Journal articles: 'Emissions trading schemes'

1

KOZHIKOV, Marat, and Bauyrzhan KAPSALYAMOV. "Greenhouse Gas Trading Scheme in the Republic of Kazakhstan - Seven Years from Its Creation, Problems and Solutions." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 13, no. 5 (September 2, 2022): 1321. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v13.5(61).10.

Full text

Abstract:

The article studies the greenhouse gas trading scheme in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The research analyzes an international experience in the sphere of greenhouse gas emissions trading and identifies the main provisions which are fundamental for the efficient work of emissions trading schemes. The work of the Kazakhstan greenhouse gas trading scheme was examined through these key provisions. Materials represent the work of emissions trading schemes in several countries, and, particularly, in the Republic of Kazakhstan. For a more detailed study, further directions were proposed to improve the work of the emissions trading scheme.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

GRUBB, MICHAEL. "Linking emissions trading schemes." Climate Policy 9, no. 4 (January 2009): 339–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/cpol.2009.0665.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Kelly, Gerard. "Linking Emissions Trading Schemes: Assessing the Potential for EU-South Korea Linkage." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 31, Issue 3 (May 1, 2022): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2022009.

Full text

Abstract:

Emissions trading schemes (ETSs) have emerged as stable components of a fragmented climate governance landscape. Yet the proliferation of ETSs raises critical questions concerning their design, the development of conflicting norms, and how such schemes might link. This Article engages with these concerns by advancing a linkage framework based on a series of core convergence criteria which are considered necessary to assess the compatibility of candidate partner schemes. For the EU, the search for a candidate linkage partner has seemed a Sisyphean undertaking, but it is suggested that South Korea offers the prospect of stable climate settings. The critical design features of South Korea’s Emissions Trading Scheme (KETS) are evaluated before applying core convergence criteria to evaluate compatibility. This Article identifies a degree of alignment between the design features of the EU’s flagship Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) and the KETS, but also uncovers divergences where detailed negotiation will prove necessary. European Union emissions trading scheme, Korea emissions trading scheme, linkage, climate governance

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Kopsch, Fredrik. "Aviation and the EU Emissions Trading Scheme—Lessons learned from previous emissions trading schemes." Energy Policy 49 (October 2012): 770–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.07.023.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Gilbert, Alyssa. "Linking Carbon Markets: The Climate Change Silver Bullet?" Energy & Environment 20, no. 6 (October 2009): 901–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/095830509789625347.

Full text

Abstract:

With the rising popularity of emissions trading schemes and the private sector call for a global carbon market, it seems as though there is the chance to solve climate change by simply providing a clear price signal. But how easy will this be, both technically and practically? This paper provides an overview of the challenges in policy design terms involved in directly linking existing emissions trading schemes, and the status of planned emissions trading schemes, in order to set the potential of establishing a policy framework for a global carbon market in a realistic frame. The paper begins by outlining what linking is and setting out the advantages and risks of linking schemes. The key criteria to consider in order to establish compatibility for linking are explored, and then a summary of existing or planned schemes is given to highlight some of the technical challenges involved in linking emissions trading schemes together. The paper goes on to describe how a linked scheme could be set up and then moves on to the political arena, looking more closely at the political benefits and risks of linking and then discussing whether or not linking emissions trading schemes is an element of, or an alternative to, a global climate policy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

MEHLING, MICHAEL, and ERIK HAITES. "Mechanisms for linking emissions trading schemes." Climate Policy 9, no. 2 (January 2009): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/cpol.2008.0524.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Sheehan, John. "Carbon Taxation versus Emissions Trading Schemes?" Deakin Law Review 15, no. 1 (September 1, 2010): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dlr2010vol15no1art118.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Pang, Tao, Li Zhou, and Maosheng Duan. "Linking China’s emissions trading pilot schemes." Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment 13, no. 3 (April 2015): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10042857.2015.1012252.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Ma, Zhongyu, Songfeng Cai, Weifeng Ye, and Alun Gu. "Linking Emissions Trading Schemes: Economic Valuation of a Joint China–Japan–Korea Carbon Market." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (September 26, 2019): 5303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195303.

Full text

Abstract:

Linking carbon emissions trading systems across countries has become an important tool for global emission reduction. The three high-emission Asian countries, China, Japan, and South Korea (ROK), all have initiated carbon trading and published ambitious Intended Nationally Determined Contribution targets. Since 2016, the three countries have discussed establishing a long-term unified market for carbon emissions trading, and have sought a scheme for such exchange. This study aimed to investigate whether linking the carbon emissions trading systems of these three countries could potentially achieve more ambitious emission reduction targets. A dynamic energy-environmental version of the Global Trade Analysis Project model was used to simulate carbon market linkages across the three countries. The results indicated that a linked China–Japan–ROK carbon market would be highly cost-effective, have positive economic benefits for all three countries, and improve the carbon market’s liquidity and transaction scale. Under a scenario with no carbon market linking, the economic losses in China, Japan, and ROK would be $51.55 billion, $13.55 billion, and $74.19 billion, respectively. Meanwhile, with carbon trading linking, the losses would be reduced to $47.08 billion, $5.37 billion, and $9.10 billion, respectively. Therefore, a joint China–Japan–ROK carbon market could greatly promote the adoption of market-based tools for emission reduction.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Quemin, Simon, and Christian de Perthuis. "Transitional Restricted Linkage Between Emissions Trading Schemes." Environmental and Resource Economics 74, no. 1 (December 9, 2018): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-018-00307-6.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Anderson, Jason. "Legal and design issues arising in linking the EU ETS with existing and emerging emissions trading schemes." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 6, no. 2 (2009): 197–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/161372709x12496542612363.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractSince the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) came into being in 2003, both the opportunity and incentive to link the EU ETS to other cap-and-trade schemes that aim to reduce greenhouse gases has increased dramatically. This paper provides an overview of the key design features of existing and emerging emissions trading schemes around the world. It then considers the political and technical significance of these design features for a decision on whether or not to link the EU ETS to these schemes and explores the possible legal nature of an agreement that could link various potential linking partners at the national and sub-national levels.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Arya, A., SPS Mathur, and M. Dubey. "Impact of emission trading and renewable energy support scheme on the optimality of generator side bidding." E3S Web of Conferences 167 (2020): 05008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016705008.

Full text

Abstract:

As a major Green House Gases (GHG) producer, CO2 in particular, the electricity industry’s emissions have turned in to a matter of immense concern in many countries, especially in India. India’s economy and fast economic development has attracts the attention of the world. Emission trading schemes (ETS) and renewable energy support schemes (RESS) are implemented by the various developed countries to alleviate the affect of GHG emissions. In this paper, an optimization based market simulation approach is proposed with the consideration of emission trading schemes and renewable support schemes. To simulate the bidding strategy and for profit maximization, a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used. As above problem is a multi-objective optimization problem, Where, in the first level each Genco submit the bid to the independent system operator and in the next level a optimization method is used for the determination of optimal bidding with the implementation of emission trading schemes and renewable support schemes. It is assumed that each generator should submit bid as a price taker’s in sealed auction based on pay-as-bid market clearing price mechanism. The practicability of proposed optimization method is checked by an IEEE-30 bus test system consists of six suppliers.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Black, Celeste M. "Taxation of Cross-Border Transfers of Carbon Emission Allowances under Linked Emissions Trading Schemes." Transnational Environmental Law 6, no. 2 (March 15, 2017): 335–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102516000352.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractEconomic arguments in support of linking emissions trading schemes suggest that such linking could provide access to lower cost abatement options and increase market stability. The decisions of whether and how to link emissions trading schemes often focus on the design features of the relevant schemes, but an additional factor which has the potential to undermine the efficiency of linked schemes is taxation. This article systematically tests two alternative approaches to the direct (income) taxation of cross-border transfers of emission allowances for differential tax outcomes. Four hypothetical transactions are considered under three different linking mechanisms and on the assumption that a tax treaty based on the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital is in force. This analysis evidences that, in some cases – and especially if the relevant jurisdictions adopt different approaches to the taxation of allowance transactions under domestic law – there is the potential for timing differences or double taxation that could impact on the efficiency of the linked trading schemes. It is therefore important for tax implications to be considered as part of any linking proposal.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Tang, Bao-Jun, and Yu-Jie Hu. "How to Allocate the Allowance for the Aviation Industry in China’s Emissions Trading System." Sustainability 11, no. 9 (May 1, 2019): 2541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092541.

Full text

Abstract:

In order to combat climate change and control emissions in the aviation industry, it is necessary to research the aviation industry’s potential application of China’s Emissions Trading System (ETS), especially the carbon allowance allocation (CAA). On the basis of historical and benchmarking CAA schemes, considering the responsibility, capacity, and potential of firms, this study proposes the indicators CAA (ICAA) scheme. Moreover, considering firms’ costs, this study also proposes a multi-objective CAA (MCAA) scheme. Finally, the most effective scheme is reported. Results show that under ICAA and MCAA, caps are lower and basically consistent with the emissions reduction target of the “13th Five-Year Plan Work Program for Controlling GHG Emissions of Civil Aviation in China” and international goals. Different types of airlines gain different quotas according to their income and the number and age of their aircraft. The cost of reducing emissions in each scheme is less than 0.35% of their total costs. Under the ICAA-S, ICAA-P, and MCAA schemes, airlines can achieve a reduction in emissions of 19.7%, 20.9%, and 19.6%, respectively. Moreover, under MCAA, the difference in quotas between airlines is smaller. Therefore, of the schemes evaluated, MCAA is the most effective.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Wu, Qiong, Kanittha Tambunlertchai, and Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul. "Examining the Impact and Influencing Channels of Emission Trading Pilot Markets in China." 11th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 11, no. 1 (December 9, 2020): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2020.11(136).

Full text

Abstract:

The global warming has become a serious issue in the world since the 1980s. The targets for the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol cover emissions of the six main greenhouse gasses (GHGs). China is the world's largest CO2 emitter and coal consumer and was responsible for 27.3 percent of the global total CO2 emission and 50.6 percent of the global total coal consumption in 2016 (BP, 2017). As China plays an important role in the global climate change, China has set goals to improve its environmental efficiency and performance. In 2011, the Chinese government for the first time announced an intent to establish carbon emission trading market in China. Eight regional emission trading schemes have been operating since 2013 (seven pilot markets during the 12th Five Year Plan period and one pilot market during the 13th Five Year Plan period) including provinces of Guangdong, Hubei, and Fujian, and cities of Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Chongqing. The goal of these regional emission trading pilot markets is to help the government establish an efficient carbon emission trading scheme at national level. Some researchers have been focused on examining the impact of emission trading schemes in China using CGE model by constructing different scenarios and ex-ante analysis using data prior to emission trading pilot markets implementation. While this paper tries to conduct an ex-post analysis with data of 2005-2017 to evaluate the impact of emission trading pilot markets in China at provincial level using difference-in-difference (DID) model. By including both CO2 and SO2 as undesirable outputs to calculate Malmquist-Luenberger (ML) Index to measure green total factor productivity, this paper plans to evaluate the impact of carbon emission trading pilot markets in China via emission reduction, regional green development, synergy effect and influencing channels. This paper tries to answer the following research questions: (1) Do emission trading pilot markets reduce CO2 emission and increase regional green total factor productivity? (2) Is there any synergy effect from emission trading pilot markets? (3) What are the influencing channels of emission trading pilot markets? Keywords: Emission trading, CO2 emissions, Different-in-difference

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

HAITES, ERIK. "Linking emissions trading schemes for international aviation and shipping emissions." Climate Policy 9, no. 4 (January 2009): 415–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/cpol.2009.0620.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Toke, David. "Trading Schemes, Risks, and Costs: The Cases of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme and the Renewables Obligation." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 26, no. 5 (January 1, 2008): 938–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c0728j.

Full text

Abstract:

The appropriateness and importance of market-based environmental governance systems vary according to different cases. Although so-called ‘market trading’ regimes can be useful in some circumstances, a false belief in the inevitability of their cost-effectiveness compared with so-called ‘command and control’ systems has allowed policy distortions to occur. So-called ‘command and control’ policies are being underemphasised, despite the fact that they may achieve reductions in carbon emissions that are cheaper than those likely to be achieved through emissions (or ‘certificate’) trading regimes. I address theoretical arguments which I then place in context with analysis of some features of the British Renewables Obligation and the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Pocklington, David. "European Emissions Trading — the Business Perspective." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 11, Issue 7 (July 1, 2002): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/5096235.

Full text

Abstract:

Annex I parties to the Kyoto Protocol will commit to reducing the emissions of the basket of greenhouse gases by the equivalent of 135 MtC by the first commitment period of 2008-2012. Within the overall target, the EU has agreed to an average reduction of 8%, although this is subject to burden sharing within an EU “bubble”, in which there are substantial differences in Member States' allocations. The instruments for reduction are emissions trading, industrial country joint implementation and clean development mechanism. By their nature, market instruments, such as emissions trading, are reliant upon the efficient operation of the market, which in turn depends upon the full involvement of the maximum number of participants to ensure liquidity. Although emissions trading has been generally welcomed by industry, when the proposals were published, many representative organisations expressed reservations concerning its format and details. The position papers of those organisations reviewed in this article demonstrate that within industry there is a high degree of unanimity on the majority of the critical issues within the current proposal, and agreement on the components that should be included in the final version. If the Commission's ambitious timetable is to be achieved, significant changes will need to be made to the proposal, for it is unlikely to achieve early adoption in its present form, and the longer the process takes, the more the national schemes will have the opportunity to develop and ultimately shape the EU scheme that is eventually agreed. In this respect, there certainly will be “early mover advantage” to those Member States that have or are currently establishing their own schemes, and have the requisite political weight to impose their views.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Tang, Qingliang, and Lie Ming Tang. "Toward a Distributed Carbon Ledger for Carbon Emissions Trading and Accounting for Corporate Carbon Management." Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting 16, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jeta-52409.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions control requires coordinated efforts and collaboration at all levels of governmental bodies, non-for-profit organizations, and private sectors. However, the target is difficult to achieve due to challenges arising from conflicts of interest and lack of trust between stakeholders. Thus, we propose a distributed carbon ledger (DCL) system using blockchain technology. Our analysis suggests that the adoption of DCL not only strengthens the corporate accounting system for carbon asset management but also fits within existing market-based emissions trading schemes (ETSs). Blockchain-enabled DCL allows the integration of national emission trading schemes (ETSs) and corporate carbon asset management into a synthetic single mechanism. JEL Classifications: M41; O44.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

T.I. Lam, Patrick, Edwin H.W. Chan, Ann T.W. Yu, Wynn C.N. Cam, and Jack S. Yu. "Mitigating climate change in the building sector." Facilities 32, no. 7/8 (April 28, 2014): 342–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/f-04-2013-0035.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate how unique features of built facilities would affect the application of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trading, and to explore what adaptive measures may be taken for emissions trading to be applied to the built environment. Emissions trading is a financial tool to encourage GHG emissions reduction in various industries. As the building sector is responsible for a large amount of GHG emissions, it is valuable to explore the application of emissions trading in built facilities. Design/methodology/approach – The analysis is based on a comparative study reviewing the current emissions trading schemes (ETSs) in Australia, Japan and the UK covering the building industry, and to evaluate the approaches adopted by the schemes to tackle the problems related to buildings and facilities management. Findings – The research findings reveal that the small energy savings of individual building units, the large variety of energy-saving technologies and the split incentives and diverse interests of building owners and tenants would be the barriers hindering the development of emissions trading. To overcome these barriers, an ETS should allow its participants to group individual energy savings, lower the complexity of monitoring and reporting approaches and allow owners and tenants to benefit from emissions trading. Originality/value – This article provides a comprehensive overview of the current emissions trading practices in the built environment. Besides, it raises the attention and consciousness of policymakers to the need that building characteristics and facilities management should be taken into consideration when designing an ETS for the building sector.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Stoerk, Thomas, Daniel J. Dudek, and Jia Yang. "China’s national carbon emissions trading scheme: lessons from the pilot emission trading schemes, academic literature, and known policy details." Climate Policy 19, no. 4 (January 27, 2019): 472–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2019.1568959.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Ratnatunga, Janek, Stewart Jones, and Kashi R. Balachandran. "The Valuation and Reporting of Organizational Capability in Carbon Emissions Management." Accounting Horizons 25, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 127–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch.2011.25.1.127.

Full text

Abstract:

SYNOPSIS: Under various carbon emissions trading schemes proposed around the world (including the United States), organizations will need to implement carbon management schemes to meet carbon ration targets, earn revenue, and reduce costs. Emission Trading Schemes will impact the accounting profession significantly; however, discussions on how to report these transactions are in the very formative stages. So far the accounting literature has focused on the reporting of current carbon assets and liabilities in the balance sheet and the timing effects of carbon releases in the income statement. However, there has been little or no discussion as to how to value and report the underlying non-current assets (and liabilities) that produce or use carbon allowances on the balance sheet. This paper proposes a model for valuing an organization’s non-current carbon sequestration and emission capabilities. A new metric, Environmental Capability Enhancing Asset (ECEA), is introduced as the underpinning for the conversion of non-monetary CO2 emission and sequestration measures to monetary values. The process of bringing these monetized values within the boundaries of conventional (double-entry) GAAP is also demonstrated.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Deane, Felicity, Evan Hamman, and Yilin Pei. "Principles of Transparency in Emissions Trading Schemes: The Chinese Experience." Transnational Environmental Law 6, no. 1 (June 15, 2016): 87–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102516000145.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractTransparency is fundamental to environmental governance. It promotes public trust, goodwill, and credibility in environmental decision making. It also ensures that monitoring and enforcement of emissions reduction targets are efficient and effective. As the impacts of climate change increase, it is urgent that scholars and policy makers develop and test criteria for transparency in both the calculation of emissions reductions and the public reporting of emissions. This article highlights basic principles of transparency that should inform such criteria and that may be applied on a transnational basis. We also examine China’s recently implemented pilot emissions trading schemes and find that the approach in China does not yet comply with our suggested principles. Nevertheless, the positive direction of environmental governance in this region is encouraging.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Roßnagel, A. "Evaluating Links between Emissions Trading Schemes: An Analytical Framework." Carbon & Climate Law Review 2, no. 4 (2009): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21552/cclr/2008/4/63.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Tyler, Emily, Michelle Du Toit, and Zelda Burchell. "White Certificates and White Certificate Trading Schemes as greenhouse gas mitigation policy options for South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 22, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2011/v22i1a3200.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractEnergy efficiency activities driven by White Certificate Trading schemes (WCT) achieve the objective of conserving energy, and in most circumstances, also that of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The potential therefore exists that both objectives could be targeted by a single policy mechanism. Energy efficiency activities are important from a GHG mitigation perspective as they represent some of the least costly GHG mitigation activities available to economies. However, there are some significant differences between the use of a direct policy instrument to target GHG emissions mitigation, and the use of an indirect instrument such as WCT, whose direct policy objective is to achieve energy efficiency. Most importantly, WCT utilises intensity targets, whereas GHG mitigation is required by science to comprise absolute reductions. International experience does however suggest that white certificates can be fully fungible with a GHG mitigation policy instrument such as an emissions trading scheme, as long as double counting rules are firmly in place, and the design of the schemes are compatible.Given that 80 percent of the South African GHG emissions are energy related, with energy efficiency measures in industry, commerce and the residential sector representing the bulk of negative cost mitigation options available in the economy, energy efficiency has an important role to play in the country’s mitigation strategy.This paper presents results on research into WCT as a policy option for South Africa conducted in 2008 and presented at the Climate Change Summit 2009. It investigates in particular the Electricity Conservation Scheme (ECS) as an option for incorporating a WCT mechanism.There is limited experience and therefore analysis on WCS available to date, and even less on the potential interaction and linkages of WCS and emissions trading schemes. This paper therefore identifies significa

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

SHIPWORTH, D. "Hitting emissions targets with (statistical) confidence in multi-instrument Emissions Trading Schemes." Climate Policy 3 (December 2003): S75—S87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clipol.2003.09.007.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Li, Jiajia, and Junjie Zhang. "Regional Cooperation on Carbon Markets in East Asia." Asian Development Review 35, no. 2 (August 2018): 153–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00118.

Full text

Abstract:

The People's Republic of China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea have launched individual emission trading schemes to control greenhouse gas emissions cost-effectively. This paper reviews key carbon market design elements in the three countries in terms of emission allowances, covered sectors, allowance allocations, monitoring, reporting and verification, compliance and penalties, and offset markets. We assess the performances of the emission trading schemes among the three countries based on secondary-market allowance transactions. Considering heterogeneous climate policy designs in the region, we explore various approaches for the linkage of East Asian carbon markets. Cooperation on carbon markets is instrumental for regional and global climate governance. It could not only help achieve cost-effective emission reductions in the region, but also signal the commitment of the three countries to climate change mitigation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Fung, K. C. "Climate Change Policy, Emissions Trading Schemes and Carbon Pricing: California and Tokyo." Journal of Economics and Public Finance 9, no. 1 (December 2, 2022): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v9n1p1.

Full text

Abstract:

In this paper, we provide explicit critical comparisons of two very important and successful regional emissions trading schemes: California and Tokyo. We focus on the contrasts of the different rules and functioning of the carbon credit trading markets. We also compare the carbon leakages and the compliance of the two schemes. We highlight the “negative” carbon leakage and the voluntary compliance associated with the Tokyo- Saitama Prefecture schemes. Finally, we provide a formal model linking some “unique” Japanese labour market practices to the incentives facing the Japanese facilities.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

van Kooten, G. Cornelis. "Biological carbon sinks: Transaction costs and governance." Forestry Chronicle 85, no. 3 (June 1, 2009): 372–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc85372-3.

Full text

Abstract:

Activities that remove CO2 from the atmosphere and store it in forest and agricultural ecosystems can generate CO2-offset credits that can thus substitute for CO2 emissions reduction. Are biological CO2-uptake activities competitive with CO2 offsets from reduced fossil fuel use? In this paper, it is argued that transaction costs impose a formidable obstacle to direct substitution of carbon uptake offsets for emissions reduction in trading schemes, and that separate caps should be set for emissions reduction and sink-related activities. While a tax/subsidy scheme is preferred to emissions trading for incorporating biologically generated CO2 offsets, contracts that focus on the activity, and not the amount of carbon sequestered, are most likely to lead to the lowest transaction costs. Key words: carbon sequestration, transaction costs, climate change

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Zhang, Weiwei, and Linlin Liu. "Investment Decisions of Fired Power Plants on Carbon Utilization under the Imperfect Carbon Emission Trading Schemes in China." Processes 7, no. 11 (November 7, 2019): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7110828.

Full text

Abstract:

Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is one of the most effective technologies to reduce CO2 emissions and has attracted wide attention all over the world. This paper proposes a real option model to analyze the investment decisions of a coal-fired power plant on CCUS technologies under imperfect carbon emission trading schemes in China. Considering multiple uncertainties, which include carbon trading price volatility, carbon utilization revenue fluctuation, and changes in carbon transport and storage cost, the least squares Monte Carlo simulation method is used to solve the problems of path dependence. The research results show that the independent effects of carbon trading mechanisms on investment stimulation and emission reduction are limited. The utilization ratio of captured CO2 has significant impacts on the net present value and investment value of the CCUS project. Moreover, the investment threshold is highly sensitive to the utilization proportion of food grade CO2 with high purity. It is suggested that the Chinese government should take diverse measures simultaneously, including increasing grants for research and development of carbon utilization technologies, introducing policies to motivate investments in CCUS projects, and also improving the carbon emission trading scheme, to ensure the achievement of the carbon emission reduction target in China.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Lehmann, Paul, and Erik Gawel. "Why should support schemes for renewable electricity complement the EU emissions trading scheme?" Energy Policy 52 (January 2013): 597–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.10.018.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Hu, Yu-Jie, Lishan Yang, Fali Duan, Honglei Wang, and Chengjiang Li. "A Scientometric Analysis and Review of the Emissions Trading System." Energies 15, no. 12 (June 17, 2022): 4423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15124423.

Full text

Abstract:

As a vital market mechanism to mitigate global warming, the emissions trading system (ETS) has critical research and practice value. According to articles from Web of Science’s core collection, quantitative statistics are used to analyze the ETS, including statistics on the number of articles, distributions of time and geography, journals and subjects, productive authors and institutions, academic collation, article citations, and hot topics. Moreover, this paper presents a qualitative analysis of research on the ETS, exploring hot issues, including its origin, allowance allocation, the impact of allowance allocation, and the ETS in the power sector. The results show that it is necessary to launch ETS to mitigate climate change effectively and reduce emissions at a low cost. Allowance allocation as its critical component has also caused heated discussion among scholars. In allowance allocation, exploring a desire to assign the future allowable carbon emissions reasonably and efficiently is vital, yet scholars widely do not accept this. Moreover, free allocation can only be applied to the transitional stage, and auctioning will be inevitable. In addition, scholars have studied the impact of different allowance allocation schemes from macro and micro perspectives and take the power sector, namely the largest emitter, as an example, by linear programming, equilibrium modeling, and multi-agent modeling. However, the quota allocation scheme needs improvement due to firms’ accuracy of emission data. Finally, governments are encouraged to launch the ETS to reduce emissions and combat climate change. The ETS should be improved gradually, including aspects such as cap setting, covering sectors, and the allocation method. Additionally, some key emission sectors and regions can be taken as the research and practice objects in the initial stage of the ETS.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Baatz, Christian. "Climate Adaptation Finance and Justice. A Criteria-Based Assessment of Policy Instruments." Analyse & Kritik 40, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 73–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auk-2018-0004.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Although the international community repetitively pledged considerable amounts of adaptation finance to the global South, only little has been provided so far. Different instruments have been proposed to generate more funding and this paper aims at identifying those that are most suitable to raise adaptation finance in a just way. The instrument assessment is based on the following main criteria: fairness, effectiveness and feasibility. The criteria are applied to four instruments: contributions from domestic budgets, international carbon taxes collected at the national level, border tax adjustments as well as selling emissions allowances in domestic trading schemes. Domestic emission trading schemes and border tax adjustments achieve the best-or rather, the least bad-results. Two further findings are that (feasible) instruments are unable make agents pay for past excessive emissions and that all instruments generate rather small amounts of funding. As a consequence of the latter, adaptation finance will continue to be highly insufficient in all likelihood.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Jane Deane, Felicity. "Emissions trading and the GATS financial services provisions." Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 13, no. 1 (March 11, 2014): 44–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jitlp-06-2013-0017.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to determine whether greenhouse gas (GHG) tradeable instruments will be classified as financial products within the scope of the World Trade Organization (WTO) law and to explore the implications of this finding. Design/methodology/approach – This purpose is achieved through examination of the units of the Australian carbon pricing mechanism (the CPM), namely eligible emissions units. These units are analysed through the lens of the definition of financial products provided in the General Agreement for Trade in Services (the GATS). Findings – This paper finds that eligible emissions units will be classified as financial instruments, and therefore the provisions that govern their trade will be regulated by the GATS. Considering this, this paper explores the limitations that are introduced by the Australian legislation on the trade of eligible emissions units. Research limitations/implications – This paper is limited in its analysis to the Australian CPM. In order to draw conclusions on the issues raised by this analysis, it is necessary to consider the WTO requirements against an operating emissions trading scheme. The Australian CPM presents a contemporary model of an appropriate scheme. Originality/value – The findings in this paper are crucial in a GHG-constrained society. This is because emissions trading schemes (ETSs) are becoming popular measures for pricing GHG emissions, and for this reason the units that are traded and surrendered for emissions liabilities must be classified appropriately on a global scale. Failing to do this could result in differential treatment that may be contrary to the intentions of important global agreements, such as the WTO-covered agreements.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Hu, Yucai, Ranran Li, Lei Du, Shenggang Ren, and Julien Chevallier. "Could SO2 and CO2 emissions trading schemes achieve co-benefits of emissions reduction?" Energy Policy 170 (November 2022): 113252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113252.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Boyle, Grant. "A Review of Emerging GHG Emissions Trading in North America: Fragmentation or Progress?" Alberta Law Review 46, no. 1 (November 1, 2008): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr242.

Full text

Abstract:

A patchwork of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trading regulations has emerged in North America, with regulations emerging at provincial, federal, state, interstate, and international levels. This patchwork of systems differs from the earlier approach taken by other jurisdictions, such as in the European Union. The author reviews the North American schemes, detailing their key features, drawing comparisons between the systems, and discussing the implications for the future of GHG emissions trading in the United States and Canada. The author argues that while there is likely to be some degree of convergence, the regional and political diversity that underpins the patchwork approach will continue to influence the design of any larger trading system, including efforts to establish a global emissions trading system.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

MacRae, Gareth, and Tina Stockport. "Turn Your Key - Reducing Truck Idling." Australian Journal of Environmental Education 24 (2008): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0814062600000586.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractAs Australia enters the era of emissions trading schemes, strategies to further curb emissions will grow in importance. At the same time, a national emissions trading scheme is set to be introduced whilst the country is set to increase its dependency and volume of road transport in years to come. This raises a doubly important question for transport operators: what can they do to reduce emissions? Whilst advances in fuel technology and vehicle regulations will play their parts, changing driving behaviour is an area that remains relatively unexplored. This paper will highlight the design, implementation and evaluation of a behaviour change initiative that was trialled by the State of Western Australia Department of Environment and Conservation's CleanRun team in collaboration with fleet truck drivers in a large national transport company. It will also propose a model for broader implementation and compare this to other similar programs in other countries.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Condon, Bradly J. "Emissions Trading Schemes Under International Economic Law. By JAMES MUNRO." Journal of International Economic Law 22, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgz008.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Stallworthy, M. "Emissions Trading Schemes - Markets, States and Law. By SANJA BOGOJEVIC." Journal of Environmental Law 26, no. 3 (August 22, 2014): 550–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jel/equ022.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Tyler, Emily, Michelle Du Toit, and Zelda Burchell. "Emissions trading as a policy option for greenhouse gas mitigation in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 22, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 26–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2011/v22i1a3207.

Full text

Abstract:

Emissions trading is fast becoming one of the most popular policy instruments for reducing greenhouse gas emissions internationally. This hybrid instrument combines the certainty of mitigation volume delivered by regulation, whilst also harnessing the power of the market through an economic approach to deliver migitation price discovery and least cost mitigation opportunities. Theoretically, this is a powerful combination.However, the realities of uncertainty and lack of information result in international emissions trading experience deviating substantially from the instrument’s theoretical potential. This is of particular relevance in a developing country context. Scheme design is therefore very important to counter these market failures, and policymakers are required to strike a balance between this and introducing distortions. Given that the instrument is in its infancy, performance of the various schemes up and running internationally is inconclusive. Emissions trading proponents argue that the benefits will be realised over time, once the initial teething problems are overcome. The paper is the result of research conducted in 2008 and presented at the South African Climate Policy Summit in 2009. It considers theory and international experience in application to the potential establishment of an emissions trading scheme in South Africa. Lack of data, capacity and experience with markets in the energy sector present complications in the use of the instrument as a central part of the nation’s mitigation policy suite, as do market concentration issues. Should an emissions trading be proposed, the paper argues for ways in which its design could address these complications, and align with the current energy security imperative resulting from the electricity crisis in the country, the twin political objectives of poverty reduction and employment creation of the recently elected government, and the timeframes proposed by the Long Term Mitigation Scenarios.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

HENSCHKE, LAUREN. "Going it alone on climate change A new challenge to WTO subsidies disciplines: are subsidies in support of emissions reductions schemes permissible under the WTO." World Trade Review 11, no. 1 (January 2012): 27–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745611000450.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThis paper examines the specific ways in which the provision of emissions permits by governments in carbon trading schemes, interacts with, and challenges, the disciplines on subsidies in the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. It will argue that the case of emissions permits gives rise to two key challenges. First, it highlights the need for a resolution on the issue of the characterization of intangible goods under the SCM Agreement, and the importance this has for the calculation of benefit and hence the correct application of SCM disciplines. Secondly, when applied to emissions permits, the SCM Agreement produces a result that heavily favours the complaining Member at the expense of ‘distributive justice’. This is compounded by the current lack of directly applicable exceptions for subsidies directed at legitimate public policy goals. Fundamentally, this will affect the potential cost and continuing viability of national emissions trading schemes and further challenge the environmental credentials of the WTO.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Zhao, Yibing, Can Wang, Yuwei Sun, and Xianbing Liu. "Factors influencing companies' willingness to pay for carbon emissions: Emission trading schemes in China." Energy Economics 75 (September 2018): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.09.001.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Dlugokencky, Edward J., Euan G. Nisbet, Rebecca Fisher, and David Lowry. "Global atmospheric methane: budget, changes and dangers." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369, no. 1943 (May 28, 2011): 2058–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0341.

Full text

Abstract:

A factor of 2.5 increase in the global abundance of atmospheric methane (CH 4 ) since 1750 contributes 0.5 Wm −2 to total direct radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases (2.77 Wm −2 in 2009), while its role in atmospheric chemistry adds another approximately 0.2 Wm −2 of indirect forcing. Since CH 4 has a relatively short lifetime and it is very close to a steady state, reductions in its emissions would quickly benefit climate. Sensible emission mitigation strategies require quantitative understanding of CH 4 ’s budget of emissions and sinks. Atmospheric observations of CH 4 abundance and its rate of increase, combined with an estimate of the CH 4 lifetime, constrain total global CH 4 emissions to between 500 and 600 Tg CH 4 yr −1 . While total global emissions are constrained reasonably well, estimates of emissions by source sector vary by up to a factor of 2. Current observation networks are suitable to constrain emissions at large scales (e.g. global) but not at the regional to national scales necessary to verify emission reductions under emissions trading schemes. Improved constraints on the global CH 4 budget and its break down of emissions by source sector and country will come from an enhanced observation network for CH 4 abundance and its isotopic composition ( δ 13 C, δ D (D= 2 H) and δ 14 C). Isotopic measurements are a valuable tool in distinguishing among various sources that contribute emissions to an air parcel, once fractionation by loss processes is accounted for. Isotopic measurements are especially useful at regional scales where signals are larger. Reducing emissions from many anthropogenic source sectors is cost-effective, but these gains may be cancelled, in part, by increasing emissions related to economic development in many parts of the world. An observation network that can quantitatively assess these changing emissions, both positive and negative, is required, especially in the context of emissions trading schemes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Page, Edward A. "Cosmopolitanism, climate change, and greenhouse emissions trading." International Theory 3, no. 1 (February 18, 2011): 37–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752971910000333.

Full text

Abstract:

This article examines the question of whether international markets in allowances conferring the right to emit greenhouse gases are consistent with a cosmopolitan approach to global and intergenerational justice. After placing emissions trading within the context of both climate change policy and cosmopolitan political theory, three normative objections are examined to the use of emissions trading to mitigate the threat of dangerous climate change. Each objection arises from a different application of cosmopolitan thinking: (i) the potentially corrosive impact of greater use of emissions allowances markets on the environmental values of successive generations of atmospheric users; (ii) the awkward relationship between emissions markets and the norms of procedural justice endorsed by all prominent cosmopolitans; and (iii) the injustice expressed by policy instruments that commodify the atmosphere. It is argued that, while each objection should prompt some care in the construction and implementation of emissions trading schemes to guarantee their legitimacy among existing and future users of the atmosphere, they do not generate a decisive normative challenge to the use of markets, properly defined and regulated, to slow global warming.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

HAITES, ERIK, and MICHAEL MEHLING. "Linking existing and proposed GHG emissions trading schemes in North America." Climate Policy 9, no. 4 (January 2009): 373–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/cpol.2009.0622.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Haites, E., and X. Wang. "Ensuring the environmental effectiveness of linked emissions trading schemes over time." Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 14, no. 5 (May 6, 2009): 465–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-009-9176-7.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Anger, Niels. "Emissions trading beyond Europe: Linking schemes in a post-Kyoto world." Energy Economics 30, no. 4 (July 2008): 2028–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2007.08.002.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Bothner, Fabio. "Personal Carbon Trading—Lost in the Policy Primeval Soup?" Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 4592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084592.

Full text

Abstract:

The number of emission trading and carbon taxation schemes implemented has grown rapidly over the past decade. Together, they cover approximately 16% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Although more than two-thirds of global GHG emissions are related to household consumption, approaches that directly target households, such as personal carbon trading (PCT), do not play a role in the fight against climate change. This is especially puzzling as measures taken so far are not sufficient to reach the 2 °C target. One clue to solving this puzzle comes from political science in the form of the multiple streams approach, which defines criteria that a policy proposal must meet to become part of the political agenda. Based on these criteria, this article conducts a systematic review on PCT to clarify why PCT does not play a role in the reduction of GHG emissions. The results show that there are three main problems with the PCT proposal. First, scholars often criticize the set-up costs as well as the running costs of such a system. Second, there is no clear consensus within the research community on public acceptance of PCT. Third, it is still unclear whether politicians are receptive to PCT or not.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Goers, Sebastian, and Barbara Pflüglmayer. "Post-Kyoto Global Emissions Trading: Perspectives for Linking National Emissions Trading Schemes with the EU ETS in a Bottom-Up Approach." Low Carbon Economy 03, no. 03 (2012): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/lce.2012.323010.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Xiang, C., and T. van Gevelt. "Political signalling and emissions trading schemes in China: Insights from Guangdong Province." Energy for Sustainable Development 71 (December 2022): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2022.10.007.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Emissions trading schemes'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles