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1
PIRES, Michelle França Dourado Neto. "Autoconsciência, Empatia e Comportamento Prossocial na infância." UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE PERNAMBUCO, 2015. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/15522.
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Previous issue date: 2015-02-20<br>CAPES<br>O desenvolvimento da autoconsciência é considerado como um grande marco no desenvolvimento humano, pois permite que o indivíduo consiga se diferenciar das outras pessoas. Esse senso de diferenciação do self é supostamente apontado como estando entrelaçado ao desenvolvimento da empatia. Além disso, no estado autoconsciente o sujeito é capaz de acessar mais facilmente os padrões de correção que regulamentam a vida em sociedade. Desse modo, o presente estudo possuiu como objetivo principal verificar as possíveis relações entre Autoconsciência, Comportamento Pró-social e Empatia durante a infância, além de verificar como o sexo e a idade afetam cada uma dessas variáveis. Participaram desta pesquisa 70 crianças, entre 5 e 10 anos, estudantes de duas escolas particulares na cidade de Petrolina-PE. Para alcançar os objetivos da presente pesquisa, foram utilizados três instrumentos, os quais foram: uma tarefa com o uso de espelhos para medir Autoconsciência, o jogo ditatorial para mensurar Comportamento pró-social, e duas historinhas com o uso de figuras para medir empatia. Os dados provenientes desse estudo, por sua vez, foram analisados através de análises não-paramétricas, bem como de análises escalonares multidimensionais. Os resultados de modo geral, demonstraram que o sexo não exerce influência em relação ao comportamento pró-social e empatia. Por outro lado, foi encontrado que quanto maior a idade maior o nível de empatia, de autoconsciência e maior a emissão de comportamento pró-social. Por fim, foi verificada uma correlação positiva entre empatia e autoconsciência, indicando que a medida que a autoconsciência aumenta ocorre também um crescimento na empatia. Esses resultados são discutidos frente às teorias de Duval e Wicklund, Eisenberg, e Hoffman e à revisão de literatura pertinente a cada um desses constructos.<br>Self-awareness development is considered a key of human development, to allow an individual to be able to differentiate himself from others. This sense of differentiation from oneself is supposedly appointed as being intercrossed to empathy development. Furthermore, at self-awareness state the subject is able to access more easily the standards of correction that regulates social life. Thereby, this study has as the main aim to verify the possible relations between Self-awareness, Prosocial behavior and empathy during infancy, as well as verifying how the sex and age affect each one of these variables. The participants in this research were 70 children, between 5 and 10 years old, students of two private schools in the city of Petrolina, PE. In order to achieve the aims of this research, three instruments were utilized, they were: a task with mirrors usage to measure Self-awareness, a dictation game to measure Prosocial behavior and two stories with illustrations to measure empathy. Data from this study was analyzed by Non-parametric analysis such as multidimensional scaling analysis. The results, altogether, show that sex does not prosecute influence relation to self-awareness, prosocial behavior, and empathy. On the other hand, it was found that the higher the age, the higher the empathy and self-awareness, and the emission of prosocial behavior. Ultimately, a positive correlation between empathy and self-awareness was verified, indicating that the more self-awareness increases, an increase on empathy occurs. These results are discussed on Duval and Wicklund, Eisnberg, and Hoffman theories support and the pertinent to which one construct literature review support.
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Reis, Samara Passos Santos. "Empatia afetiva e cognitiva e o fenótipo ampliado do autismo: Adaptação Transcultural e Validação de Medidas." Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, 2017. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/25216.
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Samara_Reis_Dissertacao_Mestrado_versao_final_submetida_pdf.pdf: 5724487 bytes, checksum: aab72e819f1473472ff8b19f68d942ec (MD5)<br>Fundação CAPES<br>A empatia é atualmente compreendida como um construto multidimensional, sendo
esse modelo corroborado por estudos de neuroimagem, incluindo um componente cognitivo,
associado com a percepção e compreensão do estado emocional de outras pessoas, e um
componente afetivo, que consiste em uma resposta emocional vicária às emoções do outro.
Entretanto, muitas medidas de empatia utilizadas na literatura não estão alinhadas com esse
modelo atual, o que aponta para a necessidade de refinar esses instrumentos ou desenvolver
outros, mais consistentes. Por sua vez, o Fenótipo Ampliado do Autismo (FAA) é como ficou
conhecida a manifestação a nível subclínico de traços cognitivos e comportamentais do
Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) em parentes próximos de indivíduos com tais quadros.
Esses traços associados ao fenótipo do TEA parecem apresentar distribuição normal na
população, conforme resultados de pesquisas sobre o FAA. Alterações da empatia em
indivíduos com TEA já foram observadas em estudos, entretanto, ainda não está claro se esses
déficits se resumem ao componente cognitivo da empatia ou também ao afetivo. Pesquisas
sobre alterações na empatia afetiva e cognitiva associadas ao FAA podem ajudar a esclarecer
esse aspecto, entretanto, para isso, é necessário dispor de instrumentos adaptados e válidos
para a população brasileira. Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar dois estudos de
adaptação transcultural e validação de medidas, um para avaliação da empatia em sua
compreensão multidimensional e outra, para avaliação de traços associados ao fenótipo do
TEA. Ambas as pesquisas foram realizadas através de um formulário online divulgado nas
redes sociais, caracterizando uma amostragem pelo método bola de neve. Em ambos os
estudos, foram excluídos participantes que declararam sofrer de transtornos neurológicos ou
psiquiátricos. O estudo de validação da Affective and Cognitive Measure of Empathy (ACME)
contou com a participação de 385 indivíduos de diferentes regiões do país, sendo que 338
permaneceram após aplicados os critérios de exclusão. Foi empregado o método de
Modelagem de Equações Estruturais para testar a estrutura fatorial proposta pelos autores da
referida escala, e o instrumento foi também testado para validade convergente, consistência
interna e fidedignidade teste-reteste. Os resultados indicaram que o modelo de três fatores
teve um bom ajuste aos dados coletados na versão brasileira da ACME, retendo todos os itens
originais, e sendo considerada consistente e válida para a população brasileira. A distribuição
dos escores foi significativamente diferente da normal e mulheres obtiveram pontuações mais
altas do que os homens em todos os escores desse instrumento. Por sua vez, o estudo de
validação do Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) teve um total de 329 participantes de diferentes
regiões do país, sendo mantidos 262 após aplicados os critérios de exclusão. O instrumento
foi testado por Análise Fatorial Confirmatória dentro de diversos modelos, para identificar a
versão que apresentava melhor consistência interna. A versão final do AQ reteve 31 itens
dentre os 50 originais, em três fatores, apresentando boa consistência interna, fidedignidade
teste-reteste e forte correlação com o instrumento original. O escore total do AQ teve
distribuição normal na população, e homens pontuaram mais do que mulheres no total e na
subescala de (baixas) Habilidades Sociais. Normas para futura referência ao interpretar os
escores na ACME e no AQ foram extraídas por sexo, considerando que foram encontradas
diferenças significativas nas pontuações desses grupos, em ambos os instrumentos.<br>Empathy is currently comprehended as a multidimensional construct, this model being supported by neuroimaging studies, comprising a cognitive component, associated with perceiving and understanding the emotional state of others, and an affective component, consisting of vicariously experiencing an emotional response to other people`s emotions. However, most measures of empathy are not aligned with that current understanding, which points to the need of improving those instruments or developing more consistent ones. In turn, the Broader Autism Phenotype (BAP) is how the subclinical manifestation of cognitive and behavioral Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) traits in close relatives of individuals with that condition became known. Those traits associated with ASD seem to be normally distributed in the general population, according to studies concerning the BAP. Empathy deficits in patients with ASD has already been observed in studies, nonetheless, it is still unclear if those deficits are limited to the cognitive component of empathy or also include the affective component. Researches about cognitive and affective empathy alterations in association with the BAP could help clarifying that aspect, however, in order to carry them out, it is necessary to have access to adequate instruments, validated for the Brazilian population. This study aimed to carry out two studies of cross-cultural adaptation and validation of measures, one to asses empathy in its multidimensional understanding, and the other, to asses ASD traits. Both studies were available online and shared in social media networks, characterizing a snowball sampling method. In both studies, participants who reported suffering from neurological or psychiatric disorders were excluded. The validation study of the Affective and Cognitive Measure of Empathy (ACME) had 385 participants from different regions of the country, of which 338 remained after applying exclusion criteria. Structural Equation Modeling was used to test the factor structure originally proposed by the ACME authors, and the instrument was also tested for concurrent validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Results indicate that the three-factor model showed adequate fit to data in the Brazilian version of ACME, retaining all original items, and been declared valid for the Brazilian population. Distribution of scores was non-normal and females scored higher than males both in scale`s and subscales` totals for this instrument. In turn, the validation study of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) had 329 participants from different regions of the country, of which 262 remained after applying exclusion criteria. A series of Confirmatory Factor Analysis were carried out in order to identify the version of the instrument with best internal consistency. The final version of the AQ retained 31 of the original 50 items, in three factors, showing good internal consistency, test-retest reliability and strong correlation with the original instrument. AQ total scores were normally distributed and men scored higher than women in total scores and in (poor) Social Skills subscale. For future reference when interpreting scores in ACME and AQ, norms were extracted by sex, since significant differences were found in scores of those groups for both instruments.
3
Jamison, Kaline GirÃo. "Movimentos de empatia no discurso da violÃncia conjugal: uma anÃlise linguÃstico-cognitiva no enquadre comunicativo dos boletins de ocorrÃncia." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=13903.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior<br>This study investigates the phenomenon of empathy in recorded police reports of four female victims of intimate partner violence, who went to a local Police Station for Women, located in Fortaleza, CearÃ. The aim of this study is to observe and analyze the emergence of empathic indication provided by the participants, from the perspective of functions of empathy (MARTINOVSKY; MAO, 2009). For this, we assessed how these women perform their face work (GOFFMAN, 1967) through the emotive communication devices (CAFFI; JANNEY, 1994; CAFFI, 2007) and cognitive mechanisms linguistic (LAFOFF; JOHNSON, 1980; LAKOFF, 1987; JOHNSON 1987) as strategies for interactional engagement, mitigation and the building of multidirectional dynamic empathy movements. We adopted Conversation Analysis to analyze the four interactions, which were subdivided into discursive topics, in order to facilitate the identification of empathy movements, as well as face preservation and face protection of the participants. We also performed a statistical frequency test, named chi-square, to see if there were any statistically significant difference in empathic surfacing and in face work demonstrations between the group of women who wanted to take legal action against their abusers ("offensive empathy") and the other group who had no such interest ("defensive empathy"). We found a difference in the number of occurrences of empathic movements and actions of face preservation and face protection between the groups of "offensive empathy" and "defensive empathy", which was confirmed by the following result, obtained from a chi-squared test; X = 4.00; df = 1; p <0.05. We perceived that the "defensive empathy" group demonstrated higher index of empathic movements in relation to the "Offensive empathy". We observed that the "defensive empathy" group presented a more significant level of empathic movements in relation to "offensive empathy" one. Yet, we found that, in this discursive event, detected empathy movements are dynamic and occur in multi directions (from the victim to the offender and also from the police officer to the victim). We perceived that, although the production of police reports done in a Police Station for Women constitute a structured and well define discourse event, face preservation and protection could be seen as propellers for actions that indicate the empathy surfacing. In addition, we observed that the cognitive linguistic mechanisms play an important role in building empathic elicitation strategies.<br>Este trabalho tem como objeto de estudo o fenÃmeno da empatia nos relatos verbais de quatro vÃtimas de violÃncia conjugal no momento da confecÃÃo de boletins de ocorrÃncia em uma Delegacia Especializada em Atendimento Ãs Mulheres, em Fortaleza, CearÃ. O objetivo desse estudo à observar e analisar a emergÃncia de indÃcios empÃticos fornecidos pelas participantes, na perspectiva das funÃÃes de empatia (MARTINOVSKY; MAO, 2009). Para isso, procuramos verificar como essas mulheres utilizam o trabalho de elaboraÃÃo de faces (GOFFMAN, 1967), os dispositivos emotivos da comunicaÃÃo (CAFFI; JANNEY, 1994, CAFFI, 2007) e mecanismos linguÃstico-cognitivos (LAKOFF; JOHNSON, 1980; LAKOFF, 1987, JOHNSON, 1987), como estratÃgias de envolvimento, de atenuaÃÃo de seu dizer e de construÃÃo de movimentos empÃticos dinÃmicos e multidirecionais. Adotamos a AnÃlise da ConversaÃÃo para analisar as quatro interaÃÃes, as quais foram subdividas em tÃpicos discursivos, a fim de facilitar a identificaÃÃo da emergÃncia de movimentos empÃticos, assim como dos trabalhos de preservaÃÃo e proteÃÃo de face das participantes. TambÃm realizamos um teste de frequÃncia estatÃstico, o Qui-quadrado para averiguar se havia diferenÃa estatÃstica significativa na emergÃncia empÃtica e nas manifestaÃÃes de elaboraÃÃo de faces entre o grupo de mulheres que desejavam requer medidas legais contra seus agressores (âempatia ofensivaâ) e as que nÃo tinham esse interesse (âempatia defensivaâ). Verificamos uma diferenÃa no nÃmero de ocorrÃncias de movimentos empÃticos e de aÃÃes de preservaÃÃo e proteÃÃo de faces entre os grupos de âempatia ofensivaâ e âempatia defensivaâ, que foi confirmada pelo seguinte resultado, obtido a partir do teste estatÃstico de frequÃncia do Qui-quadrado: XÂ=4,00; df=1; p<0,05. Percebemos que o grupo âempatia defensivaâ apresentou um Ãndice maior de movimentos empÃticos em relaÃÃo ao grupo âempatia ofensivaâ. Verificamos ainda que, nesse evento discursivo, os movimentos empÃticos detectados sÃo dinÃmicos e ocorrem multidirecionalmente (da vÃtima ao agressor e tambÃm da escrivà à vÃtima). Constatamos que, embora a confecÃÃo de boletins de ocorrÃncia em DEAM se constitua um evento discursivo de natureza estruturada e bem definida, trabalhos de preservaÃÃo de faces podem ser observados como propulsores de movimentos que indiciam a emergÃncia empÃtica. AlÃm disso, observamos que a recursos cognitivos exercem um importante papel na construÃÃo de estratÃgias de elicitaÃÃo empÃtica.
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MADONNA, Federica. "Empatia e libero arbitrio: un colloquio aperto fra neuroscienze, etica e psicologia." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Cassino, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11580/75212.
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Aware of the fact that in today’s literature the phenomena of empathy and free will are investigated in a parallel way and, therefore, distinct from each other, the analysis of the nature of cognitive empathy has provided the incipit to start one new, perhaps, original study, both on the nature of the same and on the relationship between the latter and the free will.
Convinced that empathy is not what, commonly, today’s culture denotes, research provides a new explaination, starting from the concept of free will. The hypothesis is that what is meant, erroneously, by empathy, “would be nothing else” than a particular manifestation of a different concept, the free will, precisely, with which the agent would consciously choose to “step into someone else’s shoes”, making a cognitive effort of what is called mind reading.
If this was true there would be, certainly, two consequences:
1. The phenomenon known as “empathy” (empathy accurancy, co-cognition etc.) would indicate a non-existent denoted: they would speak of what does not exist, since emotional capacity would not be the source of the same empathy, but quite the opposite;
2. The concept of empathy should be redefined either by eliminating it in its entirety or by being careful to clarify that when we talk about empathy only those “basic”, neurobiological aspects of brain functioning are indicated that would make man able to interface with the surrounding reality.
The conclusions therefore lead to an original interpretation of the concept of empathy, identifying in the history of the same the qui pro quo at the origin of the erroneous interpretation of the phenomenon.<br>Consapevole del fatto che nella letteratura odierna i fenomeni dell’empatia e del libero arbitrio sono indagati in maniera parallela e, quindi, distinta l’uno dall’altro, l’analisi della natura dell’empatia cognitiva ha fornito l’incipit per avviare uno studio nuovo, forse originale, sia sulla natura della stessa sia sul rapporto fra quest’ultima ed il free will.
Convinti che l’empatia non sia ciò che, comunemente, la cultura odierna denoti, la ricerca ne fornisce una nuova spiegazione, partendo dal concetto di libero arbitrio. L’ipotesi è che ciò che si intende, erroneamente, per empathy, “altro non sarebbe” che una manifestazione particolare di un concetto diverso, il free will, appunto, con cui l’agente sceglierebbe, consapevolmente, di “calarsi nei panni altrui”, operando uno sforzo cognitivo di ciò che viene definita lettura della mente.
Se ciò fosse vero si avrebbero, necessariamente, due conseguenze:
1. I fenomeni conosciuti come “empatia” (empathy accurancy, co-cognition etc.) indicherebbero un denotato inesistente: parlerebbero, vale a dire, di ciò che non esiste, poiché non sarebbe la capacità emotiva la fonte della medesima empatia, ma tutt’altro;
2. Bisognerebbe ridefinire il concetto di empatia o eliminandolo in toto o essendo attenti a chiarire che quando si parla di empathy si indicano solamente quegli aspetti “di base”, neurobiologici, del funzionamento cerebrale che renderebbero abile l’uomo ad interfacciarsi con la realtà circostante.
Si giunge, pertanto, nelle conclusioni ad una interpretazione originale del concetto di empatia, individuando nella storia dello stesso il qui pro quo all’origine dell’interpretazione erronea del fenomeno.
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Jamison, Kaline Girão. "Movimentos de empatia no discurso da violência conjugal: uma análise linguístico-cognitiva no enquadre comunicativo dos boletins de ocorrência." www.teses.ufc.br, 2015. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/11365.
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JAMISON, Kaline Girão. Movimentos de empatia no discurso da violência conjugal: uma análise linguístico-cognitiva no enquadre comunicativo dos boletins de ocorrência. 2015. 215f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2015.<br>Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-04-15T12:59:31Z
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Previous issue date: 2015<br>This study investigates the phenomenon of empathy in recorded police reports of four female victims of intimate partner violence, who went to a local Police Station for Women, located in Fortaleza, Ceará. The aim of this study is to observe and analyze the emergence of empathic indication provided by the participants, from the perspective of functions of empathy (MARTINOVSKY; MAO, 2009). For this, we assessed how these women perform their face work (GOFFMAN, 1967) through the emotive communication devices (CAFFI; JANNEY, 1994; CAFFI, 2007) and cognitive mechanisms linguistic (LAFOFF; JOHNSON, 1980; LAKOFF, 1987; JOHNSON 1987) as strategies for interactional engagement, mitigation and the building of multidirectional dynamic empathy movements. We adopted Conversation Analysis to analyze the four interactions, which were subdivided into discursive topics, in order to facilitate the identification of empathy movements, as well as face preservation and face protection of the participants. We also performed a statistical frequency test, named chi-square, to see if there were any statistically significant difference in empathic surfacing and in face work demonstrations between the group of women who wanted to take legal action against their abusers ("offensive empathy") and the other group who had no such interest ("defensive empathy"). We found a difference in the number of occurrences of empathic movements and actions of face preservation and face protection between the groups of "offensive empathy" and "defensive empathy", which was confirmed by the following result, obtained from a chi-squared test; X² = 4.00; df = 1; p <0.05. We perceived that the "defensive empathy" group demonstrated higher index of empathic movements in relation to the "Offensive empathy". We observed that the "defensive empathy" group presented a more significant level of empathic movements in relation to "offensive empathy" one. Yet, we found that, in this discursive event, detected empathy movements are dynamic and occur in multi directions (from the victim to the offender and also from the police officer to the victim). We perceived that, although the production of police reports done in a Police Station for Women constitute a structured and well define discourse event, face preservation and protection could be seen as propellers for actions that indicate the empathy surfacing. In addition, we observed that the cognitive linguistic mechanisms play an important role in building empathic elicitation strategies.<br>Este trabalho tem como objeto de estudo o fenômeno da empatia nos relatos verbais de quatro vítimas de violência conjugal no momento da confecção de boletins de ocorrência em uma Delegacia Especializada em Atendimento às Mulheres, em Fortaleza, Ceará. O objetivo desse estudo é observar e analisar a emergência de indícios empáticos fornecidos pelas participantes, na perspectiva das funções de empatia (MARTINOVSKY; MAO, 2009). Para isso, procuramos verificar como essas mulheres utilizam o trabalho de elaboração de faces (GOFFMAN, 1967), os dispositivos emotivos da comunicação (CAFFI; JANNEY, 1994, CAFFI, 2007) e mecanismos linguístico-cognitivos (LAKOFF; JOHNSON, 1980; LAKOFF, 1987, JOHNSON, 1987), como estratégias de envolvimento, de atenuação de seu dizer e de construção de movimentos empáticos dinâmicos e multidirecionais. Adotamos a Análise da Conversação para analisar as quatro interações, as quais foram subdividas em tópicos discursivos, a fim de facilitar a identificação da emergência de movimentos empáticos, assim como dos trabalhos de preservação e proteção de face das participantes. Também realizamos um teste de frequência estatístico, o Qui-quadrado para averiguar se havia diferença estatística significativa na emergência empática e nas manifestações de elaboração de faces entre o grupo de mulheres que desejavam requer medidas legais contra seus agressores (“empatia ofensiva”) e as que não tinham esse interesse (“empatia defensiva”). Verificamos uma diferença no número de ocorrências de movimentos empáticos e de ações de preservação e proteção de faces entre os grupos de “empatia ofensiva” e “empatia defensiva”, que foi confirmada pelo seguinte resultado, obtido a partir do teste estatístico de frequência do Qui-quadrado: X²=4,00; df=1; p<0,05. Percebemos que o grupo “empatia defensiva” apresentou um índice maior de movimentos empáticos em relação ao grupo “empatia ofensiva”. Verificamos ainda que, nesse evento discursivo, os movimentos empáticos detectados são dinâmicos e ocorrem multidirecionalmente (da vítima ao agressor e também da escrivã à vítima). Constatamos que, embora a confecção de boletins de ocorrência em DEAM se constitua um evento discursivo de natureza estruturada e bem definida, trabalhos de preservação de faces podem ser observados como propulsores de movimentos que indiciam a emergência empática. Além disso, observamos que a recursos cognitivos exercem um importante papel na construção de estratégias de elicitação empática.
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Olsson, Sandra. "En jämförelse mellan rollspelare och icke-rollspelare med avseende på empati : En kvantitativ studie om bordsrollspel, kön och empati." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för sociala och psykologiska studier (from 2013), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-71302.
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Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka hur kön och rollspelande relaterar till affektiv och kognitiv empati. 204 personer deltog i föreliggande studie genom att besvara en elektronisk enkät och 192 ifyllda enkäter analyserades. Mätinstrumenten som användes för att undersöka empati och sensorisk föreställningsförmåga var IRI och PSI-Q. Två 2x2 ANOVA utfördes för att undersöka hur kön (man och kvinna) och rollspelande (rollspelande och icke-rollspelande) relaterar till upplevd grad av affektiv och kognitiv empati. Det fanns en signifikant interaktionseffekt mellan kön och rollspelande avseende affektiv empati. Manliga deltagare uppvisade ungefär lika hög affektiv empati oavsett om de spelade rollspel eller inte. Kvinnliga icke-rollspelare uppvisade högre affektiv empati än kvinnliga rollspelare. Det fanns en signifikant huvudeffekt av kön avseende kognitiv empati. Kvinnorna uppvisade högre kognitiv empati än männen. Det fanns även en signifikant huvudeffekt av rollspelande avseende kognitiv empati som erhöll att rollspelare uppvisade högre kognitiv empati än icke-rollspelare. Den aktuella studien kan medföra nytta för framtida forskning och bidra till idéer om tillvägagångssätt för att lära ut kognitiv empatisk förmåga.<br>The purpose of the present study was to investigate how gender and role play relate to affective and cognitive empathy. 204 people participated in the present study by answering an online survey and 192 completed questionnaires were analyzed. The instruments that were used to measure empathy and sensory imagery were IRI and PSI-Q. Two 2x2 ANOVA were performed to investigate how gender (male and female) and role playing (role playing and non-role playing) relate to perceived degree of affective and cognitive empathy. There was a significant interaction between gender and role playing regarding affective empathy. Male participants showed equal degree of affective empathy regardless of whether they role played or not. Female non-role players showed higher affective empathy than female role players. There was a significant main effect of gender on cognitive empathy. The women showed higher cognitive empathy than men. There was also a significant main effect of role playing with regard to cognitive empathy, role players showed higher cognitive empathy than non-role players. The current study can bring benefits to future research and contribute to ideas of approaches to teach cognitive empathy.
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Nilsson, Johanna. "Individualism och kollektivism som prediktion av empati : En enkätstudie om kulturell inriktning och empatisk förmåga." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för sociala och psykologiska studier, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-48012.
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En kvantitativ undersökning har genomförts med syftet att undersöka om kulturell inriktning har betydelse för affektiv och kognitiv empati. Studien genomfördes genom en elektronisk enkät via läroplattformen It’s Learning, där urvalet bestod av 250 studenter vid Karlstad Universitet. För att mäta kulturell inriktning användes mätinstrumentet Culture Orientation Scale som mäter vertikal samt horisontell individualism och kollektivism. För att mäta affektiv och kognitiv empati användes The Basic Empathy Scale in Adults (BES-A). Datamaterialet analyserades genom SPSS och två multipla regressionsanalyser utfördes. Resultatet visade att horisontell individualism och horisontell kollektivism var signifikanta prediktorer av affektiv empati där 11,6 % av variansen förklarades. Vidare visade resultatet att vertikal individualism och horisontell kollektivism var signifikanta prediktorer av kognitiv empati där 14,8 % av variansen förklarades. Sambandet mellan variablerna diskuteras utifrån tidigare studier och definitioner. Studiens resultat indikerar på att det är specifika karaktäristiska drag inom de kulturella inriktningarna som har ett samband till den empatiska förmågan. Slutsatsen utifrån studiens resultat samt tidigare studier var att kulturell inriktning har betydelse för empatin, om än dock en liten betydelse.<br>A quantitative study has been carried out with the aim to examine if cultural orientation has significance for affective and cognitive empathy. The study was conducted through an electronic survey via the learning platform It’s Learning, where the sample consisted of 250 students at Karlstad University. To measure the cultural orientation the Culture Orientation Scale was used, which measure degree of vertical and horizontal individualism and collectivism. To measure cognitive and affective empathy the Basic Empathy Scale in Adults (BES-A) was used. The data were analyzed by SPSS and two multiple regression analyzes were. The result showed that the horizontal individualism and horizontal collectivism were significant predictors of affective empathy where 11.6% of the variance was explained. Furthermore, the results showed that vertical individualism and horizontal collectivism were significant predictors of cognitive empathy where 14.8% of the variance was explained. The relationship between the variables is discussed based on previous studies and definitions. The study's results indicate that it is particular characteristic within the cultural orientations that are related to the empathic ability. The conclusion of the study and previous studies was that cultural orientation is important for empathy, however in a small extent.
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D'ambrosio, Fanny. "De l'empathie en "psychologie normale" aux empathies chez les auteurs d'agression(s) sexuelle(s)." Thesis, Reims, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REIML009.
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L'empathie est au cœur de nos relations sociales : elle permet leur régulation par les émotions. Des études, aux résultats contradictoires, ont ainsi suggéré qu'un déficit d'empathie chez les auteurs d'agression sexuelle était un élément central dans leur évaluation et leur traitement.Nous avions 2 objectifs pour cette thèse :1) valider en français, dans une population adulte, une échelle d'empathie générale, la Basic Empathy Scale (Jolliffe & Farrington, 2006) ainsi qu'un inventaire des compétences socio-émotionnelles, le Social Skills Inventory (Riggio, 1989, 2002) ;2) approfondir la connaissance des liens existant entre empathie générale, empathie spécifique, distorsions cognitives, compétences sociales et risque de récidive chez des auteurs d'agression sexuelle.136 adultes issus de la population générale (78 femmes et 58 hommes) ont rempli les auto-questionnaires répartis en 2 passations séparées de 7 semaines. 37 détenus (20 auteurs d'agression sexuelle sur enfant, 6 auteurs d'agression sexuelle sur adulte, 6 auteurs d'agression non-sexuelle, 5 non-agresseur) ont participé à des entretiens et questionnaires sur plusieurs semaines.La Basic Empathy Scale et le Social Skills Inventory présentent des qualités psychométriques assez satisfaisantes. Chez les détenus, les liens empathie générale/empathie spécifique/distorsions cognitives différent selon le type de victime, avec des distorsions cognitives plus ou moins généralisées en conséquence. La régulation des émotions apparaît essentielle dans le processus empathique. Enfin, les mesures statiques du risque de récidive ne sont pas liées à l'empathie générale, à l'empathie spécifique et aux distorsions cognitives. Des profils socio-cognitivo-émotionnels ont été proposés à titre exploratoire et nécessiteraient d'être à nouveau investigués dans de futures recherches.Ainsi, notre thèse ouvre la voie à des travaux de recherche novateurs dans le domaine, à l'aide d'outils encore peu utilisés et qui pourraient être améliorés afin d'affiner les profils socio-cognitivo émotionnels des AAS déjà établis et de pouvoir proposer des prises en charge adaptées à chacun des profils rencontrés<br>Empathy is fundamental in our social relations: it allows their regulation by emotions. Studies, with conflicting results, have suggested that a lack of empathy among sex offenders was a central element in their evaluation and treatment.We had two objectives for this thesis:1) to validate in French, in an adult population, a general empathy scale, the Basic Empathy Scale (Jolliffe & Farrington, 2006) and an inventory of socio-emotional skills, the Social Skills Inventory (Riggio, 1989, 2002);2) to increase knowledge on the relationship between general empathy, specific empathy, cognitive distortions, social skills and recidivism among sex offenders.136 adults from a general population (78 women and 58 men) completed the self-report questionnaires divided into two sessions, separated by seven weeks. 37 inmates prison (20 child molesters, six rapists, six authors of non-sexual assault, and five non-aggressors) were interviewed and completed questionnaires over several weeks.The Basic Empathy Scale and the Social Skills Inventory have quite good psychometric qualities. Among inmates prison, links between general empathy, specific empathy, and cognitive distortions depend on the type of victim, with cognitive distortions more or less generalized accordingly. Emotion regulation is essential in the empathic process. Finally, static measures of recidivism are not correlated to general empathy, specific empathy or cognitive distortions. We also proposed exploratory profiles socio-cognitive-emotional but they require to be re-examined in future research.Thus, our thesis opens the way for innovative research in this field, using scales not yet widely used and that could be improved in order to refine the socio-cognitive-emotional profiles of the sex offenders already established and to offer of support adapted to each of the profiles encountered
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Doyle, Katherine Jane. "The relationship of age, empathy skill training and cognitive development to nursing students' empathic communication skills." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28212.
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The interactive skill of empathy is essential to the practice of nursing. The British Columbia Institute of Technology General Nursing Diploma Program has implemented an interactive skills training program that includes the skill of empathy in order to assist nursing students to acquire this skill. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between the interactive skill of empathy and the developmental variables of level of cognitive development and age and the educational variables of empathy skill training and number of years of post-secondary education in nursing students.
Developmentally, the ability most relevant to the cognitive component of empathy is perspective and role-taking which is facilitated by the development of formal operational thinking. The constraints on the development of formal operational thinking consequently are constraints on the development of the cognitive component of empathy. It is this cognitive empathic ability, however, that is considered crucial to nursing. The question therefore arises: To what degree do the cognitive constraints evident in nursing students inhibit or impede their development of empathic interactive skills.
Data were collected from two groups of nursing students, one that had experienced the empathy training and the other that had not. The variables of empathic interactive skill and level of cognitive development were measured with Carkhuff's Empathic Understanding in Interpersonal Processes Scale and the Arlin Test of Formal Reasoning respectively. Data on age and number of years of post-secondary education were collected with a Biographical Data Sheet. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to investigate the linear relationship of age, empathy skill training, and cognitive level to the subjects' empathic interactive skill. Two nonparametric tests of chi square were used to examine the degree of independence between empathic interactive skill and the variables of number of years of post-secondary education and the cognitive ability to coordinate multiple frames of reference.
The findings of this study indicate that there is a significant linear relationship between empathic interactive skill and empathy skill training. Training accounted for the greatest proportion of variance in empathy scores after age had been removed (53%), F (3, 50) = 30.64, p<.00001. Chi square analysis found that empathic interactive skill was shown to be independent of number of years of post-secondary education and the cognitive ability to coordinate multiple frames of reference. It is recommended that the empathy skill training program be continued with the following suggestions. The contextual, process nature of interaction needs to be emphasized including the constraints and realities of nursing practice that generally are not operating in the counselling paradigm from which the skills program is adopted. Subsequently, more emphasis is required on the facilitative skills, including basic empathy rather than the challenging skills. It is suggested that on-going seminars for faculty to clarify the value and practice of empathy plus a team teaching approach would improve the quality of supervision students receive. Suggestions are made for further research.<br>Education, Faculty of<br>Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of<br>Graduate
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Mistreanu, Diana. "Andreï Makine et la cognition humaine. Pour une transbiographie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC0085.
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Cette thèse consiste en une analyse systématique de la représentation de la cognition humaine dans l’œuvre romanesque d’Andreï Makine. Nous interprétons sa prose à travers le prisme des études littéraires cognitives, un champ théorique et méthodologique qui se trouve à l’interface de l’interprétation littéraire et des sciences cognitives, explorant le rapport entre la fiction d’une part, et l’esprit et le cerveau humains d’autre part. Nous nous penchons sur l’illustration de l’affect, de l’imagination et des limites de la cognition, sans ignorer les techniques narratives et les figures stylistiques qui convergent pour créer une œuvre qui ne se contente pas de représenter le réel, mais se donne comme objectif de le transfigurer. Ainsi, nous envisageons notre corpus dans une perspective dynamique selon laquelle il sert de trait d’union entre l’auteur et le lecteur. De ce fait, nous nous demandons quel peut être son impact sur la cognition du lecteur, en proposant en même temps une hypothèse innovante concernant le rapport entre l’œuvre et l’auteur. N’étant ni autobiographique (dans l’acception de Philippe Lejeune), ni autofictionnelle (Vincent Colonna), la création romanesque de Makine exige du critique de théoriser un nouveau concept qui lui permette de la définir. Nous appelons ce concept, qui désigne la recréation consciente et récurrente, par le biais de la fiction, d’un événement biographique fondamental, une « transbiographie »<br>This dissertation proposes a systematic analysis of Andreï Makine’s oeuvre. We read his prose through the prism of cognitive literary studies, a recent theoretical and methodological field which explores the interaction between literary interpretation on the one hand, and the human brain and mind on the other. We focus on the depiction of the affect, the imagination and the limits of cognition, while pinpointing, at the same time, the narrative techniques and the stylistic devices that contribute to create a work whose goal is not only to illustrate reality, but also to transfigure it. Thus, we analyse Makine’s novels from a dynamic perspective, asking what impact they could have on the reader, and proposing an innovative hypothesis concerning the relation between the author and his literary output. According to this hypothesis, the writer’s work is not autobiographical (according to Philippe Lejeune’s definition of the concept of autobiography) nor autofictional (Vincent Colonna), and it requires the coining of a new concept able to define it. We call this concept – which consists of the conscious and recurrent recreation of a meaningful autobiographical event through the means of literary fiction – a “transbiography”
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Brink, Martina, and Michaela Bolins. "Säljarens förmåga att visa förståelse och empati i interaktionen med kund : En kvalitativ studie om den affektiva och kognitiva empatin." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-19650.
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Syfte: Syftet med vår undersökning är att skapa bättre förståelse för hur en säljare förmedlar empati för kunden i en säljrelation. Tidigare forsknings uppmärksamhet för förståelsen och empatins påverkan utgör grunden till att vi mer specifikt vill undersöka; hur kunden uppfattar att fastighetsmäklaren förmedlar affektiv respektive kognitiv empati i en säljrelation. Metod: En studie av kvalitativ art valdes med bakgrund till studiens syfte. För insamling av kvalitativ data använde vi oss av tidigare forskning samt semistrukturerade intervjuer, vilka utfördes med respondenter som anlitat en fastighetsmäklare inom de närmaste tre föregående åren. Well-grounded theory användes sedan som analysmetod av det empiriska materialet. Slutsats: Studien indikerar att kunden uppfattar både affektiv och kognitiv empati i mötet med fastighetsmäklaren. Vi har genom analysen uppmärksammat skillnader och likheter i respondenternas svar, mer specifikt har vi funnit att kundernas uppfattning av empati upplevs olika av olika personlighetstyper och situationer. Förslag till vidare forskning: Vi anser att vidare forskning bör ta hänsyn till fler variabler, exempelvis ålder, kön, personlighetstyp eller situation. Detta är en brist i vår studie och vi menar att det vore intressant att undersöka hur empati uppfattas beroende på olika individers personlighetstyp, ålder och situation. Uppsatsen bidrag: Vi har i vår studie funnit större förståelse för förmågan att förmedla empati för kunden. Vi har genom vårt arbete kommit fram till kategorier vilka kunder värdesätter i kommunikationen med säljaren, vilket bidrar till att kunden uppfattar empati.<br>Aim: The aim of this study is to better understand how a seller indicate empathy in the relationship with a customer. Previous research regarding empathy effects is the main focus in our interest for this study and more specifically; how a customer experience that the real estate agent indicating affective and cognitive empathy in a sales relationship. Method: With regards to the aim of the study, a study of qualitative nature was chosen. For qualitative data, we used previous research materials and semi-structured interviews. The interview have been conducted with respondents who have hired a real estate agent in the past three years. Well-grounded theory was used as analytical method of the empirical material. Conclusions: The study indicates that the customer experience both affective and cognitive empathy in the encounter with the real estate agent. Through the analysis we noticed the differences and similarities of the answares from the interview. More specifically, we believe that customer perception of empathy is experienced differently by different individuals. Suggestions for future research: In our opinion further research should include more variables, such as age, sex, personality or situation. This is a deficiency in our study and we believe that it would be interesting to examine how empathy is perceived depending on individual factors susch as personality, age and background. Contribution of the thesis: We believe that trough this study we have gained a better understanding of the ability to indicate empathy for the customer and through our work we have detected different categories from which customers experience empathy.
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Ornelas, César Oscar. "Uma análise da amizade sob perspectiva evolucionista: influência dos perfis cognitivos e das características pessoais na preferência por potenciais amigos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-20012011-125009/.
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A vida em grupo não apenas traz as vantagens da cooperação, mas carrega consigo as desvantagens da competição intra-grupal por recursos. Nas relações entre pessoas do mesmo sexo, consideram-se ainda aspectos relacionados à possível disputa por parceiros sexuais. No presente trabalho avaliamos como certas características e atributos pessoais influenciam na seleção de amigos para o começo de uma relação de amizade, e como as preferências na seleção podem variar intra e inter sexualmente. Selecionar amigos é uma situação que pode colocar o indivíduo no conflito entre a vantagem de ter um cooperador de alto status, porém, ao mesmo tempo, forte concorrente na competição por recursos e seleção sexual. As preferências na seleção de amizade foram analisadas em função das características pessoais do próprio participante, como sua propensão à tomada de atitudes imediatistas (Desconto de Futuro) e seu perfil cognitivo predominante (empático ou sistematizador). O Desconto de Futuro refere-se a um padrão comportamental de preferir correr riscos iminentes no presente a esperar por retornos maiores num futuro incerto, é o princípio do carpe diem: pensar no presente em detrimento de planos posteriores. O perfil cognitivo empático tem maior capacidade cognitiva na compreensão de habilidades sociais e lingüísticas, enquanto o sistematizador apresenta maior capacidade cognitiva em habilidades matemáticas, espaciais e lógicas. Em nosso estudo o desconto do futuro dos participantes inicialmente menos descontadores mostrou um aumento imediato após a visualização dos possíveis amigos, o que mostra que este processo cognitivo pode ser alterado pela avaliação de indivíduos do mesmo sexo. Mostramos também que indivíduos mais descontadores, por pensarem na competição iminente ao invés da cooperação futura, evitaram amizade com os modelos avaliados como mais atraentes. A empatia e sistematização dos participantes não se apresentaram relevantes na seleção de amigos. Estudamos também como as diferenças, em atributos pessoais (beleza, inteligência e poder aquisitivo) e em características inter pessoais (altruísmo, lealdade, compreensão), entre o selecionador e o selecionado, influenciam na preferência pela amizade. Os resultados mostraram que a preferência em se relacionar com pessoas parecidas com elas em atributos pessoais ocorrerá principalmente para os homens, devido a sua maior competitividade e busca por posição hierárquica intra-grupo, que faz com que eles evitem grandes discrepâncias de potencial competitivo, sendo a igualdade de importância secundária para mulheres. Ambos os sexos preferiram para amigos aqueles avaliados com as maiores características inter-pessoais positivas, resultado esperado em função das vantagens diretas em manter uma amizade com pessoas com indicativos de confiabilidade e bondade. O estudo mostrou também que quando a amizade passa da fase inicial da seleção e se torna uma relação mais íntima, homens apresentam um aumento na preferência por amigos atraentes, pois a estabilidade na amizade acarreta diminuição dos riscos de competição e traição<br>Group life not only brings the benefits of cooperation, but also carries the disadvantages of inter-group competition for resources. In relationships of people of the same sex, the possible dispute for sexual partners is also considered. This study evaluates how certain characteristics and attributes of others influences in the selection of a new friendship and how preferences in choice may vary intra and inter sexually. Choosing friends is a situation that may put an individual in conflict between the advantage of having a cooperator of high status, but also a strong rival in the competition for resources and sexual selection. Preferences in the selection of friendship were analyzed in function of the personal characteristics of each participant, such as the propensity in taking immediate attitudes (Discount of the Future) and the pre-dominate cognitive style (emphatic or systematic). The Discount of the Future refers to a standard behavior of preferring to take eminent risks in the present than wait for higher returns in an uncertain future. The cognitive emphatic style has a higher cognitive capability in the comprehension of social and linguistic abilities, while the systematic presents a greater cognitive capacity in mathematical, spatial and linguistic abilities. In this study, the discount of the future of the participants which was initially less discounted showed an immediate increase after the visualization of potential friends, which demonstrates that this cognitive process may be altered for the evaluation of individuals of the same sex. We also show that more discounter individuals, who think more on the imminent competition than the future cooperation, avoid friendship with the models evaluated as more attractive. The empathy and systematization of the participants did not present itself relevant in the selection of friends. We also studied how the differences in personal attributes (beauty intelligence and acquisitive power) and in inter-personal characteristics (altruism, loyalty, comprehension), between the chooser and the chosen in fluencies in the preference for friendship. The results demonstrate that the preference in relating with alike people of personal attributes will occur most frequently with men, due to a greater competition in the search for inter-group hierarchy position, which makes them avoid large discrepancies of competitive potential, while the same concept is secondary for women. Both sexes preferred creating friendship with those evaluated with the greatest inter-personal positive characteristics, an expected result with the direct advantages in maintaining a friendship with people with higher trustworthy and goodness indicators. The study also shows that when a friendship surpasses the initial stage of selection and turns into a more intimate one, men present an increase in preference for attractive friends, probably because a reduction in the risks of competition and betrayal as the friendship stabilizes
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Lhommet, Margaux. "Replicants : humains virtuels cognitifs, émotionnels et sociaux : de l'empathie cognitive à l'empathie affective." Compiègne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012COMP2031.
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Les humains virtuels sont de plus en plus présents dans les environnements virtuels. Les travaux en informatique affective visent à doter ces personnages autonomes de capacités émotionnelles. Nous souhaitons modéliser des humains virtuels dont le comportement est cohérent, adaptable et explicable. Nous définissons la cohérence d’un humain virtuel comme l’adéquation entre sa situation, son état mental et son comportement. L’humain virtuel doit pouvoir s’adapter à de nouvelles connaissances et les intégrer dans son raisonnement. Enfin, pour que l’apprenant comprenne l’impact de ses actions, le comportement de l’humain virtuel doit être explicable. Nous utilisons des modèles issus de la psychologie qui explicitent les dimensions humaines et leur dynamique. Notre humain virtuel dispose ainsi d’une personnalité, d’émotions et sont liés par des relations sociales. Afin de garantir l’adaptabilité de l’humain virtuel, nous définissons un ensemble de processus indépendants du domaine permettant de gérer la dynamique de ces dimensions humaines et leur impact sur le comportement au sein d’une architecture cognitive. Un langage de description des entités, des actions et des activités permet de représenter les connaissances spécifiques du domaine d’application. Ce formalisme est suffisamment simple pour être renseigné par des individus sans connaissances en programmation et suffisamment expressif et robuste pour être interprété directement par les humains virtuels. La prise en compte des interactions affectives entre les humains virtuels pose un problème de passage à l’échelle. Nous proposons un modèle d’empathie affective qui prend en compte les dimensions humaines et permet de résoudre ce problème. Pour produire de tels humains virtuels, nous proposons REPLICANTS, un moteur d’intelligence artificielle décisionnelle basé sur des modèles de connaissances. Des cas d’usage montrent comment l’humain virtuel combine ses processus cognitifs de haut niveau à des connaissances du domaine afin de se comporter de manière cohérente et explicable<br>Virtual humans are more and more common in virtual environments such as simulations, training softwares, serious-games or video games. Affective computing aims at giving those artificial characters emotional capabilities. We aim at generating virtual humans whose behavior is coherent, adaptative and explainable. We define coherence as the adequacy between the situation, the virtual human’s mental state and her behavior. Adaptability is the capacity to adapt to new knowledge an reason about it. This knowledge may be specified by people without computer programming skills and therefore be incomplete. Finally, the virtual human’s behavior must be explainable in order for the learner to understand the impact of her actions. Using models from psychology that explicitly address the components and their dynamics, our virtual human model is given a personality, an emotional state and is linked to others via social relationships. In order to ensure the adaptability of our virtual human, she is given a set of domain-independent processes to take care of the dynamics of those human components and their impact on behavior. Those processes are integrated on a cognitive architecture. Domain-dependent knowledge such as entities, actions and activities are designed using a description language inspired by ergonomy methodology. This formalism is simple enough to be used without any computer programming skill, and expressive enough to be directly used by the high-level processes of our virtual human. An affective empathy model based on individual characteristics is proposed to model affective relations between virtual humans. To generate such virtual humans, we propose REPLICANTS, a decisional artificial intelligence engine. Some examples are presented and show how the virtual human can combine her generic set of cognitive rules with domain specific knowledge in order to adapt to her environment as well as behaving rationally in pursuing goals
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Lawrence, Emma Jane. "Empathy : the cognitive and neural correlates." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2004. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/empathy--the-cognitive-and-neural-correlates(c51470db-878c-4097-8ee4-7eca7d64aa46).html.
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Cuff, B. "The cognitive antecedents of empathic responding." Thesis, Coventry University, 2015. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/6997397c-e167-411b-bbd5-a5e286cb2a5b/1.
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There are several shortcomings in the empathy literature that have led to an incomplete understanding of this important social emotion. Specifically, definitions of the term lack consistency, and the majority treatment of empathy as a trait capacity has overshadowed our understanding of empathy as a state variable, and of the relationships between context-dependent cognitions and empathic responding. The purpose of this thesis is to present research into the resolution of these issues. A new conceptualisation of empathy was first developed, based upon a consideration of the published literature. The cognitive antecedents of empathy (agency, blame, perceived power, cognitive empathy, similarity, valuing, perceived need, morality, self-interest, and mood) were then identified and reviewed. As no scale existed to target these variables, a new scale was developed (the Cognitive Antecedents of Empathic Responding Scale [CAERS]). In Study 1 the face validity of the CAERS was established, and the internal reliability of the scale was improved in Study 2. In Study 3, participants‟ (n = 177) cognitions towards a high school bullying victim were measured, finding that that some antecedents (i.e., perceived need, valuing, cognitive empathy, similarity, self-interest, and morality) were more influential on empathic responding than others. The results of Study 4 showed that participants‟ (n = 83) cognitions (especially morality, valuing, agency, and blame) towards an individual depicted in a charity advertisement influenced how much empathy they felt for that target and how likely they were to donate to that charity. In Study 5, a one-trial prisoner‟s dilemma (n = 100) was used to demonstrate that self-interest is also an important factor to consider. A new model of the antecedents of empathic responding was developed from these results, which will serve as a useful starting point for those wishing to enhance the way we encourage empathy in others, especially those working in forensic, healthcare, and charitable contexts.
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Gupta, Atika M. "Mothers' Cognitive Empathy Towards Their Biracial Children." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/768.
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Limited research has been conducted on biracial people. Of the current research that examines mother’s cognitive empathy towards her child, there is little focus on how the differences in perceived racialization of the child (child is perceived as racially similar, dissimilar, or mixed in comparison to his or her mother) may influence mother’s cognitive empathy towards her child. The current study will question whether perceived phenotypic racialization of the child, race of the mother, gender of the child, and diversity of the neighborhood that the mother and child live in influence mothers’ cognitive empathy towards their children. The participants will be 480 mothers who are Asian (120), Black (120), Hispanic (120), and White (120), whose first-born child is biracial, male or female, and between the ages of 7 and 10. Participants will complete an adapted version of the Parent Development Interview (PDI), coded with a modified version of the Parent Affective and Cognitive Empathy Scale (PACES). The results will show that there are significant differences in how mothers empathize with their children due to a range of variables. The findings will add to the literature on biracial people and may help aid future studies on the implications that differing levels of cognitive empathy have on mother-child relationships and development.
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Goldstein, Thalia Raquel. "The Effects of Acting Training on Theory of Mind, Empathy, and Emotion Regulation." Thesis, Boston College, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1970.
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Thesis advisor: Ellen Winner<br>Despite the widespread involvement of individuals in drama either as performers or audience members, psychologists know very little about the cognitive and affective underpinnings of acting. Acting may provide a powerful lens through which to understand how we understand our own and others' minds. In this dissertation, I review research on theory of mind, empathy, and emotion regulation, show how these three skills are related to acting theory and acting training, and discuss studies I have previously completed demonstrating correlations between skill in acting and skill in theory of mind, empathy, and positive emotion regulation. I then completed four studies. Study 1 was a longitudinal study comparing children (ages 8-10) receiving acting vs. visual arts training over the course of one academic year testing the hypothesis that acting training in childhood is causally related to development of advanced theory of mind, positive emotion regulation, and empathy. Study 1 found that children in acting classes gain in empathy and expression of emotion over a year above children involved in other art forms. Study 2 was a qualitative study designed to determine the kinds of habits of mind taught, explicitly and implicitly, in acting classes for children (ages 8-10). The purpose of Study 2 was to determine the extent to which acting teachers strive to teach theory of mind, empathy, and adaptive emotion regulation in their acting classes. Study 2 found that children in acting classes at this age are taught about physicality and motivation, with no emphasis on empathy or emotion regulation and only a slight emphasis on theory of mind. Study 3 was parallel to Study 1, but with young adolescents, aged 13-15. Study 3 found that adolescents involved in acting classes gain in their empathy, theory of mind acuity, and expressive emotion regulation over the course of a year over and above adolescents involved in other art forms. Study 4 was parallel to Study 2, with acting classes for adolescents. Study 4 found that adolescent acting classes focus on theory of mind and motivation, without any emphasis on empathy or emotion regulation. I conclude by considering the potential impact of this research on our understanding of typical development in theory of mind, empathy, emotion regulation, and on our understanding of individuals deficient in these skills<br>Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010<br>Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Psychology
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Day, Kathryn Dawn. ""Girls who kick butt" : a cognitive interpretation of Tamora Pierce's adolescent feminist fantasy." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/284630.
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Recent empirical evidence supports the theoretical stance that fiction provides vicarious experiences of imagined spaces and situations that can help shape our perceptions of the real world, our social others, and the self. The implications for this are especially interesting for adolescents, as their brains undergo a restructuring during puberty, making them more responsive to change in executive function and social cognition. Few scholars have yet addressed how texts instruct young readers in how to use their developing cognition to assess characters' emotions and behavior, and how fiction can potentially affect these readers' cognitive and emotional development. This thesis analyzes the concept that potential adolescent readers can engage with a novel's characters' thoughts and behaviors by using their improving cognitive abilities to transmute what is on the page into real-life coping strategies. This phenomenon is especially compelling when considering the potential impact empowered female characters could have on adolescent girl readers, since their malleable brain around puberty makes them more receptive to accepting ideas - such as a person's gender not being a limitation. I examine what the primary texts themselves offer to potential readers, and analyze certain aspects of the texts that could be linked to potential readers' cognitive and affective engagement. The primary texts I have chosen are Tamora Pierce's two narrative quartets (The Song of the Lioness and Protector of the Small) that deal with characters from the fictional land of Tortall, as they focus closely on female characters in fantasy realms who are breaking gendered stereotypes by training to become knights. Pierce's books are representative of this adolescent feminist fantasy. I extrapolate that findings from this thesis will be applicable to other kinds of adolescent feminist fantasy texts; namely, that adolescent feminist fantasy fiction can beneficially change potential readers behavior and cognition.
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Anastassiou-Hadjicharalambous, Xenia. "Affective and cognitive empathy in conduct-disordered children : psychophysiological and cognitive underpinnings." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2003. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=24281.
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Deficits in affective and cognitive empathy have been implicated in Conduct Disorder (CD), but empirical investigations are surrounded by inconsistencies. Three possible factors, and their interaction, may be implicated: i) distinct causal mechanisms underlying behaviour of CD subgroups (Cichetti & Moffitt, 1993); ii) distinct operation of affective and cognitive empathy; iii) overreliance on verbal measures of affective empathy whose validity has been questioned. To assess the validity of verbal measures of affective empathy, study 1 compared verbal measures with a direct index of arousal (Heart Rate-HR), in children (N=29, aged 8-10). It was hypothesised that verbal measures would not give analogous information to the direct index, and this hypothesis was supported. Therefore, the direct index of HR was employed in study 2 to compare affective empathy across three groups: i) CD elevated on Callous-Unemotional traits (CD/CU, n=31) ii) CD low on CU traits (CD/cu, n=29, aged 7.6-10. 8) iii) 'typically-developing' controls (n=33, aged 8-10). It was predicted that deficits in affective empathy would characterise only CD/CU children based on data showing emotional deficits and physiological hypoarousal in this group (Frick, et al., 1994b, Raine, et al., J990a). Results showed deficit in affective empathy to characterise only CD/CU children. CD/cu children did not show deficits in affective empathy, but they may show deficits in cognitive aspects of empathy. Study 3 compared affective and cognitive perspectivetaking across i) CD/CU (n=30, aged 7.6-10.8), ii) CD/cu (n=29, aged 7.6-10.8) and iii) 'typically-developing' controls (n=52, aged 8-10). It was predicted that CD/CU children would present deficits in affective but not cognitive perspective-taking. In contrast, CD/cu children did not show deficits in affective empathy in study 2, and other studies have shown cognitive deficits to be more specific to CD/cu children (Loney, et al. 1998). It was predicted that CD/cu children would show cognitive- but no affective perspective-taking deficits. Results showed cognitive perspective-taking deficits to be specific to CD/cu children. In contrast affective perspective-taking deficits characterised both CD groups. These preliminary findings provide evidence of a dissociation between affective and cognitive empathy in CD/CU children. These findings further indicate that neither cognitive nor affective empathy are sufficient for the inhibition of antisocial conduct.
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Liévin-Bazin, Agatha. "Prosocialité, cognition sociale et empathie chez les psittacidés et les corvidés." Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100170/document.
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Dans le règne animal, certaines espèces présentent une organisation en groupe complexe, permettant l’établissement d’interactions sociales plus ou moins élaborées entre les individus. Les comportements prosociaux, visant à améliorer le bien-être de l’autre, apparaissent préférentiellement entre animaux qui partagent une grande affinité ; ces comportements sont probablement favorisés par l’empathie, suggérant une prise en compte émotionnelle du partenaire. Les oiseaux, et particulièrement les corvidés et les psittacidés, se révèlent être d’excellents modèles pour étudier ce lien entre relation sociale et prise en compte de l’autre: ils forment des couples monogames sur le long terme au sein desquels une forte coopération existe. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’explorer comment le lien entre individus (familial, sexuel, amical) module les comportements prosociaux et empathiques. Les réactions des sujets sont évaluées via le partage de nourriture ou bien en observant une sensibilité accrue envers un congénère. Chez les perruches calopsittes (Nymphicus hollandicus), les oiseaux réagissent plus fortement au cri de détresse d’un oiseau préféré qu’au cri d’un autre congénère familier et les individus apparentés (frères et sœurs) partagent davantage la nourriture entre eux qu’avec les autres. Les perroquetsont tendance à être prosociaux mais la prise en compte de l’autre reste à confirmer. Les choucas des tours (Corvus monedula), placés dans une situation nouvelle avec un autre oiseau, passent plus de temps à proximité de leur partenaire sexuel que d’un autre oiseau de sexe opposé. Ces différents résultats suggèrent qu’un lien d’affinité existe entre les individus et qu’il façonne leurs comportements en termes de prosocialité et d’empathie<br>In the animal kingdom some species form complex social groups in which elaborated relationships between individuals occur. Prosocial behaviors, i.e. actions that benefit others, preferentially occur between closely affiliated individuals and may be driven by empathy, the ability to identify and share the emotional states of others. Birds, particularly corvids and parrots, are excellent candidates for investigating the link between social relationship and other-regarding behavior. They are long-lived and form long-term monogamous pair-bonds in which a high level of cooperation is seen throughout the year. The aim of this thesis is to study how the nature of a relationship (sibling, mate or friend) can modulate prosocial behavior and its underlying emotions in parrots and a corvid species. The approach was to study food-sharing or behavioral reactions to stressful situations such as distress call playback or exposure to novel objects, in different social contexts. Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) reacted more to the distress calls of a closely affiliated partner than to those of a non-partner, and they preferably shared food with affiliated, related individuals. Different species of parrots preferentially chose a prosocial option over a selfish one, but it remains unclear whether they took the other’s perspective into account. Confronted with intimidating novel objects, jackdaws (Corvus monedula) spent more time in mutual proximity when paired with their mate than when with a familiar opposite-sex non-partner. However, they were not bolder when accompanied by their mate compared to a non-partner. These results suggest that an emotional link exists between affiliated individuals and that this special bond drives their prosocial and empathic behavioral responses<br>Im Tierreich gibt es Arten mit komplexer Gruppenstruktur, in denen Individuen aufwendige soziale Beziehungen mit Artgenossen eingehen. Prosoziales Verhalten, ein Verhalten zum Wohle Anderer, tritt bevorzugt zwischen Individuen auf, die eine starke gegenseitige Bindung aufweisen. Prosozialität beruht auf Empathie-Fähigkeit, die wiederum ein gewisses Verständnis der emotionalen Lage von Artgenossen voraussetzt. Vögel, insbesondere Papageien und Krähen, sind geeignete Modelle, um Zusammenhänge zwischen sozialer Bindung und prosozialem Verhalten zu untersuchen: sie bilden Langzeit-monogame Paare, die das Jahr hindurch miteinander kooperieren. Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit ist es, herauszufinden, wie soziale Bindungen (verwandtschaftlicher, sexueller, oder freundschaftlicher Natur) prosoziales Verhalten und Empathie beeinflussen. Zu diesem Ziel wurden Studien über Futterteilen und Verhaltensreaktionen auf Stress in verschiedenen sozialen Kontexten durchgeführt. Nymphensittiche (Nymphicus hollandicus) reagierten stärker auf Warnrufe ihres Partners als auf die eines anderen Gruppenmitglieds. Ebenso teilten verwandte Sittiche häufiger Futter miteinander als mit anderen Individuen. Verschiedene Papageienarten bevorzugten in einer Entscheidungssituation prosoziale über egoistische Optionen, wobei unklar bleibt, ob sie die Perspektive ihres Partners verstanden. Dohlen (Corvus monedula), die mit einem für sie unheimlichen neuen Objekt konfrontiert wurden, verbrachten mehr Zeit in gegenseitiger Nähe, wenn sie mit Ihrem Partner als mit einem anderen Individuum getestet wurden. Sie verhielten sich aber in Gegenwart ihres Partners nicht mutiger. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass Bindungen zwischen Individuen prosoziales Verhalten und empathische Reaktionen aufeinander beeinflussen
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Kaufman, Laurie. "Empathic and Socio-Cognitive Deficits of Adjudicated Adolescents." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2007. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/120.
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Previous studies of youth antisocial behavior have explored relationships between social information processing, empathy, or callous-unemotional traits and antisocial behavior. However, the relationships among all four constructs have not been tested. The current study investigates whether social information processing mediates the relationship between empathy and antisocial behavior for adjudicated youth (n=150, mean age = 15.21 years, SD = 1.40 years, range = 11-17), whether callous-unemotional traits moderate that mediation, and how the relationships differ for girls and boys. Youth were assessed individually at two detention centers and the staff and teachers at the detention centers completed written measures. There was support for a three-factor model of empathy consisting of perspective taking, empathic concern, and personal distress. For both girls and boys, lower perspective taking and empathic concern predicted deficits in social information processing and higher self-reported antisocial behavior. For girls, higher personal distress also predicted deficits in social information processing and higher antisocial behavior. Youth high and low on callous-unemotional traits differed on empathy, SIP, and antisocial behavior, indicating support for distinct subtypes of antisocial adolescents. Differences among antisocial adolescents by gender and callousunemotional subtype indicate a need for tailored interventions.
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Chapman, Heather Allyson. "Using Character Analysis Techniques to Teach Cognitive Empathy." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/746.
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Individuals who report better relationships with their mental health providers have better treatment outcomes. One element of the relationship is therapist empathy, or the therapist's ability to see the world from the client's point-of-view. Researchers have struggled to define, measure, and teach empathy. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether instruction in character analysis techniques, such as those used by actors, had an effect on cognitive empathy. A convenience sample of 20 adults enrolled in undergraduate or graduate-level coursework was recruited for participation in this study. Each individual provided demographic information and completed the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) and the Literature Empathy Test (LET). The intervention group (n = 10) participated in a 45-minute character analysis training prior to completing the LET. The control group (n = 10) completed both assessments in a separate meeting with no intervention. A univariate analysis of covariance was used to discover the effect of character analysis training on LET scores in light of IRI scores. The data analysis revealed no significant relationship between the intervention and LET scores, but the findings provided several insights. Future research would benefit from modifications to the LET, inclusion of an additional empathy measure, and revisions to the sample size and inclusion criteria. Although the results of the present study were not significant, this area of research remains a promising means by which to promote social change by informing the pursuit of positive interpersonal relationships and prosocial behaviors
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Capuano, Angela M. "Empathy and Cognitive Distortion: Examining Their Relationship with Aggression in Adolescents." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1180535095.
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Campanhã, Camila. "Estudo preliminar sobre potenciais cognitivos em tarefa de tomada de decisão social." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2010. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/1538.
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Previous issue date: 2010-12-14<br>Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa<br>Decisions engage careful consideration of the risks and benefits involved in a particular choice. As we live in society, these choices are not only related to our personal interests. Therefore, social interaction has an important role, because the other is part of the context in which we evaluate decisions. Previous studies show the importance of trust and empathy in decision-making processes. In fact, Boudreau, McCubbins and Coulson (2009) showed that trust in another person interferes with behavioral response and also in event related potentials recorded during the test. However, as in other studies, trust was studied by the instruction given to participants that they will base their choices by reports made by another human being - unknown person. The use of an unknown person limits the interpretation of the role of trust involved in decision making processes. Thus this study aims to investigate the decision making processes in a task in which the participant brought to the lab a person (a trusted friend) that act as reporter. In addition, there are few studies investigating event-related potentials in tasks of social decision. Therefore, this study aim to understand the role of trust in decision-making by analysis of behavioral performance in an adapted version of the Ultimatum Game task and also investigate the event related potentials collected simultaneously. Among the main findings, we found a change in the perception of fairness (in fact there was no difference) and, consequently, a change in decision-making with more acceptance of proposals on the condition of interaction with the trusted person than other proposers. Moreover, the P3, FN and LPC potential were modulated by the impact of trust, and by moral internalization, and differed between genders. This study may increase knowledge about the neurobiological bases of behavior and decision making processes involving social interaction, trust and empathy.<br>Decisões envolvem considerações cuidadosas sobre os riscos e benefícios envolvidos em uma determinada escolha. Por vivermos em sociedade, estas constantes escolhas estão relacionadas não só aos nossos interesses pessoais. Nesse sentido, a interação social tem um importante papel, pois o outro faz parte de um contexto no qual avaliamos possíveis decisões. Estudos prévios mostram a importância da confiança e da empatia em processos de decisão. Nessa direção, Boudreau, McCubbins e Coulson (2009) mostraram que a confiança no outro interfere na resposta comportamental e também nos potenciais cognitivos registrados durante o teste. Entretanto, assim como em outros estudos, a confiança foi estudada pela orientação ao participante de que este estaria sendo orientado por outro ser - humano uma pessoa desconhecida). O uso de uma pessoa desconhecida limita a discussão a respeito do papel da confiança envolvida em processos decisórios. Dessa forma este estudo busca investigar os processos decisórios em uma tarefa na qual o participante levou ao laboratório uma pessoa (amigo de alta confiança) que funcionará como propositor. Além disso, ainda são poucos os estudos investigando potenciais relacionados a evento em tarefa de decisão social. Com isso, este estudo buscou compreender o papel da confiança em processos de decisão analisando o desempenho comportamental em tarefa adaptada do teste Ultimatum Game e também os potenciais cognitivos coletados simultaneamente. Entre os principais achados, encontrou-se uma alteração na percepção de justiça (o que na realidade não havia diferença) e, por conseqüência, uma alteração na tomada de decisão com maior aceite de propostas na condição de interação com a pessoa de confiança em comparação com os outros propositores. Além disso, os potenciais P3, FN e LPC foram modulados pelo impacto da confiança, pela interferência da internalização moral e apresentaram diferenças entre gênero. Este estudo pode aumentar o conhecimento sobre as bases neurobiológicas e comportamentais de processos decisórios envolvendo interação social, confiança e empatia.
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Campanhã, Camila. "Gênero e empatia como moduladores dos processos de decisão social no Ultimatum Game: um estudo comportamental e eletrofisiológico." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2014. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/1777.
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Previous issue date: 2014-06-16<br>Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa<br>Because we live in society, constantly choices are relate not only our personal interest. Recent study (CAMPANHÃ et a, 2011) was verify that he participants realize your friends as more fair than an unknown, showing a unreleased information in the social decision making studies. Preview studies demonstrated the relation between an event-related potential, the Medial Frontal Negativity (MFN), in the unfair offers to unknown proposers, however not by friends. Beside this, the sLORETA analysis revealed a significant difference in the medial prefrontal cortex region - related to empathy and metallization - in the unknown condition when compared the unfair offers with the fair offers, however, not in the friend condition. The difference in the unfair perception related to the proposer introduces a new question about the widely accept altruistic punishment concept. Therefore, the present study aimed (i) to investigate the empathy and gender impact as modulators factors in the Ultimatum Game (UG) when the interaction is with a trustworthy person (friend) and an unknown; (ii) to investigate the behavior characterized as altruistic punishment in the adapted UG in two different interaction context. Thus, was realized two experiments. The first one, similar the anterior one, the participants played the UG with a friend and an unknown. Therefore, we controlled the empathy level (low and high) and gender. In the second experiment, beside the gender and empathy level control, the participants had to decide whether accept or reject the share proposals the R$120,00 reias between three persons: the proposer, the participant and a third person ( dummy ), that was a friend and a unknown in the first part of the game. In the second part of the game, the participants only decide whether accept or reject in the place of the friend and an unknown and don´t had any earnings and any loss involved. As results, was observed large rate of rejection the unfair offers proposed by an unknown than by the friend. The friend was judged as more fair. Also, was observed that the men reject more offers made by an unknown. The participants with high level of empathy rejected more unfair offers that was made by an unknown and presented the MFN amplitude more negative for unknown proposer and more positive for friend proposer. The men with high level of empathy presented the MFN amplitude more negative for the unknown. In the second experiment, the participants rejected more unfair proposals for both kind of third part. The MFN amplitude was more negative when the proposals were unfair for both (the participant and the third part). As well as women and for high empathy level participants. In the second part of the experiment two, the participants benefited more the friend. The MFN amplitude was more negative for the men in the interaction unknown proposing to the friend. The women presented more large P3 amplitude in the interaction unknown proposing to the friend. Taken together, the results suggest that the empathy and gender impact when a friend is involved. Beside this, the personal gains and losses involvement also was an important factor in the fairness perception. The present study corroborates with preview studies that showed the fairness perception modulated the trust and that he empathy and gender are factors with more or less impact in different context.<br>Por vivermos em sociedade, constantes escolhas estão relacionadas não somente aos nossos interesses pessoais. A diferença na percepção de injustiça em função da Amizade em estudos utilizando o jogo Ultimatum Game (UG) introduz uma nova questão com relação ao conceito amplamente aceito de punição altruística. Dessa forma, a punição altruísta e o impacto dos fatores gênero e nível de empatia como moduladores da percepção de injustiça precisam ser investigadas nas relações interpessoais. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo teve como objetivo (i) investigar o impacto da empatia e do gênero como fatores moduladores do comportamento na tarefa Ultimatum Game (UG) na interação com uma pessoa de confiança (um amigo) e um desconhecido; (ii) investigar o comportamento caracterizado como punição altruísta no UG adaptado em dois contextos diferentes de interação (com ou sem custos pessoais envolvidos). Para isso, foi realizado 2 experimentos. O experimento 1, semelhante ao estudo anterior, os participantes jogaram o UG com o amigo e um desconhecido como os propositores. Mas com o controle de nível de empatia (alto e baixo) e gênero. No experimento 2, além do controle do gênero e do nível de empatia, os participantes tinham que decidir se aceitavam ou rejeitavam propostas de divisão de R$120,00 entre três pessoas: o propositor, o participante e um terceiro ( dummy ) que parte do jogo foi o amigo e outra parte do jogo um desconhecido, na primeira parte do jogo. Na segunda parte, os participantes apenas decidiam se aceitavam ou rejeitavam no lugar do amigo ou de desconhecidos não tendo ganhos e nem perdas envolvidos. Como resultados, foi observado maior taxa de rejeite de propostas injustas realizadas pelo desconhecido do que pelo amigo e estes foram julgados como mais justos. Também foi observado que homens rejeitaram mais propostas realizadas por um desconhecido e os participantes com alto nível de empatia rejeitaram mais propostas realizadas por um desconhecido. Em relação aos potenciais cognitivos, os participantes com alto nível de empatia apresentaram a amplitude do MFN mais negativa para o desconhecido e amplitude positiva para o amigo. Homens com alto nível de empatia apresentaram amplitude mais negativa do MFN para o desconhecido. Já no segundo experimento os participantes rejeitaram mais propostas injustas para ambos. A amplitude do MFN foi mais negativa quando as propostas foram injustas para ambos, assim como para as Mulheres e para as pessoas com alto nível de empatia. Na segunda parte do experimento 2 os participantes beneficiaram mais o amigo. A amplitude do MFN foi mais negativa para homens na interação desconhecido propondo para o amigo. As mulheres apresentaram maior amplitude do P300 na interação desconhecido propondo para o amigo. Tais resultados apontam para o impacto da empatia e do gênero quando o amigo está envolvido. Além disso, o envolvimento pessoal de ganhos e perdas também foi um fator importante na percepção de justiça. O presente estudo corrobora com estudos prévios de que a confiança modula a percepção de justiça e que a empatia e o gênero são fatores com maior ou menor impacto dependendo do contexto e do grau de confiança para com o outro.
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Bailey, Phoebe Elizabeth Psychology Faculty of Science UNSW. "The social cognitive neuroscience of empathy in older adulthood." Awarded By:University of New South Wales. Psychology, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44506.
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Empathy is an essential prerequisite for the development and maintenance of close interpersonal relationships. Given that older adults are particularly vulnerable to the negative consequences of loneliness and social isolation, it is surprising that few studies have assessed empathy in this group. The current programme of research addressed this gap in the literature by testing competing predictions derived from Socioemotional Selectivity Theory and the Ageing-Brain Model for age-related sparing and impairment of empathy, respectively. Study 1 compared young (N = 80) and older (N = 49) adults?? self-reported levels of cognitive and affective empathy, and engagement in social activities. It was found that although affective empathy is spared, cognitive empathy is subject to age-related decline, and this decline mediates reductions in social participation. These data therefore affirmed the importance of further investigation into the nature, causes and potential consequences of age-related differences in empathy. Since disinhibition is one mechanism contributing to difficulty taking the perspective of another, and is known to increase with age, in Study 2, behavioural measures sensitive to inhibitory failure and to cognitive empathy were administered to young (N = 36) and older (N = 33) adults. One of the measures of cognitive empathy directly manipulated inhibitory demands, involving either high or low levels of self-perspective inhibition. The results indicated that older adults were selectively impaired on the high-inhibition condition, with cognitive disinhibition mediating this association. Study 2 therefore provided important evidence relating to one potential mechanism that contributes to age-related difficulties in perspective-taking. Studies 3 and 4 provided the first behavioural assessments of age-related differences in affective empathy by using electromyography to index facial expression mimicry. Study 3 found that young (N = 35) and older (N = 35) adults?? demonstrate comparable mimicry of anger, but older adults?? initial (i.e., implicit) reactions were associated with reduced anger recognition. Thus, to test the possibility that despite explicit recognition difficulties, implicit processing of facial expressions may be preserved in older adulthood, Study 4 compared young (N = 46) and older (N = 40) adults?? mimicry responses to subliminally presented angry and happy facial expressions. As predicted, the two groups demonstrated commensurate subconscious mimicry of these expressions. Taken together, these studies indicate that separate components of empathy are differentially affected by healthy adult ageing. Implications for competing perspectives of socioemotional functioning in older adulthood are discussed.
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Naujokaitienė, Justina. "Darbuotojų kognityvinių kompetencijų bei empatiškumo sąsajos su jų požiūriu į etišką elgesį organizacijoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100607_155035-50948.
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Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti darbuotojų kognityvinių kompetencijų bei empatiškumo sąsajas su jų požiūriu į etišką elgesį organizacijoje.
Tyrime dalyvavo 324 Lietuvoje dirbantys darbuotojai iš skirtingų įvairaus dydžio ir pobūdžio organizacijų. Statistinėje analizėje tiriamųjų imtį sudarė 252 darbuotojai, iš jų 90 vyrų ir 162 moterys, kurių amžiaus vidurkis 32,10 (SD = 9,75). Didžioji dalis apklaustųjų darbuotojų dirbo vidutinio dydžio, privataus kapitalo organizacijose, paslaugų srityje.
Tiriamiesiems buvo pateikiamas klausimynas, kurį sudarė požiūrio į etišką elgesį matavimo skalės (etinės problemos atpažinimo, pritarimo priimtam etiškam sprendimui, etiško elgesio ketinimo), kognityvines kompetencijas matuojančios skalės (rizikos vertinimo tikslumo, atsispyrimo formulavimo efektui bei pasipriešinimo įsipareigojimo eskalavimo euristikai), empatijos skalė bei įvairūs demografines charakteristikas tiriantys klausimai.
Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad darbuotojai, kurie tiksliau vertina kylančią riziką bei mažiau priešinasi įsipareigojimų eskalavimo euristikai, vienodai tiksliai atpažįsta etinę problemą, vienodai pritaria priimtam etiškam sprendimui bei išreiškia tokį patį etiško elgesio ketinimą kaip ir darbuotojai, kurie mažiau tiksliai vertina kylančią riziką ir labiau priešinasi įsipareigojimų eskalavimo euristikai. Darbuotojai, kurie yra labiau priklausomi nuo formulavimo efekto, vienodai tiksliai atpažįsta etinę problemą bei vienodai pritaria priimtam etiškam sprendimui kaip ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>The aim of the study was to investigate whether employees cognitive competences and empathy is related to their attitude to ethical behavior.
The subjects of the study were 324 Lithuanian employees from different kind organizations. In the statistical analysis there was used data of 252 employees, which were 90 men and 162 women. The mean of their age was 32,10 (SD = 9,75). The biggest part of the respondents was working in the medium size private capital organizations in the facilities sphere.
There was given the questionnaire for the respondents, which consisted of three scales: attitude towards ethical behavior (recognition of moral dilemma, approval to the made decision, and formulation of ethical behavior intent), cognitive competencies (consistency of risk perception, resistance to framing effect, and resistance to sunk cost effect) and empathy. Also there were demographic questions given to the respondents.
The results showed that there was no statistical difference between consistency of risk perception, resistance to sunk cost effect and recognition of moral dilemma, approval to the made decision, and formulation of ethical behavior intent. Employees which are more dependent from the framing effect will not differ according to recognition of moral dilemma, approval to the made decision from employees which are less dependent from the framing effect. Notwithstanding employees who are more dependent from the framing effect and employees who are less dependent from the... [to full text]
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Morrison, Jason Malcolm. "Empathy and theory of mind in schizophrenia and anxiety disorders." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86562.
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This study examined the factors that lead people with schizophrenia to perform poorly on experimental theory of mind (ToM) paradigms. A group with psychosis (n=26) was compared to a group with anxiety disorders (n=27) and a healthy control group (n=25) on two tests of ToM (the Eyes and Hinting tests) and a measure of global empathy (the Empathy Quotient). The psychosis group performed worse than controls on all measures, with negative symptoms as the key negative predictive factor. When divided by remission status, only the non-remitted psychotic group differed from the other two groups on ToM measures. The anxiety group performed worse than controls on the measure of global empathy, and social anxiety was associated with poor performance on ToM and global empathy paradigms. Further research into the role of anxiety in ToM performance is warranted. The role of paradigm and specific psychotic symptoms in ToM performance is discussed.<br>Cette étude a examiné les facteurs qui contribuent au mauvais rendement des individus atteints de schizophrénie dans les paradigmes expérimentaux de la théorie de l'esprit (TdE). Un groupe avec psychose (n = 26) a été comparé à un groupe avec des troubles anxieux (n = 27) et un groupe contrôle en bonne santé (n = 25) avec deux échelles sur la TdE (soit le test des yeux et la tâche d'inférence) ainsi qu'une échelle d'empathie globale (le quotient d'empathie). Le rendement du groupe de psychose a été moindre que le rendement du groupe contrôle sur toutes les échelles, les symptômes négatifs étant déterminants dans ces résultats. Lorsque séparées par statut de rémission, seules les personnes avec symptoms actifs de psychose différaient de deux autres groupes sur les échelles de TdE. Le rendement du groupe des troubles anxieux a été moindre que le rendement du groupe contrôle sur l'échelle de l'empathie globale; l'anxiété sociale étant associée à une mauvaise performance au TdE et aux paradigmes de l'empathie globale. Plus d'études sur le rôle de l'anxiété sur la performance au TdE est nécessaire. Le rôle des paradigmes et des symptômes psychotiques spécifiques sur la performance au TdE est discuté.
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Persson, Björn. "Subclinical Psychopathy and Empathy." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för kommunikation och information, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-8492.
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Psychopathy is a severe personality disorder that results in antisocial, manipulative, and callous behavior. The main diagnostic instrument for assessing psychopathy is the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. This thesis will introduce the psychopathy construct, including what is known as subclinical psychopathy. Subclinical psychopathy refers to individuals who exhibit many of the characteristics of psychopathy, except for some of the more severe antisocial behaviors. This constellation of traits allows the subclinical psychopath to avoid incarceration. The fundamental difference between clinical and subclinical psychopaths is a major question in the field of psychopathy and is the main theme of this thesis. Impaired empathy is one of the key aspects of psychopathy and it may be a significant factor in both clinical and subclinical psychopaths. Subclinical psychopathy may be related to a moderated or altered expression of empathy. Hence, the empathy construct is a secondary concern in this thesis. This thesis has two aims: (a) to argue that the conceptualization of subclinical psychopathy is flawed and needs revision in accordance with less ambiguous criteria; and (b) to present data in support of the hypothesis that subclinical psychopaths have intact, or even enhanced, cognitive capacities in contrast to clinical psychopaths.
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Almström, Jenny. "Polisstudenters grad av empati och kulturell orientering." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för psykologi (PSY), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-93488.
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Empati samt hur man förhåller sig till andra och sig själv är en viktig faktor för gott polisarbete och kommunikation med medborgare. Den här studien har genom en webbenkät baserad på Basic Empathy Scale-Adults (BES-A) och Culture Orientation Scale (COS) tillfrågat 141 polisstudenter från samtliga svenska lärosäten som bedriver polisutbildning om deras självuppskattade empati (affektiv/kognitiv) och kulturella orientering (individualism/kollektivism). Resultatet visade att majoriteten hade medelhög empati och högre kognitiv empati än affektiv empati enligt BES-A. Generellt hade polisstudenterna medelpoäng på COS. Även individualism gav medelpoäng, medan kollektivism gav höga poäng. Tvåvägs-ANOVA visade att kvinnor hade signifikant högre empati än män.<br>Empathy as well as how to relate to others and oneself is an important factor for good police work and communication with citizens. Through a web survey, based on the Basic Empathy Scale-Adults (BES-A) and the Culture Orientation Scale (COS), this study asked 141 police students from all Swedish universities who conduct police education about their self-perceived empathy (affective/cognitive) and cultural orientation (individualism/collectivism). The result showed that the majority had moderate empathy and higher cognitive empathy than affective empathy according to BES-A. In general, the police students had average points at COS. Individualism also gave average points, while collectivism gave high points. Two-way ANOVA showed that women had significant higher empathy than men.
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Meeken, Luke. "Art Education and the Encouragement of Affective and Cognitive Empathy in Early Childhood." VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3194.
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This study constructs a theoretical framework for exploring the relationship between art education practice and the development of empathy in early childhood. In this study, I construct a schema for the experience of empathy in kindergarten-aged students, derived from the work of Martin Hoffman, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and Vittorio Gallese, which acknowledges both the affective and cognitive dimensions of the experience of empathy. This schema is examined within the context of aesthetic and artistic experience, as distinguished from each other by John Dewey. I articulate several ways that art education’s cultivation of subtle aesthetic perception may encourage affective empathy, and its cultivation of imaginative cognition may encourage cognitive empathy. Suggestions are made for projects and practice in the early childhood classroom.
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Robinson, Emily V. "Ability of Offenders with Psychopathic Traits to Simulate Cognitive and Affective Empathy." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc283859/.
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The accurate assessment of psychopathy constitutes a critical component of forensic assessments addressing offender populations. Among the core characteristics of psychopathy, the interpersonal component of deception and empathic deficits are prominently observed in offenders with psychopathic traits. Given the negative consequences of being classified as a psychopath, offenders may be likely to minimize their psychopathic traits. In particular, no research has investigated whether offenders with psychopathic traits are able to simulate empathy in an effort to mask their cognitive or affective empathy deficits (e.g., lack of remorse about offenses). The present study aims to contribute to the literature with regard to the simulation of empathy. Using a mixed between- and within-subjects design, 81 male detainees were placed into (a) a low psychopathy group, (b) a moderate psychopathy group, or (c) a high psychopathy group based on the Psychopathy Checklist – Revised. For the within-subjects component, all offenders answered empathy questionnaires under genuine and simulation conditions. Results indicate the sample possessed cognitive empathy, but did not display affective empathy under genuine instructions. Under simulation instructions, participants significantly increased their scores on several empathy measures. The implications of simulated empathy and comparisons between groups regarding simulation abilities are discussed.
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Zahner, Greg J. "Mood and Perceived Fairness: The Context Dependency of Empathy." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/318.
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The three components model of empathy proposed by Decety and Jackson (2004) is currently the dominant model of empathy. The three components include: 1) the affective component (Simulation Theory), 2) emotional perspective taking, and 3) emotion regulation (self/other distinction). The purpose of the current study was to examine whether empathic perspective taking is dependent on context and to provide a behavioral basis for a follow-up fMRI study. More specifically, we wanted to know how body contexts (e.g. mood) and situational contexts (e.g. perceived fairness of a partner) affect emotional perspective taking. To examine the interaction between mood and perceived fairness of a partner, a 2 (mood group: neutral vs. negative) × 2 (fairness condition: unfair partner vs. fair partner) between-groups experimental design was employed. Mood induction videos were employed for the mood manipulation and participants played either a fair or unfair preprogrammed partner in a modified ultimatum game. After both manipulations, three measures were used to assess perspective taking and several post-game behavioral measures were also employed. Results were obtained from 73 participants (age: 18-22; female = 46, ~18 in each condition). The results demonstrated that participants in the negative mood had more difficulty empathizing with unfair partners and had a greater desire for revenge against them than participants in a neutral mood in the same unfair situations. Therefore, human empathy is not constant, but varies depending on a variety of contexts. We can now use this paradigm for a future fMRI study to investigate the neural substrates underlying this context dependency with a particular emphasis on the frontopolar cortex and the nucleus accumbens.
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Hayes, Staci Ann. "EMPATHY AND INTELLIGENCE AS PREDICTORS OF COGNITIVE COMPLEXITY IN COUNSELING STUDENTS." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1553679326498723.
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Maynard, Elizabeth A. "The Role of Cognitive Dissonance in New Methods for Inducing Empathy." Marietta College / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=marietta1559254906779453.
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Vanny, Kathryn. "Problematic sexual behaviour and intellectual disability: empathy deficits and cognitive distortions." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2008. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28137.
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Aim. The main aim of this study was to compare two groups of men with an
intellectual disability (ID), those who have displayed problematic sexual
behaviour (PSB) and those with no reported history of PSB, on three concepts
associated with PSB and sexual offending, namely empathy, cognitive distortions,
and theory of mind. A further aim was to identify whether a difference exists
between general empathy and victim empathy in the PSB group. In addition, the
study aimed to examine the relationship between empathy and cognitive
distortions, and to provide, if possible, empirical evidence to link theory of mind
deficits, empathy deficits and cognitive distortions among the PSB group.
Subsequently, empirical evidence collated from the present study was interpreted
using the pathway model, and thus, provided support for the theoretical
framework which attempted to explain PSB amongindividuals with ID.
Method. This thesis describes a comparative study in which 18 male adults with
ID who displayed PSB were compared with 18 male adults with [D who did not
display PSB. All participants completed the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test,
Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Bryant’s Index of Empathy, modified
versions of Victim Empathy Scale (VES), Questionnaire on Attitudes Consistent
with Sex Offending (QACSO) and two theory of mind tasks.
Results. Men with ID who displayed PSB were characterised by a history of
sexual victimisation, family dysfunction, poor social skills and unemployment.
There was no significant difference in scores for the PSB group and comparison
group on Bryant’s Index of Empathy, a measure of global empathy. Similarly, the
two groups did not differ significantly on empathy expressed towards a victim of
physical assault. However, there was a significantly lower level of victim
empathy reported by the PSB group towards a victim of sexual assault than was
found in the comparison group. Further, the PSB group reported significantly
greater sexually deviant attitudes and beliefs with regard to specific themes which
included rape, attitudes towards women, and paedophilia, as measured by the
QACSO. There was a positive correlation between victim empathy and cognitive
distortions which indicated that cognitive distortions may impact upon deficits in
empathy. No significant differences were found between the two groups on two
first-order theory of mind tasks.
Conclusions. The results of the present study provided empirical evidence to
suggest that important characteristics of men with ID who have displayed PSB
were: victimisation, social skills deficits and cognitive distortions. Further, these
identified cognitive distortions represented underlying implicit theories directed at
victims of sexual assault, which influenced empathy deficits. Consequently, the
pathway model was a constructive model in interpretation of the results. Overall,
the present study provided several significant clinical implications for the area of
PSB and ID.
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Paludeto, Simone Priscila. "Teoria da mente e empatia: um estudo com crianças pré-escolares." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/16217.
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Previous issue date: 2016-02-26<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>The theory of mind and empathy are important socio-cognitive skills whose theoretical boundaries are not clearly defined. These skills develop gradually in children, and are essential to everyday interactions and children's social learning. Thus, we find it relevant to study the relationship between the development of theory of mind and empathy, as these two skills are important dimensions of social-emotional development and children's social-cognitive. The main objective of this research was to investigate the associations between theory of mind and empathic ability in children during early childhood education. Thus, our study aims to investigate the relationship between theory of mind and empathy as integral parts of social cognitive development. Participants in this study included 40 children aged between 3 and 6 years. Children's performance in tasks theory of mind and empathy, quantitatively and qualitatively, was analyzed by age group. Children were considered to be 3, 4, 5 and 6 years, descriptively, and then two groups of 3 and 4 years and 5 and 6 years. The second analysis was performed using the Student T test. Analysis of correlation between theory of mind and empathy with the Pearson test was performed. The results showed the existence of a correlation between empathy and theory of mind, although not statistically significant, except in relation to the false belief task. Also, we could see a correlation in our study between better performance of children in theory of mind and empathy with increasing age of the child<br>A teoria da mente e a empatia, cujas fronteiras teóricas ainda não estão claramente definidas, são habilidades sociocognitivas importantes, que se desenvolvem gradualmente na infância, sendo fundamentais para interações cotidianas e aprendizagem social da criança. Acreditamos relevante estudar a relação entre o desenvolvimento da teoria da mente e a empatia, visto que tais habilidades são dimensões importantes do desenvolvimento socioemocional e sociocognitivo da criança. O objetivo do presente estudo é investigar associações entre a teoria da mente e a habilidade empática em crianças da educação infantil. Dessa forma, nosso estudo propõe-se verificar a relação entre a teoria de mente e a empatia como partes integrantes do desenvolvimento sociocognitivo. Participaram desta pesquisa 40 crianças com idades compreendidas entre 3 e 6 anos. Foi analisado o desempenho das crianças nas tarefas de teoria da mente e empatia, quantitativa e qualitativamente, por faixa etária. Foram consideradas as crianças de 3, 4, 5 e 6 anos de maneira descritiva e depois dois grupos: de 3 e 4 anos e de 5 e 6 anos. Para essa segunda análise, foi utilizado o teste T de Student. Também foi utilizada a análise de correlação entre teoria da mente e empatia com o teste de Pearson. Os resultados demonstraram a existência de uma correlação entre empatia e teoria da mente estatisticamente significativa, no que diz respeito à tarefa de crença falsa, mas não significativa nas outras tarefas de teoria da mente. Também foi verificado neste estudo um melhor desempenho das crianças em teoria da mente e em empatia conforme o aumento da idade da criança
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Alvarado, Goicochea Miluska Solange, and Diez Gianella Karla Ramos. "Empatía cognitiva y afectiva en colaboradores de una empresa distribuidora de abarrotes, Chiclayo, durante agosto a diciembre, 2017." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, 2018. http://tesis.usat.edu.pe/handle/usat/1585.
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La empatía en el ámbito organizacional resulta importante dado que fomenta el desarrollo adecuado de las relaciones interpersonales, propiciando una atmósfera laboral cálida y saludable. En la investigación, se buscó determinar los niveles de empatía cognitiva y afectiva en 115 colaboradores pertenecientes al área administrativa y comercial de una empresa distribuidora de abarrotes de la ciudad de Chiclayo, durante el periodo agosto a diciembre del 2017, teniendo en cuenta las subdimensiones, el sexo y el área de trabajo. El diseño de la investigación es no experimental de tipo descriptivo. Se utilizó el Test de Empatía Cognitiva y Afectiva de López, Fernández y Abad. En los resultados obtenidos, el total de la población presentó un nivel medio, además de ello se identificó que la empatía cognitiva y afectiva predominaba en los varones. En cuanto a las áreas de trabajo, obtuvieron niveles medios, y en las subdimensiones adopción de perspectivas, comprensión emocional y alegría empática alcanzaron niveles medios, mientras que en la subdimensión de estrés empático resaltó el nivel bajo.<br>Tesis
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McCrady, Fara Elaine. "Empathy and the adolescent sexual offender an examination of the specificity of empathy deficits and the relationship between empathy and distorted thought /." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1116814427.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 63 p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 46-49). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Borjon, Florence. "Flexibilité cognitive et résolution de problèmes : au-delà des aspects développementaux, confronter son point de vue à un autre." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2057/document.
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Résoudre aisément un problème, c’est-à-dire trouver une procédure rapide et efficace menant à la solution, nécessite de pouvoir considérer la situation selon plusieurs points de vue pour en choisir le plus pertinent, mais aussi de pouvoir en changer lorsque l’on se trouve face à une impasse, ce que l’on peut interpréter comme une expression de la flexibilité cognitive. Une adaptation des problèmes de jarres de Luchins a été présentée à 486 enfants scolarisés en CM1 et en CM2, afin d’observer leur capacité à faire preuve de flexibilité cognitive, puis, après tirage au sort, un certain nombre d’épreuves et d’échelles ont été proposés à 100 d’entre eux, lors de deux entretiens individuels. En effet, l’objet de cette étude est de montrer, auprès d’enfants se situant au niveau des opérations concrètes, que la flexibilité cognitive, qui leur permet d’élaborer des stratégies cognitives variées et de remettre en question leur point de vue initial, est liée, d’une part, à leur niveau de développement opératoire ainsi qu’à leur capacité à prendre en compte un point de vue différent du leur, et cela en lien avec leurs capacités de décentration et la présence d’une théorie de l’esprit. Mais il est, d’autre part, de montrer qu’au-delà de ces aspects développementaux, la flexibilité cognitive est également en lien avec la capacité de pouvoir confronter son point de vue à un autre, ce qui signifie qu’il ne s’agit pas seulement de prendre en compte un autre point de vue que le sien, mais aussi de pouvoir les prendre en compte en même temps, en concevant le fait que ces deux points de vue sur une même réalité sont susceptibles de coexister. Dès lors, faire preuve de flexibilité cognitive serait lié à la capacité de pouvoir confronter son propre point de vue à un autre, en se mettant à la place de l’autre tout en restant soi-même et en supportant la remise en cause que cela induit, donc aux capacités empathiques et à l’estime de soi. Cette recherche exploratoire a permis de valider partiellement nos hypothèses et a révélé, notamment à travers un essai de modélisation, certaines différences liées au genre<br>Solving a problem easily, that is to say finding a fast and effective procedure leading to a solution, requires considering the situation from several points of view in order to choose the most appropriate one. However, this also requires being able to switch point of view when faced with a standstill ̶ which can be interpreted as an expression of cognitive flexibility. An adaptation of Luchins’ water jar experiment was presented to 486 school children from French CM1 and CM2 classes (England: Year 5 and Year 6), with the aim of observing their capacity to put cognitive flexibility into practice. Then, following a draw, several tests and levels were presented to 100 children from the group throughout two individual meetings. Indeed, the aim of this study is demonstrating that, for children who are at the stage of concrete operations, cognitive flexibility, which enables them to elaborate various cognitive strategies and question their initial point of view, is linked both to their operational development level and to their ability to take into account a point of view which differs from theirs, in association with their decentration abilities and the presence of a theory of mind. Furthermore, the goal of this study is also demonstrating that, beyond these developmental aspects, cognitive flexibility is also linked to the ability to confront one’s point of view with another one, which means not only taking into account someone else’s point of view but also having the ability to consider both perspectives simultaneously, appreciating that these two points of view on the same reality may co-exist. Consequently, displaying cognitive flexibility is supposedly linked to the capacity to confront one’s point of view with another one, by looking at things from the other’s perspective while also remaining ourselves and bearing the challenge that this implies ̶ and therefore linked to one’s self-esteem and empathetic capabilities. This exploratory research has enabled us to partially validate our hypotheses and has revealed, particularly through a modelling trial, some differences linked to gender
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Haglund, Cecilia. "The relationships of empathy, oxytocin, and depression." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-9727.
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Empathy, oxytocin, and depression are three subjects that are widely researched. Empathy means experiencing or understanding the emotions of an individual who is being observed. Oxytocin has frequently been shown to have a connection to lactation and labor. Depression is a common sickness that results in malfunctioning, suffering, and a shorter life. The mutual relationship and connection of all three has received limited research. The aim of this essay is to explore how they all relate to one another, to see what neural areas of involvement they have in common, and finally to see if there is a potential to administer oxytocin in order to alter empathy and/or depression. The sources used are published literature on the topics, found in for example Google Scholar and Worldcat. What was found was that both emotional and cognitive empathy have a positive relationship with oxytocin. Emotional empathy has in most research a positive relationship with depression while cognitive empathy seems to have a negative relationship with depression.Depression has a negative correlation with oxytocin. The neural areas of common involvement were amygdala, hippocampus, and cingulate cortex. Future research should look at how empathy, oxytocin, and depression affect each other, and why this happens. It is also important to look at the possibilities of affecting a neural area involved in empathy, oxytocin, and/or depression in order to make an impact on any of these factors.
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Jones, Madeleine. "Empathy for pain and its modulating factors." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-15881.
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The present thesis deals with the concept of empathy for pain, its neurobiological underpinnings and modulations of the phenomenon. Empathy for pain is understood as the empathic response that occurs when recognising another in pain and entails at least the affective processes of actually felt pain in oneself. Cortical areas of importance for empathy for pain are the anterior insula and anterior cingulate cortex. Moreover, the phenomenon is correlated with high levels of empathy, as established by behavioural self-reports. Further, empathy for pain has been shown to be highly susceptible to modulatory factors giving rise to changes in the empathic response. Perceived fairness, perspective taking, intent and out-groups are all factors that can evoke change in the subsequent empathy for pain responses in humans. These modulatory factors provide insight into in- and out-group mechanisms. Cognitive strategies can regulate a diminished empathy for pain response, although further research is needed on how to cultivate and strengthen our ability to have empathy for another’s pain.
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El, bouragui Khira. "Rôle de la prise de perspective et de la flexibilité cognitive dans les déficits empathiques : application à la dépression sous-clinique." Thesis, Reims, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REIML006.
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La prise de perspective (PP) renvoie à la capacité de comprendre le point de vue psychologique d’autrui. Elle constitue une notion complexe, impliquant différents processus, comme la capacité de prendre conscience de soi et d’autrui, d’inhiber son point de vue, de passer d’un point de vue à un autre ou d’endosser la perspective d’autrui. Ces étapes mobilisent la conscience de soi (CS), la distinction soi-autrui (DSA) et la flexibilité cognitive (FC).Notre recherche vise à évaluer comment des déficits dans chacune de ces sphères pourraient sous-tendre une altération des capacités de PP. Pour ce faire, trois protocoles originaux sont utilisés : ils s’attachent à clarifier les liens entre la PP et les autres composantes empathiques à l’aide de mesures physiologiques, à évaluer les déficits des composantes évoquées dans la dépression sous-clinique et à tester l’effet de deux programmes d’entraînements (CF, PP) sur la symptomatologie dépressive.Les résultats montrent une implication de la PP comme processus transversal des réponses empathiques et son lien avec les composantes automatiques de l’empathie. Ils soutiennent l’existence d’un pattern de déficits en CS, DSA, FC et PP semblables à ceux mis en évidence dans les niveaux cliniques de dépression. Enfin, l’efficacité d’un entraînement à la CF sur les capacités de PP ajoute un argument au lien causal unissant les deux concepts. Nos résultats contribuent à mieux comprendre la dynamique commandant à une chaîne de déficits inter-reliés pour mieux prévenir la maladie chez les personnes à risques<br>Perspective-taking (PT) refers to the ability to understand the psychological point of view of others. It is a complex notion involving the ability to become aware of oneself and others, to inhibit one's point of view, to move from one point of view to another and to adopt the perspective of others. These various stages mobilize self-consciousness (CS), self-other distinction (SOD) and cognitive flexibility (CF).Our research aims to evaluate how deficits in each of these spheres could underlie an alteration of perspective-taking abilities. To do so, it uses three original protocols aimed at clarifying the links between PT and the other empathic components by using physiological measures, evaluating the deficits of the processes mentioned in subclinical depression and to test the effect of two training programs (CF, PT) on depressive symptomatology.The results show PT involvement as a transversal process of empathic responses and its connection to the automatic components of empathy. They also support the existence of a pattern of deficits in CS, SOD, FC and PT similar to those found in clinical depression levels. Finally, the effectiveness of PT training on PT capabilities adds an argument to the causal link between these two concepts. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics driving a chain of interrelated deficits to better prevent the emergence of depression among people at risk
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Park, Hyesu. "Narrating Other Minds: Alterity and Empathy in Post-1945 Asian American Literature." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397775591.
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Ower, Nicole [Verfasser], and Markus [Akademischer Betreuer] Heinrichs. "Effects of oxytocin on social cognition and empathy in women with borderline personality disorder = Effekte von Oxytocin auf die soziale Kognition und Empathie bei Frauen mit Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung." Freiburg : Universität, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1123478945/34.
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Atkins, David. "The role of culture in empathy : the consequences and explanations of cultural differences in empathy at the affective and cognitive levels." Thesis, University of Kent, 2014. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/47970/.
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Our empathic abilities are central in social interaction and accordingly, our ability to feel and infer others’ emotions is considered crucial for healthy functioning in interpersonal relationships (Blair, 2005; Eisenberg & Miller, 1987). One possible moderator of empathy is cultural background and although there is a wealth of theoretical knowledge to link culture and empathy, there is however, very limited empirical research directly examining the association between the two constructs. In five studies using culture as the principle unit of analysis, the research contained within this thesis has investigated the extent to which culture influences empathy using a variety of methods. Chapter Two reports results from an experimental study which show cultural differences in negative affect in response to physical pain; British reported greater negative affect compared to East Asians. Chapter Three reports results from an experimental study that replicate findings in the preceding chapter to a different type of situation, one that depicts social pain. In addition, results demonstrate greater empathic concern but lower empathic accuracy in British compared to East Asians. Chapter Four reports results from an experimental study that follow a similar pattern to preceding chapters; British report greater empathic concern, but lower empathic accuracy compared to Chinese individuals. In addition, the analyses demonstrate that neither an in-group advantage nor comprehension of video targets can explain cultural differences in affective and cognitive empathy. Emotional expressivity predicts British but not Chinese empathic concern. Chapter Five reports a study that demonstrates that empathic concern explains cultural differences in donating, a measure of prosocial behaviour. Chapter Six reports a study that demonstrates that Americans would side and feel more affective empathy for one friend over the other when the two friends are engaged in an intense disagreement compared to Japanese. These findings are interpreted from a dialectical thinking and interpersonal harmony theoretical framework. The association between dispositional empathy and affective and cognitive empathic outcomes was assessed in all studies to understand the utility of dispositional empathy cross-culturally. Findings regarding dispositional empathy’s utility are mixed but suggest that dispositional empathy is more useful to predict empathy in a Western cultural context, but not as useful in an Eastern cultural context. Chapter Seven considers the implications of the findings reported in the set of studies and explores future directions.
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Loukakis, Kathy. "Moral Cognitive Cinema and its Ethical Spectatorship." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21908.
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I believe that watching exemplary films can make people more compassionate and change us for the better and as such I make a case for their efficacy as instruments for correction. Refining contemplative moral reasoning in order to stimulate responsive and responsible social agency requires the foregrounding of approaches that promote other engagement. In addition to providing diversionary entertainment consummate films insist that the spectator be engaged, moved, stimulated and impelled to reflect and reassess their values and behavior. Their affective repertoire may animate the productive empathy which is capable of crystallizing into an ethical conviction focusing on social cooperation and connection. The potency of teaching people emotional empathy via film in order to enhance moral reasoning appears to be encouraged and supported by scientific studies. There are intricate links between the empathic and embodied responses to film and its ethical consequences. Neuroscientific research is investigating the importance of the somatic body’s response to stimuli and its impact on decision-making. Its examining the ways in which interoceptive awareness moderates neural activity, how the emotionally and morally critical limbic system coheres with embodied simulation and theory of mind circuits during an empathic experience, and the influence of affect and visceral response in moral evaluation. All of these elements apply directly to the film spectator’s experience and points to the potential for a moral cognitive cinema which champions the fundamental value of empathic concern and encourages the promise of an ethical spectatorship as a corrective. Combining empathy’s role in moral cognition with film spectatorship studies is a critical endeavour that I encourage in attempts to find proactive solutions to contemporary society’s increasing social fragmentation and conflict. My conjecture is that an exemplary cinema with a strategic compassionate focus can reshape and re-conceptualize spectatorship in the service of enhanced social, moral and ethical behaviour.
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Kahn, Rachel E. "Affective and Cognitive Empathy Deficits Distinguish Primary and Secondary Variants of Callous-Unemotional Youth." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2014. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1878.
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The current study examined whether a sample of detained male adolescents (n = 107; Mean age = 15.50; SD = 1.30) could be disaggregated into two distinct groups, consistent with past research on primary and secondary variants of callous-unemotional (CU) traits in adolescents. This study also sought to determine a possible explanation for the CU traits among youth in the secondary variant by examining whether they differ from primary variants on measures of cognitive and affective empathy. Using Latent Profile Analyses, two groups of adolescents high on CU traits were identified, a large group (n = 30) high on CU traits but low on anxiety (primary) and a smaller group high on both CU traits and anxiety (n = 10; secondary). Using self-report and computerized measures of affective (e.g., emotional reactivity) and cognitive empathy (e.g., affective facial recognition and theory of mind (ToM)), results revealed that the secondary variant demonstrated the lowest levels of cognitive empathy. In contrast, the primary variant demonstrated the lowest levels of self-report affective empathy, but these levels were not significantly different from the secondary variant. Multiple regression analyses testing the association among measures of empathy, CU traits, and anxiety produced a mostly consistent pattern of results. One exception was the finding of an interaction between CU traits and anxiety in the prediction of fear recognition accuracy that indicated that CU traits were positively associated with accuracy in recognizing fearful facial expressions when anxiety was low. The current study builds upon previous work examining primary and secondary variants of CU traits by suggesting that both primary and secondary variants may exhibit similar deficits in affective empathy, but that secondary variants may also exhibit deficits in cognitive empathy and perspective-taking that are not present in primary variants.
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Crum, Allison. "Walking in Their Shoes and Around Their World: Perspective-Taking in Fiction." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2214.
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Along with academically focused benefits such as vocabulary and literacy, fiction reading has social-emotional benefits. Readers of fiction can identify with characters, and be transported into the fictional world, to differing degrees. Fiction, specifically, can help foster empathy. It has been well established that lifelong fiction readers have higher levels of cognitive empathy than those who have had limited experience with fiction. This relationship between transportation and empathy is well-researched, but the effect of identification on transportation and empathy is less well-defined. The relationship between identification with characters and transportation has mixed findings, and has been studied mostly with films. The current study focuses on the relationship between identification and cognitive empathy, with transportation as a possible mediator. Participants (n=148, age 18-60) read the story The Necklace by Guy de Maupassant, with explicit directions: either to read as if they were the main character (high identification), or read objectively (low identification). Participants then rated their identification (as a manipulation check) and transportation using self-report scales. Cognitive empathy was measured by the reading the Mind in the Eyes test, where participants saw a picture of eyes, and selected which emotion was being expressed. Results showed no difference between groups, indicating a failed manipulation. Further tests showed no significant correlation between condition and transportation; or condition and cognitive empathy; or transportation in cognitive empathy. There was also no significant regression equation. Future research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms, and more potential benefits of fiction.
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Legorburu, Noel. "Understanding meaningful involvement in reality therapy and choice theory in the context of empathy research." Thesis, Argosy University/San Francisco Bay Area, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3578096.
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<p> Lack of common vocabulary has been an obstacle to the psychotherapy integration movement. This deficit has been particularly significant in the research on the psychotherapy relationship. The concept of meaningful involvement is central to the practice of reality therapy, a practice model developed by William Glasser, MD, which has not been studied extensively. The purpose of the present study was to contribute to a common vocabulary for psychotherapy integration and to clarify the definition of <i>meaningful involvement</i>. The selected research methodology was the framework method of narrative analysis coupled with the use of AnSWR, a computer-assisted data management and analysis tool. This methodology was applied to a written text, <i>Counseling with Choice Theory: The New Reality Therapy</i>. Results from the current study indicated that patterns of communication were most consistent with an instructional stance. These results were consistent with the instructional nature of reality therapy of psychotherapy, yet were not consistent with Glasser’s focus on the therapeutic relationship as the central element of this school of psychotherapy. Further study is recommended on meaningful involvement within reality therapy in future research with data that allows for observation of nuances of communication, such as body language and tone of voice, is recommended to address this inconsistency.</p>