Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Empire du Mali'

Yüksek lisans tezi--Yakınçağ tarihi--Istanbul--Marmara üniversitesi, 2003. Titre de soutenance : Sultan II. Abdülhamid döneminde maliye komisyonları ve faaliyetleri (1876-1909).
Bibliogr. p. 135-139.

Le "miracle arabe" n'avait pas permis seulement le bouleversement de la carte geopolitique du monde ancien, mais avait e galement ouvert l'afrique noire a l'ere de la revelation divine et des lois universelles. C'est en tekrour que l'islam trouva son second souffle et son extraordinaire renaissance faisant du sahara-soudanais une econde terre de predication. Cette renaissance etait due, en grande partie, a l'habilite, aux talents des commercants arabo-berberes et surtout a l'esprit guerrier du mouvement almoravide. Ainsi, en introduisant leur culture, leur religion et leur langue, les arabes avaient contribue puissament au grand mouvement d'arabisation du soudan qui, du 11eme au 16eme siecle, a pousse les adeptes de mohamed a faconner le monde soudano-sahelien a leur image en persuadant les chefs locaux a mener une vie plus inspiree du modele oriental que de l'heritage ancestral soudanais. Cependant, cette persuation n'avait engendre qu'une influence tres superficielle. Les masses paysanes etaient restees profedement animistes et etrangeres au dialogue qui s'instaurait entre leur chefs et les ressortissants arabo-berberes. Mais si les cites nigeriennes ont connu une vie religieuse et culturelle tres animee aunmoyen-age, c'est grace, il faut le dire, a la politique bienveillante des souver ains soudanais ( les mansas et les askias ) qui ne cesserent de couvrir les lettres musulmans d'honneurs et de presents. Quoiqu'il en soit, la rencontre de l'islam avec l'afrique noire a permis a celle-ci de s'ouvrir sur le monde et d'appre hender les temps modernes avec une mentalite nouvelle
The "arabe miracle" did not only allow the compete change of the geopolitic map of the ancien world, but also allowed bl ack africa to have access to the divine revelation era of universal laws. It is in tekrur that islam found its second br eathe and its extraordinary rebith turning the sudaness sahara into a second earth of predication. This rebith was mostl y due to the gifted arabo-berbertradesmen and more particularly to the warlik spirit of the almoravid movement. Thus, by introducing their culture, religion and language, the arabe had greatly contributed to the great arabization movement of sudan, which from the 11 th century to 16 th century drove mohamed followers to build the sudano-sahelian world in their own image, persuading the local cheifs to live in a more oriental way, rather than in the ancestral sudanese herit age. The agricultural work forces were still strongly animist and did not take part in the dialogue which involved their cheifs and the arabo-berber peopole ( or citizen ). But , if the nigerian cities knew a lilively religious and cultural life during the middle -age, we must say that it is thanks to the benevolent politics of the sudanese sovereigns ( the mansas and askias ) who never stopped honoring muslim scholars. Although, the meeting between islam and black africa permitted the latter to open us itself

Cette thèse se veut à la fois critique et pragmatique. Critique de l’histoire récente du Mali lue à l’aune des outils procurés par l’analyse juridique, la sociologie et l’anthropologie du droit. Cette intention critique a conduit à interroger l’histoire du Mali des origines dans une perspective génétique qui a été détaillée dans les prolégomènes. Pragmatique, la thèse formule des propositions rattachées à la situation concrète du Mali, allant dans le sens d’un décloisonnement des consciences et de la restauration des normes constitutives de la République malienne. C’est à la satisfaction de ces deux impératifs que les analyses du langage ont été utiles. Elles ont également permis d’identifier certaines insuffisances de la dogmatique juridique généralement soucieuse de plaquer des concepts préfabriqués sur les réalités africaines, que de saisir au plus près ces réalités avec leurs nuances. Il est donc apparu opportun pour y parvenir de procéder à l’analyse des stratégies des acteurs ordinaires de la société politique malienne. La prise en considération des concepts manipulés par ces derniers explique le recours aux langues autochtones. La première partie de la thèse est consacrée à l’analyse du développement chaotique du Mali après l’abandon du projet des pères de l’indépendance sous la double pression des contraintes économiques et des déterminants culturels. La seconde partie en tire les conséquences du point de vue de la théorie constitutionnelle. C’est la raison pour laquelle la thèse s’achève sur la proposition d’une réforme du système de l’unité africaine inspirée, à l’image de tout ce qui précède, d’un dicton de la langue bambara : « Dormir sur la natte des autres, c’est comme si l’on dormait par terre »
This thesis is both critical and pragmatic. A criticism of Mali’s recent history read in the light of the tools provided by the legal analysis, sociology and anthropology of law. This critical intent led to examine the history of Mali’s origins in a genetic perspective that has been detailed in the prolegomena. Pragmatic, the thesis puts forward proposals related to the concrete situation of Mali, along the lines of a deregulation of consciences and the re-introduction of constitutive standards into the Malian Republic. The language analysis proved valuable in meeting these two requirements. They also enabled to identify some shortcomings in legal dogma generally more anxious to graft prefabricated concepts onto African realities, rather than capture these realities with their nuances as close as possible. It therefore seemed appropriate to analyze the strategies of ordinary actors of the Malian political society. The consideration of the concepts handled by these latter accounts for the use of indigenous languages. The first part of the thesis is devoted to the analysis of Mali’s chaotic development in the aftermath of the relinquishment of the fathers’ project of independence under the double pressure of economic constraints and cultural determinants. The second part draws the relevant consequences from the point of view of constitutional theory. Thus, the thesis concludes with the proposal for reform of the system of African Unity based, upon as all the above, Bambara language’s saying : “Sleeping on the mat of others is like sleeping on the floor

Cette étude se concentre sur trois pôles historiographiques ayant produit diachroniquement des savoirs sur le sultanat médiéval du Mali. Partant d'une approche chronologiquement régressive, nous analysons dans une première partie les historiographies du monde savant et académique du XIXe siècle à nos jours, puis l'historiographie « takrürienne » d'Afrique de l’Ouest du XVIIe au XIXe siècle, et enfin l'historiographie mamelouke, principale pourvoyeuse de sources narratives arabes au XIVe et XVe siècle après le séjour au Caire en 1324 de la caravane du sultan Mansa Musa en route pour La Mecque. La seconde partie sera l'occasion d'explorer plus en avant les sources médiévales arabes à travers une réflexion poussée sur deux témoignages d'exception sur le sultanat du Mali au XIVe siècle, ceux de l'encyclopédiste syrien al-'Umarï et du voyageur marocain Ibn Battüta. La troisième partie prend la forme d'un recueil bilingue de sources arabes s'étalant du XIe au XIXe siècle mais dont la majorité est contemporaine du sultanat du Mali. Certaines sont nouvelles, les autres légèrement ou profondément retraduites. Ce corpus documentaire rassemble toutes les traces écrites en langue arabe connues à ce jour sur la formation politique du Mali, dont la configuration politique se transforme maintes fois du XIe au XVIe siècle. Il permet également de faire dialoguer les nombreux passages cités dans les chapitres avec le régime documentaire auquel ils appartiennent
This study focuses on three historiographic centres that diachronically produced knowledge concerning the sultanate of Mali. By means of a chronologically regressive approach, we analyse in the first part the historiographies of the scholarly and academic world from the 19th century onwards, then the Takrürï historiography in West Africa from the 17th to the 19th century, and finally the Mamlük historiography. The latter is the main provider of narrative Arabic sources for the 14th and 15th centuries after the sojoum of Mansa Musa's caravan in Cairo while traveling to Mecca. The second part will further explore Arabic medieval sources through the thorough consideration of two unique accounts of the sultanate of Mali during the 14th century; one belonging to the Syrian encyclopaedist al- 'Umarï and the other to the Moroccan traveller Ibn Battüta. The third and last part takes the shape of a bilingual French/ Arabic collection of Arabic sources stretching from the 11th to the 19th century, of which the majority is contemporary to the sultanate of Mali. Some are new, while others were slightly or substantially retranslated. This documentary corpus gathers all currently extant traces of Arabie literature pe11aining to Mali, whose political nature unde1went many changes from the 11th to the 17th century. It will also function as a tool to establish a dialogue between the numerous excerpts quoted in the chapters with the documentary environment to which they belong

Cette thèse se veut à la fois critique et pragmatique. Critique de l’histoire récente du Mali lue à l’aune des outils procurés par l’analyse juridique, la sociologie et l’anthropologie du droit. Cette intention critique a conduit à interroger l’histoire du Mali des origines dans une perspective génétique qui a été détaillée dans les prolégomènes. Pragmatique, la thèse formule des propositions rattachées à la situation concrète du Mali, allant dans le sens d’un décloisonnement des consciences et de la restauration des normes constitutives de la République malienne. C’est à la satisfaction de ces deux impératifs que les analyses du langage ont été utiles. Elles ont également permis d’identifier certaines insuffisances de la dogmatique juridique généralement soucieuse de plaquer des concepts préfabriqués sur les réalités africaines, que de saisir au plus près ces réalités avec leurs nuances. Il est donc apparu opportun pour y parvenir de procéder à l’analyse des stratégies des acteurs ordinaires de la société politique malienne. La prise en considération des concepts manipulés par ces derniers explique le recours aux langues autochtones. La première partie de la thèse est consacrée à l’analyse du développement chaotique du Mali après l’abandon du projet des pères de l’indépendance sous la double pression des contraintes économiques et des déterminants culturels. La seconde partie en tire les conséquences du point de vue de la théorie constitutionnelle. C’est la raison pour laquelle la thèse s’achève sur la proposition d’une réforme du système de l’unité africaine inspirée, à l’image de tout ce qui précède, d’un dicton de la langue bambara : « Dormir sur la natte des autres, c’est comme si l’on dormait par terre »
This thesis is both critical and pragmatic. A criticism of Mali’s recent history read in the light of the tools provided by the legal analysis, sociology and anthropology of law. This critical intent led to examine the history of Mali’s origins in a genetic perspective that has been detailed in the prolegomena. Pragmatic, the thesis puts forward proposals related to the concrete situation of Mali, along the lines of a deregulation of consciences and the re-introduction of constitutive standards into the Malian Republic. The language analysis proved valuable in meeting these two requirements. They also enabled to identify some shortcomings in legal dogma generally more anxious to graft prefabricated concepts onto African realities, rather than capture these realities with their nuances as close as possible. It therefore seemed appropriate to analyze the strategies of ordinary actors of the Malian political society. The consideration of the concepts handled by these latter accounts for the use of indigenous languages. The first part of the thesis is devoted to the analysis of Mali’s chaotic development in the aftermath of the relinquishment of the fathers’ project of independence under the double pressure of economic constraints and cultural determinants. The second part draws the relevant consequences from the point of view of constitutional theory. Thus, the thesis concludes with the proposal for reform of the system of African Unity based, upon as all the above, Bambara language’s saying : “Sleeping on the mat of others is like sleeping on the floor

Formes et décors des récipients céramiques sont traditionnellement considérés comme des témoins privilégiés de l'identité des communautés anciennes. Il résulte généralement de ce type d'approche une continuité stylistique préconçue. Cette continuité caractérise la plupart des assemblages céramiques issus des grands centres urbains historiques ouest africains. Celle dont témoigne la céramique exhumée à Koumbi Saleh (Mauritanie, 5e/6e-I7e siècles) en est l'un des exemples les plus emblématiques. Dans le but d'interroger cette continuité, une étude technologique de cette céramique fut entreprise. Les différentes étapes de la chaîne opératoire de production céramique ont été reconstituées au travers de plusieurs analyses archéométriques. Plusieurs productions céramiques ont ainsi été reconnues. Nos résultats révèlent, par ailleurs, que ces productions, locales et importées, subissent de profondes transformations dans le courant des 11e et 15e siècles.

Cette thèse s’est assigné, comme modalités de recherches de définir les modes spécifiques d’apparition et de fonctionnement de l’épique dans la chronique historique et les chants d’exaltation en l’honneur de l’empereur Bakari II, représenté comme le « découvreur » de l’Amérique avant Colomb. Le texte est une version bilingue composée d’une transcription en langue Mandenka et d’une traduction française. En chantant ses hauts faits, le griot fait l’éloge des qualités héroïques du personnage et la nature des émotions que son audace d’aller à l’assaut des vagues de l’océan Atlantique suscite. A un texte qui se présente sous une apparence simple, une intonation épique est de la sorte attribuée même si on peut le qualifier de « néo épopée ». Certes l’épique s’imposait au regard du choix d’une esthétique d’oralité qui permet de nouer « sans artifice » l’historique, l’héroïque et le merveilleux. On retrouve là, la définition du registre épique et du style noble qui lui est associé dans la rhétorique, et qu’emprunte effectivement l’œuvre. Tout d’abord, nous avons tenté de jeter un regard sur la fondation du Mande, des origines à l’avènement de Soundjata Keïta, fondateur de l’empire et sur la composition sociale et l’organisation politique de l’empire du Mali. Cette thèse confirme, à l’instar d’autres études ethnographiques, que la société mandingue médiévale est organisée autour de trois pôles fortement hiérarchisés, endogamiques et spécialisés: les horon, les nyamakala et les jon. Avant de transcrire en langue malinké, puis les traduire en français les chants-rythmes d’éloge de Fa Bukari, nous avons revisité le cycle épique de Maghan Soundjata qui s’accompagne de la chronique de l’empereur du Mali Aboubakari II. Pour conclure, nous avons abordé les propriétés stylistiques et sémantiques qui s’articulent autour de la figure du poète épique, de la poésie formulaire, de la parole épique, de la rythmique particulière de la parole épique, sans occulter les perspectives de recherches nombreuses qui s’ouvrent dans le champ de la littérature orale, en général et sur l’épopée de Bakari II, en particulier qui contient un pan entier de domaines à explorer
This thesis is assigned, as the terms and conditions of research to define specific modes of appearance and operation of the epic in the historical Chronicle and the songs of exaltation in honour of Emperor Bakari II, represented as the "discoverer" of America before Columbus. The text is a bilingual version consisting of a transcript in Mandinka language and a French translation. Singing its achievements, the griot is the praise of the heroic qualities of the character and nature of the emotions aroused by his daring to go to the onslaught of the waves of the Atlantic Ocean. A text that presents itself as a simple appearance, epic intonation is assigned to it even though it can be called 'neo epic’. Certainly the epic was necessary with regard to the choice of an aesthetic of orality that allows to establish 'unadorned' history, the heroic and wonderful deeds. We have here, the definition of epic registry and noble style associated with it in the rhetoric, which is followed by the work. First of all, we have tried to look on the Foundation of the Mande, from the origins to the advent of Sundiata Keita, founder of the empire and the social composition and the political organization of the Mali Empire. This thesis confirms, along with other ethnographic studies, that medieval Mandingo society is organized around three poles strongly hierarchical, endogamous and specialised: the horon, the nyamakala and the jon. Before transcribing malinke language, then translate them into French songs-rhythms of praise of Fa Bukari, we revisited Maghan Sundiata epic cycle which is accompanied by the Chronicle of the Emperor of Mali, Aboubakari II. To conclude, we discussed stylistic and semantic properties that revolve around the figure of the epic poet, poetry form, epic speech, the special rhythmic of epic speech, without concealing the prospects of many research that open in the field of oral literature, in general and the epic of Bakari II, in particular that contains an entire domain to explore

Le site de Natamatao est une butte artificielle sablo- argileuse, située à l'ouest du delta intérieur du Niger (l4°28g’N et 05°0'4’W) près de Thial. Il a fait l'objet de pillages profonds et systématiques au début des années 1990. Ces pillages ont permis d'extraire au site plusieurs centaines d' objets comprenant des sculptures anthropomorphes et zoomorphes en terre cuite, des jarres funéraires, diverses poteries, meules, objets en fer, etc. De 2001 à 2006, des recherches, prospections, fouilles et enquêtes orales, ont été entreprises sur ce site et dans ses environs. Les enquêtes systématiques dans les villages environnant Thial ont permis de collecter les objets pillés que les populations locales gardaient par devers eux et de cartographier la mémoire des anciens pilleurs, après leur collaboration. Le recoupement de leurs informations avec celles obtenues dans les fouilles de 14 sondages attestent que Natamatao est un complexe à la nature double mais dont la vie est commune : une occupation de type villageois au sud et à l’ouest s'est développée à côté d'un monument religieux à l'est et au nord. La nature religieuse se caractérise par la concentration dans la même zone des dépôts de plusieurs squelettes d'équidés enduits d'ocre rouge, des centaines de statuettes et autres objets entiers et neufs en queue leu-leu. La nature et la quantité des œuvres extraites du site suggèrent que la dimension symbolique- religieuse dépasse son environnement immédiat. Elle est probablement le signe d'une structuration des sociétés anciennes de cette partie du delta autour d'un site majeur, à l'époque des empires. Le modèle préconisé ne fait pas appel à une hiérarchisation des sites comme cela est supposé dans les processus d'urbanisation de la région.

This thesis analyses the significance of the flying boat to modes of imperial British connectedness through aviation, with a specific focus on interwar Australia. The thesis demonstrates the evolution of the flying boats' contribution to Australia’s development through their position at the crucial intersection of the nation’s economic development and military defence. It argues that the flying boats provide a unique lens through which to explore Australia’s changing sense of national and global connectedness in a period of rapid technological change. The significance of flying boats to the commercial and social life of Australia should not be understated. However, recognition of their significance has been diminished by a tendency to focus exclusively on their role during World War II. The result has been to disassociate and understate the salience of the flying boat era as a whole. This thesis demonstrates the rapid evolution of aviation in the period and situates the flying boat in the history of Australia’s then fledgling aviation industry. It argues that flying boats’ early significance derived from its role in pioneering long-distance routes, and from the Empire Air Mail Scheme (EAMS), a programme instigated to transport first-class mail throughout the British Empire by air. The Empire Flying Boats were central to this scheme through which the British Government proposed to develop international air travel to its dominions, including Australia and New Zealand, initially financed by subsidised airmail. EAMS had an equally significant objective of maintaining Britain’s links with and influence across its empire. Flying boat operations were severely curtailed by the outbreak of World War II, as many of the aircraft were requisitioned into their respective British and Australian Air Forces. However, the demands for passenger travel remained high, in particular for military personnel. As a result, airmail surcharges were reinstated in order to reduce the quantity of airmail and increase the scope for passengers. The Short S 25 Sunderland was manufactured alongside the Empire Class flying boats to satisfy military demands for a long-range reconnaissance aircraft and this aircraft, and its derivatives, proved themselves to be highly effective in this role both for the RAF and its dominions. This thesis demonstrates that the era of the flying boats’ dominance was both a catalyst and a fundamental component in the development of aviation in Australia. In doing so it traces the increasing degree of airmindedness among the Australian public, and the gradual emergence of a distinctive airmindedness that differentiated Australia’s aviation needs and imagined futures from those of Britain. The thesis also discusses how the initial bias towards seaplanes transformed into a pragmatic acceptance of landplanes, resulting in the end of the flying boats’ dominance in both civil and military contexts. In this study I provide, for the first time, a concise discussion of flying boat operations in Australia during the first half of the twentieth century, situating their history within the broader evolution of Australia’s sense both of imperial connectedness and national potentials through aviation.
Thesis (Masters)
Master of Arts Research (MARes)
School of Hum, Lang & Soc Sc
Arts, Education and Law
Full Text

Le califat de Hamdallahi a été gouverné successivement par trois dirigeants dont tous portaient le prénom « Amadou » pendant un demi-siècle de 1818 à 1862. La capitale du califat se trouvait dans la région du Macina au centre de l’actuel Mali en Afrique de l’Ouest. Cette région a connu de nombreuses mutations au XIXe siècle, particulièrement sur le plan intellectuel, politique et confrérique. Cette étude couvre uniquement la période de 1800 et 1866 dans la région du Macina. Ce travail s’est basé sur un texte polémique entre les Qādiris et les Tījānis ouest africains du XIXe siècle. Ce choix a pour but d’élargir davantage la documentation sur l’histoire du Macina et surtout faire connaître la littérature ouest africaine du XIXe siècle. L’historiographie de la région s’est jusqu’à présent fondée sur des jugements rapides ne reposant pas sur une étude approfondie des textes, l’intérêt de ce choix est justement de faire parler les textes autour de ces problématiques.Cette étude illustre en partie l’histoire intellectuelle et politique de l’Afrique de l’Ouest au XIXe siècle. Le texte a été composé après la victoire militaire d’al-Ḥājj Umar dans la région du Macina en 1862. Cette conquête a mis fin définitivement à l’existence d’un État théocratique connu sous le nom de califat de Hamdallahi, un des États les plus organisés politiquement en Afrique de l’ouest au XIXe siècle. Ce conflit politique s’est transformé en partie en un conflit d’ordre confrérique. Ibn Yerkoy Talfi disciple d’al-Ḥājj Umar et idéologue tījāni était dans le camp des vainqueurs et s’est retourné contre le plus haut responsable de la confrérie Qādiriyya subsaharienne Aḥmad al-Bakkay. Ce dernier était représentant de la confrérie Qādiriyya et se trouvait parmi les vaincus, Aḥmad al-Bakkay avaient longtemps critiqué al-Ḥājj Umar et sa confrérie.Une investigation beaucoup plus large et une analyse critique des textes nous ont permis de revenir sur certains sujets déjà étudiés auparavant par exemple : la surévaluation de la question confrérique en toile de fond, les enjeux des relations Kunta/Peuls dans la période étudiée. La manipulation des textes religieux pour des raisons politiques, historiques et sociales
For half a century from 1818-1862, the Hamdallahi Caliphate was ruled by three successive leaders who each carried the name “Amadou.” The capital of the Caliphate was located in the Macina region which is in the center of modern-day Mali in West Africa. This region witnessed numerous changes over the course of the nineteenth century, especially in its intellectual, political and Sufi configurations. This study is focused exclusively on the period from 1800 to 1866 in the Macina region. The work is based on a polemical text about the differences between West African members of the Qādiriyya and Tījāniyya brotherhoods during the nineteenth century. This choice was made with the goal of expanding the documentary basis for the history of the Macina, and more than this, to make the West African literature of the nineteenth century better known. The historiography of the region has until now been based on quick analyses which are not based on deep study of texts and as such, the choice made here in this thesis is to concentrate on the contents of texts related to these problems. This study illustrates the intellectual and political history of West Africa in the nineteenth century. The text was written after the military victory of al-Ḥājj Umar in the Macina region in 1862. That conquest put a definitive end to the theocratic state known by the name of the Hamdallahi Caliphate, one of the best organized states in West Africa in the nineteenth century. The political conflict was transformed into a conflict between brotherhoods. Ibn Yerkoy Talfi was a disciple of al-Ḥājj Umar and a Tījāni ideologue who was part of the winning side, and it was directed against Aḥmad al-Bakkay, leader of the Qādiriyya brotherhood in sub-Saharan Africa. Aḥmad al-Bakkay was among those defeated in this conflict, and had been a longtime critic of al-Ḥājj Umar and his brotherhood.A much broader investigation and critical analysis of the texts allows us to return to certain topics which have already been studies such as the wider context of these events, the stakes in the relations between the Kunta and Fulɓe in the period studies, and the manipulation of religious texts for political, historical and social reasons

Le sujet de cette étude est le commerce et l’utilisation de divers produits issus d’arbres et d’arbustes dans le royaume d’Ougarit, situé sur la côte de la Syrie et dont la documentation écrite nous renseigne sur l’époque du Bronze récent, principalement les XIVe et XIIIe siècles avant J.-C. Ce royaume est particulièrement bien connu grâce aux milliers de tablettes trouvées depuis 82 ans sur le site de Ras Shamra et plus récemment sur celui de Ras Ibn Hani. Ces tablettes sont écrites très majoritairement dans deux langues et deux systèmes d’écriture cunéiforme : d’une part, la langue locale, baptisée « ougaritique », notée grâce à un système alphabétique, d’autre part, l’akkadien babylonien, noté selon un système logo-syllabique. A cheval entre la côte et la montagne, ce royaume était situé entre les deux grandes régions pourvoyeuses de bois dans la plus haute antiquité, comme en atteste la documentation égyptienne et mésopotamienne, ainsi que la Bible, la montagne libanaise et l’Amanus. Le lieu est donc particulièrement important pour ce sujet. Après un aperçu géographique, démographique, linguistique, historique et économique sur le royaume d'Ougarit, nous avons étudié successivement l'ébène, le pin et le sapin, le cèdre, le genévrier, le cyprès, le buis, le ¶rgz, le palmier, l’olivier et le bois-¶lmg, ainsi que le vignoble, la vigne et ses produits.Nous avons commencé chaque chapitre par une identification botanique et linguistique. Puis nous avons tenté de situer quelles étaient les régions qui étaient les sources principales de ces richesses naturelles. Ensuite, nous avons établi un aperçu historique sur le commerce des produits d'arbres et d’arbustes et sur les moyens de transport. Nous avons tenté de préciser leur nature, leur quantité, leur qualité, leur poids et leur prix à Ougarit et à l'extérieur. A la fin, nous avons étudié les diverses utilisations et leur rôle dans l'artisanat, la médecine, la religion et la magie dans l'antiquité. Ce faisant, il nous a été donné aussi d’approcher la valeur symbolique de ces arbres et de ces bois
The subject of our dissertation is the trade and use of various products derived from trees and shrubs in the Kingdom of Ugarit, located on the coast of Syria and whose written documentation informs us about the Late Bronze Age, mainly fourteenth and thirteenth centuries BC. The kingdom is well known thanks to the thousands of tablets found in the last 82 years on the site of Ras Shamra and more recently that of Ras Ibn Hani. These tablets are written overwhelmingly in two languages and two systems of cuneiform writing: first, the local language, called “Ugaritic”, noted in an alphabetic system, on the other hand, the Babylonian Akkadian, noted by a logo-syllabic script. Situated between the coast and mountains, this kingdom was located between two major regions suppliers of timber in the most remote antiquity, as evidenced by Egyptian and Mesopotamian literature and the Bible, the Lebanese mountains and the Amanus mountain. The place is thus particularly important for this topic. Following an overview of geographical, demographic, linguistic, historical and economic on the kingdom of Ugarit, we studied successively ebony, pine and fir, cedar, juniper, cypress, boxwood, ¶Rgz, palm-tree, olive-tree, ñlmg-wood and vineyard, the vine and its products .We started each chapter with a botanical and linguistical identification. We tried to locate what were the areas that were the main sources of these natural resources. Then, we established a historical overview on the trade in products from trees and transportation. We tried to clarify their nature, quantity, quality, weight and price in Ugarit and outside. Finally, we examined the various uses and their role in craft, medicine, religion and magic. In doing so, we could also approach the symbolic value of these trees and woods

Entre la fin de la République et le Haut-Empire, la société romaine amorce, définit et affirme une identité qui deviendra celle de la romanité. Mêlant traditions romaines et ajouts des cultures conquises et rencontrées, notamment la civilisation hellénistique, l’élite de la société romaine, élabore une culture d’élite qui deviendra le marqueur de rang de tout un groupe se reconnaissant par des pratiques culturelles et sociales les identifiant et les différenciant de leurs contemporains. Cette thèse aborde les normes sociales qui régissent la vie quotidienne des élites romaines, notamment l’ordre sénatorial et équestre, et les contraintes auxquelles les individus doivent se soumettre. Organisée autour de trois grands axes que sont les individus, les grands temps-forts de la vie quotidienne et les lieux de vie, cette recherche brosse le portait d’une société héritière d’une lourde tradition réinterprétée et transmise par une élite qui se perçoit comme la garante de la pérennité d’une identité, de vertus et de valeurs romaines. La diversité de cette approche permet de constater la diffusion d’un modèle socioculturel dans l’élite mais aussi dans la société et l’empire. Hommes, femmes, enfants, affranchis, comme esclaves tous concourent à donner une image relevant des normes et des convenances sociales qui régissent la haute société romaine. Tous sont au service de la familia et du maître en particulier. Le but étant de correspondre à un modèle qui fait des gens de l’élite sociale, une élite de la vertu : les boni uiri
The Roman society, during the end of the Republic and the High Empire, began, defined and affirmed an identity, a concept : the Romanity. This identity combines Roman traditions and additions of cultures like the Hellenistic civilization. In parralel the elite develops a culture that will become the rank marker of a whole group. The members of the high society recognise themselves through cultural and social practices identifying and differentiating them from their contemporaries. This thesis addresses the social norms that govern the daily life of the senatorial and equestrian order, and the restraints to which individuals must submit. It is organized around three major axes : the individuals, the great highlights of daily life and the places of life. This search describes a society heir to a long tradition reinterpreted and transmitted. The tradition, with virtues and values, has become, for the elite, the guarantor of the sustainability of a Roman identity. The diversity of this approach shows the spread of this socio-cultural model in the elite but also in the society and the empire. Men, women, children, freedmen and slaves contribute to giving an image of the social norms that govern Roman society. All are serving the familia and especially the master. The goal, for the elite is to being a social model, a model of virtue : the boni uiri

There were many ways of bordering manliness during the historical period covered by my research. Borders have been metaphorically understood as those invisible, often non-enunciated limits that have safeguarded manliness. There were borders separating masculinity from femininity and from childishnes, but there is also a more distant border, separating masculinity from the bestial. The term un-manliness is a useful concept for this analysis, for it can be used to illuminate the different ways in which masculinity has been interrogated. The concept can also be used in comparative analyses of how tolerance towards men deviating from ideas of ideal masculinity has differed according to situation and culture. It has been my ambition to elucidate the particular attitudes, values, customs, knowledge and requirements that influenced the view of masculinity at both individual and the group level. The clearest-cut aspects of manliness and un-manliness expressed in court proceedings were those having to do with sexuality, relations within the household, and the subordinate and dominant masculinities displayed by different court-room actors. The latter, in turn, reflected contemporary social structures, including the social gap that divided the Livonian peasantry’s serfs or former serfs from the ruling Baltic-German elite. Records from the court proceedings have shown the subordinate masculinity of the defendants, subordinate not only to that of the officers of the court but to that of the witnesses. This subordination was an inevitable consequence of the nature of the accusations, regardless of whether they were deemed well-founded or false.  The defendants were placed in a situation where they were forced constantly to be on the alert, ready to defend themselves and show their best sides. As a result, they would often give extremely clear expression to their views of proper masculinity. Such actors stressed, consciously or unconsciously, certain manly traits and behaviour patterns that characterised themselves and others. Their arguments provide insights into what they thought of each other and how they conceived a man should generally be, behave and act in different situations. By the same token, they clearly showed what kinds of behaviours were considered undesirable or outright unmanly. The positioning of the borders of manliness was linked both to time and to space. Deviations have helped different societies set the borders for what they considered acceptable behaviour. There was a clear cultural and geographical border between Sweden as such, and the Swedish province Livonia. This emerges clearly when one compares Livonian results with earlier studies on bestiality in Sweden. This shows that the view of manliness and the tolerance towards certain kinds of behaviour changed as one moved East.

This dissertation examines how news and information circulated among select colonies in the British and French Caribbean during a series of military conflicts from 1763 to 1804, including the American War of Independence (1775-1783), French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802), and the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804). The colonies included in this study are Barbados, Jamaica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Saint-Domingue. This dissertation argues that the sociopolitical upheaval experienced by colonial residents during these military conflicts led to an increased desire for news that was satiated by the development and improvement of many processes of collecting and distributing information. This dissertation looks at some of these processes, the ways in which select social groups both influenced and were affected by them, and why such phenomena occurred in the greater context of the 18th and early 19th century Caribbean at large. In terms of the types of processes, it examines various kinds of print culture, such as colonial newspapers, books, and almanacs, as well as correspondence records among different social groups. In terms of which groups are studied, these include printers, postal service workers, colonial and naval officials, and Catholic missionaries. The dissertation is divided into five chapters, the first of which provides insight into the operation of the mail service established in the aforementioned colonies, and the ways in which the Atlantic Revolutions impacted their service in terms of the different historical actors responsible for collecting and distributing correspondences. Chapter two looks at select British and French colonial printers, their print shops, and the book trade in the Caribbean isles during the 18th century. Chapter three delves into the colonial newspapers and compares the differences and similarities among government-sanctioned newspapers vis-à-vis independently produced papers. It uses the case of the Haitian Revolution to track how news of the slave insurrection was disseminated or constricted in the weeks immediately following the night of 22 August 1791. Chapter four examines the colonial almanac as a means of connecting colonial residents with people across the wider Atlantic World. It also surveys the development of these pocketbooks from mere astrological calendars to essential items that owners customized and frequently carried on their person, given the swathes of information they featured after the American War of Independence. The final chapter looks at the daily operations of Capuchin and Dominican missionaries in Martinique and Guadeloupe at the end of the 18th century and how they maintained their communications within the islands and with the heads of their Catholic orders in France, as well as in Rome. Overall, this project aims to fill in some of the gaps in the literature regarding how select British and French colonial residents received and dispatched information, and the effect this had in their respective Caribbean islands. It also sheds light on some of the ways that slaves were incorporated into the mechanisms by which information was collected and distributed, such as their encounters with printers, employment as couriers, and use as messengers to relay documents between colonial officials. In doing so, it hopes to encourage future discussion regarding how information moved in the British and French Caribbean amid periods of revolution and military conflict, how and why these processes changed, and the impact this had on print culture and mail systems in the post-revolutionary period of the 19th century.

From the first to the fourth century AD, male perceptions of female sexuality underwent a radical change with the advent of Christianity. This thesis is an investigation into classical male and Christian male perceptions of female sexuality, to determine the manner and extent to which this change in perceptions took place. The investigation will be two-fold, studying both the laws that established these perceptions, as well as representations of female sexuality within specific, subjective male-authored texts. A study of the marriage legislation of Augustus and a male writer of the early Empire, Apuleius, shows an underlying pattern of thought, or paradigm, of female sexuality among classical males. Female sexuality was perceived as existing for the sole purpose of procreation, and males in positions of authority thought that it needed to be under male control in order to ensure acceptable sexual behaviour. They believed this would be best achieved by situating it under the authority of the family. With the advent of Christianity, however, a new competing paradigm on female sexuality emerged, which challenged the perceptions of men of the classical era. The church fathers spurned the classical view of female sexuality by instead advocating lifelong celibacy. They too, believed female sexuality had to be controlled, but they placed it under the authority of the church, and outside the family. Since the basis of the classical and Christian patterns of thought differed so markedly, especially when the Christian paradigm was first being formulated in the second century, it was inevitable that they would come into " conflict. Advocates of the classical paradigm tried to suppress Christianity by persecuting its supporters. Some Christian women became victims of this conflict. This thesis will also include an example of this conflict - the martyrdom of the female Christian Perpetua, who left a record of her persecution in the form of a diary. The conversion of the Emperor Constantine to Christianity in the fourth century brought about the end of the conflict ana a victory for the Christian paradigm. The church fathers suggest that the shift from classical to Christian was total and complete. However, closer examination of Constantine's legislation and the work of the influential church father Jerome shows that while this shift was complete in theory, it did not extend very far into social and legal practice. Although the Christian ideals of the church fathers were a major component of thenew paradigm, it also came to be composed of classical notions - now motivated by Christian thought - that were held by Constantine and the upper classes. It was these classical notions that shaped the social reality of life in the fourth century AD. The nature and extent of the paradigm shift was therefore radical and far-reaching in theory, but not in practice.
Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2002.

Юсько Є. В. Королівська поштова служба у системі комунікацій Великої Британії XVI-XX ст. : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 032 "Історія та археологія" / наук. керівник Р. Б. Шиханов. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2019. 143 с.
UA : Об’єктом дослідження є формування та розвиток систем комунікацій сучасного світу. Предметом дослідження є становлення та розвиток Королівської поштової служби Британської імперії у XVI-XX століттях. Метою дослідження є аналіз ключових аспектів та особливостей становлення та розвитку Королівської поштової служби Британської імперії на окремих етапах її функціонування. Наукова новизна роботи полягає у спробі встановлення ролі інформаційного обміну, забезпеченого Королівською поштовою службою, у процесах консолідації населення Британської імперії, а також формуванні такого явища, як британський імпералізм. В нашому дослідженні ми намагаємось довести виключну роль інформаційного обміну, можливого за посередництва Королівської пошти, у процесах формування розгалудженого апарату керування імперією, зародження єдиного «британського» культурного та інформаційного простору, вплив якого зберігається до сьогодні. Висновки. Історія становлення та розвитку Королівської поштової служби британської імперії хронологічно охоплює XVI-XX ст. Протягом цього часу з виключно придворного сервісу Королівська пошта перетворилась на міжнародну компанію-монополіста поштового зв’язку в Британії, головного провайдера інформаційного обміну на території Об’єднаного Королівства та колишніх колоній імперії. З моменту свого офіційного заснування королівським указом в XVI ст. і на шляху до утворення загальноімперської інформаційної системи Королівська поштова служба пройшла кількасторічний шлях реформ. Ці якісні зміни були спрямовані на формування поштової служби, здатної оперативно задовольняти потреби клієнтів у швидкій та безпечній пересилці кореспонденції, що сприяло формуванню своєрідного інформаційного поля на території Британської імперії. Починаючи вже з ХІІІ століття у англійських історичних джерелах знаходимо згадки про існування системи поштових комунікацій, встановлених як для особистого користування короля, так для передачі офіційних листів і документів від імені королівського двору. В свою чергу, перший крок до інституалізації Королівської поштової служби був зроблений за часів правління Генріха VІІІ (1509-1547), коли було вперше офіційно впроваджено пост Головного поштмейстера Англії (1516 р.) Саме з цієї дати починається історія Королівської поштової служби. Проте інституція потребувала подальших реформ. В останній чверті XVII століття підприємець Уільям Доквра створив першу в світі приватну пошту, яка функціонувала на території Лондона. В першій половині ХІХ ст. були проведені реформи Роуленда Хілла, що значно вдосконалили поштовий сервіс, заклали основи його сучасного функціонування. Протягом другої половини ХІХ-ХХ століття Королівська поштова служба завершила своє формування, як єдиного сервісу з інформаційного обміну на території Британської імперії. Поштова система охопила не лише британські острови, але й залучила заокеанські колонії (Канаду, Індію, Австралію та ін.) до єдиного «британського» інформаційного поля. У другій половині ХХ століття Королівська пошта зітикнулась з проблемами економічного характеру. В окреслений період відбувались масові страйки робітників компанії, що несли їй значні збитки; телекомунікаційна галузь вийшла з-під юрисдікції Королівської пошти, що також призвело до втрати більше третини клієнтів. На кінець ХХ ст. остаточно завершився процес інституалізації Королівської поштової служби сучасного зразка. Не дивлячись на фактичне припинення існування Британської імперії, її поштовий сервіс продовжував задовольняти потреби в інформаційному обміні як населення Об’єднаного Королівства, так і жителів колишніх британських колоній та домініонів.
EN : The research object of master's thesis is formation and development of modern world’s communication systems. The subject of the research work is the formation and development of the Royal Mail in the British Empire in the XVI-XX centuries. The aim of the research is to analyze the key aspects and features of the formation and development of the Royal Postal Service in the British Empire at certain stages of its functioning. The scientific novelty of the work lies in an attempt to establish the role of the information exchange provided by the Royal Mail Service in the processes of consolidation of the population of the British Empire and the formation of the British imperialism. In our study, we attempt to prove the exceptional role of information sharing, mediated by the Royal Mail, in the process of forming an extensive empire-management apparatus, in the process of the birth of a "British" cultural and information space, the influence of what remains to our days. Conclusions. The history of the formation and development of the Royal Mail Service in the British Empire chronologically covers the XVI-XX centuries. During that time Royal Mail has grown from an exclusively court service to an international postal monopoly company in the UK, the main provider of information exchange in the United Kingdom and the former empire’s colonies. Since its official establishment by royal decree in the XVI century and on the way to the formation of an imperial information system, the Royal Mail has endured a multi-year time of reforms. These qualitative changes were aimed on the formation of a postal service capable to satisfy the needs of clients consisted in the fast and secure correspondence sending. It helped to create a kind of information field on the territory of the British Empire. Since the 13th century in the English historical sources we can found references of the existence of a postal system established for the personal use of the King and for the transmission of official letters and documents on behalf of the royal court. In turn, the first step to the institutionalization of the Royal Mail was made during the reign of Henry VIII (1509-1547), when the post of Postmaster General of England (1516) was firstly formally introduced. The history of the Royal Mail begins from that time. However, the service needed further reforms. In the last quarter of the seventeenth century, entrepreneur William Dockwra created the world’s first private mail service, operated in London. Afetr that in the first half of the nineteenth century Rowland Hill's reforms were provided, significantly improving the postal service. His reforms have created the basis of the modern british postal service. During the second half of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the Royal Mail completed its formation as the monopoly information exchanging service on the territory of the British Empire. The postal system covered not only the British Isles but also involved overseas colonies (Canada, India, Australia etc.) into a "British" information field. In the second half of the twentieth century, Royal Mail faced economic nature problems. During the outlined period there took place company’s employees’ mass strikes, what caused considerable losses; the telecommunications industry was out of the jurisdiction of Royal Mail, what also caused the loss of more than a third of customers. The process of the institutionalization of the Royal Mail of the modern model has finally been completed at the end of the twentieth century. Despite the actual cessation of the British Empire’s existence, its postal service continued to satisfy the needs in the information exchange for both the United Kingdom population and the inhabitants of the former British colonies and dominions.