Academic literature on the topic 'Empathic Personal Distress'
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Journal articles on the topic "Empathic Personal Distress"
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Delgado, Naira, Helena Bonache, Moisés Betancort, Yurena Morera, and Lasana T. Harris. "Understanding the Links between Inferring Mental States, Empathy, and Burnout in Medical Contexts." Healthcare 9, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9020158.
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It is generally accepted that empathy should be the basis of patient care. However, this ideal may be unrealistic if healthcare professionals suffer adverse effects when engaging in empathy. The aim of this study is to explore the effect of inferring mental states and different components of empathy (perspective-taking; empathic concern; personal distress) in burnout dimensions (emotional exhaustion; depersonalization; personal accomplishment). A total of 184 healthcare professionals participated in the study (23% male, Mage = 44.60; SD = 10.46). We measured participants’ empathy, the inference of mental states of patients, and burnout. Correlation analyses showed that inferring mental states was positively associated with perspective-taking and with empathic concern, but uncorrelated with personal distress. Furthermore, emotional exhaustion was related to greater levels of personal distress and greater levels of inferences of mental states. Depersonalization was associated with greater levels of personal distress and lower levels of empathic concern. Personal accomplishment was associated with the inference of mental states in patients, lower levels of personal distress, and perspective-taking. These results provide a better understanding of how different components of empathy and mental state inferences may preserve or promote healthcare professionals’ burnout.
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Wise, Pamela Sharratt, and Stanley H. Cramer. "Correlates of Empathy and Cognitive Style in Early Adolescence." Psychological Reports 63, no. 1 (August 1988): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.63.1.179.
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This research examined the correlations among cognitive style, empathic traits, and other variables such as age, sex, grade, school ability, birth order, and school-related achievement, identified from previous empathy and cognitive-style research. Subjects were 840 seventh and eighth grade students. The Hogan Empathy Scale measured empathic disposition globally, while the Interpersonal Reactivity Index measured dimensional traits of empathic concern, personal distress, perspective taking, and fantasy. Cognitive style was assessed on the Group Embedded Figures Test. No significant correlation appeared between empathy and cognitive style as measured by this instrument. Two empathy factors were identified, a general empathic factor and a withdrawn personal distress factor. Correlations with the other variables are presented and discussed.
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Chung, Winnie, Sherilynn Chan, and Tracy G. Cassels. "The Role of Culture in Affective Empathy: Cultural and Bicultural Differences." Journal of Cognition and Culture 10, no. 3-4 (2010): 309–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853710x531203.
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AbstractEmpathy is essential for healthy relationships and overall well-being. Affective empathy is the emotional response to others’ distress and can take two forms: personal distress or empathic concern. In Western cultures, high empathic concern and low personal distress have been implicated in increased prosocial behaviour (e.g., Eisenberg et al., 1989) and better emotion management and peer relations (e.g., Eisenberg and Fabes, 1998). Various factors have been examined with respect to affective empathy, but the role of culture has received little attention. Previous work suggests that children from East Asian cultures compared to those from Western cultures experience greater personal distress and less empathic concern (e.g., Trommsdorff, 1995), but no work has specifically examined these differences in adolescents or individuals who identify as ‘bicultural’. The current research examines cultural differences in affective empathy using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (Davis, 1980) in an adolescent and young adult sample (n=190) and examines how empathy relates to social-emotional health in bicultural individuals. Consistent with research on children, East Asian adolescents reported greater personal distress and less empathic concern than their Western counterparts. The bicultural individuals’ scores fell in between the East Asian and Western groups, but revealed significant differences from their ‘uni-cultural’ peers, demonstrating shared influences of community and family. Importantly, however, the relationship between affective empathy and social-emotional health in bicultural individuals was the same as for Western individuals. The current results provide an important first step in understanding the different cultural influences on empathic responding in a previously understudied population ‐ bicultural individuals.
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Song, Yeoungsuk. "Clinical Practice Stress and Burnout in Nursing Students: The Mediating Effect of Empathy." Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education 24, no. 4 (November 30, 2018): 406–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5977/jkasne.2018.24.4.406.
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Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to examine the relationships between clinical practice stress and burnout, and the mediating role of empathy in nursing students. Methods: A cross-sectional research design was employed. One hundred seventeen nursing students completed questionnaires on clinical practice stress, empathy (perspective-taking, fantasy, empathic concern and personal distress) and burnout in December 2017. IBM SPSS Statistics 23 was used and descriptive statistics, frequency, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression were conducted. Baron & Kenny method and Sobel test were adopted for analysis of the mediation effect (personal distress of empathy). Results: The mean scores of clinical practice stress and burnout were 3.45 and 43.09, and perspective-taking, fantasy, empathic concern and personal distress of empathy were 2.67, 2.42, 2.64 and 2.19, respectively. The highest relationship between clinical practice stress and empathy was personal distress of empathy (r=.32, p<.001). Burnout was positively associated with clinical practice stress and personal distress of empathy (r=.22, p=.015; r=.51, p<.001). Personal distress of empathy demonstrated a complete mediating effect on the relationship between clinical practice stress and burnout (Z=3.22, p=.001). Conclusion: These results showed that decreasing personal distress of empathy is important for nursing students, and may help in reducing clinical practice stress and burnout.
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Maibom, Heidi L. "Empathy and Emotion Regulation." Philosophical Topics 47, no. 2 (2019): 149–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtopics201947220.
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In this paper, I evaluate one of the most prominent accounts of how emotion regulation features in empathy. According to this account, by Nancy Eisenberg and colleagues, empathy develops into either personal distress or sympathy depending on the ability to regulate one’s empathic distress. I argue that recent evidence suggests (1) that empathic distress and sympathy co-occur throughout the empathic episode, (2) that a certain degree of empathic distress may be necessary for prosocial motivation, as high emotion regulation leads to loss of this motivation, and (3) that emotion regulation is not an unmitigated good since much of it is achieved by dehumanizing the sufferer or minimizing her pain. A fertile ground for further research, I suggest, is the role of up-regulation of sympathy.
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Tone, Erin B., and Erin C. Tully. "Empathy as a “risky strength”: A multilevel examination of empathy and risk for internalizing disorders." Development and Psychopathology 26, no. 4pt2 (November 2014): 1547–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579414001199.
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AbstractLearning to respond to others' distress with well-regulated empathy is an important developmental task linked to positive health outcomes and moral achievements. However, this important interpersonal skill set may also confer risk for depression and anxiety when present at extreme levels and in combination with certain individual characteristics or within particular contexts. The purpose of this review is to describe an empirically grounded theoretical rationale for the hypothesis that empathic tendencies can be “risky strengths.” We propose a model in which typical development of affective and cognitive empathy can be influenced by complex interplay among intraindividual and interindividual moderators that increase risk for empathic personal distress and excessive interpersonal guilt. These intermediate states in turn precipitate internalizing problems that map onto empirically derived fear/arousal and anhedonia/misery subfactors of internalizing disorders. The intraindividual moderators include a genetically influenced propensity toward physiological hyperarousal, which is proposed to interact with genetic propensity to empathic sensitivity to contribute to neurobiological processes that underlie personal distress responses to others' pain or unhappiness. This empathic personal distress then increases risk for internalizing problems, particularly fear/arousal symptoms. In a similar fashion, interactions between genetic propensities toward negative thinking processes and empathic sensitivity are hypothesized to contribute to excess interpersonal guilt in response to others' distress. This interpersonal guilt then increases the risk for internalizing problems, especially anhedonia/misery symptoms. Interindividual moderators, such as maladaptive parenting or chronic exposure to parents' negative affect, further interact with these genetic liabilities to amplify risk for personal distress and interpersonal guilt as well as for consequent internalizing problems. Age-related increases in the heritability of depression, anxiety, and empathy-related constructs are consistent with developmental shifts toward greater influence of intraindividual moderators throughout childhood and adolescence, with interindividual moderators exerting their greatest influence during early childhood. Efforts to modulate neurobiological and behavioral expressions of genetic dysregulation liabilities and to promote adaptive empathic skills must thus begin early in development.
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Corbera, S., S. Ikezawa, M. D. Bell, and B. E. Wexler. "Physiological evidence of a deficit to enhance the empathic response in schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 29, no. 8 (October 2014): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.01.005.
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AbstractEmpathy is crucial for maintaining effective social interactions. Research has identified both an early-emotional sharing and a late-cognitive component of empathy. Although considered a functionally vital social cognition process, empathy has scarcely been studied in schizophrenia (SZ). We used event-related potentials (ERPs) to study the temporal dynamics of empathic response in 19 patients with SZ and 18 matched healthy controls (HC) using an empathy for physical pain paradigm. Participants responded to pictures of hands in neutral and painful situations in an active empathic condition and one manipulated by task demands. Additionally, subjective ratings of the stimuli and empathic self-reports were collected. People with SZ had (1) decreased early-emotional ERP responses to pictures of others in pain; (2) decreased modulation by attention of late-cognitive ERP responses; (3) lower ratings of perspective taking and higher ratings of personal distress which were both related to decreased modulation of late-cognitive empathic responses; (4) a significant relationship between high affective overlap between somebody else's pain and their own pain and decreased modulation of late-cognitive empathic responses; (5) a distinct relationship between regulatory deficits in late-cognitive empathy and functioning. Patients had present but reduced early and late empathy-related ERPs. Patients also reported increased personal distress when faced with distress in others. The late ERP responses are thought to be associated with self-regulation and response modulation. The magnitude of these late responses was inversely associated with reported levels of personal distress in both patients and controls. Additionally, regulatory deficits in cognitive empathy were highly related with deficits in functioning. Decreased ability to regulate one's own emotional engagement and response to emotions of others may be an important source of distress and dysfunction in social situations for patients with schizophrenia.
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Lin, Hung-Chu, and Josephine Janice. "Disengagement is as revealing as prosocial action for young children’s responding to strangers in distress: How personal distress and empathic concern come into play." International Journal of Behavioral Development 44, no. 6 (April 9, 2020): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025420912015.
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In a paradigm of simulated stranger distress designed to elicit empathic arousal, this study examined multiple elements of responding in 61 preschoolers. Disengagement from stranger distress was underscored in addition to prosocial responding. All children encountered a female adult stranger feigning stomach ache followed by an infant manikin emitting cry sound in a bassinet. Behaviors were coded for other-oriented behaviors, personal distress, and disengagement. In contrast to the traditional supposition, behaviors indicative of personal distress covaried positively with empathic concern and negatively with disengagement. The findings of multiple regression analysis demonstrated how empathic concern and personal distress jointly related to disengaging behaviors in children’s response to stranger distress.
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Colman, Douglas E., Tera D. Letzring, and Jeremy C. Biesanz. "Seeing and Feeling Your Way to Accurate Personality Judgments." Social Psychological and Personality Science 8, no. 7 (April 27, 2017): 806–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617691097.
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Empathy, the practice of taking and emotionally identifying with another’s point of view, is a skill that likely provides context to another’s behavior. Yet systematic research on its relation with accurate personality trait judgment is sparse. This study investigated this relation between one’s empathic response tendencies (perspective taking, empathic concern, fantasy, and personal distress) and the accuracy with which she or he makes judgments of others. Using four different samples ( N = 1,153), the tendency to perspective take ( ds = .23–.27) and show empathic concern ( ds = .28–.42) were all positively related meta-analytically to distinctive accuracy, normative accuracy, and the assumed similarity of trait judgments. However, the empathic tendencies for fantasy and personal distress showed more complex patterns of relation. These findings are discussed in relation to previous literature, and in particular, why it is reasonable for empathy to be related to the accuracy of trait judgments.
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Saguem, Bochra Nourhene, Zeineb Bouzaâbia, Amel Braham, and Selma Ben Nasr. "Empathic abilities and their mediators in Tunisian psychiatry trainees." Journal of Mental Health Training, Education and Practice 15, no. 6 (September 28, 2020): 317–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmhtep-05-2020-0033.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper was to assess empathy dimensions in Tunisian psychiatry trainees and to evaluate their relationship with relevant professional and extra-professional factors. Design/methodology/approach An online questionnaire survey was administered to the psychiatry trainees affiliated in the four faculties of medicine of Tunisia (n = 120). It comprised, in addition to sociodemographic and professional variables, the interpersonal reactivity index, a multidimensional instrument that evaluates perspective taking, empathic concern, personal distress and fantasy. Other self-report measures were used to assess emotion regulation, social support and self-efficacy. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Findings The response rate was 71%. Descriptive statistics showed that personal distress’ scores were lower than the other empathy dimensions’ scores. Perspective taking scores were negatively correlated with emotion regulation difficulties. Personal distress scores were positively correlated with emotion regulation difficulties. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that being an only child significantly contributed to perspective taking and having an extra-professional activity significantly contributed to less personal distress. Perceived stress, social support and having a master’s degree were significant predictors for empathic concern. Self-efficacy was a significant predictor of perspective taking, with emotion regulation difficulties mediating this relationship. Practical implications Interventions dedicated to improve psychiatry trainees’ empathy should focus not only on clinical practice and medical education but also on emotional support and recovery activities. Originality/value A unique feature of this study is the investigation of the potential impacts of emotion regulation difficulties and perceived self-efficacy on empathic abilities of psychiatry trainees.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Empathic Personal Distress"
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Engelbrektsson, Hilda. "EMPATHIC DISTRESS : The Dark Side of Caring?" Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-18836.
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The current review aims to unravel what is known regarding the neural substrates of empathicdistress and compassion fatigue. Empathic distress is a self-oriented feeling of anxietyexperienced in response to the suffering of another. It has been related to, and theorized to bea precursor of, compassion fatigue. This is a form of caregiver burnout received by secondaryexposure to trauma. In the current thesis, Scopus, Web of Science and PsycINFO weresearched identifying 301 articles that were subsequently screened. In the end, five studieswere included that measured either empathic distress or compassion fatigue in relation tobrain structure or function. Findings are largely inconsistent but areas involved in theory ofmind and that are important for the self-other distinction are discussed. A need for moreresearch is identified, together with a desire for conceptual clarification between compassionfatigue and burnout.
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Nilsson, Felix, and Minelius David Lindsten. "Love to Help: The Roles of Compassion and Empathy in Regards to Altruism." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-83885.
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Unresolved global problems, such as extreme poverty, ask for a better understanding of what predicts altruism and what does not. The aim of this thesis project was to address this topical and timely research question by studying the predictive role of compassion and empathy in understanding altruism. In past research on the relationship between altruism and empathy, distinct empathic processes (Perspective taking, Empathic concern, Personal distress, Emotional contagion, and Behavioral contagion) have been often lumped together and the context dependency of the relationship has been insufficiently taken into account, resulting in confusion and contradictory findings. Compassion overcomes these issues. The present web-based survey with previous or current university students (age 18-45; N=240) aimed to clarify relationships between components of empathy, compassion, and altruism. It was hypothesized that (1) compassion would predict altruism beyond all components of empathy; (2) Empathic concern would mediate the relationship between Perspective taking and altruism; (3) compassion would mediate the relationship between Empathic concern and altruism, and (4) higher levels of compassion would result in a reduced negative relationship between Personal distress and altruism. The results supported all hypotheses except for the final one. These findings are discussed in context of previous research and theory, considering the current study limitations and with focus on theoretical and practical implications. In sum, the findings suggest that efforts to motivate altruism should focus on invoking positive emotions of warmth, concern, and relatability. Care should be taken to avoid unnecessary Personal distress when invoking altruism, as this reduces its likelihood.
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Persson, Madelene, and Hanna Ståhl. "”Älska din nästa så som dig själv” : Samband mellan empati och självkänsla." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-4801.
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En enkätundersökning genomfördes på 306 gymnasieelever. Syftet var att undersöka samband mellan empati/personal distress och bassjälvkänsla/förvärvad självkänsla. Studien visade att respondenter med hög förvärvad självkänsla har hög empati och personal distress. De med hög bassjälvkänsla känner mycket empati om den förvärvade självkänslan är hög. Respondenter med hög bassjälvkänsla och låg förvärvad känner dessutom lägre empati än de som har lågt i båda självkänslotyperna. De med hög bassjälvkänsla har låg personal distress. De kvinnliga respondenterna hade högst empati, personal distress och förvärvad självkänsla, medan de manliga hade högst bassjälvkänsla. Om det var självkänsla eller erfarenheten av att tidigare ha befunnit sig i en liknande situation som i studien väckte empati diskuteras.
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Muriithi, Paul Mutuanyingi. "A case for memory enhancement : ethical, social, legal, and policy implications for enhancing the memory." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-case-for-memory-enhancement-ethical-social-legal-and-policy-implications-for-enhancing-the-memory(bf11d09d-6326-49d2-8ef3-a40340471acf).html.
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The desire to enhance and make ourselves better is not a new one and it has continued to intrigue throughout the ages. Individuals have continued to seek ways to improve and enhance their well-being for example through nutrition, physical exercise, education and so on. Crucial to this improvement of their well-being is improving their ability to remember. Hence, people interested in improving their well-being, are often interested in memory as well. The rationale being that memory is crucial to our well-being. The desire to improve one’s memory then is almost certainly as old as the desire to improve one’s well-being. Traditionally, people have used different means in an attempt to enhance their memories: for example in learning through storytelling, studying, and apprenticeship. In remembering through practices like mnemonics, repetition, singing, and drumming. In retaining, storing and consolidating memories through nutrition and stimulants like coffee to help keep awake; and by external aids like notepads and computers. In forgetting through rituals and rites. Recent scientific advances in biotechnology, nanotechnology, molecular biology, neuroscience, and information technologies, present a wide variety of technologies to enhance many different aspects of human functioning. Thus, some commentators have identified human enhancement as central and one of the most fascinating subject in bioethics in the last two decades. Within, this period, most of the commentators have addressed the Ethical, Social, Legal and Policy (ESLP) issues in human enhancements as a whole as opposed to specific enhancements. However, this is problematic and recently various commentators have found this to be deficient and called for a contextualized case-by-case analysis to human enhancements for example genetic enhancement, moral enhancement, and in my case memory enhancement (ME). The rationale being that the reasons for accepting/rejecting a particular enhancement vary depending on the enhancement itself. Given this enormous variation, moral and legal generalizations about all enhancement processes and technologies are unwise and they should instead be evaluated individually. Taking this as a point of departure, this research will focus specifically on making a case for ME and in doing so assessing the ESLP implications arising from ME. My analysis will draw on the already existing literature for and against enhancement, especially in part two of this thesis; but it will be novel in providing a much more in-depth analysis of ME. From this perspective, I will contribute to the ME debate through two reviews that address the question how we enhance the memory, and through four original papers discussed in part three of this thesis, where I examine and evaluate critically specific ESLP issues that arise with the use of ME. In the conclusion, I will amalgamate all my contribution to the ME debate and suggest the future direction for the ME debate.
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"Exploring the Link Between Sensitive Temperament and Depression: The Roles of Parenting Environment and Empathic Personal Distress." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.53886.
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abstract: This study investigated the relation between Sensory Processing Sensitivity (SPS) temperament and depression, and whether such a relation might be further influenced by the indirect effects of parenting environment and empathic personal distress. A moderated mediation model was proposed to explain the underlying relations among SPS, depression, parenting environment and empathic personal distress. That is, greater levels of SPS temperament might predict higher levels of empathic personal distress, which then leads to increasing likelihood of experiencing depression. Moreover, it was predicted that this mediation relation might be significantly stronger under a less positive parenting context. The present study recruited 661 participants from a U.S. university and implemented questionnaires in an online survey. There was a significant main effect of SPS temperament in predicting empathic personal distress and depression, such that the more sensitive individuals reported higher empathic personal distress and depression. There also was a significant main effect of parenting environment on depression, where more positive parenting was associated with less depression. Empathic personal distress was found to partially mediate the relation between SPS and depression. That is, the association between SPS and depression could be partially explained by empathic personal distress. However, parenting environment did not moderate the main effect of SPS temperament on depression, the main effect of SPS on empathic personal distress, or the mediation model.Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Psychology 2019
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Pedro, Virginia Maria Ramos. "To what extent does empathy in leadership effect employee wellbeing?" Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/19740.
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In an organizational context, emotions are a fundamental feature of social architecture, especially in relationships with others, team management, and decision making. It is an environment full of emotions, in which leaders must be able to understand and know how to manage the emotions of their team members without compromising the performance of their organization. Empathy - creating interpersonal relationships and bonds between people - is critical to strengthening the relationship between leaders and their teams, building the foundation for effective leadership in the well-being of organizations. Assuming that empathy might have both positive and negative outcomes, the aim of the present study is to inspect the outcomes of the leader’s empathy, and contribute to understanding what is the right balance for empathy in leadership. The study was conducted among business workers in the Portuguese market. From a total of 279 participants invited to respond to an online survey, only 184 returned valid surveys. The final sample was gender balanced (males 51.9%) with ages ranging from 20 to 65 years old (M = 41.4, SD = 11.09); respondents have a degree or higher level of education (83.2%) and organizational tenure ranging from 1 year to more than 20 years, with the median set in the 6 to 10 years tenure. The study findings indicate that leaders stir up emotions, both positive and negative and that there is a strong association between leaders’ empathy and emotions whereby the former acts as mediator; the generated negative emotions, in turn, stir up negative markers of employees’ well-being.Em contexto organizacional, as emoções são uma característica fundamental da arquitetura social, especialmente no relacionamento com outras pessoas, na gestão das equipas e na tomada de decisão. É um ambiente cheio de emoções, no qual os líderes devem ser capazes de compreender e saber como gerir as emoções dos membros das suas equipas sem comprometer o desempenho da sua organização. A empatia – considerada como uma emoção que cria relações interpessoais e laços entre as pessoas - é fundamental para fortalecer o relacionamento entre os líderes e as suas equipas, construindo a base para uma liderança eficaz no bem-estar das organizações. Pressupondo que a empatia pode ter resultados positivos e negativos, o objetivo do presente estudo é inspecionar os resultados da empatia do líder e contribuir para perceber qual é o equilíbrio certo para a empatia na liderança. O estudo foi realizado com pessoas que trabalham no mercado português. De um total de 279 participantes convidados a responder ao questionário on-line, obtivemos 184 pesquisas válidas. A amostra final foi equilibrada, em termos, de género (homens 51,9%), com idades compreendidas entre 20 a 65 anos (M = 41,4, DP = 11,09); os entrevistados possuem um nível de escolaridade superior (83,2%) e uma antiguidade que varia entre 1 ano a mais de 20 anos, com uma mediana situada entre 6 a 10 anos. Os resultados do estudo indicam que os líderes mexem com as emoções das suas equipas, positivas e negativas, e que existe uma forte associação entre a empatia dos líderes e as emoções, em que, o líder atua como mediador; as emoções negativas geradas, por sua vez, despertam marcadores negativos no bem-estar dos colaboradores.
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"Predicting Empathy-Related Responding and Prosocial Behavior from Dispositional Sadness and Effortful Control." Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.14572.
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abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine whether dispositional sadness predicted children's prosocial behavior, and whether empathy-related responding (i.e., sympathy, personal distress) mediated this relation. It was hypothesized that children who were dispositionally sad, but well-regulated (i.e., moderate to high in effortful control), would experience sympathy versus personal distress, and thus would engage in more prosocial behaviors than children who were not well-regulated. Constructs were measured across three time points, when children were 18-, 30-, and 42-months old. In addition, early effortful control (at 18 months) was investigated as a potential moderator of the relation between dispositional sadness and empathy-related responding. Separate path models were computed for sadness predicting prosocial behavior with (1) sympathy and (2) personal distress as the mediator. In path analysis, sadness was found to be a positive predictor of sympathy across time. There was not a significant mediated effect of sympathy on the relation between sadness and prosocial behavior (both reported and observed). In path models with personal distress, sadness was not a significant predictor of personal distress, and personal distress was not a significant predictor of prosocial behavior (therefore, mediation analyses were not pursued). The moderated effect of effortful control was significant for the relation between 18-month sadness and 30-month sympathy; contrary to expectation, sadness was a significant, positive predictor of sympathy only for children who had average and low levels of effortful control (children high in effortful control were high in sympathy regardless of level of sadness). There was no significant moderated effect of effortful control on the path from sadness to personal distress. Findings are discussed in terms of the role of sadness in empathy-related responding and prosocial behavior as well as the dual role of effortful control and sadness in predicting empathy-related responding.Dissertation/Thesis
M.A. Psychology 2012
Books on the topic "Empathic Personal Distress"
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Eisenberg, Nancy, Tracy L. Spinrad, and Amanda S. Morris. Prosocial Development. Edited by Philip David Zelazo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.013.0013.
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In this chapter, we distinguish between different forms of empathy-related responding (i.e., empathy, sympathy, personal distress) and prosocial behavior. The capacity for empathy and sympathy emerges in the early years of life and generally increases with age across childhood. Individual differences in sympathy and prosocial behavior covary, and both tend to be fairly stable across time. Prosocial tendencies are related to prosocial moral reasoning, social competence, self-regulation, and low aggression/externalizing problems. Although individual differences in prosocial and empathic/sympathetic responding are partly due to heredity, environmental factors are also associated with such differences. Authoritative, supportive parenting involving modeling, reasoning, and practices that help children to understand others’ internal states has been associated with higher levels of prosocial behavior. Moreover, securely attached children tend to be prosocial. In addition, peers and siblings can encourage, reinforce, and model prosocial behavior. School interventions, as well as experience with volunteering, appear to affect the degree to which children are sympathetic and engage in prosocial behavior.
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Batson, C. Daniel. The Pleasure of Empathic Joy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190651374.003.0008.
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Kyle Smith, Jack Keating, and Ezra Stotland proposed the empathic–joy hypothesis, which claims that people feeling empathic concern help to get the pleasure of sharing vicariously in the joy that the target of empathy feels when his or her need is removed. They predicted that if those feeling high empathy for a person in need don’t anticipate feeling empathic joy, they will help no more than those feeling low empathy. Smith and colleagues conducted an experiment to test this prediction and claimed support. However, this claim relied on turning away from their experimental manipulation of empathy to a (probably inappropriate) assessment of self-reported empathic concern minus distress. Three additional experiments conducted to test the empathic–joy hypothesis found no support. Results instead consistently patterned as predicted by the empathy–altruism hypothesis. Again, it seemed time to accept the altruism hypothesis, but again acceptance was premature. Others researchers suggested three new possibilities.
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Spinrad, Tracy L., and Nancy Eisenberg. Compassion in Children. Edited by Emma M. Seppälä, Emiliana Simon-Thomas, Stephanie L. Brown, Monica C. Worline, C. Daryl Cameron, and James R. Doty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464684.013.5.
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Developmental psychologists have been increasingly interested in studying children’s “prosocial behavior,” defined as voluntary acts to benefit another. We begin this chapter by differentiating between empathy, sympathy, and personal distress reactions, arguing that compassion overlaps considerably with the construct of sympathy. Next, we focus on the normative development of children’s prosocial behavior and children’s empathy-related responses. Our empirical work also is reviewed, highlighting the differential associations of empathy, sympathy, and personal distress with children’s prosocial behavior. In addition, we discuss our work examining both dispositional and socialization factors that predict individual differences in children’s concern for others. We conclude by urging researchers to consider nuances in compassionate behaviors, such as studying the recipients of prosocial actions and different types of prosocial behaviors.
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Philip, Jennifer, and David W. Kissane. Responding to difficult emotions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0015.
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Patient distress can be acute or enduring, and contribute to the experience of a challenging consultation. Difficult emotions could include anger, resentment, morbid fear, intense grief, despair, or demoralization. A narrative approach is recommended involving active listening to the story, empathic acknowledgement of the emotions expressed, involvement of experienced clinicians, and reframing of the experience constructively to enable symptom relief and containment of the distress. When suffering persists, its further acknowledgement is warranted with efforts to promote adaptation and coping by exploration of the person and their life, sources of meaning, value and worth, and affirmation of these in the ill person. Role play in communication skills training involves the practice of a variety of empathic responses. Clinical scenarios for these difficult situations are provided in this chapter.
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Baum, Nehami. Mental Health Professionals Working in a Shared Traumatic Reality. Edited by Sara Maltzman. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199739134.013.46.
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Professionals working in a shared traumatic reality—that is, in a disaster in their home community—are doubly exposed: both as individuals who experienced the disaster at first hand and as professionals who treat people traumatized by it. This chapter opens with a discussion of the development of the concept of “shared traumatic reality” and a presentation of the five key features of professionals’ double exposure: intrusive anxiety, lapses of empathy, immersion in professional role, role expansion, and changes in place and time of work. It then presents the findings of studies of Israeli mental health professionals who lived and worked near the Gaza border during the 2009 Gaza War. The findings of the quantitative study of 63 professionals, highlight the unique contribution that lapses of empathy made to the professionals’ distress and that their immersion in their professional role made to their personal growth. The qualitative study presents two cases, one of an emergency worker, the other of a clinician in the course of ongoing work, both of whom were confronted with the need to choose between attending to their children or to their clients. The cases convey something of the process by which the choice was made and the professionals’ feelings about their choice afterwards. They suggest that some of the widespread distress reported by professionals working in the wake of communal disasters derives not solely from exposure to their clients’ traumatic experience or even from their primary exposure to the disaster, but from their conflict of roles and loyalties.
Book chapters on the topic "Empathic Personal Distress"
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Eisenberg, Nancy, and Natalie D. Eggum. "Empathic Responding: Sympathy and Personal Distress." In The Social Neuroscience of Empathy, 71–84. The MIT Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262012973.003.0007.
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Wong, Agnes M. F. "What Are the Obstacles to Compassion?" In The Art and Science of Compassion, A Primer, 89–112. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197551387.003.0006.
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In this chapter, the author examines the obstacles that impede the flow of compassion in three directions: for others, from others, and from self. Obstacles to compassion for others include insecure attachment style, personal identity, self-interests, social dominance orientation, moral judgment, confusing compassion with submissiveness or weakness, empathy fatigue, time pressure, and scale of suffering (including psychophysical numbing, pseudo-inefficacy, and prominence effect). Obstacles to receiving compassion from others include activation of grief responses, perceived weakness, and vulnerability. The author also looks at what inner compassion is and how self-criticism hinders it. Finally, the author also discusses the barriers to compassion that are unique to the healthcare environment, including self-recrimination and self-neglect, empathic distress and empathy fatigue, moral suffering, bullying, burnout, medical culture, and cognitive scarcity.
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Decety, Jean, and Claus Lamm. "Empathy versus Personal Distress: Recent Evidence from Social Neuroscience." In The Social Neuroscience of Empathy, 199–214. The MIT Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262012973.003.0016.
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Ozdemir Oktem, Ece, and Seyda Cankaya. "Empathy for Pain." In Pain Management - Practices, Novel Therapies and Bioactives. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95276.
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Empathy is essential for being human for understanding and sharing other people’s affective and mood, including pain. Pain empathy is a mental ability that allows one person to understand another person’s pain and how to respond to that person effectively. The same neural structures as pain and empathy have recently been found to be involved in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. When someone witnesses other’s pain, besides the visual cortex, various parts of the nervous system activate, including the neural network of empathy. Empathy includes not only pain but also other emotions, such as anger, sadness, fear, distress. These findings raised beg the question of whether empathy for pain is unique in its neural correlates. It is essential to know for revealing empathy is a specific context or in a state of chronic pain, depression or anxiety disorders. Because of this, pain empathy has been the central focus of empathy research in social neuroscience and other related fields, highlighting the importance of empathy for pain in daily life. Considering how pain plays a crucial role in the quality of life, determining its network and neurocognitive correlations in the empathy processing may provide a novel therapeutic approach for pain management. This area, which is still under investigation, can provide new information about pain. Under the recent studies and hypothesis, we have aimed to clarify the term of pain empathy, its components, and its neural correlates.