventories of CH4 emission were generally based on constant emission factor (EF) per head, which had some weaknesses mainly due to the succession of breeding and feeding systems over decades. Here, more reliable long-term changes of CH4 emissions from livestock and poultry farming in Beijing are estimated using the dynamic EFs based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 2 method, and high-resolution spatial patterns of CH4 emissions are also estimated with intensive field survey. The results showed that the estimated CH4 emissions derived by dynamic EFs were approximately 13–19% lower than those based on the constant EF before 2010. After 2011, however, the dynamic EFs-derived CH4 emissions were a little higher (3%) than the constant EF method. Temporal CH4 emissions in Beijing had experienced four developing stages (1978–1988: stable; 1989–1998: slow growth; 1999–2004: rapid growth and reached hot moments; 2005–2014: decline) during 1978–2014. Over the first two decades, the contributions of pigs (45%) and cattle (46%) to annual CH4 emission were similar; subsequently, the cattle emitted more CH4 compared to the pigs. At a spatial scale, Shunyi, Daxing, and Tongzhou districts with more cattle and pigs are the hotspots of CH4 emission. In conclusion, the dynamic EFs method obviously improved the spatio-temporal estimates of CH4 emissions compared to the constant EF approach, and the improvements depended on the period and aquaculture structure. Therefore, the dynamic EFs method should be recommended for estimating CH4 emissions from livestock and poultry farming in the future.
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Akamatsu, Seiya, Ken Nishina, and Hironobu Kawamura. "Proposal for Temperature Settings of Poultry Houses, Aiming at Death Reduction." Journal of Business and Economics 10, no. 6 (June 20, 2019): 540–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15341/jbe(2155-7950)/06.10.2019/005.
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Poultry farming is an important industry in Japan. To increase profits, firms seek to increase the numbers of eggs produced by reducing the number of hen deaths during breeding periods. We hypothesize that the setting temperature of the poultry house has a large influence on the number of deaths. Therefore, we conduct a regression analysis on the number of hen deaths to reveal the influence of temperature. Thus, we correlate the fluctuating ranges of summer temperatures with hen deaths. The large fluctuating range of temperature seems to reduce the number of deaths in summer.We speculate that a rise of the temperature in a poultry house with a rise of outside temperature leads to an increase of the fluctuating range of the setting temperature and the reduction of the number of deaths.
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Samardzic, Miljan, Jovica Vasin, Igor Jajic, Irina Andreeva, Dragana Latkovic, and Ivan Vasenev. "Environmental assessment of the greenhouse gases emission from poultry production in Russia’s central region." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 63, no. 3 (2018): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1803261s.
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With an estimated rise in poultry production and consumption of chicken meat in Russia by 9% up to 2022, as well as development of self-sustainable poultry production, the need has arisen for environmental assessment of this production, and within it especially greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission assessment. The goal of this work is to show a calculation procedure for obtaining estimations for the carbon footprint of the 1 kg of live chicken at the farm gate, taking into account regional typological features of agricultural production in agro-ecosystems. The methodology of carbon footprint (CF) calculation is based on the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, and on IAGRICO2 calculator, developed for agriculture products. Results have shown that in modern technology of poultry farming, 5.79 kg CO2 ? was emitted on average per kg of body mass, and that about 47% of emission was from manure, around 27.5% from crop production (fuel and fertiliser) and 25.5% from fuel and energy needed for heating, sanitation and feeding of chickens. The main distinction of Central Russia is low efficiency of the fertiliser application on crop fields and manure management, storage and utilisation, which has as a result high emissions of the nitrous oxide. This is the field where the implementation of the intensive technologies of precise farming, manure handling, utilisation and management will significantly decrease GHG emission, with preserving yield of crops and quantity and quality of chicken meat.
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Achakzai, Kamran Baseer, Muhammad Abbas Shah, Ramla Achakzai, and Ghulam Hussain Kakar. "Backyard Chicken Farming Role in Supplementing Household Economy of District Quetta, Pakistan." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, no. 3 (March 16, 2020): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i3.568-572.2889.
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Backyard chicken farming is as an effective tool for poverty reduction in rural areas, by providing living to resource poor communities; it is an important source of extra cash income other than eggs and meat for family consumption. The present study was carried out to assess the role of backyard poultry farming in supplementing household economy of rural farmers dwelling in district Quetta, Pakistan. Information from ninety-nine randomly selected female backyard poultry farmers were gathered during November 2016 to March 2017. Owing to previous government and non-government interventions backyard poultry keeping was found as an established practice. Women were found the main custodian of backyard poultry birds and consequently were the main beneficiary of the activity. Poultry birds of Fayoumi and Golden / Rhode Island Red (RIR) breeds were the main types. Majority of the farmers reared these birds under scavenging conditions in combination with feeding on household left over dry bread (52%); most of the respondents (62%) were taking care of the birds by themselves which resulted in overall low production cost. Income included the earning received from sale of birds, eggs and the home consumption of poultry meat and eggs. Net income per annum per household was estimated as Pakistani Rupee (PKR) 79290/- (US$ 566). The estimated Rank Based Quotients (R.B.Q) based on farmers perception disclosed backyard poultry keeping as an important domestic source of meat and eggs with almost no or very little capital investment, ranked (I, 80%) followed by a substantial source of supplementary income and was ranked (II, 79%). Amongst the problems, disease outbreaks were the most prevailing problem (I, 90%) followed by unavailability of vaccines (II, 85%). The backyard poultry farming generated subsistence income and provided high quality valuable food that improved household nutrition.
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Roman, Monika, Kamil Roman, and Michał Roman. "Spatial Variation in Particulate Emission Resulting from Animal Farming in Poland." Agriculture 11, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020168.
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The article presents a spatial variation in particulate emission from animal farming in Poland. In addition, this paper estimates the PM2.5 and PM10 particulate emissions. The data on respective emissions sources have been acquired from the Central Statistics Authority (GUS) of 2019 (Local Data Bank). The emissions of PM2.5 and PM10 particulates were estimated from the structure of the emissions sources covered in the “EEA/EMEP Emission Inventory Guidebook” following the Tier 1 method. The research shows that, in Poland, the biggest share in particulate emission is found for poultry and cattle farming, which are the emissions of 5.5 and 3 m kg of particulates annually all across Poland, respectively. The highest pollution with PM2.5 resulting from animal farming was recorded for the Podlaskie (0.19 kg/ha), Wielkopolskie (0.16 kg/ha), and Mazowieckie (0.14 kg/ha) provinces, whereas the highest pollution with PM10 was recorded for the Wielkopolskie province (0.83 kg/ha). The key sources of particulate emission indicated in the study facilitate adapting the adequate method to reduce the particulate emissions in respective provinces. It is essential, especially due to the negative effect of particulates on human health.
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Jiang, Jize, David S. Stevenson, Aimable Uwizeye, Giuseppe Tempio, and Mark A. Sutton. "A climate-dependent global model of ammonia emissions from chicken farming." Biogeosciences 18, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 135–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-135-2021.
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Abstract. Ammonia (NH3) has significant impacts on the environment, which can influence climate and air quality and cause acidification and eutrophication in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Agricultural activities are the main sources of NH3 emissions globally. Emissions of NH3 from chicken farming are highly dependent on climate, affecting their environmental footprint and impact. In order to investigate the effects of meteorological factors and to quantify how climate change affects these emissions, a process-based model, AMmonia–CLIMate–Poultry (AMCLIM–Poultry), has been developed to simulate and predict temporal variations in NH3 emissions from poultry excretion, here focusing on chicken farms and manure spreading. The model simulates the decomposition of uric acid to form total ammoniacal nitrogen, which then partitions into gaseous NH3 that is released to the atmosphere at an hourly to daily resolution. Ammonia emissions are simulated by calculating nitrogen and moisture budgets within poultry excretion, including a dependence on environmental variables. By applying the model with global data for livestock, agricultural practice and meteorology, we calculate NH3 emissions from chicken farming on a global scale (0.5∘ resolution). Based on 2010 data, the AMCLIM–Poultry model estimates NH3 emissions from global chicken farming of 5.5 ± 1.2 Tg N yr−1, about 13 % of the agriculture-derived NH3 emissions. Taking account of partial control of the ambient environment for housed chicken (layers and broilers), the fraction of excreted nitrogen emitted as NH3 is found to be up to 3 times larger in humid tropical locations than in cold or dry locations. For spreading of manure to land, rain becomes a critical driver affecting emissions in addition to temperature, with the emission fraction being up to 5 times larger in the semi-dry tropics than in cold, wet climates. The results highlight the importance of incorporating climate effects into global NH3 emissions inventories for agricultural sources. The model shows increased emissions under warm and wet conditions, indicating that climate change will tend to increase NH3 emissions over the coming century.
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Jiang, Jize, David S. Stevenson, Aimable Uwizeye, Giuseppe Tempio, and Mark A. Sutton. "A climate-dependent global model of ammonia emissions from chicken farming." Biogeosciences 18, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 135–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-135-2021.
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Abstract. Ammonia (NH3) has significant impacts on the environment, which can influence climate and air quality and cause acidification and eutrophication in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Agricultural activities are the main sources of NH3 emissions globally. Emissions of NH3 from chicken farming are highly dependent on climate, affecting their environmental footprint and impact. In order to investigate the effects of meteorological factors and to quantify how climate change affects these emissions, a process-based model, AMmonia–CLIMate–Poultry (AMCLIM–Poultry), has been developed to simulate and predict temporal variations in NH3 emissions from poultry excretion, here focusing on chicken farms and manure spreading. The model simulates the decomposition of uric acid to form total ammoniacal nitrogen, which then partitions into gaseous NH3 that is released to the atmosphere at an hourly to daily resolution. Ammonia emissions are simulated by calculating nitrogen and moisture budgets within poultry excretion, including a dependence on environmental variables. By applying the model with global data for livestock, agricultural practice and meteorology, we calculate NH3 emissions from chicken farming on a global scale (0.5∘ resolution). Based on 2010 data, the AMCLIM–Poultry model estimates NH3 emissions from global chicken farming of 5.5 ± 1.2 Tg N yr−1, about 13 % of the agriculture-derived NH3 emissions. Taking account of partial control of the ambient environment for housed chicken (layers and broilers), the fraction of excreted nitrogen emitted as NH3 is found to be up to 3 times larger in humid tropical locations than in cold or dry locations. For spreading of manure to land, rain becomes a critical driver affecting emissions in addition to temperature, with the emission fraction being up to 5 times larger in the semi-dry tropics than in cold, wet climates. The results highlight the importance of incorporating climate effects into global NH3 emissions inventories for agricultural sources. The model shows increased emissions under warm and wet conditions, indicating that climate change will tend to increase NH3 emissions over the coming century.
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Kathiresan, Ramanathan, and Sangeeviraman Vishnudevi. "Rice farming components for biological weed control in transplanted rice: perspective on weedy rice management." Weed Science 69, no. 5 (August 2, 2021): 609–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2021.53.
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AbstractFarming elements other than the crop, when integrated into the system, are supplementary, with multifold uses that include weed and pest management. Elements such as fish and poultry birds are integrated with transplanted wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.) for ensuring farmers’ livelihoods and the nutritional security and sustainability of the system. Integrated animal components such as poultry birds and fish also supplement the system with weed control. The role and efficacy of these animal components as tools for managing weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) were explored, as weedy rice infestation is increasing. This threat of weedy rice is due to scarcity of water resulting from poor water management and improper field leveling. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella val.) produced the highest reduction of weedy rice biomass, 28% within 24 h under laboratory conditions. Polyculture of C. idella, mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala Ham.), and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix val.) reduced the biomass of weedy rice by 21% within 24 h. In laboratory studies, poultry manure at the highest concentration of 5% reduced the weedy rice seed germination 100% compared with rice seed germination at 91%. This conformed with microplot experiments in which poultry manure at 15.6 g d−1 resulted in a weed control index (WCI) of 8% in both years. However, poultry manure at 15.6 g d−1 in combination with herbicide application resulted in the highest control indices of weedy rice: 52% in 2017 and 2018. Integrating fish and poultry with PRE application of oxyfluorfen (0.25 kg ha−1) resulted in the highest WCI and grain yield in field experiments.
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Truong, An Ha, Minh Thuy Kim, Thi Thu Nguyen, Ngoc Tung Nguyen, and Quang Trung Nguyen. "Methane, Nitrous Oxide and Ammonia Emissions from Livestock Farming in the Red River Delta, Vietnam: An Inventory and Projection for 2000–2030." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (October 22, 2018): 3826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103826.
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Livestock farming is a major source of greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions. In this study, we estimate methane, nitrous oxide and ammonia emission from livestock sector in the Red River Delta region from 2000 to 2015 and provide a projection to 2030 using IPCC 2006 methodologies with the integration of local emission factors and provincial statistic livestock database. Methane, nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions from livestock farming in the Red River Delta in 2030 are estimated at 132 kt, 8.3 kt and 34.2 kt, respectively. Total global warming potential is estimated at 5.9 MtCO2eq in 2030 and accounts for 33% of projected greenhouse gas emissions from livestock in Vietnam. Pig farming is responsible for half of both greenhouse gases and ammonia emissions in the Red River Delta region. Cattle is another major livestock responsible for greenhouse gas emissions and poultry is one that is responsible for ammonia emissions. Hanoi contributes for the largest emissions in the region in 2015 but will be surpassed by other provinces in Vietnam by 2030.
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Hsu, Chang-Hsien, and Chia-Chi Lin. "Recycling New Energy - Discussion on the Application of Zero Waste to Taiwan Animal Husbandry." E3S Web of Conferences 117 (2019): 00017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911700017.
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With the rapid development of science and technology and the global warming caused by climate change, the extreme climate and the global plate have frequent effects, which not only seriously influence on the ecological environment, but also the shortage of natural energy caused by over-exploitation of human beings. Various countries have recognized nowadays the importance of energy and carbon dioxide emissions reduction, and with the development of circular economy issues, the governments realize that waste water discharged from high-value animal husbandry is a reusable resource. The environmental protection agencies cooperate with other agricultural institutions together in order to promote the policy of “returning fertilizer to the field”. However, urine water will produce biogas during the treatment process. Its main component, methane (CH4), is 25 times more than carbon dioxide (CO2), and the greenhouse effect caused by methane is carbon dioxide. But if the relevant technology is purified, methane becomes a good source of heat energy. If it is introduced into the generating set, it can become the daily electricity demand. For example, the principle of biogas power generation is to use the pig’s excrement anaerobic and fermentation, then the gas generated in it is introduced into the generator to diversify energy utilization and make the effect of room gas reduction.In Taiwan, there is a unique geographical environment. The temperature is moderate and humid all year round which belongs to the maritime climate and makes all kinds of poultry grow well. The domestic stock farming output value accounts for about 30% of the total agricultural output value, and the pig industry value accounts for about 15% of the total agriculture, showing the importance of the pig industry in Taiwan. The government is responsible for taking care of the livelihood of the majority of pig farmers, taking into account environmental protection responsibilities, promoting agricultural and enterprise management, and raising green energy pigs. Marsh gas power generation is relatively stable compared to wind and solar power. It does not have to depend on the weather and it can also supply electricity during peak hours. For example, Denmark began the research 40 years ago. Marsh gas is not only the excrement of pigs, but also Cattle and sheep chicken manure, kitchen waste, animal carcasses, etc. In the process of bacteria decomposition of organic matter, it will release the main substances of biogas containing methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and other gases. In the light of this, the Industrial Technology Research Institute Branch in Taiwan has established the Office for Biogas Promotion Program in 2016. They actively promoted biogas promotion services, and gave relevant technology and knowledge to explore new energy opportunities and activate related industries.The international survey report pointed out that between 2050 and 2070, the main energy sources for human beings will gradually dry up. Therefore, the application of recycling economy and resource reuse are much more important. This researchers invited “ Universe Circular Technology” as the subject and we will discuss how enterprises respond to the government’s promotion of circular economy policies, realize the new agricultural development that the government vigorously promotes, and use the regeneration of resources to solve the problem of energy shortage in Taiwan.
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Tereschenko, Svetlana, and Elena Diachenko. "UKRAINE’S PLACE AND CHALLENGES IN THE EASTERN EUROPEAN PRODUCTION OF CHICKEN EGGS." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 2 (May 13, 2019): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-2-214-220.
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Research subject. This report examines the current situation in poultry egg sector development in countries of Eastern Europe, features and challenges for Ukrainian eggs sector. The aim of the work is to summarize theoretical and practical aspects of improving the economic efficiency of poultry industry enterprises, to analyse the current state of the organization of egg poultry production, to develop and substantiate general recommendations for improving the state of the poultry industry at specialized enterprises. The methodology of the study includes statistical methods and methods of economic and comparative analysis, etc. The article presents the results of research on the dynamics of poultry development in Eastern Europe and Ukraine in particular. The movement of poultry, the level of poultry production and the production of chicken eggs, consumption of poultry products are analysed. The functional and organizational structure of the poultry business in Ukraine is developed. The general structure of poultry production allocation is provided, which proves the formation of poultry farming as an industrial business and reduction in the share of poultry keeping in households due to the concentration of production in specialized enterprises. The main producers of poultry products in Ukraine are revised. The dynamics of sales prices for chicken eggs and main factors influencing its annual fluctuations are investigated. The export potential of poultry farming is analysed, as well as the main importer countries of Ukrainian poultry production. The issue of modern challenges and problem areas of production of the corresponding products is investigated, concerning less manoeuvrability of small poultry farms, their inability to influence the conjuncture of the poultry market. The main threats to the activities of enterprises are named, first of all, by external factors: the economic situation in the country, which affects purchasing power of buyers, the level of egg prices, increased competition from large enterprises and enterprises of EU member states, livestock diseases and the epidemiological situation in the country. The analysis of the possibilities of further development of poultry farms, taking into account the existing potential and modern poultry business problems, is carried out. The main directions for improving production with the aim of improving the efficiency of the poultry industry are determined: improving biotechnological processes, providing a set of measures improving poultry, compliance stocking density of birds in the poultry house, proper nutrition by scientifically grounded norms of consumption of nutrients and elements; improvement of methodological basis of state supervision over the quality and safety of food products and raw materials; creation of modern instrumental analytical framework and quality control and safety of food raw materials and foodstuffs, etc.
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Zhang, Wen Jing, Da Ming Wei, Ya Ling Liu, Li Qing Guo, and Yue Ying Wu. "Decomposition Analysis of COD and NH4-N Discharge Reduction of Livestock and Poultry Breeding Industry in China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 1335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.1335.
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In order to investigate the emission reduction mechanism for large-scale livestock and poultry breeding industry in China, the structure decomposition analysis model was built, and the total emission reduction effect, the scale effect, the structure effect and the technology effect were analyzed. The results indicate that the total emission reduction effect values of COD and NH4-N were-10.17% and-9.80% respectively, the absolute values of which were decreasing gradually from 2011 to 2013, indicating a decrease trend of the pollutants discharge but with the yearly declined reduction effect. The scale effect values of COD and NH4-N were both 0.32%, which implies the scale expansion of breeding restraining the emission reduction. The structural effect value were 0.99% and-1.91% respectively, namely the breeding structure does not promote the COD discharge reduction but benefits NH4-N discharge reduction. The technology effect values were-11.48% and-8.21% respectively, which means the technology effect is the main driver of COD and NH4-N discharge reduction, and the technology effect of discharge reduction for pig breeding is the key to the total technology effect; while the technology effect of beef cattle obviously restrains the discharge reduction, it is necessary to promote reduction projects and strengthen their surveillance.
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Koyama, Futoshi, Kuniyoshi Shimizu, Eri Matsubara, Emi Yoshida, and Ryuichiro Kondo. "Reduction of Ammonia Emission during Composting of Poultry Manure by Covering with Cedar Bark." Mokuzai Gakkaishi 57, no. 6 (2011): 370–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2488/jwrs.57.370.
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Lieder, Sebastian, and Christoph Schröter-Schlaack. "Smart Farming Technologies in Arable Farming: Towards a Holistic Assessment of Opportunities and Risks." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 15, 2021): 6783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126783.
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Agricultural production finds itself in an area of tension. As a critical infrastructure, it has the task of reliably feeding a growing global population and supplying it with energy. However, the negative environmental impacts caused by agriculture, such as the global loss of biodiversity and the emission of greenhouse gases, are to be reduced. The increasing use of digital technologies is often described as a panacea that enables sustainable agriculture. The relevant literature is very dynamic, but the large number of concepts and terminologies used makes it difficult to obtain an overall view. In addition, many contributions focus on presumed or modeled efficiency gains, but this ignores technical and societal prerequisites and barriers. Therefore, the aim of this work was to identify the opportunities and risks of smart farming (SF) for more ecological arable farming. For this purpose, a holistic and environmental view was taken. The potential of SF to aid in the reduction in the environmental impacts of individual agricultural work steps was examined via an analysis of current literature. In addition, rebound effects, acceptance barriers and political omissions were considered as risks that prevent the benefits from being realized. It was shown that SF is able to contribute to a significant reduction in the negative environmental effects of agriculture. In particular, a reduction in fertilizer and pesticide application rates through mapping, sensing and precise application can lead to environmental benefits. However, achieving this requires the minimization of existing risks. For this reason, a proactive role of the state is required, implementing the necessary governance measures.
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Hassan, Mohammad Mahmudul, Md Abul Kalam, Md Abdul Alim, Shahanaj Shano, Md Raihan Khan Nayem, Md Rahim Badsha, Md Abdullah Al Mamun, et al. "Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance among Commercial Poultry Farmers in Bangladesh." Antibiotics 10, no. 7 (June 28, 2021): 784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10070784.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become an emerging health issue globally, posing a threat to zoonotic pathogens and foodborne diseases. In Bangladesh, the poultry sector supplies the majority of the demand for animal-source protein. The irrational and excessive use of antimicrobials (AMU) has been observed in the poultry sector. The development of AMR is associated with many factors, including the knowledge and attitudes of poultry farmers. Therefore, AMR reduction requires intervention from all the stockholders, including the farmers who are considered as end users of antimicrobials. This current research conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of poultry farmers on AMU and AMR in Bangladesh. We determined the KAP of poultry farmers (broiler and layer farmers) of some selected districts of the country using a tested and paper-based questionnaire. The results demonstrated that most of the respondents have insufficient KAP regarding AMU and AMR. The respondents used a variety of antimicrobials primarily in the treatment of various diseases in poultry. One-third of the farmers did not seek antimicrobials from registered vets. Instead, they depended on others or themselves. The factor score analysis further revealed that the farmers’ demographic and socioeconomic variables were significant factors influencing the KAP. An adjusted logistic regression analysis showed that older farmers with 9–12 years of farming experience and graduate-level education, engaging in medium-sized layer farming, were more likely to have correct KAP on AMU and AMR. Further, farmers from the Cox’s Bazar region showed correct knowledge, whereas farmers of the Chattogram region showed a correct attitude towards AMU and AMR. A Spearman’s rank-order correlation revealed a positive association between knowledge–attitudes and knowledge–practices. The findings of the current investigation provide baseline evidence about the KAP of poultry farmers from low-income resources and offer insights into designing interventions and policies for the use of AMU and AMR in Bangladesh.
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Chen, Rui, and Ji Chen. "Spatial and temporal characteristics of carbon emissions from livestock farming in Yunnan province by state and city." E3S Web of Conferences 275 (2021): 02052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127502052.
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The livestock industry is a pillar industry of the rural economy and an important industry of the national economy in Yunnan Province, so it is important to study the spatial and temporal characteristics of carbon emissions from the livestock industry in Yunnan Province for the development of a modern, lowcarbon and recycling livestock industry. This study draws on provincial greenhouse gas emission factors to calculate the carbon dioxide equivalents generated by enteric fermentation and manure management of cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry in each state and city of Yunnan Province. The results show that: (1) the total carbon emissions from the livestock sector in Yunnan Province decreased from 25, 643, 900 t in 2008 to 24, 758, 200 t in 2018, with an average annual carbon emission of 30, 534, 500 t and an average annual growth rate of The average annual growth rate was 0.35%, showing a characteristic of “rising first then falling”. (2) In terms of spatial and temporal evolution, the layout of the low and high livestock carbon emission areas in Yunnan is stable, while the medium and high livestock carbon emission areas fluctuate frequently and the spatial and temporal differences in carbon emissions are obvious. Finally, based on the conclusions, targeted countermeasure suggestions are put forward.
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Kapica, Jacek, Halina Pawlak, and Marek Ścibisz. "Carbon dioxide emission reduction by heating poultry houses from renewable energy sources in Central Europe." Agricultural Systems 139 (October 2015): 238–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2015.08.001.
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Gałęcki, Remigiusz, Michał Dąbrowski, Tadeusz Bakuła, Kazimierz Obremski, Mirosław Baranowski, Adriana Nowak, and Beata Gutarowska. "The Influence of the Mineral–Microbial Deodorizing Preparation on Ammonia Emission and Growth Performance in Turkey Production." Atmosphere 11, no. 7 (July 13, 2020): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11070743.
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In our previous in vitro research and also in laying hen production, attempts were made to minimise ammonia emissions in poultry houses with the use of Deodoric® biopreparation. The objective of the present research was to evaluate the influence of the Deodoric® on ammonia (NH3) emission and turkey growth performance in a semi-industrial production system. Significant differences in NH3 emission (p-value < 0.001), body weight (p-value < 0.001) and relative humidity (p-value < 0.001) were observed between the control group (C) and the experimental group (E) where Deodoric® was applied. In group C, an increase in ammonia concentration in air could have contributed to a decrease in the body weight of turkeys, but the above correlation was not observed in group E. In the control group, a relatively strong correlation between NH3 emission and temperature (p-value = 0.0009; r = 0.74) and moderate correlations between NH3 emission vs. relative humidity (p-value = 0.01; r = 0.59), air speed (p-value = 0.015; r = 0.60) and cooling (p-value = 0.005; r = 0.66) were noted. Studied correlations were not observed in group E. The preparation did not affect microbial levels in manure or body samples. Throughout the experiment, significant differences in the number of mesophilic bacteria (for the model: F = 46.14, p-value = 0.09; for mesophilic microorganisms: F = 3.29, p-value = 0.045) and Campylobacter spp. (for the model: F = 24.96, p-value = 0.008; for Campylobacter spp.: F = 0.25, p-value = 0.64) were not observed between group C and group E. The administration of Deodoric® to manure decreased NH3 concentration in the air and increased weight gains in the experimental group of turkeys relative to group C. Preparation may be applied in poultry farms to improve poultry farming conditions.
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Panchasara, Heena, Nahidul Hoque Samrat, and Nahina Islam. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trends and Mitigation Measures in Australian Agriculture Sector—A Review." Agriculture 11, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020085.
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Agriculture is an important source of greenhouse gas emissions. It is one of the economic sectors that impacts both directly and indirectly towards climate change which contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. There has been a continuous trend of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions reduction technologies, but any step taken in this direction must not negatively affect farm productivity and economics. For the agriculture sector to achieve reduced GHG emission, climate-smart activities and improved food security will be needed for this sector to become a climate-smart landscape. Climate-smart technologies are effective at targeting inputs to the fields, helping to lower greenhouse gas emissions. This article explores the key sources of carbon emissions within the agriculture sector and reviews efficient ways to GHG emission via Smart Farming technology. Based on the public archive GHG datasets, we have found that livestock farming is the largest GHG emission sector among other agricultural sectors and responsible for 70% of the total emission. Besides, we also show that Queensland is the largest agricultural GHG contributor compared to other states and territories. The article also captures any possible sources within smart farming that may contribute to carbon emissions and suggest ways to reduce GHG emissions. Besides, an Australian-based best management practice approach is discussed to review the emissions reduction strategy based on climate-specific technology to help the farmers and other stakeholders take environmentally-friendly agricultural decisions.
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Oliveira, Matheus Dias, Fernanda Campos Sousa, Jairo Osorio Saraz, Arele Arlindo Calderano, Ilda Fátima Ferreira Tinôco, and Antônio Policarpo Souza Carneiro. "Ammonia Emission in Poultry Facilities: A Review for Tropical Climate Areas." Atmosphere 12, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12091091.
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Brazil is the largest broiler meat exporter in the world. This important economic activity generates income in different branches of the production chain. However, the decomposition of residues incorporated in the poultry litter generates several gases, among them ammonia. When emitted from the litter to the air, ammonia can cause several damages to animals and man, in addition to being able to convert into a greenhouse gas. Thus, the aim of this article was to carry out a review of the ammonia emission factors in the production of broilers, the methodologies for measuring, and the inventories of emissions already carried out in several countries. The main chemical processes for generating ammonia in poultry litter have been introduced and some practices that can contribute to the reduction of ammonia emissions have been provided. The PMU, Portable Monitoring Unit, and the SMDAE, Saraz Method for Determination of Ammonia Emissions, with the required adaptations, are methodologies that can be used to quantify the ammonia emissions in hybrid facilities with a natural and artificial ventilation system. An ammonia emission inventory can contribute to the control and monitoring of pollutant emissions and is an important step towards adopting emission reductions. However, quantifying the uncertainties about ammonia emission inventories is still a challenge to be overcome.
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Offie, Ndubuisi N., and Anselm A. Enete. "Analysis of Extent of Organic Waste Use in Urban Agriculture in Enugu State, Nigeria." World Scientific Research 7, no. 1 (July 16, 2020): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20448/journal.510.2020.71.17.21.
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Addition of organic manure to soils improves soil texture, structure and condition (aeration and temperatures) of the soil. Regardless of the importance of organic manure, organic wastes are carelessly dumped at dumpsites and on the streets, with government of the day, showing a lack of capacity to contain them. This underutilized resource can be utilized in urban farming, resulting in the reduction of the ever increasing waste volumes carelessly dumped on the streets by urban households. This paper was aimed at ascertaining the extent of organic waste (manure) use in urban farming and also determine the factors affecting extent of organic waste use in urban farming. Data were collected from Enugu and Nsukka urban centres, Nigeria. From the two centres, 120 household heads that use organic waste in urban farming were randomly selected and used in the study. The results show that extent of organic waste use (poultry and pig manure) was high; indicating that biodegradable organic waste from dumpsites can equally be used in farming, if they are sorted and bagged. Factors that affected extent of organic waste use in urban farming include household heads’ number of years spent in formal school, farming experience, gender, occupation, age, income level and farm size. Other factors include price of organic manure, price of chemical fertilizers and availability of organic manure. The results of this study underscore the need for government to explore various cost-effective ways of treating wastes, so that farmers can use wastes from dumpsites more in their farm productions.
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Fedorova, Z. L., O. Yu Perinek, and L. A. Ilina. "Effect of herbal flour and probiotic in diet for poultry of gene pool breeds on intestinal microbiome, fat deposition and foliculogenesis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Agrarian Series 59, no. 1 (February 9, 2021): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1817-7204-2021-59-1-90-101.
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Probiotics are used in poultry farming for prevention and treatment of infectious diseases of gastrointestinal tract, immune stimulation, correction of dysbacteriosis of digestive tract, and for replacement of antibiotics in compound feed. Increasing the fiber level in diet for poultry is considered as one of the nutrition strategies with the aim of reduction of the frequency of problems in the gastrointestinal tract as well. The purpose of research is to study the effect of grass meal and probiotic in diet for poultry on the intestinal microbiota, fat deposition and folliculogenesis. The experiment had been conducted on meat-and-egg type of hens of Amrox and Sussex breeds. From 18 weeks of age, within 12 weeks hens of the control groups were fed a normal diet, in the I experimental group 10 % of the usual diet was replaced with alfalfa grass flour, and in the II experimental group 10 % of the diet was replaced with grass flour with addition of enzyme preparation “Cellobacterin-T”, produced by Biotrof Ltd. Feeding grass meal along with probiotic positively affected the metabolic processes in body, so the amount of abdominal fat in carcass decreased. Fat reduction exceeded 20 % in poultry of experimental groups. It has been also determined that the number of maturing follicles in the ovaries of hens in experimental groups was 25-64 % higher, which indicates a positive effect of the experimental diet on potential egg production. Analysis of cecum contents in digestive tract of hens using the modern molecular genetic method T-RFLP showed that use of grass meal in diet for poultry along with Cellobacterin-T probiotic contributed to formation of useful microflora, as well as to decrease in the number of undesirable actinomycetes and pathogenic mycoplasmas in gastrointestinal tract of hens.
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Mol, G., and N. W. M. Ogink. "The effect of two ammonia-emission-reducing pig housing systems on odour emission." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 4 (August 1, 2004): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0299.
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Odour nuisance from agricultural activities is increasing in densely populated countries like the Netherlands. To develop adequate regulations, a large-scale, government-financed monitoring programme was started in the mid-1990s to establish odour emission levels for both conventional and low ammonia emission housing systems for cattle, pigs and poultry. The results indicate that high- and low-odour emission housing are difficult to distinguish because of the large variation within housing systems. Measurements on different farm locations within the same housing system show both a large variation between locations and within one location (in time). The latter, however, is significantly smaller, which suggests that farm management is an important determinant in odour emission that interferes with the effects of housing systems. The current research was aimed at determining the effect of two common ammonia-reducing pig-housing systems on odour emissions compared to conventional housing systems under similar management conditions. The respective reduction principles of these systems are reducing the emitting surface of the manure pit and cooling of manure in the manure pit (both pits beneath slatted floor). Five farms that combined conventional housing with one low-ammonia system (three reduced emitting surface and two manure cooling) were selected for a direct, pair-wise comparison of (olfactometric) odour emission measurements. The results show a highly significant effect (p < 0.01) for two of the three reduced emitting surface systems and for one of the two manure cooling system. The average odour reduction percentages of these systems are 35% (from 24.9 to 16.0 OUE/s per animal) and 23% (from 30.1 to 24.0 OUE/s per animal) respectively. Although odour emission reduction through the type of housing system is possible, management factors interact with the system and thereby determine whether the system reduces odour emission or not.
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Huque, KS, and N. Huda. "Agriculture census based dynamics of changes in livestock farming of Bangladesh-A review." Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 45, no. 1 (April 24, 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v45i1.27481.
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The present work was undertaken to determine the dynamics of changes taken place in farm animal production system of Bangladesh transmuting gradually on a cusp of increasing feed and food competition and gaining competitive advantages in domestic production of milk, meat and eggs. The data available from livestock population of the Agricultural Census of 1960 and of 1977, Agricultural and Livestock Census of 1983-84, the census of agriculture 2008 and the livestock and poultry survey of 2009 were used to figure out quantitative changes and extrapolate inherent causes of them. During the period of 1960 to 2009 human population increased at a faster pace (55.2 million to 144.0 million) than livestock population (10.5 to 17.0 livestock units). The later may be explained by a reduction of per capita availability of bovine animals (0.38 in 1960 to 0.18 in 2009) while the same for small ruminants remained similar (0.12 to 0.12, respectively), and that of poultry increased from 0.65 to 1.07, respectively. However, over the decade dairy farming, cattle fattening and commercial poultry supported increased production of livestock products. The ratio of total cows to adult male cattle of 0.56 in 1960 increased to 0.88 in 1977 reflecting farmers` interest on dairying, and the trend was being continued till 2009. Farm animal population at medium and large farms decreased over the period significantly (P<0.01) but, it increased at Non-farm and small farm levels and the difference was significant (P<0.01) in different areas of the country. Compared to the livestock unit of 1984 the extent of its increase at Non-farm and small farm level was 228.0% and 82.0%, respectively, and the extent of decrease at medium and large farm level was 24.9% and 49.9%, respectively. Fragmentation of land reduced medium and large farm numbers resulting in an increase of non-farm and small farm households over the time, and keeping farm animals by the latter gradually increased the share of livestock by land poor peoples. The trends being continued over the decades may impact livestock productions further. This requires data generation through regular agricultural census emphasizing socioeconomic and geographical changes in livestock productions more for identification and quantification of factors dictate ongoing transformation process and driving strategic policy implications to achieve sustainable livestock production integrating measures for climate changes.Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2016. 45 (1): 1-6
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Ogink, N. W. M., and P. W. G. Groot Koerkamp. "Comparison of odour emissions from animal housing systems with low ammonia emission." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 9 (November 1, 2001): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0551.
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Nuisance from livestock facilities is an increasing problem in densely populated areas like The Netherlands. It is in the interest of both farmers and society that housing systems and management methods are developed to minimise the emission of odour. An odour research programme has been completed in The Netherlands to investigate odour emission from both conventional housing systems and systems designed for low ammonia emission. The aim of this paper is to compare within each animal category the odour emission of a number of swine housing systems and poultry housing systems. Emission measurements including 17 housing systems were carried out at 24 livestock facilities. Results showed that investigated systems with low ammonia emission for fattening pigs and sows were significantly (p<0.025) lower than conventional systems, being 50%, or more, lower. For laying hens and broilers, housing systems with low ammonia emission showed odour emissions that in most cases only differed slightly from conventional systems. Correlations between ammonia and odour concentration (within facilities) did not show a consistent pattern. It is concluded that methods for restriction of emitting (slurry) surface in pig husbandry may reduce both ammonia and odour emission. In poultry housings the effects of methods for ammonia reduction that involve drying of fresh manure or litter cannot be directly extrapolated to odour emision.
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PRIAMUHINA, Natalia, and Irina SALKOVA. "THE STATE OF THE EGG MARKET IN UKRAINE AND OBSTACLES TO ITS EFFECTIVE DEVELOPMENT." "EСONOMY. FINANСES. MANAGEMENT: Topical issues of science and practical activity", no. 4 (44) (April 2019): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2019-4-2.
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The importance of consuming eggs for humans is beyond doubt. The micronutrients necessary for the human body in this product provide a steady demand for this product. The consumption of eggs in Ukraine per capita is about 300 pcs per person per year. Egg poultry farming in Ukraine is characterized by development and concentration in large agricultural enterprises and agro holdings, which have created technologically new, equipped with modern machinery and equipment of poultry farms. Together with the favorable preconditions and the general development of the industry, the egg market demonstrates high volatility of the value of production, complicated the formation of long-term export links, uncertainty of the future development strategy. In the last decade, the poultry industry has shown strong growth, characterized by consolidation and integration of enterprises, an increase in the number of poultry and an increase in production volumes. Obstacles to the development of industrial egg poultry farming are the crisis and transformational phenomena that are currently taking place in the Ukrainian economy. Due to the unfavorable economic situation there is a significant reduction in the production of eggs. Obviously, an important factor in making a profit from the production of chicken eggs is the price of their sale. This is - difficult-predicted value, which within a year is characterized by considerable volatility. The volatility of egg selling prices is affected by a variety of factors: from macroeconomic factors such as market conditions, export policies, to the pricing policy of giant companies (Avangard, Ovostar, etc.), the concentration and integration of production which creates additional opportunities to reduce the cost of production, and hence a decrease in the selling price during peak periods of egg collection, which is also observed in our state. The price policy on the egg market was negatively influenced by the devaluation of the hryvnia, which had a corresponding effect on its volatility in 2017. Currently, one of the promising markets for Ukrainian egg producers is the European Union, so it's worth paying attention to the development of export activity. Ukraine has an appropriate quota for export of chicken eggs in the quantity of 3 thousand tons and for egg products - 1,5 thousand tons. This fact motivates domestic producers to modernize production and introduce higher standards of product quality. Impediments to the development of Ukrainian egg exports were introduced in 2017 in foreign countries customs restrictions on the import of Ukrainian poultry products. Because of the decline in world egg prices over the last year, the domestic market for egg producers is more attractive than international ones. The study of the egg market in Ukraine and the obstacles to its development indicates that in order to ensure the competitiveness and efficiency of egg poultry farming functioning, it is necessary to pay attention to the development of a strategy for "outbreak", the purpose of which is to identify negative trends in the market and adjust its own industrial policy of the enterprise in the required direction. In addition, the decline in profitability of the industry and the growth of enterprise costs cannot be offset by the increase in prices for products. Population, suffering from rising prices for tariffs and services and reducing their own purchasing power, is likely to reduce egg consumption, which will lead to even more threatening consequences for the egg sector. Attention should be paid to the development and implementation of an innovation and modernization mechanism that will improve the feed base and technologies of poultry farming, improve logistics, organization of personnel management, etc. The monopolistic position of individual enterprises in the industry will not ensure its development and indicates the need for state and local support
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Verschuuren, Jonathan. "Towards a Regulatory Design for Reducing Emissions from Agriculture: Lessons from Australia’s Carbon Farming Initiative." Climate Law 7, no. 1 (January 9, 2017): 1–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18786561-00701001.
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The land sector is essential to achieve the Paris Agreement’s goals. Agriculture and land use contribute between 20 and 25 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions. The Paris Agreement’s aim to keep the average global temperature rise between 1.5 and 2 degrees Celsius implies that drastic emission cuts from agriculture are needed. The sequestration potential of agriculture and land use offers an important mechanism to achieve a transition to net-zero carbon emissions worldwide. So far, however, states have been reluctant to address emissions from, and sequestration by, the agricultural sector. Some states that have or are setting up a domestic emission-trading scheme allow for the generation of offsets in agriculture, but only to a limited extent. Australia is the only country that has a rather broad set of methodologies in place to award credits to farmers for all kinds of carbon-farming projects. This article reviews the experience with the Australian model so far, with the objective of articulating transferable lessons for regulatory design aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. It finds that it is possible to regulate for the reduction of emissions from agriculture and for increased sequestration in agricultural soils and in vegetation on agricultural lands, provided that certain conditions are met. Regulation must focus on individual projects at farms, based on a long-term policy that has a wider focus than just emission reduction. Such projects must comply with climate-smart methodologies that ensure the delivery of real, additional, measurable, and verifiable emission reductions and also foster long-term innovation and create economic, social, and environmental co-benefits. Moreover, a robust and reliable mrv system must be put in place.
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Magyar, Marianna, Béla Pirkó, Julianna Kótiné Seenger, Nóra Hegedűsné Baranyai, Károly Dublecz, Tibor Vojtela, Renáta Rák, György Borka, Anita Szabó, and Zsuzsanna Benedek. "Advisory and Knowledge Transfer Tool for Ammonia Emission Mitigation on Pig Farms in Hungary." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 27, 2021): 5970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135970.
Full textAbstract:
The Ammonia Gas Emission Model for Swine (AGEM-S), a nitrogen flow model, was created with the objective of assisting in the reduction of ammonia emissions in the Hungarian pig sector. Regarding the applied technological processes and considering the factors that influence ammonia emissions, the model quantifies the amount of ammonia emissions of pig farming in all stages (feeding, housing technology, manure storage, and application in the field). The aim of the project was to create a system that performs general calculations using the input data used by practicing farmers, without compromising the information content of the output data. Using this system, the input parameters can be entered as simply as possible and in the shortest possible time. In addition to demonstrating the impact of ammonia emission reduction measures to farmers from an integrated N management approach, AGEM-S has the potential to support the transfer of emission reduction technologies and practices at the farm level as a knowledge transfer tool primarily, but also as a decision support tool for technological change.
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Mul, M. I., and A. W. van der Vlies. "Development and implementation of a policy for reduced agrochemical and nutrient emission from the agriculture to surface water in the western part of the Netherlands." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 12 (June 1, 1999): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0564.
Full textAbstract:
The water authority “Hollandse Eilanden en Waarden” (HEW) is responsible for the quality of the surface water in the western region of The Netherlands. In this area the reduction of emissions of agrochemicals and nutrients from agriculture and horticulture to surface waters is one of the main priorities in the strategy to reduce the discharge from non-point sources. Because of the area and the relatively intensive use of chemicals for crop protection arable farming and the field production of vegetables are the major source of diffuse pollution by agrochemicals and nutrients in the management area of HEW. This paper gives an overview of the research programme carried out to investigate the different emission routes from arable farming and the field production of vegetables. Based on the results of this research programme a special programme “PAREL” was developed and implemented in 1997. The name PAREL (pearl in English) stands for ‘plan for reduction of emission from agriculture’. This plan was developed and implemented in close co-operation with the farmers' organizations. This initiative of HEW was accepted by the other water authorities in the western part of The Netherlands. For the implementation period a special treaty was signed in 1997 between the agricultural sector and these water authorities. The PAREL policy is a combination of regulation and advice (good housekeeping) aimed at reducing the emission of agrochemicals and nutrients to surface waters from agricultural activities.
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Jantke, Kerstin, Martina J. Hartmann, Livia Rasche, Benjamin Blanz, and Uwe A. Schneider. "Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Knowledge and Positions of German Farmers." Land 9, no. 5 (April 26, 2020): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9050130.
Full textAbstract:
Climate mitigation targets must involve the agricultural sector, which contributes 10%–14% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To evaluate options for implementing mitigation measures in the agricultural sector, farmers’ knowledge, positions, and attitudes towards agricultural GHG emissions, their accounting, and reduction need to be understood. Using an online survey, we asked 254 German farmers about their motivation to reduce GHG emissions and their acceptance of possible regulation schemes. We examined differences between relevant farming sectors, i.e., conventional versus organic and livestock keeping versus crop-cultivating farms. Results show that German farmers are aware of climatic changes and feel a general commitment to reducing GHG emissions but lack sufficient information. We identified agricultural magazines as the most effective tool for disseminating relevant knowledge. German farmers would feel motivated to adopt climate-friendly farming styles if products were labeled accordingly and if they received subsidies and public acknowledgment for their effort. As long as there is no regulation of agricultural GHGs through taxes or subsidies, personal motivation is yet the strongest motivation for voluntary emission reduction. Our findings are timely for the further development of strategies and instruments that reduce agricultural GHG emission and account for the farmers’ views. The dataset is available for further investigations.
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Siddiki, Sk Yasir Arafat, M. N. Uddin, M. Mofijur, I. M. R. Fattah, Hwai Chyuan Ong, Su Shiung Lam, P. Senthil Kumar, and S. F. Ahmed. "Theoretical calculation of biogas production and greenhouse gas emission reduction potential of livestock, poultry and slaughterhouse waste in Bangladesh." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 9, no. 3 (June 2021): 105204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105204.
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HELIN, J., M. LAUKKANEN, and K. KOIKKALAINEN. "Abatement costs for agricultural nitrogen and phosphorus loads: a case study of crop farming in south-western Finland." Agricultural and Food Science 15, no. 4 (December 4, 2008): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960606780061452.
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Designing efficient agri-environmental policies for agricultural nutrient load reductions calls for information on the costs of emission reduction measures. This study develops an empirical framework for estimating abatement costs for nutrient loading from agricultural land. Nitrogen abatement costs and the phosphorus load reductions associated with nitrogen abatement are derived for crop farming in south-western Finland. The model is used to evaluate the effect of the Common Agricultural Policy reform currently underway on nutrient abatement costs. Results indicate that an efficiently designed policy aimed at a 50% reduction in agricultural nitrogen load would cost 48 to 35 million, or 3756 to 2752 per farm.;
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Takatsu, Yuta, Sharon Y. L. Lau, Li Li, and Yasuyuki Hashidoko. "Effects of Some Hill Reaction-Inhibiting Herbicides on Nitrous Oxide Emission from Nitrogen-Input Farming Soil." Applied Sciences 9, no. 9 (May 9, 2019): 1903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9091903.
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Nitrous oxide (N2O) emission-suppressing activity of some electron-transport inhibitors of the Hill reaction system was investigated. The Hill reaction inhibitors—paraquat, isouron, bromacil, diquat, and simazine—all of which have been or are currently being used as herbicides in farming activity are expected to inhibit the electron-transporting pathways of nitrate respiration in denitrifying bacteria. Using N2O-emitting soil bed (5.0 g of fresh weight) from a continuously manured Andisol corn farmland in Hokkaido, Japan, which was autoclaved and further supplemented with an active N2O-emitter, Pseudomonas sp. 5CFM15-6D, and 1 mL of 100 mM NH4NO3 or (NH4)2SO4 solution as the sole nitrogen source (final concentration, 0.2 mM) in a 30 mL gas-chromatography vial, the effects of the five herbicides on N2O emission were examined. Paraquat and isouron (each at 50 µM) showed a statistically significant suppression of N2O emission in both the nitrification and the denitrification processes after a 7-day-incubation, whereas diquat at the same concentration accelerated N2O emission in the presence of NO3−. These results suggest that paraquat and isouron inhibited both the nitrification and the denitrification processes for N2O generation, or its upstream stages, whereas diquat specifically inhibited N2O reductase, an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of N2O to N2 gas. Incomplete denitrifiers are the key players in the potent emission of N2O from Andisol corn farmland soil because of the missing nosZ gene. The electron relay system-inhibiting herbicides—paraquat and isouron—possibly contribute to the prevention of denitrification-induced nitrogen loss from the farming soil.
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Khanam, Jobaida Shovna, Khan Shahidul Huque, Nazmul Huda, and Mohammad Khairul Bashar. "Management approach of livestock manure in present farming system of Bangladesh." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 5, no. 1 (April 22, 2019): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v5i1.41047.
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Laying aside manure meat, milk and egg is considered as key performance indicator of livestock farm profitability of Bangladesh till yet whereas manure contains minimum 45-55% feed nutrient fed to animals. A survey based research work was conveyed to find out the major channel of using this valuable livestock manure by farmers from twelve selected district of Bangladesh. Results showed that most of the cattle and buffalo farmers prefer solid storage system to manage their manure. From this stored manure, about 35% was used for land fertilization, 47% for burning fuel preparation, 8% for composting and remaining 10% become completely wasted. A very few of cattle manure (4.65) was utilized by the care of anaerobic digestion. But this improved system was completely absent in case of buffalo and small ruminants manure management. Dung produced from small ruminants fully goes for solid piling. About 20% of poultry manure managed in improved way and the remaining portion was mostly utilized in a very disparage way. In anaerobic digestion system, the produced gas went for home consumption and bio-slurry creates havoc for both farmer and environment. Land fertilization and aquaculture coves its utilization but the amount is too low compared to its production. Above 52% of total bio-slurry become wasted due to limited knowledge and lack of appropriate handling techniques. The scenario of urine and liquid slurry management was very melancholic. About 0.37 and 0.203 kg methane emission per head per year was calculated from solid storage system of cattle and small ruminant animal manure. The value is also high in burning fuel preparation (5.46 kg) and liquid slurry (5.81 kg) and a bit low in anaerobic digestion system (1.24 kg) per head per year.
Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2019, 5(1): 63-70
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Ishchuk, Svitlana. "Problems and prospects of development of meat processing manufacturings in Ukraine." Socio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine, no. 6(140) (2019): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/2071-4653-2019-6-1.
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Production of meat and meat products is one of the key segments of domestic processing industry. In 2018, its share in total food production in Ukraine reached 17.78% (vs. 15.93% in 2013). At the same time, the main problem holding back the development of this segment is the reduction of the raw material base for the industrial processing of meat due to the crisis in animal husbandry, especially in pig and cattle breeding. The purpose of the article is to define the problems and to outline the prospects for the development of meat processing manufacturing in Ukraine, given the current state of the domestic and foreign markets of meat raw materials (chicken, pork, beef, etc.). The meat and meat product manufacturing in Ukraine is dominated by poultry meat, which share has increased by 7.22 pp. in the last six years. Instead, the share of meat products decreased by 6.54 pp. These trends indicate the reduction of advanced processing of meat raw materials. This is largely due to the low level of operating profitability of meat product manufacturing in Ukraine – 2.6% in 2018 vs. 3.7% in 2013, while the profitability of poultry meat manufacturing reached 11.3% (vs. 9.1%). Given the latest global trends in changing consumer preferences in favor of dietary types of meat, this poultry development trend in Ukraine has great prospects, especially in regions where there are no large agricultural companies. In contrast to poultry farming, the trends in domestic pig breeding are mostly negative, due to the decrease in the number of pigs caused by outbreaks of African swine fever. An even more critical situation in Ukraine is with the production of beef and veal, which is a direct result of the cattle livestock population reduction by more than 6 times in the last 25 years, as well as of the high cost of meat procurement. The latter is caused by poor livestock feed base. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to increase the volume of domestic production of compound feeds and their components. In particular, a promising area for the development of meat processing in Ukraine is the production of animal origin feeds, the raw material for which is food waste. Integrated use of meat raw materials will ultimately increase the level of profitability of this segment of the processing industry.
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Guo, Chaoyi, Xiaozhong Wang, Yujia Li, Xinhua He, Wushuai Zhang, Jie Wang, Xiaojun Shi, Xinping Chen, and Yueqiang Zhang. "Carbon Footprint Analyses and Potential Carbon Emission Reduction in China’s Major Peach Orchards." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 16, 2018): 2908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082908.
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An excess of material input in fruit orchards has brought serious environmental problems, particularly in China. However, studies on the estimation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in peach orchards are limited. In this study, based on questionnaire surveys in major peach-producing regions, including the North China Plain (n = 214), as well as northwest (n = 22) and southwest (n = 33) China, the carbon footprints (CFs) of these orchards were calculated by the life cycle assessment. The potential emission reduction in each region was estimated by combining the GHG emissions and CFs with plantation areas and fruit yields. The results showed that the average GHG emissions in the North China Plain, northwest, and southwest regions were 15,668 kg CO2-eq ha−1, 10,386 kg CO2-eq ha−1, and 5580 kg CO2-eq ha−1, with corresponding CFs of 0.48 kg CO2-eq ha−1, 0.27 kg CO2-eq ha−1, and 0.20 kg CO2-eq kg−1, respectively. The main contribution source of GHG emissions in these three regions was fertilizer (77–95%), followed by electricity, pesticides, and diesel. By adopting advanced farming practices with high yield and a high partial factor productivity of fertilizer, the GHG emissions could be reduced by ~13–35%, with the highest potential reduction in the North China Plain. In conclusion, the GHG emissions and their CFs were impressively high in China’s major peach-producing regions, but these GHG emissions could be substantially decreased by optimizing nutrients and irrigation management, including the rational selection of fertilizer rates and types with water-saving irrigation systems or practices (e.g., mulching) for increasing fertilizer and water use efficiency, and maintaining a sustainable peach production in China or similar countries.
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Alam, Badrul, Md Nasir Uddin, Debashish Mridha, A. H. M. Taslima Akhter, SK Shaheenur Islam, A. K. M. Ziaul Haque, and S. M. Lutful Kabir. "Occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in Selected Small Scale Commercial Broiler Farms of Bangladesh Related to Good Farm Practices." Microorganisms 8, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): 1778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111778.
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Poultry origin Campylobacter is considered as one of the leading causal agents of human foodborne illness. This study was conducted to estimate the occurrence, molecular identification, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Campylobacter species from the broiler farms in Bangladesh. Samples (352) were collected from 32 farms and comprised of 128 cloacal swab, 64 feed, 64 drinking water, 64 attendants’ hand rinsed water, and 32 whole carcasses. All samples were tested for the presence of Campylobacter via cultural, biochemical, and PCR. The AMR was determined via the disc diffusion method. An overall occurrence of Campylobacter spp. was estimated as 26.4%. The level of Campylobacter contamination was found to be higher in conventional farms (36.4%) than the good practice farms (16.5%) including all sample categories (p = 0.000). Of 93 isolates, 67.74% and 32.26% were confirmed as C. jejuni and C. coli respectively, of which 34.92% C. jejuni, and 30% C. coli were shown to be multidrug-resistant. A significant occurrence of Campylobacter contamination in broiler farms with multidrug resistant patterns might be cogitated as serious food safety and public health concern linking to poultry food chain. A risk reduction approach through good farming practices targeting the prudent use of antimicrobials for broiler production is thus necessitated.
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Ren, Fangzhe, Wenbin Yang, Juanjuan Hu, Pingyu Huang, Xin-An Jiao, and Jinlin Huang. "Feeding Malic Acid to Chickens at Slaughter Age Improves Microbial Safety with Regard to Campylobacter." Animals 11, no. 7 (July 5, 2021): 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11071999.
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This study supplied malic acid-supplemented drinking water to flocks that were naturally Campylobacter-positive and assessed the effect of feeding malic acid to chickens on Campylobacter reduction and poultry production. In Experiment 1, chickens were provided with malic acid-supplemented drinking water for three weeks. The contamination loads of Campylobacter were decreased by 0.91–0.98 log after the first week of use (p < 0.05). However, this effect did not persist over time and significant decontamination could not be found in the second and third weeks of application. Thus, in Experiment 2 malic acid-supplemented drinking water was given to chickens for a period of five days at slaughter age. The Campylobacter carriage was found to be effectively decreased by 1.05–1.55 log (p < 0.05). Malic acid had no adverse effects on chicken body weight, weight gain, intestinal indices, or the microbiota. In addition, it could change the composition of chicken meat since the moisture content was increased by 5.12–5.92% (p < 0.05) and the fat content was decreased by 1.60% (p < 0.05). Our study provides an effective means for reducing the contamination of Campylobacter during the chicken rearing period and this method can be applied to promote the safe development of poultry farming and its products.
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Jelínek, A., M. Dědina, and R. Kraus. "Research of the utilization of biotechnological agents for the reduction of ammonia and greenhouse gases emissions in livestock breeding in the Czech Republic." Research in Agricultural Engineering 53, No. 4 (January 7, 2008): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1960-rae.
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The reduction of ammonia and greenhouse gases emissions resulting from the livestock breeding is conditioned by the performance of many experiments for the reducing technologies verification. The utilisation of biotechnological agents in the livestock breeding enables to reduce not only ammonia but in many cases also the principal greenhouse gases. In the paper is presented the system and methodology of the measurements, the choice of more than eighty authorised measurements, and the determination of the emission factors for methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, and nitrogen oxide from pig and poultry breeding.