Journal articles: 'Emotions. Transference (Psychology) Avoidance (Psychology)'

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Ash, Jude, and K. Lira Yoon. "Negative emotions and emotion avoidance in victim derogation✰." Personality and Individual Differences 154 (February 2020): 109674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109674.

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Mitmansgruber, Horst, Thomas N. Beck, and Gerhard Schüßler. "“Mindful helpers”: Experiential avoidance, meta-emotions, and emotion regulation in paramedics." Journal of Research in Personality 42, no. 5 (October 2008): 1358–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2008.03.012.

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Dewey, Daniel, David Schuldberg, and Renee Madathil. "Do Peritraumatic Emotions Differentially Predict PTSD Symptom Clusters? Initial Evidence for Emotion Specificity." Psychological Reports 115, no. 1 (August 2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/16.02.pr0.115c11z7.

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This study investigated whether specific peritraumatic emotions differentially predict PTSD symptom clusters in individuals who have experienced stressful life events. Hypotheses were developed based on the SPAARS model of PTSD. It was predicted that the peritraumatic emotions of anger, disgust, guilt, and fear would significantly predict re-experiencing and avoidance symptoms, while only fear would predict hyperarousal. Undergraduate students ( N = 144) participated in this study by completing a packet of self-report questionnaires. Multiple regression analyses were conducted with PCL-S symptom cluster scores as dependent variables and peritraumatic fear, guilt, anger, shame, and disgust as predictor variables. As hypothesized, peritraumatic anger, guilt, and fear all significantly predicted re-experiencing. However, only fear predicted avoidance, and anger significantly predicted hyperarousal. Results are discussed in relation to the theoretical role of emotions in the etiology of PTSD following the experience of a stressful life event.

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Marotta, Angela, Mirta Fiorio, Marianna Riello, Benedetta Demartini, Ginevra Tecilla, Carlo Dallocchio, and Michele Tinazzi. "Attentional avoidance of emotions in functional movement disorders." Journal of Psychosomatic Research 133 (June 2020): 110100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110100.

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Nes, Lise Solberg, and Suzanne C. Segerstrom. "Dispositional Optimism and Coping: A Meta-Analytic Review." Personality and Social Psychology Review 10, no. 3 (August 2006): 235–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_3.

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The relation between dispositional optimism and better adjustment to diverse stressors may be attributable to optimism's effects on coping strategies. A meta-analytic review ( K = 50, N = 11,629) examined the impact of dispositional optimism on coping. Dispositional optimism was found to be positively associated with approach coping strategies aiming to eliminate, reduce, or manage stressors or emotions ( r = .17), and negatively associated with avoidance coping strategies seeking to ignore, avoid, or withdraw from stressors or emotions ( r = -.21). Effect sizes were larger for the distinction between approach and avoidance coping strategies than for that between problem and emotion-focused coping. Meta-analytic findings also indicate that optimists may adjust their coping strategies to meet the demands of the stressors at hand, and that the optimism-coping relationship is strongest in English-speaking samples.

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van Middendorp, Henriët, Mark A. Lumley, Johannes W. G. Jacobs, Lorenz J. P. van Doornen, Johannes W. J. Bijlsma, and Rinie Geenen. "Emotions and emotional approach and avoidance strategies in fibromyalgia." Journal of Psychosomatic Research 64, no. 2 (February 2008): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.08.009.

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Cova, Florian, Julien Deonna, and David Sander. "The emotional shape of our moral life: Anger-related emotions and mutualistic anthropology." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36, no. 1 (February 2013): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x12000763.

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AbstractThe evolutionary hypothesis advanced by Baumard et al. makes precise predictions on which emotions should play the main role in our moral lives: morality should be more closely linked to “avoidance” emotions (like contempt and disgust) than to “punitive” emotions (like anger). Here, we argue that these predictions run contrary to most psychological evidence.

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Lennarz, Hannah K., Tom Hollenstein, Anna Lichtwarck-Aschoff, Emmanuel Kuntsche, and Isabela Granic. "Emotion regulation in action: Use, selection, and success of emotion regulation in adolescents’ daily lives." International Journal of Behavioral Development 43, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025418755540.

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Successful emotion regulation (ER) is a central aspect of psychosocial functioning and mental health and is thought to improve and be refined in adolescence. Past research on ER has mainly focused on one-time measurements of habitual ER. Linking regulatory strategies to emotions in daily lives is key to understanding adolescents’ emotional lives. Using an Experience Sampling Method with 78 adolescents ( Mage = 13.91, SDage = .95, 66% girls), we investigated the use, selection, and success in down-regulating negative emotions of eight ER strategies across 44 assessments. Acceptance was the strategy employed most often followed by problem-solving, rumination, distraction, avoidance, reappraisal, social support, and suppression. Interestingly, negativity of the event influenced the use of ER strategies: With low intensity negative emotions, acceptance was more likely to be used, and with high intensity negative emotions, suppression, problem-solving, distraction, avoidance, social support, and rumination were more likely to be used. With regard to success, multilevel models revealed that problem-solving, reappraisal, and acceptance were more successful in down-regulating negative emotions than rumination. Further, among girls, no relations between the momentary use of ER strategies and depressive symptoms was found. Among boys, a negative relation between acceptance and depressive symptoms emerged. Results from this study suggest that there is a reciprocal relationship between the intensity of negative emotions and ER strategies and that gender differences may exist. Taken together, this study showed which ER strategies are used by a healthy adolescent sample, and these results are discussed with regard to their theoretical and practical importance.

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Robazza, Claudio, Laura Bortoli, Attilio Carraro, and Maurizio Bertollo. "Approach-Avoidance Individual Differences in Changing Students' Responses to Physical Education." Perceptual and Motor Skills 104, no. 3 (June 2007): 937–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.104.3.937-946.

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The purpose of this report was to examine the effects of physical education acrobatic activities as a function of individual differences on approach-avoidance tendencies for acrobatics. The data of a study conducted by Robazza, Bortoli, Carraro, and Bertollo (2006) were analyzed after having classified students as high- or low-avoiders. Approach-avoidance tendencies and idiosyncratic emotions related to acrobatic tasks and adventurous sports were originally assessed for 72 Italian male high school students. Experimental participants engaged in acrobatic tasks of physical education for 12 lessons, while control participants were involved in team sports. Analysis showed that high-avoiders changed their emotions positively toward physical education tasks more than low-avoiders, whereas the latter modified their attitudes for adventurous sports. Approach-avoidance tendencies can be expected to moderate involvement in challenging physical activities.

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Znoj, Hans J., and Peter Lude. "Regulation of emotion and psychological symptoms in people with spinal cord injury." Swiss Journal of Psychology 61, no. 4 (December 2002): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185.61.4.203.

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This cross-sectional study examined the contribution of regulation of emotion on depression, symptoms of traumatic and general distress, perceived disability, and somatic symptoms following spinal cord injury. Depressed and non-depressed participants (N = 264, mean age = 46 years) differed in their use of adaptive and maladaptive ways of regulating emotions. In addition to somatic symptoms and symptoms of traumatic stress, maladaptive emotional regulation (avoidance and distortion of awareness) accounted for 8% of the total variance of depression. It is concluded that adaptive and maladaptive ways of regulating emotions are important factors in dealing with negative feelings. Regulation of emotion appears to influence perceived disability mainly via depression. Limitations of the study and implications for rehabilitation are discussed.

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Kemper, Nathan S., and Anna-Kaisa Newheiser. "To Confront or to Avoid." Social Psychological and Personality Science 9, no. 6 (August 2, 2017): 734–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617722831.

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What do people want to do in response to witnessing someone violate a moral norm? Prior research posits that violations of distinct norms elicit specific emotions, specifically anger and disgust. We examined whether moral violations analogously elicit distinct behavioral responses, focusing on desires to confront and avoid moral violators. Participants read scenarios depicting harmful and impure actions (Study 1) or violations of all six content domains proposed by Moral Foundations Theory (Study 2). Bayesian inference revealed that participants expressed distinctively high levels of desire to avoid (vs. confront) violators of purity norms. Violations of other moral norms did not similarly elicit unique patterns of avoidance or confrontation. Thus, behavioral responses to moral violators depend in part on which norm was violated, with impure acts eliciting a uniquely strong avoidance response. Moral judgment can serve as a precursor to strategic action in the face of perceived immorality.

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Schutz, Paul A., Jeri Benson, and Jessica T. Decuir-Gunby. "Approach/Avoidance motives, test emotions, and emotional regulation related to testing." Anxiety, Stress & Coping 21, no. 3 (July 2008): 263–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10615800701787672.

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Levine-MacCombie, Joyce, and Mary P. Koss. "Acquaintance Rape: Effective Avoidance Strategies." Psychology of Women Quarterly 10, no. 4 (December 1986): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1986.tb00756.x.

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To date, research on effective rape avoidance strategies has involved media-recruited, acknowledged rape victims and avoiders, most of whom were assaulted by total strangers. In the present study, rape avoidance research was extended to a sample of acquaintance rape victims and avoiders who were located by a self-report survey that identified women who both do and do not conceptualize their assaults as rape. The study's goal was to determine whether acknowledged rape victims, unacknowledged rape victims, and rape avoiders could be discriminated by situational variables including the response strategies used in the assault. Victims and avoiders were significantly discriminated. Compared to rape victims, avoiders (1) were less likely to have experienced passive or internalizing emotions at the time of the assault, (2) perceived the assault as less violent, and (3) were more likely to have utilized active response strategies (i.e., running away and screaming). The results suggest that the major findings of existing research on stranger rape avoidance are generalizable to acquaintance rape. However, concerns are expressed over methodological limitations of research on rape avoidance from the victim's perspective.

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Lavender, Jason M., Matthew T. Tull, David DiLillo, Terri Messman-Moore, and Kim L. Gratz. "Development and Validation of a State-Based Measure of Emotion Dysregulation." Assessment 24, no. 2 (July 27, 2016): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191115601218.

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Existing measures of emotion dysregulation typically assess dispositional tendencies and are therefore not well suited for study designs that require repeated assessments over brief intervals. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a state-based multidimensional measure of emotion dysregulation. Psychometric properties of the State Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (S-DERS) were examined in a large representative community sample of young adult women drawn from four sites ( N = 484). Exploratory factor analysis suggested a four-factor solution, with results supporting the internal consistency, construct validity, and predictive validity of the total scale and the four subscales: Nonacceptance (i.e., nonacceptance of current emotions), Modulate (i.e., difficulties modulating emotional and behavioral responses in the moment), Awareness (i.e., limited awareness of current emotions), and Clarity (i.e., limited clarity about current emotions). S-DERS scores were significantly associated with trait-based measures of emotion dysregulation, affect intensity/reactivity, experiential avoidance, and mindfulness, as well as measures of substance use problems. Moreover, significant associations were found between the S-DERS and state-based laboratory measures of emotional reactivity, even when controlling for the corresponding original DERS scales. Results provide preliminary support for the reliability and validity of the S-DERS as a state-based measure of emotion regulation difficulties.

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Nitzgen, Dieter. "Comment on Vollon, Gimenez and Bonnet: ‘The psychotic transference in groups’." Group Analysis 52, no. 4 (September 6, 2019): 561–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0533316419874468.

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In his written work, Foulkes never gave a systematic account of psychosis, psychotic disturbances and psychotic transference(s). Instead we find scattered remarks and reflections on the subject of psychosis throughout his writings. However, it is noteworthy that his first psychoanalytic article (Foulkes, 1930) was dedicated to Observations on the significance of the name in a schizophrenic (Foulkes, 1990: 3–20). Moreover, in his first group analytic article (Foulkes and Lewis, 1944), he mentioned and encouraged the treatment of psychotic patients in mixed groups (Foulkes, 1984, case 8, 10, 11 and 12: 30–33) but cautioned that in a group ‘psychoses should not be in the majority’ and ‘groups with psychotics only were a different matter’ (Foulkes, 1984: 35). However, some his most consistent statements on psychosis are given in his late articles. For instance, the view that ‘undoubtedly, the person who later develops a psychosis, is also conditioned by his early group, and vice versa’ (Foulkes, 1990: 276). And the conviction that ‘psychotic mechanisms are operative in all of us, and that psychosis-like mechanisms and defences are produced very early’ (Foulkes, 1990: 276). However, he cautioned that ‘later psychotic illness’ should not be considered as ‘regressions to these early stages as one might say that neurosis or neurotic reactions are’ (Foulkes, 1990: 276; cf. Wälder, 1937). And although Foulkes acknowledged that ‘early development produces many of the phenomena that are stressed by Melanie Klein’ (Foulkes, 1990: 276; italics mine), he posited that they were ‘being brought about by the interaction of the whole family on these primitive levels’ (Foulkes, 1990: 276). ‘Complicated emotions’, he wrote, ‘can be felt even by the small child as actually represented and transmitted, however unconsciously, by the parents, brothers and sisters and so on’ (Foulkes, 1990: 276).

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Li, Wentao, Lin Zhang, Binbin Liu, and Huaying Cao. "The Impact of Negative Interpersonal Life Events on Social Adaptation of Chinese College Students: Mediator Effect of Self-Esteem." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 41, no. 5 (June 1, 2013): 705–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2013.41.5.705.

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In this study, we investigated the source and impact of negative interpersonal life events confronted by 210 Chinese college students, and discussed the mediator role of self-esteem. We collected data using the Self-Esteem Scale, the Loneliness Scale (LS), the Self-Report Depression Scale, the Social Avoidance Scale, and the Interpersonal Negative Life Events Scale. The results showed that: (1) According to the occurrence rate and the stress index of interpersonal negative life events, the following events ranked in the top three: “having a weak social network”, “reducing or losing contact with good friends”, and “being nervous or silent with unfamiliar people”. (2) Self-esteem partly mediated the impact of negative interpersonal life events on negative emotions such as depression and loneliness, and fully mediated the impact of interpersonal negative life events on social avoidance.

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Gratz, Kim L., Julia R. Richmond, Keith A. Edmonds, Jason P. Rose, and Matthew T. Tull. "INTEGRATING SOCIAL COMPARISON INTO THE UNDERSTANDING OF EMOTION REGULATION IN BORDERLINE PERSONALITY." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 39, no. 8 (October 2020): 727–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2020.39.8.727.

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Introduction: Theory and research suggest the need to expand research on emotion regulation (ER) within borderline personality disorder (BPD). This research examined the relations of BPD symptoms to interpersonal (venting, reassurance-seeking) and socially-oriented (social comparison) ER strategies (in addition to acceptance and avoidance), and explored the role of trait social comparison orientation (SCO) in these relations. Methods: In Study 1, a nationwide community sample of women completed questionnaires. In Study 2, a university sample of young women completed questionnaires and an online social interaction task (following which they reported on the strategies they used to regulate emotions during the task). Results: Results revealed significant indirect relations of BPD symptoms to venting and reassurance-seeking through trait SCO, reassurance-seeking and social comparison through upward SCO, and the in-vivo use of downward social comparison and avoidance strategies during the social interaction task through upward SCO. Discussion: Results highlight the relevance of trait SCO (particularly upward SCO) to socially-oriented ER strategies among women with heightened BPD symptoms.

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Siegel, Karolynn, Vicki L. Gluhoski, and Daniel Karus. "Coping and Mood in HIV-Positive Women." Psychological Reports 81, no. 2 (October 1997): 435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.81.2.435.

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To date, little empirical research on the association of coping style with mood in HIV-positive women has been carried out. The extant literature on HIV-positive men suggests that active coping is related to diminished distress while avoidant coping is associated with elevated distress. Previous research with HIV-positive women has not consistently confirmed these relationships. To add to this literature, scores from a sample of 145 HIV-positive women who completed the Ways of Coping Questionnaire and the Mental Health Inventory were analyzed. Correlations indicated that an escape-avoidance strategy was associated with more negative emotions. Other strategies related to negative emotions included accepting responsibility and a self-controlling approach. These findings are consistent with those previously reported for HIV-positive men, suggesting that similar kinds of coping strategies may be associated with positive and negative moods among HIV-positive men and women.

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Pickett, Scott M., and Christopher A. Kurby. "The Impact of Experiential Avoidance on the Inference of Characters’ Emotions: Evidence for an Emotional Processing Bias." Cognitive Therapy and Research 34, no. 6 (July 29, 2009): 493–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9262-x.

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Schuldberg, David, Stephanie B. Karwacki, and G. Leonard Burns. "Stress, Coping, and Social Support in Hypothetically Psychosis-Prone Subjects." Psychological Reports 78, no. 3_suppl (June 1996): 1267–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.78.3c.1267.

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This paper examined stress processes in hypothetically psychosis-prone individuals. Subjects scoring high on Perceptual Aberration/Magical Ideation (Per-Mag subjects), Anhedonia, and low-scoring control subjects were compared for scores on Hassles and Uplifts, cognitive appraisal, coping strategies, emotions in two stressful situations, and on perceived social support. The groups differed in their experiences of minor life events and Secondary Appraisal but not in Primary Appraisal or emotions. There were notable differences in coping patterns and perceptions of social support. Per-Mag subjects contrasted with controls in using more coping by Escape-avoidance and Accepting responsibility, and reported less social support. Anhedonic subjects differed in their experience of minor life events and coped less through Positive reappraisal and Seeking social support. Per-Mag subjects are mainly distinguished by their coping processes. Anhedonic subjects are also sensitive to the incidence of minor life events. The results indicate that risk factors, stress, and coping interact in the absence of mental disorder.

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Gojkovic, Vesna, Sanja Batic-Ocovaj, Jelena Dostanic, and Marija Djuric. "The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: HEXACO profiles affect coping mechanisms and adaptability of response." Psihologija 54, no. 3 (2021): 285–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi200730001g.

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Our primary objective was to investigate whether HEXACO personality profiles predict different coping strategies during the first wave of the COVID?19 pandemic. We chose a person-centered approach as it enabled visibility of personal structures differentiating between adaptive and maladaptive coping in a nonclinical sample. Latent profile analysis identified three distinct personality profiles, each profile complemented by its specific choice of coping strategies. The Resilient (conscientious extroverts) used strategies focused on the stressor (Problem-focused, Emotion-focused coping, and Humor); the Undercontrolled (conscienceless) turned to Avoidance of problem-solving strategies; the Overcontrolled (emotionally reactive and conscientious introverts) avoided Humor and handling of their own emotions. Combination of Conscientiousness scores differentiated between adaptive and maladaptive resilience. However, high Emotionality in conjunction with Introversion and high Conscientiousness produced both vulnerability and maladaptation. Absence of Avoidance is the paramount feature of adaptive resilience. Thus, personality related variance in stress response is mostly determined by traits responsible for control, proactivity, and affectivity.

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Dvorak, Robert D., Jeffrey S. Simons, and Tyler B. Wray. "Poor Control Strengthens the Association Between Sensation Seeking and Disgust Reactions." Journal of Individual Differences 32, no. 4 (January 2011): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000054.

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Perception of risk to a stimulus associated with negative affect may depend on the level of emotional arousal it elicits. Sensation seeking is associated with a decreased level of arousal to risk stimuli. Individuals high in sensation seeking may require greater emotional arousal in order to induce harm avoidance. Poor control increases the salience of emotional cues, which may increase the magnitude of emotion associated with risk stimuli. In the present study, we found that, as sensation seeking decreased, high levels of poor control increased the likelihood of experiencing an emesis perception following disgust. The results support a harm avoidance system tied to emotions elicited from immediate threat that is potentiated by poor control.

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Larson, Anna G., Keayra J. Morris, Mark B. Juckett, Christopher L. Coe, Aimee T. Broman, and Erin S. Costanzo. "Mindfulness, Experiential Avoidance, and Recovery From Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation." Annals of Behavioral Medicine 53, no. 10 (January 9, 2019): 886–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abm/kay097.

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AbstractBackgroundMood disturbance, pain, and fatigue are prevalent and distressing concerns for patients with hematologic cancer recovering from hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The way in which individuals approach difficult thoughts and emotions may affect symptoms and functioning. Specifically, mindfulness has been associated with more optimal psychological and physical functioning, whereas experiential avoidance has been associated with poorer outcomes.PurposeThe primary objective was to determine whether mindfulness and experiential avoidance measured prior to HSCT were associated with recovery of psychological and physical functioning following HSCT. We also evaluated dimensions of mindfulness to determine which were most robustly associated with outcomes.MethodsParticipants completed measures of mindfulness and experiential avoidance prior to HSCT. Depression and anxiety symptoms and pain and fatigue interference with daily activities were assessed prior to HSCT and 1, 3, and 6 months post-HSCT.ResultsParticipants who reported better ability to describe their internal experiences and who were better able to act with awareness experienced less depression, anxiety, and fatigue interference following HSCT. Participants who were nonjudgmental and nonreactive toward thoughts and emotions experienced less depression and anxiety following HSCT, but these traits were not associated with pain or fatigue interference. Being a good observer of internal experiences was not associated with outcomes, nor was experiential avoidance.ConclusionsResults suggest that most facets of mindfulness may optimize psychological functioning following HSCT, and the ability to describe one’s internal experience and to focus on the present moment may have a beneficial influence on physical functioning.

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Salvia, Emilie, Aymeric Guillot, and Christian Collet. "The Effects of Mental Arithmetic Strain on Behavioral and Physiological Responses." Journal of Psychophysiology 27, no. 4 (January 1, 2013): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000102.

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Everyday activities require different levels of mental load depending on both external and internal task demands, and the resulting strain is likely to drastically influence the forthcoming performance. In this study, we aimed to determine how objective and subjective task constraints may respectively impact strain and performance. Thirty participants, recruited for their affinity or avoidance for mental arithmetic, were confronted with calculations of varying difficulty. Data showed that Reaction Times (RTs), as well as electrodermal (EDR) and heart rate (HR) response durations increased along with task difficulty and performance decrement. Good performance elicited weaker sympathetic involvement, attesting that positive emotions are likely to elicit less strain than negative emotions. The “approach” group exhibited longer electrodermal responses than the “avoidance” group, especially when performing difficult computations. The “approach” group also showed increased EDR duration along with increased RT, while the “avoidance” group exhibited decreased EDR duration along with increased RT. Therefore, individuals with mental arithmetic affinity might be more involved than those with avoidance. Finally, HR deceleration prior to mental arithmetic did not vary as a function of the independent variables, thus meaning that attention increased to the same extent regardless of the experimental condition. Thus, the resulting strain depends on task difficulty, response accuracy, and group membership, the most sensitive physiological indices being EDR duration and HR response duration.

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Sawyer, Alyssa C. P., Paul Williamson, and Robyn L. Young. "Can Gaze Avoidance Explain Why Individuals with Asperger’s Syndrome Can’t Recognise Emotions From Facial Expressions?" Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 42, no. 4 (May 18, 2011): 606–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1283-0.

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Schrage, Kristina M., Jessica A. Maxwell, Emily A. Impett, Dacher Keltner, and Geoff MacDonald. "Effects of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication of Affection on Avoidantly Attached Partners’ Emotions and Message Receptiveness." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 46, no. 11 (March 17, 2020): 1567–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167220910311.

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Research on adult attachment in romantic relationships has focused on the negative outcomes that avoidantly attached individuals face. The present research uses observational research methods to determine if there are specific ways of communicating affection that might help avoidantly attached people reap similar levels of rewards from affectionate communication as those who are more secure. We combined three samples ( Ntotal = 280 couples, 560 participants) who took turns describing a time they felt strong love for their partner, and coded their expressions for cues of verbal affection (i.e., emotion-laden words) and nonverbal affection (i.e., behavioral expressiveness). Higher levels of the speaker’s nonverbal affection were associated with stronger positive emotion and behavioral receptiveness (i.e., appearing engaged) for listeners higher in attachment avoidance. Altogether, we provide evidence that avoidantly attached individuals may experience positive outcomes from affectionate exchanges when the communication style is tailored to their unique needs.

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Stapleton, Charles Matthew, Hui Zhang, and Jeffrey Scott Berman. "The event-specific benefits of writing about a difficult life experience." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 17, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.2089.

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Previous research demonstrates that writing about life’s difficult moments benefits the writer cognitively and emotionally. However, it is unclear whether the benefits of writing are specific to the event written about or whether the benefits are global. This study was designed to address this issue. Participants were 120 undergraduate students who had experienced at least two difficult life events. Participants were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. Experimental participants wrote about one of these difficult events and control participants wrote about an interesting life event of their choosing. Experimental participants reported their positive and negative emotions as well as their cognitive avoidance and intrusion concerning the event written about and another event not written about. Control participants reported their emotions and cognitions concerning two difficult life events. All participants also reported their general distress. These assessments were done immediately after writing and one week later. The results indicated that experimental participants were emotionally stronger, less upset, and less cognitively avoidant about the particular difficult life event they wrote about compared to an event they did not write about. Similar comparisons between ratings of a written-about and a not-written-about event were not significant for passion, fear, and cognitive intrusion. There was evidence for a possible indirect effect of writing on general distress through changes in event-specific cognitions and emotions. Discussion of these results focuses on how writing may specifically help change a writer’s feelings and thoughts about a particular situation.

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Vocks, Silja, Joachim Kosfelder, Maike Wucherer, and Alexandra Wächter. "Does habitual body avoidance and checking behavior influence the decrease of negative emotions during body exposure in eating disorders?" Psychotherapy Research 18, no. 4 (July 2008): 412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10503300701797008.

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Jin, Ling, Megan Dolan, Ateka A. Contractor, Nicole H. Weiss, and Paula Dranger. "Relations between Emotional Expressivity Dimensions and DSM-5 Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Clusters in a Trauma-Exposed Community Sample." Behaviour Change 37, no. 3 (June 11, 2020): 116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bec.2020.7.

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AbstractBackground and Objective. A growing body of literature indicates a significant contribution and role of positive and negative emotions (specifically expressivity) in post-traumatic stress disorder's (PTSD) symptomatology. The current study examined the facet-level relationships between emotional expressivity and PTSD. Specifically, we investigated which emotional expressivity dimension (impulse strength, negative emotional expressivity, and positive emotional expressivity) most strongly related to DSM-5 PTSD symptom clusters severity (intrusions, avoidance, negative alterations in cognition and mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity). Methods. The sample of 123 trauma-exposed participants seeking mental health treatment completed the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) and the Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ). Results. Results of multivariate multiple regression analysis indicated that only intensity of emotion and difficulty in controlling such emotions (i.e., impulse strength) was strongly related to all four PTSD symptom clusters. The valence of emotional expressivity (positive or negative) was not related to any of the PTSD symptom clusters. Conclusions. Study findings highlight the role of emotional expressivity, specifically impulse strength, in PTSD's symptomatology and may inform guidelines for emotion-focused clinical work for trauma-exposed individuals with PTSD symptoms.

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Gordon, Nakia S., and Samantha A. Chesney. "On the Outside Looking In: Distress and Sympathy for Ethnic Victims of Violence by Out-Group Members." Journal of Cognition and Culture 17, no. 3-4 (October 6, 2017): 199–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12340004.

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Abstract It is well documented that individuals respond with negative emotions to racial and ethnic out-groups. Yet, it is unknown whether the responses are a measure of simple emotional reactivity or if they are also influenced by emotion regulation. Given the importance of emotions in out-group evaluation (see Intergroup Emotion Theory; Smith and Mackie, 2008), we investigated emotional reactivity and regulation in response to out-group victimization. Forty-one undergraduates completed the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and viewed three sets of images: lynching of African-Americans, torture of Abu Ghraib prison detainees, and iaps images depicting graphic violence. Participants rated 13 emotions before and after viewing the images. A factor analysis identified four emotional response categories: Distress, Sympathy, Arousal and Avoidance. Analyses at both the individual emotion level and factor level indicated that negative emotions (e.g., anger, disgust, and guilt) were greater in response to violence against ethnic groups relative to violence depicted in the iaps images. Emotional suppression predicted blunted distress and arousal to ethnic victimization. These findings highlight that emotional responses to out-group victimization are complex and tempered by emotional suppression. Individuals’ emotion regulation may provide further insight into responses to ethnic and racial out-groups.

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Mankad, Aditi, Sandy Gordon, and Karen Wallman. "Perceptions of Emotional Climate Among Injured Athletes." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 3, no. 1 (March 2009): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.3.1.1.

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The present study adopted a qualitative, exploratory approach to describe the underlying emotional climate among injured athletes within team sport environments. Nine elite athletes undergoing long-term injury rehabilitation (LTIR) participated in semi-structured interviews to describe their LTIR experience. A general inductive analysis extracted three higher-order themes: (a) emotional trauma, (b) emotional climate, and (c) emotional acting. Athletes reported experiencing emotional trauma throughout LTIR. To maintain in-group norms, they described engaging in avoidance behaviors and reported suppressing negative affect for fear of negative evaluation. They also reported frequently controlling emotions in public using acting strategies. Athletes perceived these emotionally inhibitive behaviors as encouraged within their team environment. These results have important implications for the identification and treatment of emotionally destructive behaviors that could potentially delay an athlete’s psychological rehabilitation from athletic injury.

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Coifman, Karin G., David J. Disabato, Pallavi Aurora, T. H. Stanley Seah, Benjamin Mitchell, Nicolle Simonovic, Jeremy L. Foust, Pooja Gupta Sidney, Clarissa A. Thompson, and Jennifer M. Taber. "What Drives Preventive Health Behavior During a Global Pandemic? Emotion and Worry." Annals of Behavioral Medicine 55, no. 8 (June 24, 2021): 791–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaab048.

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Abstract Background & Purpose Primary prevention of COVID-19 has focused on encouraging compliance with specific behaviors that restrict contagion. This investigation sought to characterize engagement in these behaviors in U.S. adults early during the pandemic and to build explanatory models of the psychological processes that drive them. Methods US adults were recruited through Qualtrics Research Panels (N = 324; 55% female; Mage = 50.91, SD = 15.98) and completed 10 days of online reports of emotion, COVID-19 perceived susceptibility and worry, and recommended behaviors (social distancing, hand washing, etc.). Factor analysis revealed behaviors loaded on two factors suggesting distinct motivational orientations: approach and avoidance. Results Changes in approach and avoidance behaviors over the 10 days indicated large individual differences consistent with three types of participants. Discrete emotions, including fear, guilt/shame, and happiness were associated with more recommended behaviors. Fear and COVID-19 worry indirectly influenced each other to facilitate more behavioral engagement. While emotions and worry strongly predicted individual differences in behavior across the 10 days, they did not predict as well why behaviors occurred on one day versus another. Conclusions These findings suggest how daily affective processes motivate behavior, improving the understanding of compliance and efforts to target behaviors as primary prevention of disease.

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Wheaton, Michael G., Noah C. Berman, and Jonathan S. Abramowitz. "The Contribution of Experiential Avoidance and Anxiety Sensitivity in the Prediction of Health Anxiety." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 24, no. 3 (August 2010): 229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.24.3.229.

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Anxiety sensitivity (AS) refers to a fear of arousal-related body sensations based on beliefs that such sensations are dangerous. Experiential (emotional) avoidance (EA) involves an unwillingness to endure upsetting emotions, thoughts, memories, and other private experiences. As both of these constructs are thought to be predictive of health anxiety, the present study examined their relative contribution in the prediction of health anxiety symptoms. A large sample of nontreatment-seeking participants completed measures of AS, EA, and health anxiety. An analogue sample of participants with clinical levels of health anxiety endorsed more AS and EA relative those with less health anxiety. Within the analogue sample, both AS and EA predicted health anxiety symptoms. However, whereas AS (specifically, the physical concerns domain) uniquely predicted health anxiety, EA did not contribute significantly over and above the contributions of AS. Results are also discussed in terms of the conceptualization and treatment of health anxiety.

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Roth, Guy, Maarten Vansteenkiste, and Richard M. Ryan. "Integrative emotion regulation: Process and development from a self-determination theory perspective." Development and Psychopathology 31, no. 3 (May 22, 2019): 945–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579419000403.

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AbstractGrounded in self-determination theory's (SDT; Ryan & Deci, 2017) organismic perspective, we present a process view of integrative emotion regulation. SDT describes three general types of emotion regulation: integrative emotion regulation, which focuses on emotions as carrying information that is brought to awareness; controlled emotion regulation, which is focused on diminishing emotions through avoidance, suppression, or enforced expression or reappraisal; and amotivated emotion regulation, in which emotions are uncontrolled or dysregulated. We review survey and experimental research contrasting these emotion regulation styles, providing evidence for the benefits of integrative emotion regulation for volitional functioning, personal well-being, and high-quality relationships, and for the costs of controlled emotion regulation and dysregulation. The development of emotion regulation styles is discussed, especially the role of autonomy-supportive parenting in fostering more integrative emotion regulation, and the role of controlling parenting in contributing to controlled or dysregulated emotion processing. Overall, integrative emotion regulation represents a beneficial style of processing emotions, which develops most effectively in a nonjudgmental and autonomy-supportive environment, an issue relevant to both development and psychotherapy.

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Paulus, Andrea, and Dirk Wentura. "Threatening joy: Approach and avoidance reactions to emotions are influenced by the group membership of the expresser." Cognition and Emotion 28, no. 4 (November 6, 2013): 656–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2013.849659.

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Buck, Nicole, Merel Kindt, and Marcel van den Hout. "The Effects of Conceptual Processing Versus Suppression on Analogue PTSD Symptoms after a Distressing Film." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 37, no. 2 (January 8, 2009): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465808005080.

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Background:Researchers have begun to scrutinize the assumption that active processing in response to a traumatic event is beneficial whereas avoidance of thoughts, emotions and reminders about the traumatic event is detrimental. Indications that avoidance is not always detrimental come from studies on grief and debriefing.Aims:In an analogue experimental study, the hypothesis was tested that conceptually-driven processing immediately after a distressing film is more successful in reducing analogue PTSD symptoms than suppression of thoughts and images related to the film.Method:Ninety students watched a distressing film after which they were instructed to either elaborate on the meaning of the film (conceptual processing) (n= 31), suppress all thoughts and images of the film by performing a task (n= 29), or were given no instruction (n= 30). Four hours later, analogue PTSD symptoms were assessed.Results:The results showed that conceptually-driven processing does not result in fewer analogue PTSD symptoms than suppression.Conclusions:It is speculated that suppression may only be dysfunctional when individuals interpret their symptoms negatively or when suppression is believed to be dysfunctional.

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Lynch, Margot. "Psychodynamic Counselling in a Secondary School Setting." Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist 14, no. 2 (November 1997): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0816512200027759.

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ABSTRACTPsychodynanzic counselling is based upon, and informed by, psychoanalytic insights. The origins include the work of Freud, the Post Freudians, and the Object Relations school. These schools of thought embrace concepts of primitive infantile emotions and states of mind that produce overwhelming feelings of anxiety and fear and against which defences are formed to maintain a psychic equilibrium. Although these defences may have roots in the past, changes can only be effected by thinking about their significance in the present. The psychodynamic counsellor attempts to help clients make sense of their current situation by focussing on the actual dynamics of what is happening outside the counselling room with others and inside the counselling room with the counsellor: Thus, repeated and “stuck” ways of being with others are brought to light in tertms of transference and countertransference. In addition, painful and unbearable feelings are shared and contained in the relationship so that clients are more able to reflect upon and understand their own contribution to their present situation and to respond more constructively to that situation.

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Kashdan, Todd B., Antonina S. Farmer, Leah M. Adams, Patty Ferssizidis, Patrick E. McKnight, and John B. Nezlek. "Distinguishing healthy adults from people with social anxiety disorder: Evidence for the value of experiential avoidance and positive emotions in everyday social interactions." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 122, no. 3 (August 2013): 645–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0032733.

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Saifi, Lynda, Abdelhak Boubetra, and Farid Nouioua. "An approach for emotions and behavior modeling in a crowd in the presence of rare events." Adaptive Behavior 24, no. 6 (November 18, 2016): 428–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059712316674784.

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A common phenomenon in everyday life is that, when a strange event occurs or is announced, a regular crowd can completely change, showing different intense emotions and sometimes uncontrollable and violent emerging behavior. These emotions and behaviors that disturb the organization of a crowd are of concern in our study, and we attempt to predict these suspicious circumstances and provide help in making the right decisions at the right time. Furthermore, most of the models that address crowd disasters belong to the physical or the cognitive approaches. They study pedestrian flow and collision avoidance, etc., and they use walking speed and angle of vision. However, in this work, based on a behavioral rules approach, we aim to model emergent emotion, behavior and influence in a crowd, taking into account particularly the personality of members of the crowd. For this purpose, we have combined the OCEAN (Openness, Consciousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism) personality model with the OCC (Ortony, Clore, and Collins) emotional model to indicate the susceptibility of each of the five personality factors to feeling every emotion. Then we proposed an approach that uses first fuzzy logic for the emotional modeling of critical emotions of members of the crowd at the announcement or the presence of unusual events, in order to quantify emotions. Then, we model the behavior and the tendency towards actions using probability theory. Finally, the influence among the members of the crowd is modeled using the neighborhood principle and cellular automata.

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Clear, Sarah J., and Melanie J. Zimmer-Gembeck. "Associations between Attachment and Emotion-Specific Emotion Regulation with and without Relationship Insecurity Priming." International Journal of Behavioral Development 41, no. 1 (July 10, 2016): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025415620057.

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Attachment theory and previous research on emotion regulation (ER) suggest that ER will be associated with adult attachment orientation, with the expectation of different associations of attachment avoidance, anxiety, and security with specific ER patterns. In addition, research has shown that the emotion under consideration and the context may matter to patterns of ER and associations between attachment and ER. In the present study, we examined associations between attachment representations, and emotion specific (sadness, worry, and anger) ER among late adolescents and young adults aged 16 to 23 years ( M = 19.6, SD = 1.58). In addition, to consider context, participants were randomly assigned to report ER following insecurity priming or no priming. Participants were 383 (181 male, 202 female) students who completed a self-report questionnaire. As expected, multivariate regression results examining all attachment orientations simultaneously showed that attachment anxiety was associated with greater dysregulation (sadness, worry, and anger), but also more anger suppression. In contrast, attachment avoidance was associated with greater suppression (sadness and worry), but also more anger dysregulation. Attachment security was associated with less dysregulation (sadness, worry, and anger), and less sadness and worry suppression. Finally, sadness and anger dysregulation were higher when reported after insecurity priming compared to the standard no prime condition, but few associations between attachment orientations and ER were moderated by condition. The results suggest that individuals’ attachment representations are associated with ER, with security a benefit to adaptive ER, and anxiety and avoidance playing different roles in maladaptive ER for different emotions.

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Rahmawati, Rahmawati, Sumartini Sumartini, and Maharani Intan Andalas IRP. "EMOSI TOKOH-TOKOH SENTRAL DALAM NOVEL SUNSET BERSAMA ROSIE KARYA TERE LIYE." Jurnal Sastra Indonesia 7, no. 3 (April 16, 2019): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jsi.v7i3.29849.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan klasifikasi emosi, konflik psikologis, dan sikap dalam menghadapi konflik psikologis dalam novel Sunset Bersama Rosie karya Tere Liye. Pendekatan yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan psikologi sastra yaitu telaah karya sastra yang mencerminkan proses dan aktivitas kejiwaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Sasaran penelitian ini adalah klasifikasi emosi tokoh tokoh sentral dalam novel Sunset Bersama Rosie karya Tere Liye. Data penelitian ini adalah penggalan teks yang menunjukkan emosi tokoh-tokoh sentral dan sumber data penelitian ini adalah novel Sunset Bersama Rosie karya Tere Liye. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik baca dan catat. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, ditunjukkan bahwa klasifikasi emosi yang dialami tokoh-tokoh sentral terdiri atas rasa bersalah, menghukum diri sendiri, rasa malu, kesedihan, kebencian, dan cinta. Konflik psikologis yang dialami tokoh-tokoh sentral terdiri atas approach-approach conflict, approach-avoidance conflict, dan avoidance-avoidance conflict. Sikap yang ditunjukkan tokoh-tokoh sentral dalam novel Sunset Bersama Rosie karya Tere Liye dipengaruhi konflik yang dialami. Namun, tidak semua tokoh-tokoh sentral bersikap sama terhadap konflik psikologis yang dialami. Beberapa tokoh-tokoh sentral yang dapat bersikap berkebalikan dari emosi mereka. This study aims to describe the classification of emotions, psychological conflict, and attitude in the face of psychological conflict in the novel Sunset alongside Rosie work of Tere Liye. The approach was conducted in this research is the psychology literature approach i.e. review literary works that reflect the procesess and activity of psychological abuse. This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods. The target of this research is the classification of the emotions of the character the central character in the novel Sunset alongside Rosie work of Tere Liye. This research data is extract text that shows the emotions the central figures and data source this study is novel Sunset alongside Rosie work off Tere Liye. Data collection techniques using readand write down. Based on the result of the study, pointed out that the classification of emotions experienced by central figures composed of guilt, punish yourself, shame, sorrow, hatred, and love. Psycholigical conficts that plagued central figures composed of approach-approach conflict, approach-avoidance conflict, and avoidance-avoidance conflict. The attitude shown the central figures in the novel Sunset ALONGSIDE Rosie work of Tere Liye influenced confict is experienced. Howefer, not all central figures in the same attitude toward psychological conflict. Some of the central figures who can be the opposite of their emotions.

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Tuckett, David, and Milena Nikolic. "The role of conviction and narrative in decision-making under radical uncertainty." Theory & Psychology 27, no. 4 (June 29, 2017): 501–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354317713158.

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We propose conviction narrative theory (CNT) to broaden decision-making theory in order to better understand and analyse how subjectively means–end rational actors cope in contexts in which the traditional assumptions in decision-making models fail to hold. Conviction narratives enable actors to draw on their beliefs, causal models, and rules of thumb to identify opportunities worth acting on, to simulate the future outcome of their actions, and to feel sufficiently convinced to act. The framework focuses on how narrative and emotion combine to allow actors to deliberate and to select actions that they think will produce the outcomes they desire. It specifies connections between particular emotions and deliberative thought, hypothesising that approach and avoidance emotions evoked during narrative simulation play a crucial role. Two mental states, Divided and Integrated, in which narratives can be formed or updated, are introduced and used to explain some familiar problems that traditional models cannot.

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Stevenson, Richard J., Trevor I. Case, Megan J. Oaten, Lorenzo Stafford, and Supreet Saluja. "A Proximal Perspective on Disgust." Emotion Review 11, no. 3 (June 23, 2019): 209–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073919853355.

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The functional basis of disgust in disease avoidance is widely accepted; however, there is disagreement over what disgust is. This is a significant problem, as basic questions about disgust require knowing if single/multiple forms/processes exist. We address this issue with a new model with one form of disgust generated by multiple processes: (a) pure disgust experienced during gastrointestinal illness; (b) somatosensory disgust elicited by specific cues that activate the pure disgust state; (c) anticipatory disgust elicited by associations between distance cues for somatosensory disgust and requiring threat evaluation; (d) simulated disgusts elicited by imagining somatosensory and anticipatory disgust and frequently involving other emotions. Different contamination processes interlink (a–d). The implications of our model for fundamental questions about disgust (e.g., emotion status; continuation into animals) are examined.

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Brodie, Zara P., Karen Goodall, Stephen Darling, and Chris McVittie. "Attachment insecurity and dispositional aggression: The mediating role of maladaptive anger regulation." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 36, no. 6 (May 2, 2018): 1831–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407518772937.

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Attachment insecurity has been associated with dysfunctional strategies for emotion regulation, leading to inflexible or maladaptive responding. Currently, application of the attachment framework to anger is underspecified. This study presents a preliminary investigation of attachment-related differences in the dispositional regulation of anger and aggressive outcomes. Two hundred seventy participants completed measures of adult attachment (attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance), anger regulation processes (anger suppression, unregulated anger, and anger control), and aggressive outcomes (physical aggression, verbal aggression, and hostility). While those high in attachment anxiety have been found to under-regulate other negative emotions, our results postulate that these individuals may implement a suppression strategy when faced with the experience of anger. Mediation models indicate that anger suppression is implicated in the relationship between attachment dimensions and hostility but not physical aggression. This supports the notion that suppression may be useful in reducing the external expression of anger but cannot alleviate the associated internal cognitions. These findings suggest that levels of attachment anxiety and avoidance should be considered when identifying techniques to target specific anger regulatory difficulties that contribute to increased aggression. Further, consideration and exploration of the role of security priming is encouraged as a possible mechanism by which to reduce dispositional hostility in those with high levels of attachment insecurity.

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Weitzenkorn, Rachel. "Boundaries of reasoning in cases: The visual psychoanalysis of René Spitz." History of the Human Sciences 33, no. 3-4 (September 1, 2020): 66–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695120908491.

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This article argues that the foundational separation between psychoanalysis and experimental psychology was challenged in important ways by psychoanalytic infant researchers. Through a close examination of American psychoanalyst René Spitz (1887–1974), it extends John Forrester’s conception of reasoning in cases outside classic psychoanalytic practices. Specifically, the article interrogates the foundations of reasoning in cases—the individual, language, and the doctor–patient relationship—to show how these are reimagined in relation to the structures of American developmental psychology. The article argues that the staunch separation of experimental psychology and psychoanalysis, reiterated by philosophers and historians of psychology, is flimsy at best—and, conversely, that the maintenance of these boundaries enabled the production of a cinematic case study. Spitz created films that used little language and took place outside the consulting room with institutionalized infants. Yet key aspects of the psychoanalytic case, as put forth by John Forrester, were depicted visually. These visual displays of transference, failure, and interpersonal emotions highlight the foundations of what Forrester means by reasoning in cases. The article concludes that Spitz failed at creating classic psychoanalytic evidence, but in so doing stretched the epistemology of the case.

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Nichols, Polly. "Role of Cognition and Affect in a Functional Behavioral Analysis." Exceptional Children 66, no. 3 (April 2000): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001440290006600309.

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Erroneous beliefs, distorted thoughts, and poorly controlled emotional responses to stress contribute to behavior problems as fundamentally as do observable environmental antecedents. The methods of this classical functional behavioral assessment for evaluating high-frequency problem behaviors are insufficient for understanding such low-frequency behavior as drawing a weapon or such covert behavior as possessing drugs. To understand the function of problem behaviors in students' lives, assessment of their social perspectives, beliefs, and feelings is as necessary as assessment of their immediate desires for attention, task avoidance, or escape. The purpose of this article is to present a multidimensional perspective that will lead to psychoeducational interventions in which students are taught to think clearly, solve problems, and self-regulate the intensity of their emotions.

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Prokop, Pavol, and Jana Fancovicová. "Preferences for spicy foods and disgust of ectoparasites are associated with reported health in humans." Psihologija 44, no. 4 (2011): 281–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi1104281p.

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Infectious diseases that influence human survival are responsible for the evolved emotional, cognitive and behavioural strategies that reduce the risk of disease transmission. The preference for spices in foods of contemporary humans was thought to be an antipathogen strategy that could reduce disease transmission. We investigated the possible associations between reported health and anti-pathogen strategies in a sample of Slovak high school students. We found that the reported consumption of spices and ectoparasite avoidance was positively associated with the total number of reported illnesses in the last year and hand washing was negatively associated with this. This means that immunologically compromised people prefer spices more and avoid contact with disease-relevant insect vectors more than their healthier counterparts. Females engaged in anti-pathogen behaviours more than males, but consumed spicy foods less frequently, suggesting their evolutionary role in the maternal investment to their offspring or different susceptibility to certain diseases. Our results suggest that people vulnerable to diseases are more disgust sensitive and prefer foods with antimicrobial properties more than healthy people, supporting an idea that human emotions and behaviour are influenced by the threat of parasites.

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Wang, Haowei, Kyungmin Kim, Kira S. Birditt, Steven H. Zarit, and Karen L. Fingerman. "Middle-Aged Children’s Coping Strategies With Tensions in the Aging Parent–Child Tie." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 90, no. 3 (January 6, 2019): 234–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091415018822079.

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Middle-aged children may cope in different ways with interpersonal tensions with their aging parents. This study examined coping strategies as a function of parent’s age and disability and children’s emotions (i.e., guilty feelings and worry). Middle-aged children ( N = 378) reported coping strategies when encountering interpersonal tensions with each of parents ( N = 482): engagement, acceptance, avoidance, and confrontation. Middle-aged children also indicated how guilty and worried they felt about each parent. Multilevel models indicated that middle-aged children were most likely to use engagement and acceptance strategies, followed by avoidance, and least likely to use confrontation. Results also revealed that middle-aged offspring were more likely to use engagement toward their parents who were older and acceptance toward parents with more disabilities. Furthermore, when middle-aged children had stronger feelings of guilt toward parents, they were more likely to be avoidant and less likely to engage with parents. Worries about parents were positively associated with the use of engagement strategies.

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Lamoreaux, Marika, and Beth Morling. "Outside the Head and Outside Individualism-Collectivism." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 43, no. 2 (March 7, 2011): 299–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022110385234.

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Cultural differences and similarities can be documented not only at the level of the psyche (people’s motivations, beliefs, emotions, or cognitions) but also via shared, tangible representations of culture (such as advertising, texts, architecture, and so on). In this report, the authors present the results of some exploratory meta-analyses of cultural products. Data were sufficient to analyze a variety of cultural traits: positivity, modernity, high (vs. low) context, uncertainty avoidance, and power distance, as well as other dimensions. Thus, this article documents cultural products that measured traits other than individualism-collectivism, the trait the authors analyzed in an earlier article. The data reinforce the value of studying cultural products and fit with recent calls to branch out from the familiar, individualism-collectivism construct into new axes of cultural difference.

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Bertrams, Alex, Lea Althaus, Tina Boss, Patricia Furrer, Ladina C. Jegher, Paulina Soszynska, and Vinzenz Tschumi. "Using Red Font Influences the Emotional Perception of Critical Performance Feedback." Swiss Journal of Psychology 79, no. 1 (January 2020): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000230.

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Abstract. The color red has been shown to affect psychological functioning. In performance settings, it is associated with negative emotions, avoidance motivation, and cognitive restriction. Because red is frequently used in written performance feedback, we examined whether it represents an external form aspect that can adversely influence the perception of critical feedback by the receiver, independent of the verbal content of the feedback. To this end, we conducted a web-based experiment in which 171 participants performed an alleged attention test and were then given moderately critical feedback, including hints for improvement. Per random assignment, either some of the words within the feedback were presented in red letters or all words were presented in standard black. The participants’ subsequent evaluation of the feedback revealed that using red in the feedback caused the feedback to be perceived as relatively less emotionally positive. There was no direct effect of using a red font in how the feedback was cognitively perceived (i.e., how helpful, fair, or comprehensible it was). However, preliminary evidence suggests that using a red font indirectly had an adverse effect on the cognitive feedback perception, mediated via the emotional feedback perception. As a practical implication, red should be used cautiously in critical feedback in order to avoid compromising the functions of feedback.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Emotions. Transference (Psychology) Avoidance (Psychology)'

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