Dissertations / Theses: 'Emmigration and immigration – Zimbabwe'

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Houghton, Lawrence Mitchell. "Piping plover population dynamics and effects of beach management practices on piping plovers at West Hampton Dunes and Westhampton Beach, New York." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28755.

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In the early 1990's, a series of habitat changes caused by storms and subsequent beach management by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE, The Corps) provided a unique opportunity to study piping plover population dynamics in a changing environment. In this study, 1993-2004, we attempt to determine the factors that limit or influence the abundance and distribution of piping plovers in West Hampton Dunes (WHD), Long Island, NY, a renourished, highly developed, and high human disturbance area. The piping plover population on Westhampton Island increased after the hurricane of 1938, and declined thereafter. The decline co-occurred with beach development and vegetative succession. After storms in the winter of 1992-1993 breached the island at West Hampton Dunes, piping plovers re-colonized the area. The New York District USACE filled the breach in 1993, and renourished the beach in 1996 and 2000-2001. USACE renourished parts of the groinfield in Westhampton Beach in 1997. Each spring and summer, we monitored plovers intensively at WHD and part of the adjacent town of Westhampton Beach (The Reference Area) 1993-2004. We located nests and estimated reproductive and nest and chick survival rates. We monitored plover management efforts and determined causes of nest loss when possible. We monitored piping plover behaviors and obtained an index to plover food supply. We estimated area of plover habitats and defined areas unsuitable for piping plover nesting. We also obtained indices to human and predator presence on the beach. The WHD piping plover population increased from 0 pairs in 1992 to 39 in 2000 then decreased to 18 pairs in 2004. This decline was closely associated with changes in potential nesting habitat which increased from 22.4 ha in 1992 to 50.1 ha in 2000 then declined to 31.1 ha in 2004 The primary process regulating the WHD population appears to be density dependent immigration and emigration. No other vital rates (clutch size, renest rate, fertility, egg survival, nest survival, chick survival, brood survival, chicks fledged/pair) were correlated with density. The higher equilibrium density at WHD (~1 pair/ha) than at The Reference Area (~0.4 pair/ha) appeared to be a function of the large bay intertidal flats at WHD. The most common nest predators, cats (WHD = 13% of known predated nests), American Crows (17% of known predated nests) and foxes (37% of known predated nests), are newcomers to piping plover habitats. Thus, plovers may be especially vulnerable to them. Predator removal from the study area appeared to improve nest success and chick survival (R2 = 0.79). Predator exclosures at nests reduced nest loss (WHD = 34% exclosed nests lost vs. 43% of unexclosed nests lost, though in one year, one or more foxes learned to exploit plovers in exclosures (22% of all exclosed nests were predated by foxes in 1995). This study highlights the long suspected piping plover paradox: increasing beach width can temporarily raise the carrying capacity of an area, but preventing overwash can reduce or eliminate the natural formation of the bay side foraging flats that increase piping plover density, and sometimes, survival. Moreover, beach stabilization allows human development of the habitat which also reduces the carrying capacity of the environment for piping plovers, increases human/plover interactions, and attracts potential predators.
Ph. D.

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2

Salifu, Shani. "Factors Contributing to Migration from Ghana to the United States of America." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1180628701.

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3

Freitas, Patricia Tavares de 1979. "Imigração e experiencia social : o circuito de subcontratação transnacional de força-de-trabalho boliviana para o abastecimento de oficinas de costura na cidade de São Paulo." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/278718.

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Orientador: Josue Pereira da Silva
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Esta dissertação aborda a imigração de bolivianos e coreanos para São Paulo, no contexto do setor de confecção. Focalizam-se as origens históricas do circuito de subcontratação transnacional de força-de-trabalho boliviana para o abastecimento de oficinas de costura informais - a princípio, de donos coreanos - e a experiência social boliviana no interior desse circuito na cidade de São Paulo. A despeito da visibilidade desse circuito, no bojo dos processos de reestruturação produtiva do setor de confecção, durante a década de 1990, argumenta-se que as determinantes históricas do circuito encontram-se nos processos de desenvolvimento e suas conseqüências nos países de origem dos fluxos migratórios de bolivianos e coreanos. E sobre a experiência social dos bolivianos são consideradas as trajetórias sócio-espaciais desses imigrantes no interior do circuito.
Abstract: This work deals with the immigration of Bolivians and Koreans to São Paulo in the context of the garment industry. It focuses on the historical origins of the transnational subcontracting circuit of Bolivian labor force to supply sweatshops in the garment sector - in the beginning, owned by south Koreans - and the Bolivian social experience inside this circuit at the city of São Paulo. Despite the visibility of this circuit, in the context of processes of production restructuring in the garment sector, during the decade of 1990, I argue that the historical determinants of the circuit are in the development processes and its consequences in the origin countries of Koreans and Bolivians immigration flows. And about the Bolivians social experience are considered the socio-spaces trajectories of these immigrants inside this circuit.
Mestrado
Sociologia
Mestre em Sociologia

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Nzima, Divane. "The 'failure-success' dichotomy in migration discourse and practice : revisiting reverse migration deterrents for South Africa based Zimbabwean skilled migrants." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5434.

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The study was conceptualised against the background that leading migration theories explain return migration based on failure and success alone. The neo-classical economics theory of migration perceives return migration as a by-product of a failed migration experience while the new economics of labour migration perceives return as occurring after successful achievement of migration objectives. This study questions these theoretical positions through an exploration of the factors that deter South Africa-based Zimbabwean skilled migrants from returning home permanently notwithstanding a successful or failed migration experience. Furtive economic factors in Zimbabwe and South Africa that dissuade skilled migrants from returning home permanently are explored. Social factors in Zimbabwe and in South Africa that influence return migration decision making are also examined. Furthermore, the study analysed whether and how Zimbabwean skilled migrants are forced into a permanent settlement in South Africa as a result of what this study calls the ‘diaspora trap’. This ‘diaspora trap’ framework argues that Zimbabwean skilled migrants in South Africa do not return following their experiences of failure and success in South Africa. Central to the absence of return is the social construction of migrants as successful in Zimbabwe. Skilled migrants are deterred from returning due to their failure to meet family and communal expectations of success. In addition, return migration is deferred as a means to hide poverty in South Africa. Moreover, new diaspora family ties weaken attachments with Zimbabwe and contribute to deferred return migration. Skilled migrants are thus entrapped in South Africa by their failure to live up to the success social construct and the inability to mitigate adversities in the host country.

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Sanjurjo, Liliana Lopes 1981. "Narrativas do exilio argentino no Brasil : nação, memorias e identidades." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/281723.

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Orientador: Bela Feldman-Bianco
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Na presente dissertação investigo a migração de argentinos para São Paulo (Brasil) ao longo da década de 1970, que corresponde a um contingente migratório constituído por indivíduos que deixam a Argentina, sobretudo, por conta das condições da violência política que se colocaram para os opositores do regime militar, que se institucionaliza no ano de 1976. Por outro lado, e apenas como contraponto a esse primeiro contingente, trato de um novo fluxo migratório de argentinos para o Brasil que se configura após o auge da crise econômica desencadeada no final do ano de 2001. Através da reconstrução das histórias de vida, das memórias e das trajetórias de migração de um grupo de argentinos que chegou entre os anos 1974 e 1981, hoje residentes nas cidades de Campinas e São Paulo, e de alguns jovens argentinos que chegaram após o ano de 2001 em São Paulo procuro compreender como estes sujeitos reconstroem suas identidades tendo como base o compartilhamento de experiências que consideram cruciais por redirecionarem e redefinirem suas trajetórias individuais. Através de uma abordagem que enfatiza a ação e a representação social, também analiso as maneiras como estes indivíduos ressignificam a nação de origem, reapropiam e reelaboram as narrativas mestras da nação argentina e suas representações nacionais no processo de reconstrução de suas identidades e de interpretação de suas próprias experiências
Abstract: In the present thesis I investigate the Argentinean migration to São Paulo along the 70s. This corresponds to a migratory group of individuals who left Argentina mainly as a result of the political violence against the opponents of the military regime established in 1976. On the other hand, and just as a comparison to this first group, I deal with a new migratory flow of Argentineans to Brazil which appeared after the peak of the economic crisis triggered at the end of 2001. Through the reconstruction of stories, memories and migration trajectories of a group of Argentineans, now living in Campinas and São Paulo, who arrived in Brazil between 74 and 81, and some young Argentineans who have arrived after 2001 in São Paulo, I try to comprehend how these subjects reconstructed their identities based on sharing experiences considered crucial for redefining and reorientating their own individual trajectories. Through an approach that stresses action and social representation, I also analyze the ways by which these individuals bestow another meaning to their country, reappropriate and reelaborate the key narratives of the Argentinean nation and its national representation in the process of reconstructing their identities and interpreting their own experiences
Mestrado
Mestre em Antropologia Social

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6

Mawadza, Crispen Mauta. "Impact and implications of remittances : the case of Zimbabwe from 2000 - 2006." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/882.

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Thesis (MDF (Development Finance))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Meer en meer mense werk buite hul land van herkoms as ooit tevore, en die geld wat hulle stuur na hul tuislande kan bestempel word as ‘n belangrike ekonomiese krag. Hierdie geld kan ’n belangrike rol speel in die ekonomie wat die geld ontvang. Die geld wat reiswerkers tuis stuur word remise of geldsending genoem en oortref reeds Offisiële Ontwikkelingshulp en oortref selfs Buitelandse Investering in sommige lande. Hierdie navorsingsverslag fokus op Zimbabwe, ’n land waarvan die ekonomie volgens sommiges reeds lank gelede moes ineengestort het. Die studie ondersoek tot watter mate geldsending die Zimbabwe ekonomie beskerm teen ineenstorting. Die verslag gebruik ’n opname onder verskeie rolspelers om te wys hoe geldsending die Zimbabwe ekonomie beskerm teen internasionale uitsluiting en sanksies. Zimbabweërs wat die ekonomiese swaarkry vrygespring het in hul land van herkoms stuur voortdurend geld na vriende en familie. Remise word deels gebruik as investering in kleinsake, terwyl deel van die buitelandse valuta investeer word in komoditeite wat die land moeilik deur offisiële kanale sou kon bekom. Die studie het bevind dat geldsending in 2005 en 2006 ongeveeer 25.5% en 25 persent respektiewelik tot die Bruto Nasioanle Produk van Zimbabwe bygedra het. Die studie het verder ’n paar interresante bevindinge gemaak. Een van hierdie is die ongedokumenteerde verskynsel van defleksie van geldsending na meer stabiele ekonomieë of geldeenhede. Sulke remise word dan in die land gehou waar dit gegenereer is, of dit word gestuur in ’n stabiele geldeenheid, of dit word selfs in die vorm van produkte soos kos gestuur.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: More and more people are working outside their countries of citizenship than before. These people are now a major economic force to their countries of origin as they are sending a lot of money to relatives back home. This income plays a key role in receiving economies. The money migrants send home is referred to as remittances and the amount transferred globally has eclipsed official development assistance (ODA) and in some economies it is well ahead of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). This research focuses on Zimbabwe, a country whose economy has long been anticipated to collapse but has so far evaded that implosion. It explores to which extent remittances are cushioning Zimbabwe’s economy from collapse. This report uses a survey of a number of role players to show how remittances have cushioned that economy from the effects of international isolation and sanctions. Zimbabweans who “escaped” the economic hardships in their country of origin have been consistently sending money home to their friends and relations. Money received has partly been invested in small businesses and part of the forex has been used to procure commodities that the country has struggled to acquire through official channels. The study found that the amount of remittances sent for 2005 and 2006 has respectively contributed approximately 25.5 and 25 percent to the GDP of Zimbabwe. The study further made a number of interesting findings. One of these seems to be the undocumented phenomenon of the deflection of remittances to more stable economies or currencies. Such remittances would be kept in the country where it is generated, or it would be sent back in a stable country, or could even be in the form of products such as food.

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7

Phiri, Kennedy. "The contribution of skilled immigrants to the South African economy since 1994 : a case study of health and higher education sectors." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/8497.

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Thesis (MDF)--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
For many years, people have migrated to other parts of their countries or across national borders. The reasons for the phenomenon of migration are many. People tend to migrate from poorer regions or countries to those that are comparatively better than their places of origin. Migration affects both host and destination countries in many ways. While there is evidence to support positive effects from migrations, mostly in developed countries, there is ongoing debate in most developing countries as to the effect of this phenomenon of migration. Immigrants are often associated with negative effects in destination countries. The purpose of this research is to determine the contribution of skilled professional immigrants to the South African economy. This report will narrow its focus to a case study of the contribution of skilled professionals in the health and higher education sectors but will also take a cursory look at the broad effects of other immigrant categories in South Africa. This research report focused on selected sectors of the South African economy since 1994 and found enough evidence to conclude that immigrants contribute positively to the South African economy. This is contrary to commonly held assumptions that foreign immigrants negatively affect the South African economy. However, this research only focused on the higher education and health sectors. A broader understanding of the effects of immigrants on the South Africa economy therefore requires further investigation.

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Filippa, Olga Maddalena. "Zimbabwean adolescents’ experience of their parents’ absence due to Diaspora." Diss., 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/4656.

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As a result of the Zimbabwean socio-economic and political crisis many have joined the Diaspora leaving their children behind in the care of others. Qualitative research in the form of in-depth semi-structured interviews carried out with seventeen adolescent Zimbabwean Diaspora orphans evidenced a number of emerging themes that illuminate how these adolescents view their situation, such as symptomology of depression, feelings of abandonment and rejection, conflicting feelings, lack of social support, the importance of communication, role changes and additions, materialism, challenges presented by relationships with caregivers, and vulnerability to sexual abuse and molestation. Most of the themes do not appear to be country specific but are shared by adolescent Diaspora orphans world-wide. Defence and coping mechanisms employed by these adolescents to cope with parental absence were also identified. Recommendations aimed at optimising their integration in society and suggestions for further research in this field conclude this study.
Psychology
M.A. (Psychology)

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Ndou, Mmbengeni Stanley. "Post - 1994 Migration: The experiences of Mozambican migrants in Johannesburg, South Africa." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1324.

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MA (Political Science)
Department of Development Studies
South Africa attracts a variety of migrants, largely from the Southern African region. It has become the largest recipient of foreign nationals in Africa. South Africa’s porous borders linked to its neighbouring countries contribute to the influx of foreign nationals. Mozambique has been the largest supplier of workers in mining and agricultural sectors of South Africa. However, along the way and upon arrival, migrants are surrounded by treacherous conditions. This is because both documented and undocumented migrants are susceptible to xenophobic sentiments, violence and discrimination. Therefore, in search for security, migration initiates a new risk of insecurity. This study employed the qualitative approach to explore the causes of migration and experiences of Mozambican migrants in Johannesburg, South Africa. Research findings reveal that migrants come to South Africa for different reasons, not limited to economic factors. Some migrants come to South Africa for education and to seek refuge. Foreign nationals’ experiences vary from one person to another, as the findings show that some migrants get the privilege to start a thriving business and employ the locals. Therefore, migrants also contribute to the South African economy.
NRF

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10

Ndlovu, Duduzile Sakhelene. "Let me tell my own story: a qualitative exploration how and why 'victims' remember Gukurahundi in Johannesburg today." Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/24455.

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A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, February 2017
This study is about the ways Gukurahundi memory is invoked by Zimbabwean migrants living in Johannesburg, South Africa. The research focused on inner city Johannesburg residents who are actively speaking about the Gukurahundi. Participants were drawn from three main migrant groups; Zimbabwe Action Movement, Mthwakazi Liberation Front and Ithemba leSizwe. Two artworks produced to document the atrocities; a film, The Tunnel, written and produced by an ‘outsider’ white South African filmmaker and music, Inkulu lendaba, written and performed by victims of the violence, were used as case studies; to answer questions about the meaning, role and appropriate form for remembering Gukurahundi in Johannesburg today. The Tunnel has enjoyed a global audience whereas Inkulu lendaba, remains within the victims’ locality. Findings of this study are drawn from participant observation of victims’ community events, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and, an analysis and comparison of the artworks and their reception by victims. One of the key findings of this study focusing on contestation over how a history is narrated is that translation plays a significant role in maintaining global inequality and continuing forms of colonialism. The memory of Gukurahundi is invoked, partially translated, in the music to critique continuing forms of colonial inequality in the ways narratives of victimhood are received by the global audience highlighting a shortcoming in the film, which translates the story of Gukurahundi for a global audience yet causing it to lose its authenticity for the victims. The music by victims narrates the experience of being a victim of Gukurahundi, a migrant in xenophobic South Africa and black in a racist global community. In this way it postures the socio-economic location of the victims in the global community as the reason for their victimhood and its lack of acknowledgement. This socio-economic location is therefore pivotal to their healing. The study contributes to literature on post conflict transition mechanisms and foregrounds the role of acknowledgement in healing however; specific forms of narration are required for healing. Furthermore the study shows the role of music in the transmission of trauma across generations, facilitating the domestication of politics into the everyday and fostering ‘safe’ political participation in repressive contexts. The thesis also presents the potential of creative methodologies in disrupting the researcher-participant relationship power dynamics by presenting research in poetic form and facilitating participant engagement with research output; Poetic transcription similarly does this by creating transparency in the meaning making process of research analysis.
XL2018

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11

Shoko, Munatsi. "Household differentials and the individual decision to migrate to South Africa : the case of Gweru city in Zimbabwe." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4881.

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Zimbabweans of all walks of life have crossed over to South Africa since the late 1990s for long and short periods of time, some of them even remaining there permanently. The increased amount of the migration is largely blamed on Zimbabwe’s socio-economic and political instability by most scholars. However, each individual would eventually migrate because of pressure that usually comes from the household. Hence, this study was aimed at investigating household influence on an individual’s decision to migrate to South Africa. This study was carried out in the central Zimbabwean city of Gweru. A household survey was conducted and basic descriptive analyses were used to generate the findings. The results indicate that only 2% of the households in the sample did not have a migrant in another country. Also, about 43.7% of all migrants were females and among those female migrants who have children, 45.7% of them had children younger than five years staying home when they left for South Africa. Most households seem to have a strong influence on the migration decision, and as a result the majority of the migrants send remittances back home.
Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.

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Govere, Edward. "Exploring the perceptions of refugees and asylum seekers regarding access to mental health services in Zimbabwe: a case study of Tongogara refugee camp." Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/24622.

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In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts (Migration and Displacement) by Coursework and Research Report, August 2017
In Zimbabwe, the past two decades have been characterized by a growing flow of refugees into the country from other parts of the continent such as Burundi, Sudan, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Rwanda, and Somalia. Drawing from the biomedical model, prevailing discourses about mental health posit that after going through traumatic experiences in the wartorn regions of the world, refugees and asylum seekers are particularly vulnerable to developing mental health problems and are, therefore, in need of counselling and psychosocial services. This assumption has guided, and has subsequently been supported by, several studies conducted in the Global North, and there is generally a lack of local literature and research that either confirm or challenge the assumption in Southern Africa. This research was prompted by such a substantial research gap and therefore seeks to examine the perceptions of refugees regarding mental health and access to care. The study identified Tongogara Refugee Camp as the study site and targeted adult individuals aged 18 and above, residing in the camp, as well as officials from the Zimbabwean Ministry of Public Service, Labor and Social Welfare, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Christian Care, Jesuit Refugee Services (JRS), International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), clinic officials as well as faith-based leaders. The access to health care framework (McIntyre, Thiede, & Birch, 2009), was used as the basis and theoretical framework for this research to explore the various factors determining availability, affordability and acceptability. The overall methodology employed was the qualitative approach and the case study research design. Respondents were recruited through the purposive sampling method and semi-structured interviews were used for data gathering. Thematic content analysis yielded participants’ perceptions of mental health and access to care through their descriptions of pre-migration trauma and post-migration stress as the major causes of mental illness, and expressions of mental illness such as sadness, worrying, wandering aimlessly through the camp, talking too much and violence. The study sheds light on the problems of medicalizing distress and human suffering, particularly the limitations of the biomedical model of mental health treatment. Camp residents mainly rely on spirituality and social support for coping with mental health. Several issues, relating to all the dimensions of the concept of access were identified, including language barriers, temporary solution to a permanent problem, lengthy waiting times, as well as ill-treatment at the camp clinic. Recommendations include the key need to be cautious about the importation of Western biomedical approaches, the need to pay more attention to the prevention of mental health problems and the promotion of mental health through action on the social determinants of health, the need for language interpreter services at the camp clinic, the need for improved engagement with refugee families, and the need for resettlement. Such information may help add to the body of available literature on refugee and asylum seekers’ access to health services and to literature that is exploring the development of appropriate responses to mental wellbeing in the Southern African context.
XL2018

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Musanga, Terrence. "The depiction of migration and identity in Zimbabwean Literature from 1980-2010." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/317.

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Ranga, Dick. "Teachers on the move : an analysis of the determinants of Zimbabwean teachers' immigration to South Africa." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/10491.

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The thesis aimed at explaining why some Zimbabwean teachers have migrated to South Africa while others have not despite experiencing the same economic and political crisis. The focus was on external secondary brain drain, which is the movement of human resources from one country to another within the Southern African Development Community region (SIRDIC, 2008). It was premised on the theoretical argument that uneven development in the SADC region sustains the movement of human resources from the poorer countries to the richer or ‘core’ countries in the region particularly South Africa. The thesis reviewed literature on the Zimbabwean crisis and conducted a quantitative field survey, which was supplemented by a qualitative aspect, in order to analyse the determinants of teacher migration to South Africa. The field survey involved the self-administration of questionnaires by 200 Zimbabwean teachers, half of them teaching in South Africa and the other half in Zimbabwe, as well as collected life stories from five migrant teachers, interviewed four school heads, and perused circulars. The research found that Zimbabwe’s reversed economic growth and social development constituted the background on which teacher migration occurred. This brain drain, which mainly involved highly qualified and specialised mathematics and science teachers, coincided with the peak of the Zimbabwean crisis around 2008 indicating its survival significance. Teacher migration continued after 2008 due networks and teachers’ salaries that remained inadequate as they were close to the poverty line. Several recommendations were made including strategies for reducing the brain drain.
Development Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (Development studies)

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Weda, Zenzele Lungile. "Factors influencing the migration of teachers from Zimbabwe to South Africa." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/9755.

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Zimbabwe is suffering from an acute shortage of teachers mainly as a result of teacher emigration to South Africa and abroad. The southern migration of Zimbabwean teachers has received little research attention which has mainly focused on the migration of medical personnel. The purpose of this study is to uncover the factors that drive the migration of teachers from Zimbabwe to South Africa and to explain how these factors function within a grounded theory approach to teacher migration. To achieve this, a review of literature and an empirical study of a small sample of migrant Zimbabwean teachers resident in South Africa were undertaken. A constructivist grounded theory design was used. A theoretical sampling method generated a sample group of thirteen participants who were all qualified Zimbabwean teachers who had migrated to South Africa and been in the country for between one and five years. Data generation and collection consisted of two phases: in the first phase the participants were asked to write a life history narrative or provide a verbal narrative of their life history focussing on their migration. In the second phase they participated in individual interviews to clarify or expand on issues raised in the first phase. Three stages of coding were used in the analysis of the data, namely initial, intermediate and advanced coding. This led to the generation of a grounded theory on teacher migration. The grounded theory indicated that Zimbabwean teachers see migration as the best way to attain an ideal status. An ideal status is conceived to be the ideal interplay between the work conditions, standard of living and social esteem which teachers believe befits members of their profession. Depending on various criteria, teachers fall into one of the following status categories: further diminished status, diminished status, ideal status or ideal status surpassed. Migration is a drastic and demanding way to improve one’s status and it is adopted by teachers only after other strategies to this end have been exhausted. Weighed against existing theories of migration, the grounded theory contributes to understanding teacher migration and retention through the innovative use of the core category status.
Educational Studies
D. Ed. (Socio-Education)

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Madebwe, Crescentia. "Husband immobility and the international migration of married women from Zimbabwe." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18571.

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This thesis examined husband immobility and the international migration of married women from Zimbabwe. Data was collected from husbands and wives in married couple households where the wife had migrated alone. Face-to-face semi structured interviews were conducted with migrant women’s husbands in Zimbabwe while migrant women were interviewed in countries of destination telephonically. Empirical results showed that migrant women and their husbands were middle aged. Preferred countries of destination were in the region and the United Kingdom. Having a wife’s own social contacts in the preferred destination encouraged migration by reducing financial and emotional costs. Husbands' immobility facilitated wifely migration. Many wives exercised agency in migration decision making with more wives than husbands having initiated the discussion on migration. There were also cases of joint and wife sole decision making. With a few exceptions decision making was consensual. The women migrated as a survival strategy. In several households remittances were the primary source of income. Husbands were the main recipients of remittances. Some wives gave instructions on how the remittances should be used. Overall, remittances were used for paying fees, buying assets and for household upkeep. Some of the women had not visited their families since their migration. The physical separation of spouses had caused emotional distress in some marital relationships. The majority of respondents cited loss of consortium as a major problem.
Sociology
D. Phil.

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Filippa, Olga Maddalena. "Exploring resilience in the narratives of Zimbabwean adolescents affected by parental out-migration and the diaspora." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/20682.

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Text in English
Zimbabwe‘s economic and political instability has resulted in the migration of over four million of its people. Many of those who join the Diaspora leave their children behind in the home country, a phenomenon known as ―Diaspora orphans‖. Little is known of the experiences of these Zimbabwean adolescents affected by parental out-migration. A Pilot Study in 2011 highlighted emergent themes and explored the use of defence and coping mechanisms, by thematically analysing in-depth interviews carried out with these youngsters. This study re-examined these interviews and carried out follow-up ones, with a view to establish whether longitudinal changes take place. Resilience levels of participants were also measured, using the Child and Youth Resilience Measure ‒ 28, in individual, relational and contextual areas, to establish whether high resilience results in better coping and adjustment to parental absence. Findings confirm this and evidence that multiple stressors result in lower resilience levels and seem to indicate that a reciprocal relationship exists between resilience levels and optimal coping. Recommendations on how best to help these youngsters to cope with their altered circumstances, with special emphasis on the role of educational establishments, and suggestions for further research in this field conclude this study.
Psychology
D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

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Dzikiti, Lianda Gamuchirai. "Visiting friends and relatives (VFR) travel: expenditure patterns of Zimbabweans travelling between South Africa and Zimbabwe." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/23605.

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A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, June 2017.
Tourism contributes to economic development in both developed and developing countries. Visiting Friends and Relatives (VFR) travel is one of the largest forms of tourism on a global level. However, there has been limited research over the past decades on VFR travel. In recent times, VFR travel has attracted the attention of researchers due to increasing rate of migration resulting in the promotion of regional tourism through VFR travel. Despite the influx of migrants in South Africa, research on international VFR travel has been limited as most research on VFR travel has been on local level from one province to another. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the expenditure pattern of Zimbabweans travelling to and from South Africa for VFR purposes. Furthermore, the study seeks to identify the benefits of VFR travel to individual households in Zimbabwe. Using a quantitative framework, 200 questionnaires were distributed to Zimbabweans and a Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) was used as an analysis tool. The theory of consumer behaviour was implemented to discuss and analyse the findings, revealing that VFR travellers from South Africa spend more than VFR travellers to South Africa on transport cost, food and beverages, entertainment and financial remittances. The expenditure is based on socio-demographic and travel-related characteristics. As a result of VFR travellers’ expenditure, the benefits, which are directed to individual households in Zimbabwe, include household upkeep, education, business investment, health and other reasons. Thus this study focuses attention on international VFR travel and its contribution to the tourism economy in Zimbabwe and South Africa. Key Words: Visiting Friends and Relatives (VFR), Tourism, Migration, Expenditure, Regional Tourism, South Africa, Zimbabwe.
XL2018

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Muchichwa, Tariro Winnet Chaiye. "Making a living and moving on: exploring the livelihoods of regularised Zimbabweans in Johannesburg, South Africa." Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/24532.

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A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, School of Social Sciences at the University of Witwatersrand in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Arts in Migration and Displacement, July 2017
This research is encouraged by the recent developments in the migration patterns of Zimbabweans in South Africa in the period 2009-2016. The absence of secure livelihoods due to the political stalemate in Zimbabwe resulted in Zimbabweans looking for a safe haven in different parts of the world. South Africa is among many other countries which has been a recipient of both undocumented and documented Zimbabweans. Most Zimbabweans in South Africa were undocumented and in 2010 the South African government made an initiative to regularise the positions of Zimbabweans living in South Africa, yet there is limited academic research on the livelihoods of regularised Zimbabwean migrants in South Africa. The rationale behind the implementation of the Zimbabwe Documentation Process (ZDP) in 2010 and the renewal of the process through issuing the Zimbabwe Special Permit (ZSP) in 2014 is noteworthy. However, this study explores the livelihood experiences of regularised Zimbabweans in Johannesburg, South Africa. The research examines the livelihood strategies, challenges, opportunities and outcomes of regularised Zimbabwean migrants. The purpose of this formative qualitative study is to investigate if the access to livelihood opportunities and outcomes among regularised Zimbabwean migrants are strongly dependant on documentation. This is an important area of study given the ongoing special dispensation for Zimbabweans in South Africa and the wider migration scholarship in the country. Based on 15 semi structured interviews with regularised Zimbabwean migrants and 1 key informant conducted in Turfontein and Florida my assertion in this study is that the reported livelihood experiences of regularised Zimbabweans highlight a complex connection between documentation and livelihoods. On one hand findings show that documentation has improved the economic and social wellbeing of regularised Zimbabwean migrant in Johannesburg and on the other hand, documentation is undermining the livelihood options of regularised Zimbabwean migrants. For individuals who are in search of secure and sustainable livelihoods, findings show that mostly regularisation is offering limited protection and temporary rights to migrants who are likely to live in South Africa for years to come. Key words: documentation, livelihood experiences, regularisation, regularised Zimbabwean migrants, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Documentation Project, and Zimbabwe Special Permit.
XL2018

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Wadzanai, Tirimboyi. "The role of migration in the morphing of Shona identity." Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/25337.

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This dissertation reports on a study, which used story telling through installation art in analysing how migration has affected the identity of Shona people of Zimbabwe resulting in a new hybrid identity. This identity morphing has happened through the increased rate of trans-border mobility for economic survival and development. The research explores reflections associated with the life of individuals through the unfolding of socio-political and economic situations in Zimbabwe focusing on the historical and contemporary social relations of the Shonas (from Zimbabwe). The research in addition speculates as to how this migration creates difficulties with regards to immigrants’ experiences in their new habitats as they enter a state of limbo. It further investigates how the difference in status and the perception of identity affects Zimbabweans in their social inheritance of nomadic characteristics. The main objective of this study is to cast light on how constant migration has affected the constructs of the Shona identity as the people get in contact with various cultures leading to the formation of an intercultural identity. The study used the concept of storytelling through installation art to represent how migration has affected Shona people’s identity resulting in a new hybrid.
Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology
M.A. (Visual Arts)

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Mutambanengwe, Fadzai Angela. "Post migration experiences of Zimbabweans in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8898.

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Generally globalization has increased the number of the mobile populace making displacement and migration a common phenomenon in the narration of contemporary civilization. Over the past decade a vast number of Zimbabweans have migrated to different countries and still continue to do so, mainly due to the economic and political instability that has been present. This case study is an enquiry into the challenges Zimbabweans face when trying to settle or after settling in a foreign country. In spite of the difficulties Zimbabweans have faced in their native country, a large number of migrants may possibly be swapping old problems for a different array of extraneous and traumatic challenges. In order to understand the challenges that contemporary migrants face when settling it was essential to have a brief understanding of the reasons of migration as well as have a background nature of where they are coming from. Consequently this study begins by explaining the push and pull theory and the social inclusion theory which explain the migration patterns migration and post-migration experiences of Zimbabweans are likely to encounter. The researcher adopted both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The triangulation research technique was incorporated to heighten the level of interaction between the researcher and the subjects during the survey. It would appear that the declining level of education standards and lack of employment prompted much of the migration by Zimbabweans. The findings also revealed some discrepancies in perceptions and experiences of student and non-student migrants particularly in in how they perceive South Africans and in settling challenges. The biggest challenge encountered which still continues to pose as a problem is the language barrier.
Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritburg, 2012.

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Dube, Serbia. "The experiences and challenges of economic migrants from Zimbabwe in relocating and adjusting in South Africa : a social work perspective." Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/22788.

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In the past decade Zimbabwe has experienced serious economic and political challenges, forcing many to flee in search of better employment opportunities and lifestyles. This research, conducted in Tshwane Gauteng, aimed to gain an in-depth understanding of Zimbabwean economic migrants’ experiences and challenges in relocating and adjusting in South Africa. Employing a qualitative approach, semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect data which were analysed using Tesch’s framework (in Creswell, 2009:186). The ethical considerations of informed consent, anonymity and confidentiality, debriefing, guidelines for dealing with research data and record management, and honesty with professional colleagues were applied in the research. The research confirms that most Zimbabweans relocated to South Africa for economic reasons and their social and family situations were affected. Challenges were experienced with government officials, in terms of employment, accommodation, education, health services, travelling and with banking institutions. Language barriers and differences in cultural beliefs and values impacted negatively on participants’ socialisation and adjustment. The research shows an alarming lack of social work visibility. The researcher recommends that social work should accept that economic migrants are part of their clientele
Social Work
M.S.W. (Social Work)

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Matina, Tatenda Walter. "'To cheat or not to cheat' : male infidelity and the migrant imaginary among Zimbabwean migrants living in Midrand." Thesis, 2014.

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In this account of male infidelity and the migrant imaginary, I take on the idea of how it is that moral arguments can be made in support of the claim that male infidelity does not invalidate the assertion of love to one’s partner. In trying to address this issue I undertook an ethnographic study of eight middleclass Zimbabwean men living in Midrand. Using these young Zimbabwean middleclass men as an analytical category, I delve into the imagined lifestyles that they have about life in South Africa and the frustrations that they encounter in trying to realise these standards of living. I use Berlant’s (2006) concept of ‘cruel optimism’ to show how these frustrations in turn lead to a situation in which infidelity is not seen as antithetical to love.

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Chiguvare, Bertha. "Children crossing borders : an evaluation of state response to migrant unaccompanied minors at Musina - Beitbridge border post, South Africa." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8278.

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M.A. (Development Studies)
This report evaluates the response of the South African government to migrant unaccompanied minors at Musina and Beitbridge Limpopo province. The report begins by outlining the migration situation at the Beitbridge Border post and the reasons for UAMs‘ migration to South Africa. It also highlights the processesthey follow in migrating, services available and their vulnerability to sexual and gender based violence as they cross the border through irregular routes. The second section outlines the responsibilities of host states in as far as the needs of migrant UAMs are concerned. As this study is focusing on the South African government, the section further develops a narrative informed by international law and the South African Constitution as well as policies and legislationin force in South Africa. This section points to a well developed legal and policy framework for securing the rights of migrant children. The third section concludes by summarising the needs of UAMs and by stating some of the measures that should be implemented by the South African government in responding to the situation. The fourth section of this study presents evidence crucial for evaluation of state responses to its obligations towards UAMs. This section presents evidence gathered over a period of time in Beitbridge and Musina that enables me to evaluate the South African state‘s respond to UAMs in Musina and Beitbridge. The outcomes of this research indicate that South Africa has failed to implement international law and the Constitutional, legal and policy frameworks in as far as the rights of migrant UAMs are concerned. The majority of UAMs are from Zimbabwe and they are running away from social, economic and political instabilities in that country. In addition, these children are migrants in their own right and existing research indicates that where children migrate alone, they are particularly vulnerable to exploitative working conditions, violence and denial of basic rights.Page ix Many children migrated in order to pursue their education as well as to work in order to support themselves and families back home. However, many of the migrant‘s organisations that exist do not specifically address the rights of children or response to their needs. Migrant children‘s ability to satisfy their basic needs is extremely compromised; much of the work is currently done by a few non-governmental organisations and faith based organisations especially with regard to shelter and food provision with very minimal support from the South African government. UAMs have very limited access to government departments and services. The majority of UAMs are crowded in the streets in Musina and others in towns such as Louis Trichardt, Thohoyandou, Dzanini and on farms wherein they fend for their own living and there is no one to cater for their needs. This report concludes by making recommendations for interventions to the South African government for implementing Children‘s rights and strengthening migrant children‘s access to basic rights in South Africa.

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Mutsindikwa, Canisio. "The role of social capital in undocumented migration : the case of undocumented Zimbabwean migrants in Botswana." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/9487.

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This dissertation was carried out to try to understand the role of social capital in the migration of Zimbabwean migrants to Botswana. It describes elements and types of social capital Zimbabwean undocumented migrants used to come to Botswana. Questionnaires and in-depth interviews were used to obtain data from respondents. Though the influence of macro factors initially pushed migrants to migrate, there was evidence of the existence of social networks. Findings showed the use of social networks by Zimbabwean undocumented migrants. Though kinship networks were dominant in the initial migration stages there was a wane in the destination as migrants reverted to friendship networks for flexibility. Linking existed at both the place of origin and destination. Social control, channelling and negative social capital were discovered among migrants. Migrants developed mechanisms to counter the Botswana’s enforcement policy.
Sociology

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Emmigration and immigration – Zimbabwe'

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