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Delgado, Naira, Helena Bonache, Moisés Betancort, Yurena Morera, and Lasana T. Harris. "Understanding the Links between Inferring Mental States, Empathy, and Burnout in Medical Contexts." Healthcare 9, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9020158.
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It is generally accepted that empathy should be the basis of patient care. However, this ideal may be unrealistic if healthcare professionals suffer adverse effects when engaging in empathy. The aim of this study is to explore the effect of inferring mental states and different components of empathy (perspective-taking; empathic concern; personal distress) in burnout dimensions (emotional exhaustion; depersonalization; personal accomplishment). A total of 184 healthcare professionals participated in the study (23% male, Mage = 44.60; SD = 10.46). We measured participants’ empathy, the inference of mental states of patients, and burnout. Correlation analyses showed that inferring mental states was positively associated with perspective-taking and with empathic concern, but uncorrelated with personal distress. Furthermore, emotional exhaustion was related to greater levels of personal distress and greater levels of inferences of mental states. Depersonalization was associated with greater levels of personal distress and lower levels of empathic concern. Personal accomplishment was associated with the inference of mental states in patients, lower levels of personal distress, and perspective-taking. These results provide a better understanding of how different components of empathy and mental state inferences may preserve or promote healthcare professionals’ burnout.
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Wise, Pamela Sharratt, and Stanley H. Cramer. "Correlates of Empathy and Cognitive Style in Early Adolescence." Psychological Reports 63, no. 1 (August 1988): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.63.1.179.
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This research examined the correlations among cognitive style, empathic traits, and other variables such as age, sex, grade, school ability, birth order, and school-related achievement, identified from previous empathy and cognitive-style research. Subjects were 840 seventh and eighth grade students. The Hogan Empathy Scale measured empathic disposition globally, while the Interpersonal Reactivity Index measured dimensional traits of empathic concern, personal distress, perspective taking, and fantasy. Cognitive style was assessed on the Group Embedded Figures Test. No significant correlation appeared between empathy and cognitive style as measured by this instrument. Two empathy factors were identified, a general empathic factor and a withdrawn personal distress factor. Correlations with the other variables are presented and discussed.
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Chung, Winnie, Sherilynn Chan, and Tracy G. Cassels. "The Role of Culture in Affective Empathy: Cultural and Bicultural Differences." Journal of Cognition and Culture 10, no. 3-4 (2010): 309–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853710x531203.
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AbstractEmpathy is essential for healthy relationships and overall well-being. Affective empathy is the emotional response to others’ distress and can take two forms: personal distress or empathic concern. In Western cultures, high empathic concern and low personal distress have been implicated in increased prosocial behaviour (e.g., Eisenberg et al., 1989) and better emotion management and peer relations (e.g., Eisenberg and Fabes, 1998). Various factors have been examined with respect to affective empathy, but the role of culture has received little attention. Previous work suggests that children from East Asian cultures compared to those from Western cultures experience greater personal distress and less empathic concern (e.g., Trommsdorff, 1995), but no work has specifically examined these differences in adolescents or individuals who identify as ‘bicultural’. The current research examines cultural differences in affective empathy using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (Davis, 1980) in an adolescent and young adult sample (n=190) and examines how empathy relates to social-emotional health in bicultural individuals. Consistent with research on children, East Asian adolescents reported greater personal distress and less empathic concern than their Western counterparts. The bicultural individuals’ scores fell in between the East Asian and Western groups, but revealed significant differences from their ‘uni-cultural’ peers, demonstrating shared influences of community and family. Importantly, however, the relationship between affective empathy and social-emotional health in bicultural individuals was the same as for Western individuals. The current results provide an important first step in understanding the different cultural influences on empathic responding in a previously understudied population ‐ bicultural individuals.
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Song, Yeoungsuk. "Clinical Practice Stress and Burnout in Nursing Students: The Mediating Effect of Empathy." Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education 24, no. 4 (November 30, 2018): 406–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5977/jkasne.2018.24.4.406.
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Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to examine the relationships between clinical practice stress and burnout, and the mediating role of empathy in nursing students. Methods: A cross-sectional research design was employed. One hundred seventeen nursing students completed questionnaires on clinical practice stress, empathy (perspective-taking, fantasy, empathic concern and personal distress) and burnout in December 2017. IBM SPSS Statistics 23 was used and descriptive statistics, frequency, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression were conducted. Baron & Kenny method and Sobel test were adopted for analysis of the mediation effect (personal distress of empathy). Results: The mean scores of clinical practice stress and burnout were 3.45 and 43.09, and perspective-taking, fantasy, empathic concern and personal distress of empathy were 2.67, 2.42, 2.64 and 2.19, respectively. The highest relationship between clinical practice stress and empathy was personal distress of empathy (r=.32, p<.001). Burnout was positively associated with clinical practice stress and personal distress of empathy (r=.22, p=.015; r=.51, p<.001). Personal distress of empathy demonstrated a complete mediating effect on the relationship between clinical practice stress and burnout (Z=3.22, p=.001). Conclusion: These results showed that decreasing personal distress of empathy is important for nursing students, and may help in reducing clinical practice stress and burnout.
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Maibom, Heidi L. "Empathy and Emotion Regulation." Philosophical Topics 47, no. 2 (2019): 149–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtopics201947220.
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In this paper, I evaluate one of the most prominent accounts of how emotion regulation features in empathy. According to this account, by Nancy Eisenberg and colleagues, empathy develops into either personal distress or sympathy depending on the ability to regulate one’s empathic distress. I argue that recent evidence suggests (1) that empathic distress and sympathy co-occur throughout the empathic episode, (2) that a certain degree of empathic distress may be necessary for prosocial motivation, as high emotion regulation leads to loss of this motivation, and (3) that emotion regulation is not an unmitigated good since much of it is achieved by dehumanizing the sufferer or minimizing her pain. A fertile ground for further research, I suggest, is the role of up-regulation of sympathy.
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Tone, Erin B., and Erin C. Tully. "Empathy as a “risky strength”: A multilevel examination of empathy and risk for internalizing disorders." Development and Psychopathology 26, no. 4pt2 (November 2014): 1547–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579414001199.
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AbstractLearning to respond to others' distress with well-regulated empathy is an important developmental task linked to positive health outcomes and moral achievements. However, this important interpersonal skill set may also confer risk for depression and anxiety when present at extreme levels and in combination with certain individual characteristics or within particular contexts. The purpose of this review is to describe an empirically grounded theoretical rationale for the hypothesis that empathic tendencies can be “risky strengths.” We propose a model in which typical development of affective and cognitive empathy can be influenced by complex interplay among intraindividual and interindividual moderators that increase risk for empathic personal distress and excessive interpersonal guilt. These intermediate states in turn precipitate internalizing problems that map onto empirically derived fear/arousal and anhedonia/misery subfactors of internalizing disorders. The intraindividual moderators include a genetically influenced propensity toward physiological hyperarousal, which is proposed to interact with genetic propensity to empathic sensitivity to contribute to neurobiological processes that underlie personal distress responses to others' pain or unhappiness. This empathic personal distress then increases risk for internalizing problems, particularly fear/arousal symptoms. In a similar fashion, interactions between genetic propensities toward negative thinking processes and empathic sensitivity are hypothesized to contribute to excess interpersonal guilt in response to others' distress. This interpersonal guilt then increases the risk for internalizing problems, especially anhedonia/misery symptoms. Interindividual moderators, such as maladaptive parenting or chronic exposure to parents' negative affect, further interact with these genetic liabilities to amplify risk for personal distress and interpersonal guilt as well as for consequent internalizing problems. Age-related increases in the heritability of depression, anxiety, and empathy-related constructs are consistent with developmental shifts toward greater influence of intraindividual moderators throughout childhood and adolescence, with interindividual moderators exerting their greatest influence during early childhood. Efforts to modulate neurobiological and behavioral expressions of genetic dysregulation liabilities and to promote adaptive empathic skills must thus begin early in development.
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Corbera, S., S. Ikezawa, M. D. Bell, and B. E. Wexler. "Physiological evidence of a deficit to enhance the empathic response in schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 29, no. 8 (October 2014): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.01.005.
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AbstractEmpathy is crucial for maintaining effective social interactions. Research has identified both an early-emotional sharing and a late-cognitive component of empathy. Although considered a functionally vital social cognition process, empathy has scarcely been studied in schizophrenia (SZ). We used event-related potentials (ERPs) to study the temporal dynamics of empathic response in 19 patients with SZ and 18 matched healthy controls (HC) using an empathy for physical pain paradigm. Participants responded to pictures of hands in neutral and painful situations in an active empathic condition and one manipulated by task demands. Additionally, subjective ratings of the stimuli and empathic self-reports were collected. People with SZ had (1) decreased early-emotional ERP responses to pictures of others in pain; (2) decreased modulation by attention of late-cognitive ERP responses; (3) lower ratings of perspective taking and higher ratings of personal distress which were both related to decreased modulation of late-cognitive empathic responses; (4) a significant relationship between high affective overlap between somebody else's pain and their own pain and decreased modulation of late-cognitive empathic responses; (5) a distinct relationship between regulatory deficits in late-cognitive empathy and functioning. Patients had present but reduced early and late empathy-related ERPs. Patients also reported increased personal distress when faced with distress in others. The late ERP responses are thought to be associated with self-regulation and response modulation. The magnitude of these late responses was inversely associated with reported levels of personal distress in both patients and controls. Additionally, regulatory deficits in cognitive empathy were highly related with deficits in functioning. Decreased ability to regulate one's own emotional engagement and response to emotions of others may be an important source of distress and dysfunction in social situations for patients with schizophrenia.
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Lin, Hung-Chu, and Josephine Janice. "Disengagement is as revealing as prosocial action for young children’s responding to strangers in distress: How personal distress and empathic concern come into play." International Journal of Behavioral Development 44, no. 6 (April 9, 2020): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025420912015.
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In a paradigm of simulated stranger distress designed to elicit empathic arousal, this study examined multiple elements of responding in 61 preschoolers. Disengagement from stranger distress was underscored in addition to prosocial responding. All children encountered a female adult stranger feigning stomach ache followed by an infant manikin emitting cry sound in a bassinet. Behaviors were coded for other-oriented behaviors, personal distress, and disengagement. In contrast to the traditional supposition, behaviors indicative of personal distress covaried positively with empathic concern and negatively with disengagement. The findings of multiple regression analysis demonstrated how empathic concern and personal distress jointly related to disengaging behaviors in children’s response to stranger distress.
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Colman, Douglas E., Tera D. Letzring, and Jeremy C. Biesanz. "Seeing and Feeling Your Way to Accurate Personality Judgments." Social Psychological and Personality Science 8, no. 7 (April 27, 2017): 806–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617691097.
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Empathy, the practice of taking and emotionally identifying with another’s point of view, is a skill that likely provides context to another’s behavior. Yet systematic research on its relation with accurate personality trait judgment is sparse. This study investigated this relation between one’s empathic response tendencies (perspective taking, empathic concern, fantasy, and personal distress) and the accuracy with which she or he makes judgments of others. Using four different samples ( N = 1,153), the tendency to perspective take ( ds = .23–.27) and show empathic concern ( ds = .28–.42) were all positively related meta-analytically to distinctive accuracy, normative accuracy, and the assumed similarity of trait judgments. However, the empathic tendencies for fantasy and personal distress showed more complex patterns of relation. These findings are discussed in relation to previous literature, and in particular, why it is reasonable for empathy to be related to the accuracy of trait judgments.
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Saguem, Bochra Nourhene, Zeineb Bouzaâbia, Amel Braham, and Selma Ben Nasr. "Empathic abilities and their mediators in Tunisian psychiatry trainees." Journal of Mental Health Training, Education and Practice 15, no. 6 (September 28, 2020): 317–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmhtep-05-2020-0033.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper was to assess empathy dimensions in Tunisian psychiatry trainees and to evaluate their relationship with relevant professional and extra-professional factors. Design/methodology/approach An online questionnaire survey was administered to the psychiatry trainees affiliated in the four faculties of medicine of Tunisia (n = 120). It comprised, in addition to sociodemographic and professional variables, the interpersonal reactivity index, a multidimensional instrument that evaluates perspective taking, empathic concern, personal distress and fantasy. Other self-report measures were used to assess emotion regulation, social support and self-efficacy. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Findings The response rate was 71%. Descriptive statistics showed that personal distress’ scores were lower than the other empathy dimensions’ scores. Perspective taking scores were negatively correlated with emotion regulation difficulties. Personal distress scores were positively correlated with emotion regulation difficulties. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that being an only child significantly contributed to perspective taking and having an extra-professional activity significantly contributed to less personal distress. Perceived stress, social support and having a master’s degree were significant predictors for empathic concern. Self-efficacy was a significant predictor of perspective taking, with emotion regulation difficulties mediating this relationship. Practical implications Interventions dedicated to improve psychiatry trainees’ empathy should focus not only on clinical practice and medical education but also on emotional support and recovery activities. Originality/value A unique feature of this study is the investigation of the potential impacts of emotion regulation difficulties and perceived self-efficacy on empathic abilities of psychiatry trainees.
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Łada, Ariadna B., and Maria Kaźmierczak. "Negative arousability and relationship satisfaction: The mediating role of empathy." Roczniki Psychologiczne 22, no. 1 (November 19, 2019): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rpsych.2019.22.1-5.
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Temperamental traits and empathy are both associated with emotional regulation; they thus shape both the quality of an individual’s life and the functioning of his or her social relationships. However, the mediating effects of emotional empathy in the relationship between temperamental characteristics and relationship satisfaction have not been closely analyzed and therefore require further study. This study examined the effects of temperamental arousability – global negative arousability and its components (fear, sadness, discomfort, frustration) – on emotional empathy and, consequently, on relationship satisfaction. One hundred and fifty young adults (104 women, 46 men) aged 20 to 35 participated in the study. The participants had been in romantic relationships for at least six months. The study used a sociodemographic survey and a set of questionnaires which included the Adult Temperament Questionnaire – Short Form, the Empathic Sensitiveness Scale and the RELAT Questionnaire. The results showed that empathic concern fully mediated the relationship between global negative arousability and relationship satisfaction. Furthermore, the effects of fear and sadness on relationship satisfaction were fully mediated by empathic concern and personal distress. Additionally, personal distress fully mediated the relationship between discomfort and relationship satisfaction. Neither empathic concern nor personal distress were mediators in the relationship between frustration and relationship satisfaction. It can therefore be concluded that although partners who exhibit higher global negative arousability report lower relationship satisfaction, they might become more satisfied when being more compassionate and caring towards others.
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Karyagina, T. D., and M. A. Pridachuk. "Empathically Caused Distress And The Possibilities Of Its Diagnostics." Консультативная психология и психотерапия 25, no. 2 (2017): 8–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2017250202.
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The article deals with theoretical questions and empirical studies related to empathically caused distress. Empathic distress is seen as the result of the functional mecha- nisms of empathy, and the transformation of the experience of this distress, in fact, is a productive development of empathy as the understanding, relation, and prosocial behavior motivator. Neuroscientific data about the nature and pathological development of personal distress are considered. Differentiation is made between the con- cepts of empathically caused distress, personal distress, empathically caused parallel feelings, and empathically caused reactive feelings. The possibilities and limitations of personal distress scale (from Interpersonal Reactivity Index by M. Davis) and the results of studies with its use are analysed. Data concerning the connection of personal distress and indicators of emotional intelligence, features of psychological defence mechanisms and coping strategies, personality factors of personal distress are presented. The authors express their gratitude to Isaeva M.A., Ananko K.D. — graduates of the Faculty of Counseling and Clinical Psychology of the Moscow State University of Psy- chology and Education for their assistance in collecting and analyzing research data.
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Jeon, Jaehee, and Seunghye Choi. "Factors Influencing Patient-Centeredness among Korean Nursing Students: Empathy and Communication Self-Efficacy." Healthcare 9, no. 6 (June 12, 2021): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9060727.
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In recent years, there is a growing tendency in the extent to which patients wish to be actively involved in processes related to their healthcare and relevant decision-making. This was a cross sectional study. We examined undergraduate nursing students’ patient-centeredness and investigated its associated factors including empathy and communication self-efficacy using a structured questionnaire. A total of 201 undergraduate nursing students who provided written consent to participate in the study completed measures on patient-centeredness (sharing and caring), empathy (fantasy, perspective taking, personal distress, and empathic concern), and communication self-efficacy. The factors affecting patient-centeredness were analyzed using multiple regression. Communication self-efficacy affected patient-centered sharing, while age, empathy (fantasy, personal distress, empathic concern), and communication self-efficacy affected patient-centered caring. Empathy and communication self-efficacy positively affected patient-centeredness. Therefore, strategies that promote empathy and communication self-efficacy are needed to increase patient-centered care competency.
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Brewer, Rebecca, Richard Cook, Valentina Cardi, Janet Treasure, Caroline Catmur, and Geoffrey Bird. "Alexithymia explains increased empathic personal distress in individuals with and without eating disorders." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 7 (December 4, 2018): 1827–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818816051.
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It is often assumed that empathy impairments are common in individuals with eating disorders (EDs), but empirical work has been limited and produced mixed results, making the clinical features and treatment needs of this population difficult to determine. Alexithymia, characterised by difficulties identifying and describing one’s own emotions, frequently co-occurs with EDs and is associated with atypical recognition of, and empathy for, others’ emotions. This study used an existing empathy for pain paradigm to determine whether atypical empathy in EDs stems from co-occurring alexithymia, rather than EDs per se. Empathy (specifically personal distress in response to others’ pain) was assessed in individuals with EDs ( N = 21) and an alexithymia-matched control group ( N = 22). Participants were simultaneously members of a high alexithymia ( N = 16) or low alexithymia ( N = 27) group, allowing the independent contributions of alexithymia and EDs to be determined. Participants judged the laterality of hands and feet in painful and non-painful situations, and the degree of empathic interference on response times was measured. Results indicated that observation of painful stimuli affected task performance in those with high levels of alexithymia more than those with low levels, but no effect of ED diagnosis was observed. These findings suggest that co-occurring alexithymia explains increased empathic personal distress in ED populations. Atypical empathy may therefore not be a core feature of EDs, and interventions aimed at improving empathy-related social functioning may only be necessary for patients who also have alexithymia. These findings emphasise the importance of determining the influence of co-occurring alexithymia when assessing empathy in clinical populations.
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Tomei, Alexander, Jacques Besson, Nadia Reber, Ansgar Rougemont-Bücking, and Jeremy Grivel. "Personal distress and empathic concern in methadone-maintained patients." Journal of Substance Use 22, no. 1 (May 25, 2016): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14659891.2016.1140238.
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Kim, Hwan, and Sumi Han. "Does personal distress enhance empathic interaction or block it?" Personality and Individual Differences 124 (April 2018): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.12.005.
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Butovskaya, Marina L., Valentina N. Burkova, Ashley K. Randall, Silvia Donato, Julija N. Fedenok, Lauren Hocker, Kai M. Kline, et al. "Cross-Cultural Perspectives on the Role of Empathy during COVID-19’s First Wave." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (July 2, 2021): 7431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137431.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has spread throughout the world, and concerns about psychological, social, and economic consequences are growing rapidly. Individuals’ empathy-based reactions towards others may be an important resilience factor in the face of COVID-19. Self-report data from 15,375 participants across 23 countries were collected from May to August 2020 during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, this study examined different facets of empathy—Perspective-Taking, Empathic Concern, and Personal Distress, and their association with cross-cultural ratings on Individualism, Power Distance, The Human Development Index, Social Support Ranking, and the Infectious Disease Vulnerability Index, as well as the currently confirmed number of cases of COVID-19 at the time of data collection. The highest ratings on Perspective-Taking were obtained for USA, Brazil, Italy, Croatia, and Armenia (from maximum to minimum); on Empathetic Concern, for the USA, Brazil, Hungary, Italy, and Indonesia; and on Personal Distress, from Brazil, Turkey, Italy, Armenia, Indonesia. Results also present associations between demographic factors and empathy across countries. Limitations and future directions are presented.
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Karyagina, T. D., N. V. Kukhtova, N. I. Olifirovich, and L. G. Shermazanyan. "Professionalization Of Empathy And Predictors Of Helping Professionals’ Burnout." Консультативная психология и психотерапия 25, no. 2 (2017): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2017250203.
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The article presents the results of a study of empathy in connection with the severity of symptoms of burnout among nurses. To assess empathy we used Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) by M. Davis, to measure burnout level — Maslach Burnout Test (MBT). As a result of the regression analysis of the data, the main hypothesis of the study was confirmed: it is the level of personal distress as a phenomenon of empathy dysregulation that contributes to the development of symptoms of helping professionals’ burnout. “Positive” empathic processes (perspective taking, fantasy and empathic concern) could serve as a means of burnout prevention. Personal distress is seen in its relationship with alexithymia (measured by Toronto Alexithymia Scale TAS-20-R) and psychological mindedness (propensity to psychological thinking, measured by Psychological Mindedness Scale by H. Conte) as the characteris- tics that reflect emotional regulation and coping strategies. The work experience of nurses did not act as a predictor of burnout indicators. This article was prepared with the financial support of the Russian Foundation of Hu- manities (project № 15-26-01007) and Belarusian Republican Foundation for Fundamental Research (project №Г15Р-028), international project “Empathy development in socionomic (“helping”) professions”.
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Hall, Alice E., and Cheryl C. Bracken. "“I Really Liked That Movie”." Journal of Media Psychology 23, no. 2 (January 2011): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000036.
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The current study investigated the contributions of trait empathy and narrative transportation to audience members’ film enjoyment. Undergraduates (N = 199) evaluated two films they had seen recently and responded to items measuring different types of trait empathy, narrative transportation, film enjoyment, and perceived realism. Fantasy empathy, but not perspective taking, empathic concern, or personal distress, was found to be associated with narrative transportation. Transportation was found to be associated with enjoyment and perceived realism.
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Dittrich, Katja, Felix Bermpohl, Dorothea Kluczniok, Catherine Hindi Attar, Charlotte Jaite, Anna Fuchs, Corinne Neukel, et al. "Alterations of empathy in mothers with a history of early life maltreatment, depression, and borderline personality disorder and their effects on child psychopathology." Psychological Medicine 50, no. 7 (May 22, 2019): 1182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291719001107.
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AbstractBackgroundEarly life maltreatment (ELM), borderline personality disorder (BPD), and major depressive disorder (MDD) have been associated with empathy deficits in different domains. Lack of maternal empathy has also been related to child behavioral problems. As ELM, BPD, and MDD often co-occur, we aimed to identify dissociable effects on empathy due to these three factors. In addition, we aimed to investigate their indirect effects via empathy on child psychopathology.MethodsWe included 251 mothers with and without MDD (in remission), BPD and ELM and their children, aged 5–12. We used the Interpersonal Reactivity Index as a measure of empathy on four different dimensions (personal distress, empathic concern, perspective taking, and fantasy) and the Child Behavior Checklist as a measure of child psychopathology.ResultsHaving included all three factors (ELM, MDD, BPD) in one analysis, we found elevated personal distress in MDD and BPD, and lower levels of perspective-taking in BPD, but no effects from ELM on any empathy subscales. Furthermore, we found indirect effects from maternal BPD and MDD on child psychopathology, via maternal personal distress.ConclusionThe present study demonstrated the dissociable effects of maternal ELM, MDD, and BPD on empathy. Elevated personal distress in mothers with BPD and MDD may lead to higher levels of child psychopathology.
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Nietlisbach, Gabriela, Andreas Maercker, Wulf Rösler, and Helene Haker. "Are Empathic Abilities Impaired in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?" Psychological Reports 106, no. 3 (June 2010): 832–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.106.3.832-844.
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Trauma survivors with PTSD show social interaction and relationship impairments. It is hypothesized that traumatic experiences lead to known PTSD symptoms, empathic ability impairment, and difficulties in sharing affective, emotional, or cognitive states. A PTSD group ( N = 16) and a nontraumatized Control group ( N = 16) were compared on empathic abilities, namely the Empathic Resonance Test, Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, and Faux Pas Test. The Interpersonal Reactivity Index as a self-report measure of empathy and measures of nonsocial cognitive functions, namely the Verbal Fluency Test, the Five-Point Test, and the Stroop Test, were also administered. The PTSD group showed lower empathic resonance. No clear indications of other impairments in social cognitive functions were found. The PTSD group had significantly higher personal distress. Empathic resonance impairments did not correlate with subjective severity of PTSD symptomatology. This article discusses whether impaired empathic resonance in PTSD trauma survivors is a consequence of trauma itself or a protective coping strategy.
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Lupu, Valentin. "A Preliminary Study of Empathy in Romanian College Students." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 23, no. 2 (June 25, 2017): 312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2017-0134.
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KeywordsThe Interpersonal Reactivity Index is a self-report instrument used for assessing empathy. The theoretical model of empathy for IRI assumes that empathy is multidimensional in nature containing affective aspects (Empathic Concern and Personal Distress) and cognitive aspects (Perspective Taking and Fantasy). The objective of this study was to compare the level of empathy in Romanian college students to the level of empathy in American college students and to compare empathy in college students based on gender and field of study. The IRI was administered to a sample of 216 Romanian college students. We were interested only on Empathic Concern and Perspective Taking scales. The results revealed that Empathic Concern in Romanian college students is lower than in American college students, women score higher than men on the two scales used and students studying at humanities colleges have a higher Perspective Taking than students studying at science colleges. Our suggestion as a result of this study is to introduce more classes in the curriculum at the elementary school level to teach children empathy using diverse methods.
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Ozhiganova, Galina V. "Personal Spiritual-Moral Qualities and Empathy as Components of Higher Moral Capacities: Verification of the Relationship based on a Russian Sample." RUDN Journal of Psychology and Pedagogics 17, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 637–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1683-2020-17-4-637-655.
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For contemporary societies, psychological research on moral behaviour, moral manifestations and personality traits has acquired special relevance. In addition, the recent rise of positive psychology offers an important perspective on the study of spiritual-moral qualities (virtues), demonstrating the degree to which a persons happiness in life relates to high spiritual-moral guidelines. Various aspects of personal spirituality, morality and empathy are actively being studied by international scientists; however, in Russian psychology, studies on this topic are scarce. Utilizing a Russian sample, such a study, including the context of higher moral capacities, was conducted for the first time. The theoretical part of this article addresses the issues related to the higher moral capacities, providing definitions and indicating difference between moral capacities and moral abilities: higher moral capacities appropriately belong to the category of spiritual capacities. As part of higher moral capacities, the following components are distinguished: spiritual-moral qualities as a manifestation of a spiritual altruistic orientation and empathy as a manifestation of moral feelings associated with decentration, empathic feeling and empathic care. The relationship between these components is analysed in the empirical part of the article. The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between indicators of personal spiritual-moral qualities and empathy. The data for the study were collected and processed using The Spiritual Personality Inventory by A. Husain, M. Anas (adapted by G.V. Ozhiganova) and The Interpersonal Reactivity Index by M. Davis (adapted by N.A. Budagovskaya, S.V. Dubrovskaya and T.D. Karyagina). The empirical study involved 90 high school students (girls represented 56% of the sample). The results confirmed our hypothesis: a correlation analysis revealed a relationship between indicators of personal spiritual-moral qualities and empathy in three aspects: (1) cognitive (the Decentration scale), (2) affective (the Empathic Feeling scale) and (3) behavioural (the Empathic Care scale). No relationship was found with the Personal Distress scale reflecting non-spiritual, egocentric tendencies. These findings allow us to consider spiritual-moral qualities (related to a spiritual altruistic orientation) and empathy (disclosed as decentration, empathic feeling and empathic care) as components of higher moral capacities.
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Cittern, David, and Abbas Edalat. "A Neural Model of Empathic States in Attachment-Based Psychotherapy." Computational Psychiatry 1 (December 2017): 132–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/cpsy_a_00006.
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We build on a neuroanatomical model of how empathic states can motivate caregiving behavior, via empathy circuit-driven activation of regions in the hypothalamus and amygdala, which in turn stimulate a mesolimbic–ventral pallidum pathway, by integrating findings related to the perception of pain in self and others. On this basis, we propose a network to capture states of personal distress and (weak and strong forms of) empathic concern, which are particularly relevant for psychotherapists conducting attachment-based interventions. This model is then extended for the case of self-attachment therapy, in which conceptualized components of the self serve as both the source of and target for empathic resonance. In particular, we consider how states of empathic concern involving an other that is perceived as being closely related to the self might enhance the motivation for self-directed bonding (which in turn is proposed to lead the individual toward more compassionate states) in terms of medial prefrontal cortex–mediated activation of these caregiving pathways. We simulate our model computationally and discuss the interplay between the bonding and empathy protocols of the therapy.
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Medvedskaya, E. I., and E. V. Sheryagina. "Empathy And Professional Burnout Of Russian And Belarusian Teachers." Консультативная психология и психотерапия 25, no. 2 (2017): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2017250204.
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The paper presents the results of a cross-cultural study of empathy and professional burnout of Belarusian and Russian teachers. Interpersonal Reactivity Index by M. Davis (IRI) and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) were used. The absence of statistically significant differences in the level of empathy and burnout of teachers in a cross-cultural context was shown. Socio-economic features of the functioning of the two countries’ educational systems can explain non-significant trends of the cross-cultural differences in the severity of burnout symptoms. Both in the Russian and Belarusian sample the relationship between emotional exhaustion as a symptom of burnout and personal distress as a “negative” empathic phenomenon was found. Significant correlations between the severity of burnout and “positive” empathic phenomena (perspective taking, fantasy, empathic concern) have not been found. This paper was prepared with the financial support of joint project “Development of empathy in socionomic professions” by Russian Foundation for Humanities (grant No.15-26-01007) and Belarusian Republican Foundation for Fundamental Research (grant No. G15R-028).
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Fabi, Sarah, Lydia Anna Weber, and Hartmut Leuthold. "Empathic concern and personal distress depend on situational but not dispositional factors." PLOS ONE 14, no. 11 (November 14, 2019): e0225102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225102.
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Weber, Julia, and Marc-André Reinhard. "Be Empathic! The Influence of Empathy on Attitude Formation in the German Refugee Debate." International Journal of Psychological Studies 9, no. 1 (December 23, 2016): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v9n1p62.
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The study was conducted to investigate the elaboration and memorisation of the emotionally charged refugee debate with reference to the possible influences of empathic feelings, political attitude and mood. It was hypothesised that empathy towards refugees correlates positively with advanced elaboration and memorisation of the refugee debate. Participants’ personal empathy was assessed through a self-report questionnaire which differentiates between four distinct dimensions of empathy. Afterwards, participants listened to an interview with a politician from a German populist party about refugee policies concluding with a test about the content. As expected, the results revealed a positive correlation between the empathy dimensions’ Fantasy and Personal Distress and the correct answers of the open-ended question test. The Fantasy dimension of empathy was significantly correlated with the elaboration and memorisation of the extreme and populist positions in the refugee debate. Important practical implications as well as limitations of the study were discussed.
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Skinner, C., and P. Spurgeon. "Valuing empathy and emotional intelligence in health leadership: a study of empathy, leadership behaviour and outcome effectiveness." Health Services Management Research 18, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0951484053051924.
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This article examines the relationship between health managers' self-assessed empathy, their leadership behaviours as rated by their staff, and staff's personal ratings on a range of work satisfaction and related outcome measures. Empathy was conceived of as four distinct but related individual dispositions, namely empathic concern (EC), perspective taking (PT), personal distress (PD) and empathic matching (EM). Results showed three empathy scales (EC, PT and EM) were, as postulated, positively related to transformational behaviour (inspiring followers to achieve more than expected). The same three measures, also as expected, showed no relationship to transactional behaviour (motivating followers to achieve expected results) and were negatively associated with laissez-faire leadership (an absence of leadership style). Relationships between empathy scales and outcome measures were selective and moderate in size. Strongest empathy association was evident between the PT scale and most outcome measures. Conversely, the extra effort outcome appeared most sensitive to the range of empathy scales. Where significant relationships did exist between empathy and outcome, leadership behaviour was in all cases a perfect mediator. Whilst not denying the smaller dispositional effects on leadership outcomes, leadership behaviour itself, rather than individual traits such as empathy, appear to be major influencing factors in leadership effectiveness.
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Duñó, Rosó, Joan Carles Oliva, Adolf Tobeña, Diego Palao, and Javier Labad. "Religiosity and Psychotic Ideation in Stable Schizophrenia: A Role for Empathic Perspective-Taking." Behavioral Sciences 10, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs10020053.
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The relationship between religiosity and different components of empathy was explored in schizophrenia patients. A total of 81 stable schizophrenia patients and 95 controls from the nearby community completed self-reported questionnaires assessing religiosity and empathy (through the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, IRI). Patients with schizophrenia showed higher religiousness than controls and they presented less perspective-taking and empathic concern but increased personal distress in IRI scores. Regression analyses unveiled an association between religiosity and perspective-taking in schizophrenics after adjusting for age, gender, and psychotic symptoms. In conclusion, religiosity in patients with schizophrenia may be linked to variations in perspective- taking as a component of empathy.
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Bętkowska-Korpała, Barbara, Roksana Epa, Karolina Sikora-Zych, Katarzyna Olszewska-Turek, Anna Pastuszak-Draxler, Anna Rajtar-Zembaty, and Anna Starowicz-Filip. "Differences in personality related determinants of empathetic sensibility in female and male students of medicine." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 14, 2021): e0254458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254458.
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The issues of personality and its relations with the level of empathetic sensibility of medical doctors are broadly discussed in the literature. The aim of this study was an assessment of personality related predictors of empathy indicators in female and male students of medicine with consideration of gender differences. Methods applied were Empathic Sensitiveness Scale (ESS) and Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R). The study included 153 participants, who were students of the fifth year of medical studies. Students filled in questionnaires during workshops in clinical psychological skills. Participation in the study was voluntary and anonymous. The statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 13 PL and PS IMAGO PRO (SPSS). Linear regression analysis with the interaction component was performed to explore the relationship between personality factors and gender and their interaction with the variable dependent level of empathy. The analysis showed that Extraversion, Openness and Agreeableness are associated with the level of Empathic Concern. Neuroticism, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness are associated with the level of Personal Distress. Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness are associated with the level of Perspective-taking. The regression analysis with the interactive component showed that there is no relationship between gender and the level of empathy, therefore the interactions were insignificant. Empathetic sensibility is related to personality dimensions of the students of medicine. Although there has been no interaction among chief personality dimensions, empathy indicators and gender, detailed analysis of personality dimensions’ components has shown differences between men and women.
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Schaefer, Michael, Anja Kühnel, Franziska Rumpel, and Matti Gärtner. "Do Empathic Individuals Behave More Prosocially? Neural Correlates for Altruistic Behavior in the Dictator Game and the Dark Side of Empathy." Brain Sciences 11, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11070863.
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Do empathic individuals behave more prosocially? When we think of highly empathic individuals, we tend to assume that it is likely that those people will also help others. Most theories on empathy reflect this common understanding and claim that the personality trait empathy includes the willingness to help others, but it remains a matter of debate whether empathic individuals really help more. In economics, a prominent demonstration that our behavior is not always based on pure self-interest is the Dictator Game, which measures prosocial decisions in an allocation task. This economic game shows that we are willing to give money to strangers we do not know anything about. The present study aimed to test the relationship between dispositional empathy and prosocial acting by examining the neural underpinnings of prosocial behavior in the Dictator Game. Forty-one participants played different rounds of the Dictator Game while being scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Brain activation in the right temporoparietal junction area was associated with prosocial acting (number of prosocial decisions) and associated with empathic concern. Behavioral results demonstrated that empathic concern and personal distress predicted the number of prosocial decisions, but in a negative way. Correlations with the amount of money spent did not show any significant relationships. We discuss the results in terms of group-specific effects of affective empathy. Our results shed further light on the complex behavioral and neural mechanisms driving altruistic choices.
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Krause, Karlie A., Chelsie Smyth, and Kate L. Jansen. "Exploring the Effects of Violent Video Games on Healthcare Trainees." Simulation & Gaming 51, no. 5 (June 16, 2020): 653–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046878120932298.
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Background. The prevalence of video game play has continued to increase. Previous literature has suggested negative emotional consequences related to violent video game play, such as an increase in aggression and decrease in empathy. Healthcare providers require high levels of empathy to effectively work with patients. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of video games on empathy on a sample of graduate-level healthcare trainees. Methods. A sample of 81 students on a healthcare campus completed a 30-item survey assessing video game habits and empathy levels. Participants were then placed into two groups (violent and non-violent) based on the amount of video game violence they are exposed to. Results. The results revealed no differences between healthcare trainees on overall empathy. A follow-up analysis examining individual subscales that comprise the overall empathy score, indicated the violent video game players had lower scores on the Personal Distress scale. Conclusion. Findings suggest that healthcare trainees who play violent video games do not experience decreased Empathic Concern or Perspective Taking, compared to individuals who do not play violent games. However, healthcare trainees who play violent video games indicated lower levels of Personal Distress. Given the intensity in healthcare settings, findings suggest violent video game play may be adaptive to healthcare trainees, as lower personal distress can lead to better decision-making and potentially prevent burnout. Further research is necessary to determine the role of video game play in healthcare professionals.
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Yuan, Jing, and Daniel Grühn. "Who Wants to Be Alone? Antecedents of Motivation for Solitude in Adulthood." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 474–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1535.
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Abstract Objectives: As an inevitable part of daily life, solitude has both positive and negative consequences which are moderated by one’s motivation for solitude. Self-determined motivation correlates with few psychological risks, whereas other-determined motivation correlates with higher risks (e.g., loneliness, depression, lower well-being). However, little is known about the antecedents of different motivations for solitude. The purpose of this study is to investigate the antecedents of motivation for solitude in a sample with younger, middle-aged, and older adults. Methods: We recruited 468 participants from Amazon Mechanical Turk and Introduction to Psychology class (age range: 17-70, M = 30.7, 50.4 % females). Preference and motivation for solitude were measured with the Preference for Solitude Scale and Motivation for Solitude Scale-Short Form. Age, sex, marital status, education level, living arrangement, instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), civic engagement, social contact frequency, introversion, and empathy were measured as antecedents. Results: People with older age, higher empathy for fictional characters, lower personal distress, higher introversion, and females tended to have higher general preference for solitude. People with higher empathy for fictional characters tended to have higher self-determined motivation. People with higher empathy for fictional characters, lower empathic concern, higher personal distress, higher IADLs, and higher introversion were more likely to have higher other-determined motivation. Discussion: A person with an introverted personality, functional limitation, more negative empathic reactions towards others are likely to have maladaptive motivation for solitude and may need intervention. Future research should further investigate other antecedents for self-determined motivation.
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Cliffordson, Christina. "Parents' Judgments and Students' Self-Judgments of Empathy." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 17, no. 1 (January 2001): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//1015-5759.17.1.36.
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Summary: A sample of 221 adolescents and their parents were asked to complete the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI; Davis, 1980 ), which is comprised of four subscales: empathic concern, perspective taking, fantasy, and personal distress; and a global-item measure containing four items, one for each subscale. The factorial structure that emerged in a previous study ( Cliffordson, 2000 ) involving the students was tested on ratings provided by their parents. The results from the IRI scale were also compared to results from the global-item measure. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the structure of empathy and the agreement of self/other judgments. The results support the conclusions from the previous study that the concept of empathy can be considered to be identical to empathic concern, which also explains a great deal of perspective taking and fantasy. The agreement between the students' and their parents' judgments was substantial, and there are several reasons to believe that the interjudge agreement obtained is accurate.
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Preston, Stephanie D., and Alicia J. Hofelich. "The Many Faces of Empathy: Parsing Empathic Phenomena through a Proximate, Dynamic-Systems View of Representing the Other in the Self." Emotion Review 4, no. 1 (January 2012): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073911421378.
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A surfeit of research confirms that people activate personal, affective, and conceptual representations when perceiving the states of others. However, researchers continue to debate the role of self–other overlap in empathy due to a failure to dissociate neural overlap, subjective resonance, and personal distress. A perception–action view posits that neural-level overlap is necessary during early processing for all social understanding, but need not be conscious or aversive. This neural overlap can subsequently produce a variety of states depending on the context and degree of common experience and emotionality. We outline a framework for understanding the interrelationship between neural and subjective overlap, and among empathic states, through a dynamic-systems view of how information is processed in the brain and body.
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Yoon Park, Hye, Eunchong Seo, Se Jun Koo, Eun Lee, and Suk Kyoon An. "T61. FEELINGS OF SHAME AND GUILT IN INDIVIDUALS AT ULTRA-HIGH RISK FOR PSYCHOSIS." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S254—S255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa029.621.
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Abstract Background Self-conscious emotions, such as shame and guilt, play a key role in one’s thoughts and behaviors. Our study investigated how shame and guilt were different concerning multiple aspects of social cognitive abilities, and we evaluated the self-conscious emotions in individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis. Methods Firstly, one hundred and sixty-six healthy youths were assessed for shame and guilt using the test of self-conscious affect, for empathy using interpersonal reactivity index (IRI), and for Theory of Mind (ToM) ability using the ToM picture stories task. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to predict shame and guilt from the social cognitive variables. Secondly, twenty-four UHR and 24 age- and sex-matched normal controls were compared for shame, guilt, empathy, and ToM ability. Results Results in healthy youths, regression analysis with shame revealed that fantasy (t=3.0, p=0.003, β=0.22) and personal distress (t=5.8, p<0.001, β=0.42) of IRI and affective ToM (t=2.0, p=0.044, β=0.14) were significant determinants. In the regression model of guilt, there were independent predictors including perspective taking (t=3.5, p=0.001, β=0.28) and empathic concern (t=2.1, p=0.040, β=0.17) of IRI and cognitive ToM (t=2.1, p=0.037, β=0.15). In UHR individuals, higher levels of shame (t=-2.4, p=0.021), fantasy (t=-2.3, p=0.028), and personal distress (t=-3.4, p=0.001) and lower levels of perspective taking (t=4.0, p<0.001) and cognitive ToM (t=4.2, p<0.001) were observed. Moreover, high levels of shame was correlated with increased personal distress (r=0.78, p<0.001) in UHR for psychosis. Discussion These findings suggest that empathy and ToM ability predict persons’ shame- or guilt-proneness in healthy youths, and heightened personal distress in UHR individuals may possibly influence the level of shame which could lead to socially maladjustment behaviors. Dealing with social cognitive function would be helpful for reparation to UHR individuals.
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Klimenkova, E. N. "Empaty ability and the quality of interpersonal relations in youth." Консультативная психология и психотерапия 25, no. 4 (2017): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2017250405.
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We present the results of the study of the relationship between empathy and the quality of interpersonal relations in adolescents and students. Interpersonal relations are operationalized through attachment styles — secure, anxious—preoccupied and avoiding. We review studies of the impact of attachment on empathy development. The present study involved 169 people, including school, college, and university students. We used the Interpersonal Reactivity Index by M. Davis and forced-choice attachment paragraphs by C. Hazan and F. Shaver. Students with secure attachment have the lowest level of personal distress. Empathic concern and the perspective taking indicators are higher in the ambivalent attachment group in comparison with the avoidantly attached students. It is concluded that avoidance of intimacy with other people is accompanied by less pronounced empathy than striving for intimacy and a simultaneous fear of rejection.
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Kholmogorova, A. B., and E. N. Klimenkova. "Empathic Ability In The Context Of The Subjectivity Problem." Консультативная психология и психотерапия 25, no. 2 (2017): 75–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2017250205.
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The article discusses the connection between the phenomena of empathy and subjectivity from the standpoint of cultural and historical psychology (L.S. Vygotsky) and the reflexive-activity approach (V.K. Zaretsky and others). We conduct a meth- odological analysis of the sources of empathic abilities and subjectivity (sense of agency, intentionality) in anthropogenesis (M. Tomasello), investigate the common roots of these phenomena in the development of dialogical thinking in ontogenesis (C. Fernyhough), and postulate a hypothesis on the interrelation of their higher, mature forms. We present the results of the empirical study of empathy and subjec- tivity in university and college students (N=154). In the group of university students, the relationship between empathic ability, perspective taking, emotional support and position of agency in learning is revealed. College students have a lower level of em- pathic abilities and a greater degree of objective (passive) and negative positions in the learning activity, their position of agency is weakly connected to perspective tak- ing and shows a significant negative correlation with personal distress. Conclusion: students with a more pronounced subjective position (stronger sense of agency) have a stronger empathic ability, which confirms the initial hypothesis. This article was prepared with the financial support of a grant from the Russian Science Foundation (grant № 14-18-03461) at the Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology under the Ministry of Public Health of the Russian Federation.
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Decety, Jean, and Meghan Meyer. "From emotion resonance to empathic understanding: A social developmental neuroscience account." Development and Psychopathology 20, no. 4 (2008): 1053–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579408000503.
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AbstractThe psychological construct of empathy refers to an intersubjective induction process by which positive and negative emotions are shared, without losing sight of whose feelings belong to whom. Empathy can lead to personal distress or to empathic concern (sympathy). The goal of this paper is to address the underlying cognitive processes and their neural underpinnings that constitute empathy within a developmental neuroscience perspective. In addition, we focus on how these processes go awry in developmental disorders marked by impairments in social cognition, such as autism spectrum disorder, and conduct disorder. We argue that empathy involves both bottom-up and top-down information processing, underpinned by specific and interacting neural systems. We discuss data from developmental psychology as well as cognitive neuroscience in support of such a model, and highlight the impact of neural dysfunctions on social cognitive developmental behavior. Altogether, bridging developmental science and cognitive neuroscience helps approach a more complete understanding of social cognition. Synthesizing these two domains also contributes to a better characterization of developmental psychopathologies that impacts the development of effective treatment strategies.
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Cristea, Ioana A., Emanuele Legge, Marta Prosperi, Mario Guazzelli, Daniel David, and Claudio Gentili. "Moderating effects of empathic concern and personal distress on the emotional reactions of disaster volunteers." Disasters 38, no. 4 (September 5, 2014): 740–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/disa.12075.
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Ebert, Alexandria, Maya Huggins, Hannah Wagner, Zachary Lightcap, Tessla Muir, Mariah Faulkenberry, and Amy Fiske. "The Effects of Dementia Knowledge on Dementia Worry, Attitudes, Social Comfort, and Affect." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.916.
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Abstract Previous work has demonstrated that personhood-based knowledge of dementia is associated with less fear of dementia and greater social comfort with persons with dementia. Nonetheless, a causal link has not been tested. We examined the effects of types of dementia knowledge on dementia worry, fear, and social comfort, as well as affect more broadly and attitudes toward dementia, which have not previously been examined. Participants (N = 338) aged 19-78 (M = 44.82, SD = 16.66) were randomized into one of five experimental conditions: biomedical-knowledge (BK; read biological and medical facts about dementia); personhood-based knowledge (PBK; read accounts written by persons living with dementia); both BK and PBK; baseline control; and active control. Participants then completed outcome measures. Significant effects of knowledge on dementia worry (p < .05) as well as personal distress, empathic concern, and negative affect (ps < .001) emerged; groups did not significantly differ in attitudes, comfort, or dementia fear. Specifically, participants in the BK and PBK conditions exhibited significantly higher levels of personal distress than those in the control conditions. Similarly, participants in the PBK condition had significantly higher levels of negative affect than those in the control conditions and significantly higher levels of dementia worry than those in the baseline control condition. Participants in the PBK condition also had significantly higher levels of empathic concern than those in the biomedical knowledge and control conditions. Results suggest that although reading about dementia induces negative affect, it also induces empathic concern.
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Milojevic, Sonja, and Aleksandar Dimitrijevic. "Empathic capacity of delinquent convicted minors." Psihologija 47, no. 1 (2014): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi1401065m.
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The psychological approach to juvenile delinquency introduced in recent years postulates ?empathy impairment? as one of the origins of youth criminal behaviour. This means that in order to be cruel, people need to be unable to imagine the pain their victims experience. To test that hypothesis, we compare a group of convicted juvenile offenders (N=43) with a control group of adolescents (N=47) on self-report and ability measures of cognitive empathy (Interpersonal Reactivity Index and Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, respectively). Discriminant Analysis reveals a significant difference between the two groups, most notably in the dimensions of personal distress, RMET score, and perspective taking. However, after the control for age and education, only the differences in measures of cognitive empathy remain. Although delinquents perceive themselves as less capable of taking the vantage point of another person and, when tested, prove themselves to be inferior in perceiving emotions and facial expressions, there are no differences in self-report scores of the affective component of empathy. On the basis of these findings, we draw several practical implications concerning everyday work with delinquents.
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Yue, Tong, Jia Wei, Xiting Huang, and Yuhan Jiang. "Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Positive Empathy Scale Among Undergraduates." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 44, no. 1 (February 18, 2016): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2016.44.1.131.
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We translated and examined the psychometric properties of a Chinese version of the Positive Empathy Scale (PES). Exploratory factor analysis (N = 428) and confirmatory factor analysis (N = 503) were performed on data from 2 undergraduate samples to examine the scale's construct validity, and the convergent, divergent, and concurrent validity, and test–retest reliability were also assessed (n = 87). The analyses showed that the PES had a single factor, a Cronbach's alpha of .837, and a test–retest reliability coefficient (4-week interval) of .78. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the scale's structure was satisfactory. It was strongly correlated with measures of similar constructs (e.g., empathic concern, positive affect), but not with measures of dissimilar psychological constructs (e.g., personal distress). The scale also had a positive correlation with prosocial behavior and well-being. Thus, the Chinese version of the PES is a suitable measure of positive empathy for Chinese undergraduates.
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Aparicio-Flores, María Pilar, José María Esteve-Faubel, Rosa Pilar Esteve-Faubel, and José Daniel Álvarez-Teruel. "High Academic Self-Efficacy and Dispositional Empathy in Future Teachers." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 19, 2020): 6728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176728.
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High perceived academic self-efficacy influences both subject performance and emotions of the subject. In turn, dispositional empathy implies a social and emotional adaptability towards the subject itself and those around them. This study aimed to analyze the differences in the mean dispositional empathy factors (i.e., perspective taking, fantasy, empathic concern and personal distress) between future teachers with high and low perceived academic self-efficacy, as well as the predictive capacity of dispositional empathy on high perceived academic self-efficacy, and the correlations between both dimensions. For this, a sample of 805 Spanish students of the Faculties of Education of the Universities of Alicante and Murcia was recruited. The Escala de Autoeficacia Percibida Específica de Situaciones Académicas was used to assess perceived academic self-efficacy and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index was used to analyze the dimensions of dispositional empathy. It was observed that high academic self-efficacy is more likely to present in people with a high level of perspective taking and fantasy (OR = 1.06 and 1.09, respectively) and less for those with personal discomfort (OR = 0.86). The other analyzes provided the same conclusions. In conclusion, it is important to develop perceived academic self-efficacy in undergraduates and future teachers due to the consequences that can lead to their classrooms.
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Kostic, Jelena, Milkica Nesic, Miodrag Stankovic, Olivera Zikic, and Jasminka Markovic. "Evaluating empathy in adolescents with conduct disorders." Vojnosanitetski pregled 73, no. 5 (2016): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp150121031k.
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Background/Aim. According to currently available data, there is no research dealing with evaluating empathy in adolescents with conduct disorders in our region. The aim of the research was to examine the differences in the severity of cognitive and affective empathy in adolescents with and with no conduct disorder, as well as to examine the relationship between cognitive and affective empathy and the level of externalization in adolescents with conduct disorder. Methods. This research was conducted on 171 adolescents, aged 15 to 18, using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, Youth Self- Report and a Questionnaire constructed for the purpose of this research. Results. The results showed that adolescents with conduct disorder had significantly lower scores for Perspective Taking (t = 3.255, p = 0.001), Fantasy (t = 2.133, p = 0.034) and Empathic Concern (t = 2.479, p = 0.014) compared to the adolescents in the control group, while the values for Personal Distress (t = 1.818, p = 0.071) were higher compared to the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant. The study showed a statistically significant negative correlation between Perspective Taking and aggression (r = - 0.318, p = 0.003) and a negative correlation between Perspective Taking and the overall level of externalizing problems (r = -0.310, p = 0.004) in the group of adolescents with conduct disorder. Conclusion. This research contributes to better understanding of behavioral disorders in terms of individual factors, especially empathic reactivity. Preventive work with young people who have behavioral problems associated with empathy deficit disorder proved to be an important tool in preventing the development, or at least relieving the symptoms, of this ever more common disorder.
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Tei, Shisei, Jukka-Pekka Kauppi, Kathryn F. Jankowski, Junya Fujino, Ricardo P. Monti, Jussi Tohka, Nobuhito Abe, Toshiya Murai, Hidehiko Takahashi, and Riitta Hari. "Brain and behavioral alterations in subjects with social anxiety dominated by empathic embarrassment." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 8 (February 10, 2020): 4385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918081117.
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Social-anxiety disorder involves a fear of embarrassing oneself in the presence of others. Taijin-kyofusho (TKS), a subtype common in East Asia, additionally includes a fear of embarrassing others. TKS individuals are hypersensitive to others’ feelings and worry that their physical or behavioral defects humiliate others. To explore the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms, we compared TKS ratings with questionnaire-based empathic disposition, cognitive flexibility (set-shifting), and empathy-associated brain activity in 23 Japanese adults. During 3-tesla functional MRI, subjects watched video clips of badly singing people who expressed either authentic embarrassment (EMBAR) or hubristic pride (PRIDE). We expected the EMBAR singers to embarrass the viewers via emotion-sharing involving affective empathy (affEMP), and the PRIDE singers to embarrass via perspective-taking involving cognitive empathy (cogEMP). During affEMP (EMBAR > PRIDE), TKS scores correlated positively with dispositional affEMP (personal-distress dimension) and with amygdala activity. During cogEMP (EMBAR < PRIDE), TKS scores correlated negatively with cognitive flexibility and with activity of the posterior superior temporal sulcus/temporoparietal junction (pSTS/TPJ). Intersubject correlation analysis implied stronger involvement of the anterior insula, inferior frontal gyrus, and premotor cortex during affEMP than cogEMP and stronger involvement of the medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and pSTS/TPJ during cogEMP than affEMP. During cogEMP, the whole-brain functional connectivity was weaker the higher the TKS scores. The observed imbalance between affEMP and cogEMP, and the disruption of functional brain connectivity, likely deteriorate cognitive processing during embarrassing situations in persons who suffer from other-oriented social anxiety dominated by empathic embarrassment.
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Bierhoff, Hans‐Werner, and Elke Rohmann. "Altruistic personality in the context of the empathy–altruism hypothesis." European Journal of Personality 18, no. 4 (June 2004): 351–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.523.
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In this study the influence of the altruistic personality in general and social responsibility in particular on prosocial behaviour were investigated in the context of the empathy–altruism hypothesis. In an experiment 56 female participants had an opportunity to help a person in distress. In this setting, ease of escape without helping was manipulated. In addition, on the basis of their self‐reports of situation‐specific emotions, participants were divided into an empathic‐concern and a personal‐distress group. The results of the 2 (ease of escape) × 2 (predominant emotional response) design were in agreement with the empathy–altruism hypothesis. Further results indicated that in the easy‐escape condition an altruistic motivation prevailed, whereas in the difficult‐escape condition an egoistic motivation was more dominant. Besides the full scale, two subscales of social responsibility were formed: Moral Fulfilment of the Justified Expectations of Others and Adherence to Social Prescriptions. The full social responsibility scale was significantly related to helpfulness only in the difficult‐escape condition. Further analyses including the subscales showed that the component Moral Fulfilment of the Justified Expectations of Others correlated positively with helping in the easy‐escape condition. Results were interpreted as showing that specific profiles of personality variables are associated with helpfulness in the easy‐escape and difficult‐escape conditions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Koller, Ingrid, and Claus Lamm. "Item Response Model Investigation of the (German) Interpersonal Reactivity Index Empathy Questionnaire." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 31, no. 3 (July 2015): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000227.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The interpersonal reactivity index (IRI) is a widely used personality questionnaire for measuring empathy. We investigated the psychometric properties of the German version using the partial credit model. If this model fits the data, the raw-scores are fair measures of the latent construct. Only in such a case, further analyses based on the raw-scores are accurate and valid. The results showed model fit only for the subscale empathic concern. The subscales perspective taking and fantasy consisted of two theoretically explainable sub-dimensions. For the subscale personal distress, no model fit could be achieved. Our study provides important information on the psychometric qualities of the IRI that has been repeatedly used to assess, for example, group differences. It demonstrates that these analyses were not warranted by the psychometric quality of the questionnaire. Our results provide direct suggestions (e.g., theoretically explainable sub-dimensions) for further developments of the IRI to overcome this limitation.
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Dores, Artemisa R., Helena Martins, Ana C. Reis, and Irene P. Carvalho. "Empathy and Coping in Allied Health Sciences: Gender Patterns." Healthcare 9, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050497.
Full textAbstract:
This study aimed to examine the patterns of associations between empathy and coping among undergraduate men and women studying at Allied Health Sciences. This cross-sectional study is part of a larger longitudinal study conducted in an Allied Health Sciences School. Participants were 183 undergraduate students from 12 training programs (e.g., Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy, Speech Therapy). Their mean age was 20.79 years (SD = 2.64), and they were in their first, third, and fourth years of school. The instruments were the Brief-COPE and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI). Empathy correlated with coping strategies in both genders, though showing different patterns of association. First, distinct coping strategies were associated with the same empathy dimension (perspective taking) among women (positive reframing and self-blame) and among men (active coping). Second, the same three coping strategies appeared in both genders (seeking emotional or instrumental support and resorting to religion) but associated with different empathy dimensions (cognitive empathy among women and mostly emotional empathy among men). Third, among women (but not among men), two coping strategies (positive reframing and behavioral disengagement) were each simultaneously correlated with cognitive and emotional empathy in opposite directions. Fourth, emotional empathy correlated, only among women, with several coping strategies considered to be maladaptive (behavioral disengagement, denial and substance use). Among men, only one significant coping strategy was considered to be maladaptive (behavioral disengagement) and it was negatively correlated with cognitive empathy (perspective taking). Unlike in women, relationships between the empathic dimension of fantasy and coping strategies were non-significant among men. These distinct patterns of associations emerged despite significant differences in empathy by gender (fantasy, personal distress and empathic concern) and in coping strategies (instrumental support, emotional support, religion and venting). These results support the idea that the display of empathy might be associated with gender differences in the underlying empathy dimensions and in the coping strategies used to deal with stress in the undergraduate programs of Allied Health Sciences.
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Lamm, Claus, C. Daniel Batson, and Jean Decety. "The Neural Substrate of Human Empathy: Effects of Perspective-taking and Cognitive Appraisal." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 1 (January 2007): 42–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.1.42.
Full textAbstract:
Whether observation of distress in others leads to empathic concern and altruistic motivation, or to personal distress and egoistic motivation, seems to depend upon the capacity for self-other differentiation and cognitive appraisal. In this experiment, behavioral measures and event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging were used to investigate the effects of perspective-taking and cognitive appraisal while participants observed the facial expression of pain resulting from medical treatment. Video clips showing the faces of patients were presented either with the instruction to imagine the feelings of the patient (“imagine other”) or to imagine oneself to be in the patient's situation (“imagine self”). Cognitive appraisal was manipulated by providing information that the medical treatment had or had not been successful. Behavioral measures demonstrated that perspective-taking and treatment effectiveness instructions affected participants' affective responses to the observed pain. Hemodynamic changes were detected in the insular cortices, anterior medial cingulate cortex (aMCC), amygdala, and in visual areas including the fusiform gyrus. Graded responses related to the perspective-taking instructions were observed in middle insula, aMCC, medial and lateral premotor areas, and selectively in left and right parietal cortices. Treatment effectiveness resulted in signal changes in the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex, in the ventromedial orbito-frontal cortex, in the right lateral middle frontal gyrus, and in the cerebellum. These findings support the view that humans' responses to the pain of others can be modulated by cognitive and motivational processes, which influence whether observing a conspecific in need of help will result in empathic concern, an important instigator for helping behavior.