To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Empirical criteria.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Empirical criteria'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Empirical criteria.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Dailey, Patrick A. (Patrick August). "An Empirical Investigation of Criterion Development and the Multiple Criteria Versus Composite Criterion Debate." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1990. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc935594/.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to empirically examine two empirically examine two main areas of concern in selecting criteria for validation studies: the development of the criterion and the multiple criteria versus composite criterion debate. Evidence was found for the ability of the various weighting schemes used to generate composites that were statistically and conceptually different from one another. Knowledge of the nature of each composite, along with the multiple criteria approach, proved essential to understanding the composite criterion to the validation process. Selection and treatment of the criterion apparently consist of judgment and individual estimations.
2
Litschka, Michael, Michaela Suske, and Roman Brandtweiner. "Decision Criteria in Ethical Dilemma Situations: Empirical Examples from Austrian Managers." Springer, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0922-x.
Full textAbstract:
This paper is the result of an empirical research project analysing the decision behaviour of
Austrian managers in ethical dilemma situations. While neoclassical economic theory would
suggest a pure economic rational basis for management decisions, the empirical study
conducted by the authors put other concepts to a test, thereby analysing their importance for
managerial decision making: specific notions of fairness, reciprocal altruism, and
commitment. After reviewing some of the theoretical literature dealing with such notions, the
paper shows the results of an online survey working with scenarios depicting ethical dilemma
situations. By judging such scenarios the respondents showed their preference for the named
concepts, though with different degrees of confirmation.
The results (with all limitations of an online survey in mind) support the theoretical work on
the named concepts: Fairness elements (including Rawlsian principles of justice and an
understanding of fairness as conceived by a reference transaction) play a major part in
management decisions in ethical dilemma situations. Also, commitment as a behaviour that
sticks to rules even if personal welfare is negatively touched, and reciprocal altruism as a
cooperative behaviour that expects a reciprocal beneficial action from other persons have
been concepts used by Austrian managers when analysing ethical dilemmas. The article also
tries to put the results into a comparative perspective by taking into account other studies on
ethical decision factors conducted with e.g. medical doctors or journalists, and by discussing
intercultural implications of business ethics.
3
Hu, Ganglan Information Systems Technology & Management Australian School of Business UNSW. "Decision-making criteria for software requirements selection: an empirical study in China." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Information Systems, Technology and Management, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/25980.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims to explore the decision-making criteria for requirements selection in market-driven software development projects in China. Requirements selection decisions are made by reconciling the conflicting stakeholders??? value propositions into a mutually-agreed set through the negotiation and communication process between stakeholders. Firstly, this study identified decision-making criteria according to different stakeholders??? value propositions, and then evaluated the importance of the criteria when making the decisions of requirements selection. Moreover, the study determined the degree to which the stakeholders from business, product, and project perspectives influence the decision-making process. Furthermore, the study explored the communication between major stakeholders in requirements selection process, as a foundation to support and guide the process. A Delphi survey was applied in this study. Opinions from experienced industrial experts were obtained to achieve reliable consensus among them on the criteria and relative importance of the criteria in requirements selection process. The Delphi survey in this study included four phases of data collection by a series of intensive questionnaires interspersed with controlled opinion feedback and follow-up interviews. 132 Experts from 11 companies were recruited by following the rigid procedure to ensure the validity and reliability of the research. The study indicated that criteria from the business perspective had a major influence on decision-making of requirements selection, while project- and product-perspective criteria were relatively lower in priority. However, there were some inconsistencies among the opinions of the recruited experts regarding the importance of the criteria. The inconsistencies may result from a number of different factors, for example; different software development projects; different size, culture, organizational structure or maturity level of the companies; or different working positions of the experts surveyed. In addition, the study found three different types of communication in requirements selection in the companies surveyed. Further, Chinese culture was believed to have effects on the communication process between stakeholders. While informal communication was highlighted in Chinese context, the Chinese culture of strictly hierarchical communication could lead to problems in the communication process. Further research is recommended to gain deeper insight into these issues.
4
Awirothananon, Thatphong. "Information Criterion and Joint Determination of the Numbers of Regimes and Variables in Markov Switching Model: Simulation and Empirical Application." Thesis, Griffith University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367009.
Full textAbstract:
This study has three purposes. The first one is to examine the performance of four information criteria in the context of joint determination of the numbers of regimes and variables in Markov switching model (hereafter called the MS model). These criteria are Akaike (1974) information criterion (hereafter called AIC), Schwarz (1978) information criterion (hereafter called SIC), HQC (Hannan & Quinn 1979), and Markov switching criterion: MSC (Smith, Naik & Tsai 2006). The second purpose is to investigate further whether the numbers of regimes and variables in aggregate time series are similar to those in individual time series. Third, to verify the simulation results from the second objective, this study applies the MS model to both aggregate and individual time series in reality.<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>Griffith Business School<br>Griffith Business School<br>Full Text
5
Islei, G. "An empirical investigation of the relationship between model and process in multicriteria decision making." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233366.
Full text
6
Hadley, Mark. "Empirical evaluation of the effectiveness and reliability of software testing adequacy criteria and reference test systems." Thesis, University of York, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/5861/.
Full textAbstract:
This PhD Thesis reports the results of experiments conducted to investigate the effectiveness and reliability of ‘adequacy criteria’ - criteria used by testers to determine when to stop testing. The research reported here is concerned with the empirical determination of the effectiveness and reliability of both tests sets that satisfy major general structural code coverage criteria and test sets crafted by experts for testing specific applications. We use automated test data generation and subset extraction techniques to generate multiple tests sets satisfying widely used coverage criteria (statement, branch and MC/DC coverage). The results show that confidence in the reliability of such criteria is misplaced. We also consider the fault-finding capabilities of three test suites created by the international community to serve to assure implementations of the Data Encryption Standard (a block cipher). We do this by means of mutation analysis. The results show that not all sets are mutation adequate but the test suites are generally highly effective. The block cipher implementations are also seen to be highly ‘testable’ (i.e. they do not mask faults).
7
Vinze, Ajay Shreekrishna. "Knowledge-based support for software selection in information centers: Design criteria, development issues, and empirical evaluation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184417.
Full textAbstract:
An information center (IC) is described as an organization designed to help end users help themselves. ICs are expected to provide several services to end users. The services can be summarized as: consultation, distribution and trouble-shooting. The research is focused on a specific consultation activity: software selection. Providing support for selection and evaluation of software for users constitutes 91.5 percent of a typical IC's daily workload. In the last decade, ICs have proved successful in managing software resources for organizations. The initial success of ICs has increased user expectations and demand for the services offered but, because ICs are considered cost centers in most organizations, there is growing pressure for them to accomplish more with fewer resources. The research hypothesis is that the knowledge and methodologies of IC consultants, concerning software selection, as well as relevant institutional policies, can be represented in a knowledge base. A knowledge-based system ICE (Information Center Expert) to assist users with software selection has been developed and evaluated in the study reported here. The development of ICE used two main design criteria: maintainability and transportability. Maintainability was defined as the ability to support frequent updating of the software supported by an IC. This is important because new software tools are introduced in the market at a very rapid rate; to stay competitive an IC must be able continually to adapt to this dynamic environment. Transportability was considered necessary to make ICE usable in many different ICs, each supporting a different set of software. The transportability feature allows different ICs to individualize the system to meet their own site-specific needs. Validation studies were conducted to test the appropriateness of the recommendations made by ICE, using "blind" validation procedures in which scenarios (in case form) were presented to consultants. The cases were selected to represent problems frequently taken to an IC. Two sets of solutions, those offered by consultants and those provided by ICE, were then presented to experts who were asked to judge the appropriateness of each solution to a case without knowing its source. To test the comparative advantages of using ICE or IC consultants to obtain assistance with software selection a laboratory experiment was conducted. A hypothetical construct called "Consultation Effectiveness" was used, which included measures for "user satisfaction" with the process, as well as measures for the "task basis" and the "recommendation basis" for evaluating a consultation session.
8
Heidenreich, Sebastian. "Do I care or do I not? : an empirical assessment of decision heuristics in discrete choice experiments." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2016. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=229468.
Full textAbstract:
Discrete choice experiments (DCEs) are widely used across economic disciplines to value multi-attribute commodities. DCEs ask survey-respondents to choose between mutually exclusive hypothetical alternatives that are described by a set of common attributes. The analysis of DCE data assumes that respondents consider and trade all attributes before making these choices. However, several studies show that many respondents ignore attributes. Respondents might choose not to consider all attributes to simplify choices or as a preference, because some attributes are not important to them. However, empirical approaches that account for attribute non-consideration only assume simplifying choice behaviour. This thesis shows that this assumption may lead to misleading welfare conclusions and therefore suboptimal policy advice. The analysis explores 'why' attribute are ignored using statistical analysis or by asking respondents. Both approaches are commonly used to identify attribute non-consideration in DCEs. However, the results of this thesis suggest that respondents struggle to recall ignored attributes and their reasons for non-consideration unless attributes are ignored due to non-valuation. This questions the validity of approaches in the literature that rely on respondents' ability to reflect on their decision rule. Further analysis explores how the complexity of choices affects the probability that respondents do not consider all attributes. The results show that attribute consideration first increases and then decreases with complexity. This raises questions about the optimal design complexity of DCEs. The overall findings of the thesis challenge the applicability of current approaches that account for attribute non-consideration in DCEs to policy analysis and emphasis the need for further research in this area.
9
Massadeh, Ali. "Empirical assessment of public enforcement of competition law : criteria and three case studies (EU, UK and France)." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2015. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/52465/.
Full text
10
Mwaka, Jino O. "Toward the analysis of informativeness of theories in management an empirical assessment building on Miner's criteria of importance /." [Kent, Ohio] : Kent State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=kent1273854284.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Kent State University, 2010.<br>Title from PDF t.p. (viewed May 27, 2010). Advisor: William Acar. Keywords: theory evaluation; higher-order construct in theory evaluation; important theories; informativeness; multi-dimensionality of theory evaluation; publication quality; novelty; extendibility; practicability; consistency; falsifiability. Includes bibliographical references (p. 103-112).
11
Mwaka, Jino. "TOWARD THE ANALYSIS OF INFORMATIVENESS OF THEORIES IN MANAGEMENT: AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT BUILDING ON MINER’S CRITERIA OF IMPORTANCE." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1273854284.
Full text
12
Skovly, Jørgen. "Information Systems Success : An empirical study on the appropriate success criteria and the real value of critical success factors." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for datateknikk og informasjonsvitenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-23007.
Full textAbstract:
Success is a complex concept, that people have been trying to understand for some time. Extensive research has been conducted in order to improve our understanding, and thus increase our chances for achieving success. However, as projects still continue to fail, the real value of this research seems unclear. This thesis emphasizes the distinction between variables that may cause success (success factors), and variables that are part of success (success criteria). Success is not a 'black and white' concept, in that different viewpoints may produce different evaluations, due to different underlying criteria. Hence, the same IT project may be considered successful from one viewpoint, while a failure from another. In addition, the context affecting IT projects will differ from project to project, both within and between organizations. This thesis suggests that this context can not be limited to a certain set of dimensions. The difference in context produces differences to the appropriate definition of success between projects. Hence, no general ultimate list of success criteria for all projects seems to exist. This thesis therefore makes an effort to investigate whether dynamic selections of success criteria are applicable, through two qualitative case studies. However, both of the dynamic selections investigated came up short in the cases studied. Hence, the appropriate success criteria seems to remain a matter of definition, that needs to be concluded and agreed upon by each respective project team.Some research has attempted to reduce success down to lists of what they refer to as critical success factors. However, as context will differ from project to project, no ultimate list of success factors seem to exist. The lists of critical success factors are in addition unfortunately sometimes presented with an indication of a guaranteed success. One would therefore be tempted to believe that it is relatively easy to achieve success. However, this study demonstrates that the possible value of a mere list of factors seems limited, by investigating how user involvement, one of the most heavily discussed and recognized success factors, is dealt with by project teams in practice. The thesis concludes that the challenges related to user involvement goes beyond the question of whether to involve users or not, and correspondingly that listing user involvement as a critical success factor in itself has little value.
13
Yenilmez-Dramali, Demet. "Moderating effect of forecasting methods between forecasting criteria and export sales forecasting effectiveness : an empirical model for UK organizations." Thesis, Kingston University, 2013. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/26591/.
Full textAbstract:
Over the last three decades important advances have been made in developing sales forecasting methods that more accurately reflect market place conditions. However, surveys of sales forecasting practice continue to report only marginal gains in sales forecasting effectiveness. This gap between theory and practice has been identified as a significant issue for sales forecasting research. The literature suggests that this gap should be addressed by examining new factors in sales forecasting. Accuracy, bias, timeliness, cost and environmental turbulence are the most studied forecasting criteria in sales forecasting effectiveness. There are some literatures which address how these factors are affected by the forecast methods the firm uses. Empirical evidence on such a role of the forecasting method is lacking, and existing literature does not take into account whether forecasting criteria's influence on export sales forecasting effectiveness vary depending on the forecasting methods used by the firm. This is the first research gap identified during the literature review. Furthermore, the role of export sales forecasting. effectiveness on export market performance have received only limited attention to date. Linking the forecasting effectiveness to the business performance was reported to be critical in evaluating and improving the firm's sales forecasting capability and sales forecasting climate. However, empirical evidence of this linkage is missing and this is the second gap this study addresses. A conceptual model is proposed and multivariate analysis technique is used to investigate the relationship between dependent (forecasting effectiveness and export performance) and independent variables (forecasting criteria, forecasting methods, managerial characteristics, organizational characteristics and export market orientation). Our finding revealed the impact of bias, timeliness and cost on forecasting effectiveness varies depending on the forecasting methods used by the firm. But no moderating impact of forecasting methods has been found for accuracy and environmental turbulence. Moreover, this study reported the linkage between forecasting effectiveness and export performance when composite forecasting method is used. Identifying the relative importance of all the factors (i.e. accuracy, bias, cost, timeliness, forecasting methods, etc) it becomes possible to set priorities directly reflecting managerial preferences for different forecast criteria. If implementation of such priorities is seen to contradict principles of good forecasting practice, action can be taken to inform managers of the potential negative consequences.
14
Sepúlveda, Ramos Esteban. "Phenomenology and diagnostic criteria for delirium and subsyndromal delirium in a population with high prevalence of dementia. An empirical study." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399585.
Full textAbstract:
La validesa i fiabilitat de les modernes classificacions diagnòstiques per delírium han estat qüestionades per motius diferents.
En aquest treball demostrem la baixa coincidència diagnòstica del DSM-IIIR, DSM-IV, DSM-5 i CIE-10. Les noves edicions del DSM milloren en fiabilitat inter-avaluador, però la seva validesa empitjora i la CIE-10 obté en general pitjors resultats.
L'escala DRS-R98 avalua de forma àmplia i amb una clara descripció fenomenològica els símptomes del delírium. Confirmem la validesa de la versió espanyola en una població amb alta prevalença de demència, amb independència del criteri diagnòstic emprat.
Finalment, avaluem una nova proposta diagnòstica per delírium subsindròmic i trobem que presenta símptomes amb severitat intermèdia entre delírium i controls així com un perfil fenomenològic similar independentment del context clínic.
Són necessaris criteris diagnòstics per delírium més clars i basats en els seus símptomes nuclears, possiblement recolzats en un biomarcador per millorar la seva validesa.<br>La validez y fiabilidad de las modernas clasificaciones diagnósticas para delírium han sido cuestionadas de un modo u otro.
En este trabajo demostramos la baja coincidencia diagnóstica del DSM-IIIR, DSM-IV, DSM-5 y CIE-10. Las nuevas ediciones del DSM mejoran en fiabilidad inter-evaluador, pero su validez empeora y la CIE-10 obtiene en general peores resultados.
La escala DRS-R98 evalúa de forma amplia y con una clara descripción fenomenológica los síntomas del delírium. Confirmamos la validez de la versión española en una población con alta prevalencia de demencia, al margen del criterio diagnóstico usado.
Por último, evaluamos una nueva propuesta diagnóstica para delírium subsindrómico y encontramos que presenta síntomas con severidad intermedia entre delírium y controles así como un perfil fenomenológico similar independientemente del contexto clínico.
Son necesarios criterios diagnósticos para delírium más claros y basados en sus síntomas nucleares, posiblemente apoyados en un biomarcador para mejorar su validez.<br>The validity and reliability of modern diagnostic classifications for delirium have been challenged to varying degrees.
In this paper we demonstrate the low diagnostic coincidence of DSM-III-R, DSM-IV, DSM-5 and ICD-10. The inter-rater reliability improves in the newer DSM editions, but its validity worsens and ICD-10 generally has worse results.
The DRS-R98 scale assesses broadly and with a clear phenomenological description delirium symptoms. We confirmed the validity of its Spanish version in a population with a high prevalence of dementia, regardless of the criteria used for diagnosis.
Finally, we evaluated a new diagnostic proposal for subsyndromal delirium and found it presents symptoms with intermediate severity between delirium and controls as well as a similar phenomenological profile regardless of the clinical setting.
Clearer diagnostic criteria for delirium, based on its core symptoms, and possibly supported by a biomarker are necessary to improve their validity.
15
Pollanen, Raili M. "Budgetary criteria in performance evaluation and organizational effectiveness in the public sector : an empirical investigation in Ontario colleges and universities." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337554.
Full text
16
Meyer, Susan M. "An empirical investigation of the causal linkages in the pilot criteria of the Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award in Health Care." Connect to resource, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1264777143.
Full text
17
Cao, Patrick Pu 1963. "The effects of parallel versus sequential coordination methods on distributed group multiple critera decision-making outcomes : an empirical study with a web-based GDSS prototype." Monash University, School of Information Management and Systems, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8107.
Full text
18
Mitchell, Lorianne D. "Performance Appraisal Protégé Criteria for Mentors in Effective Mentoring Relationships as a Predictor of Emotion and Job Satisfaction: An Empirical Investigation of Appraisal Theory and AET." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8328.
Full text
19
Soler, Caamaño Emma. "La calidad en formación especializada en interpretación: análisis de los criterios de evaluación de un jurado en un posgrado de interpretación de conferencia médica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7584.
Full textAbstract:
L'avaluació de la qualitat en interpretació al final del procés formatiu de postgrau hauria de coincidir, si més no majoritàriament, amb les expectatives de qualitat professionals respecte a un intèrpret novell. Partint d'aquesta hipòtesi, i inspirant-nos tan en estudis de satisfacció o expectatives de qualitat d'usuaris d'interpretació (perspectiva professional) com en els protocols d'avaluació aplicats a diverses universitats (perspectiva acadèmica), així com en els Models dels esforços de Daniel Gile, la nostra recerca empírica i observacional suposa una contribució a la identificació dels criteris de qualitat en interpretació. <br/>Es va enregistrar i transcriure un ampli corpus amb un total de 69 avaluacions de 18 estudiants davant d'un total de 7 examinadors en un postgrau d'interpretació de conferència mèdica. Després d'identificar els indicadors de qualitat (67) considerats pels avaluadors, es va dur a terme una anàlisi estadística, l'establiment de categories (6) i la identificació de trets distintius entre els avaluadors. La innovació rau en el fet d'haver desgranat els criteris de qualitat implícits a partir del corpus (avaluacions en un postgrau d'especialitat), en el mètode emprat per identificar les categories i en el seu processament. Els resultats mostren, entre altres qüestions, que la quantitat de comentaris positius o negatius fets pels avaluadors pràcticament no influeixen en la puntuació atorgada als estudiants.<br>La evaluación de la calidad en interpretación al final del proceso formativo de posgrado debería coincidir, al menos mayoritariamente, con las expectativas de calidad profesionales respecto a un intérprete novel. Partiendo de esta hipótesis, e inspirándonos tanto en estudios sobre satisfacción o expectativas de calidad de usuarios de interpretación (perspectiva profesional) como en los protocolos de evaluación aplicados en distintas universidades (perspectiva académica), así como en los Modelos de los esfuerzos de Daniel Gile, nuestra investigación empírica y observacional supone una contribución a la identificación de los criterios de calidad en interpretación. <br/>Se grabó y se transcribió un amplio corpus con un total de 69 evaluaciones de 18 estudiantes ante un total de 7 examinadores en un posgrado de interpretación de conferencia médica. Tras identificar los indicadores de calidad (67) considerados por los evaluadores, se procedió a un análisis estadístico, al establecimiento de categorías (6) y a la identificación de rasgos distintivos entre los evaluadores. La innovación radica en haber desgranado los criterios de calidad implícitos a partir del corpus (evaluaciones en un posgrado de especialidad), en el método utilizado para identificar las categorías y en su procesamiento. Los resultados muestran, entre otros extremos, que la cantidad de comentarios positivos o negativos realizados apenas influyen en la puntuación que otorgan a los estudiantes.<br>Assessing interpreting quality at the final stages of a student's training process at the postgraduate level should be, for the most part, in keeping with quality expectations for novel practitioners. On the basis of such hypothesis, and inspired by studies on quality satisfaction or users' expectations (professional approach), assessment protocols used in different training schools (academic approach), and Daniel Gile's Efforts Model, our research -empirical and observational- aims to contribute to identify quality-defining criteria in interpreting. <br/>A large corpus was recorded and transcribed, with a total of 69 post-exercise assessments of 18 interpreters taking a specialization course in medical interpreting by 7 instructors. The assessments were scrutinized for evaluative comments which were analyzed statistically. This involved also classifying them in categories (67) and later merging them into 6 category groups. The innovation lies in the very concept of working backwards from a corpus towards implicit quality criteria, in the work on this corpus type (assessments during a postgraduate training course), in the method used to identify categories and in the further processing of the categories. The findings give some solid indications and show that assessors are not too influenced by the number of positive or negative comments they make when deciding what mark they will grant to the students.
20
Ruvoletto, Laura <1996>. "Il criterio del costo ammortizzato: teoria ed evidenze empiriche." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/17613.
Full textAbstract:
A seguito del recepimento della Direttiva 34/UE/2013 tramite il D. Lgs. 139/2015, è stata modificata la modalità di valutazione di crediti e debiti nel bilancio d'esercizio. E' stato introdotto il criterio del costo ammortizzato, un metodo di difficile applicazione e che richiede notevoli valutazioni in termini di rilevanza degli effetti derivante dal suo utilizzo.
L'elaborato propone, a seguito di una descrizione teorica, un'analisi di effettiva applicazione del criterio su un campione di grandi imprese che redigono il bilancio d'esercizio secondo i principi contabili nazionali e le disposizioni del codice civile.
Si vuole quindi valutare se il criterio permette di fornire una migliore informativa ai destinatari del bilancio d'esercizio e se viene largamente utilizzato, vista la possibilità (prevista dagli OIC) di non utilizzare il criterio in presenza di effetti irrilevanti.
21
Hudyma, Martin Raymond. "Development of empirical rib pillar design criterion for open stope mining." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28386.
Full textAbstract:
The design of open stope rib pillars has been done using many empirical methods, but none of the methods has been verified with a design survey. This thesis uses data collected in the "Integrated Mine Design Study" to develop an empirical rib pillar design method for open, stope mining. The method is called the "pillar stability graph".
The design variables in the method are: the compressive strength of the intact pillar material, the average pillar load determined by numerical modelling, the pillar width and the pillar height. The graph has been refined with the use of more than 80 literature case histories of hard rock pillars in room and pillar mining.
The pillar stability graph and the pillar data base are used to examine the applicability of empirical methods commonly used in open stope rib pillar design. The investigation found the pillar strength curves developed by Hoek and Brown (1980) may be useful under some conditions for the design of open stope rib pillars but formulas by Hedley (1972), Obert and Duvall (1967) and Bieniawski (1983) are not applicable.
Guidelines, using the pillar stability graph method, are proposed for the design of permanent open stope rib pillars, stable temporary open stope rib pillars, and failing temporary open stope rib pillars.<br>Applied Science, Faculty of<br>Mining Engineering, Keevil Institute of<br>Graduate
22
Vigato, Giacomo <1991>. "Il criterio del costo ammortizzato: un'analisi empirica sui bilanci di seconda applicazione." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/16390.
Full textAbstract:
L'elaborato propone un'analisi evolutiva del criterio del costo ammortizzato dalla sua introduzione attraverso i principi contabili internazionali emanati dallo IASB fino all'introduzione dello stesso nel sistema giuridico italiano avvenuto per mezzo del D.lgs. 139/2015. Viene successivamente presentata un analisi sull'utilizzo del criterio da parte di un campione di 150 imprese negli esercizi immediatamente successivi a quello di prima applicazione del criterio in esame.
23
Kasík, Josef. "Empirické porovnání volně dostupných systémů dobývání znalostí z databází." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-10731.
Full textAbstract:
Both topic and main objective of the diploma thesis is a comparison of free data mining suites. Subjects of comparison are six particular applications developed under university projects as experimental tools for data mining and mediums for educational purposes. Criteria of the comparison are derived from four general aspects that form the base for further analyses. Each system is evaluated as a tool for handling real-time data mining tasks, a tool supporting various phases of the CRISP-DM methodology, a tool capable of practical employment on certain data and as a common software system. These aspects bring 31 particular criteria for comparison, evaluation of whose was determined by thorough analysis of each system. The results of comparison confirmed the anticipated assumption. As the best tool the Weka data mining suite was evaluated. The main advantages of Weka are high number of machine learning algorithms, numerous data preparation tools and speed of processing.
24
Ngunkeng, Grace. "Statistical Analysis of Skew Normal Distribution and its Applications." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1370958073.
Full text
25
Plašil, Miroslav. "Empirické ověření nové Keynesiánské Philipsovy křivky v ČR." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2003. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-77088.
Full textAbstract:
New keynesian Phillips curve (NKPC) has become a central model to study the relation between inflation and real economic activity, notably in the framework of optimal monetary policy design. However, some recent evidence suggests that empirical data are usually at odds with the underlying theory. The model due to its inherent structure represents a statistical challenge in its own right. Since Galí and Gertler (1999) published their seminal paper introducing estimation via GMM techniques, they have triggered a heated debate on its empirical relevance. Their approach has been heavily criticised by later authors, mainly on the grounds of questionable behaviour of GMM estimator in the NKPC context and/or its small sample properties. The common criticism includes sensitivity to the choice of instrument set, weak identification and small sample bias. In this thesis I propose a new estimation strategy that provides a remedy to above mentioned shortcomings and allows to obtain reliable estimates. The procedure exploits recent advances in GMM theory as well as in other fields of statistics, in particular in the area of time series factor analysis and bootstrap. The proposed estimation strategy consists of several consecutive steps: first, to reduce a small sample bias resulting from excessive use of instruments I summarize all available information by employing factor analysis and include estimated factors into information set. In the second step I use statistical information criteria to select optimal instruments and eventually I obtain confidence intervals on parameters using bootstrap method. In NKPC context all these methods were used for the first time and can also be used independently. Their combination however provides synergistic effect that helps to improve the properties of estimates and to check the efficiency of given steps. Obtained results suggest that NKPC model can explain Czech inflation dynamics fairly well and provide some support for underlying theory. Among other things the results imply that the policy of disinflation may not be as costly with respect to a loss in aggregate product as earlier versions of Phillips curve would indicate. However, finding a good proxy for real economic activity has proved to be a difficult task. In particular we demonstrated that results are conditional on how the measure is calculated, some measures even showed countercyclical behaviour. This issue -- in the thesis discussed only in passing -- is a subject of future research. In addition to the proposed strategy and provided parameter estimates the thesis brings some partial simulation-based findings. Simulations elaborate on earlier literature on naive bootstrap in GMM context and study performance of bootstrap modifications of unit root and KPSS test.
26
Pluntz, Matthieu. "Sélection de variables en grande dimension par le Lasso et tests statistiques - application à la pharmacovigilance." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASR002.
Full textAbstract:
La sélection de variables dans une régression de grande dimension est un problème classique dans l'exploitation de données de santé, où l'on cherche à identifier un nombre limité de facteurs associés à un évènement parmi un grand nombre de variables candidates : facteurs génétiques, expositions environnementales ou médicamenteuses.La régression Lasso (Tibshirani, 1996) fournit une suite de modèles parcimonieux où les variables apparaissent les unes après les autres suivant la valeur du paramètre de régularisation. Elle doit s'accompagner d'une procédure du choix de ce paramètre et donc du modèle associé. Nous proposons ici des procédures de sélection d'un des modèles du chemin du Lasso qui font partie, ou s'inspirent, du paradigme des tests statistiques. De la sorte, nous cherchons à contrôler le risque de sélection d'au moins un faux positif (Family-Wise Error Rate, FWER), au contraire de la plupart des méthodes existantes de post-traitement du Lasso qui acceptent plus facilement des faux positifs.Notre première proposition est une généralisation du critère d'information d'Akaike (AIC) que nous appelons AIC étendu (EAIC). La log-vraisemblance du modèle considéré y est pénalisée par son nombre de paramètres affecté d'un poids qui est fonction du nombre total de variables candidates et du niveau visé de FWER, mais pas du nombre d'observations. Nous obtenons cette fonction en rapprochant la comparaison de critères d'information de sous-modèles emboîtés d'une régression en grande dimension, de tests multiples du rapport de vraisemblance sur lesquels nous démontrons un résultat asymptotique.Notre deuxième proposition est un test de la significativité d'une variable apparaissant sur le chemin du Lasso. Son hypothèse nulle dépend d'un ensemble A de variables déjà sélectionnées et énonce qu'il contient toutes les variables actives. Nous cherchons à prendre comme statistique de test la valeur du paramètre de régularisation à partir de laquelle une première variable en dehors de A est sélectionnée par le Lasso. Ce choix se heurte au fait que l'hypothèse nulle n'est pas assez spécifiée pour définir la loi de cette statistique et donc sa p-value. Nous résolvons cela en lui substituant sa p-value conditionnelle, définie conditionnellement aux coefficients estimés du modèle non pénalisé restreint à A. Nous estimons celle-ci par un algorithme que nous appelons simulation-calibration, où des vecteurs réponses sont simulés puis calibrés sur les coefficients estimés du vecteur réponse observé. Nous adaptons de façon heuristique la calibration au cas des modèles linéaires généralisés (binaire et de Poisson) dans lesquels elle est une procédure itérative et stochastique. Nous prouvons que l'utilisation du test permet de contrôler le risque de sélection d'un faux positif dans les modèles linéaires, à la fois lorsque l'hypothèse nulle est vérifiée mais aussi, sous une condition de corrélation, lorsque A ne contient pas toutes les variables actives.Nous mesurons les performances des deux procédures par des études de simulations extensives, portant à la fois sur la sélection éventuelle d'une variable sous l'hypothèse nulle (ou son équivalent pour l'EAIC) et sur la procédure globale de sélection d'un modèle. Nous observons que nos propositions se comparent de façon satisfaisante à leurs équivalents les plus proches déjà existants, BIC et ses versions étendues pour l'EAIC et le test de covariance de Lockhart et al. (2014) pour le test par simulation-calibration. Nous illustrons également les deux procédures dans la détection d'expositions médicamenteuses associées aux pathologies hépatiques (drug-induced liver injuries, DILI) dans la base nationale de pharmacovigilance (BNPV) en mesurant leurs performances grâce à l'ensemble de référence DILIrank d'associations connues<br>Variable selection in high-dimensional regressions is a classic problem in health data analysis. It aims to identify a limited number of factors associated with a given health event among a large number of candidate variables such as genetic factors or environmental or drug exposures.The Lasso regression (Tibshirani, 1996) provides a series of sparse models where variables appear one after another depending on the regularization parameter's value. It requires a procedure for choosing this parameter and thus the associated model. In this thesis, we propose procedures for selecting one of the models of the Lasso path, which belong to or are inspired by the statistical testing paradigm. Thus, we aim to control the risk of selecting at least one false positive (Family-Wise Error Rate, FWER) unlike most existing post-processing methods of the Lasso, which accept false positives more easily.Our first proposal is a generalization of the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) which we call the Extended AIC (EAIC). We penalize the log-likelihood of the model under consideration by its number of parameters weighted by a function of the total number of candidate variables and the targeted level of FWER but not the number of observations. We obtain this function by observing the relationship between comparing the information criteria of nested sub-models of a high-dimensional regression, and performing multiple likelihood ratio test, about which we prove an asymptotic property.Our second proposal is a test of the significance of a variable appearing on the Lasso path. Its null hypothesis depends on a set A of already selected variables and states that it contains all the active variables. As the test statistic, we aim to use the regularization parameter value from which a first variable outside A is selected by Lasso. This choice faces the fact that the null hypothesis is not specific enough to define the distribution of this statistic and thus its p-value. We solve this by replacing the statistic with its conditional p-value, which we define conditional on the non-penalized estimated coefficients of the model restricted to A. We estimate the conditional p-value with an algorithm that we call simulation-calibration, where we simulate outcome vectors and then calibrate them on the observed outcome‘s estimated coefficients. We adapt the calibration heuristically to the case of generalized linear models (binary and Poisson) in which it turns into an iterative and stochastic procedure. We prove that using our test controls the risk of selecting a false positive in linear models, both when the null hypothesis is verified and, under a correlation condition, when the set A does not contain all active variables.We evaluate the performance of both procedures through extensive simulation studies, which cover both the potential selection of a variable under the null hypothesis (or its equivalent for EAIC) and on the overall model selection procedure. We observe that our proposals compare well to their closest existing counterparts, the BIC and its extended versions for the EAIC, and Lockhart et al.'s (2014) covariance test for the simulation-calibration test. We also illustrate both procedures in the detection of exposures associated with drug-induced liver injuries (DILI) in the French national pharmacovigilance database (BNPV) by measuring their performance using the DILIrank reference set of known associations
27
Nix, P. O., and John R. Gulley. "Kinetic and empirical design criteria for constructed wetlands." 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/10857.
Full textAbstract:
Design criteria were derived for estimated the size of constructed wetlands needed to treat oil sands mining wastewater using a field-scale wetland experimental facility in northeastern Alberta, Canada. The objective of this research was to demonstrate the capabilities of such wetlands as long-term, self-sustaining "natural" systems for the treatment of large quantities of wastewater anticipated to be released from tailings ponds after mine abandonment. Using empirical data (i.e., hydrocarbon loading rates versus effluent quality), the optimal range of hydrocarbon loading was 5 to 25 gTEH/m²/month. Using more conservative kinetic data (i.e., microbial mineralization rates), the range of optimal treatment effectiveness was 9.6 to 13.2 gTEH/m²/month. Since these two design criteria methodologies were calculated using two independent analytical methods, the similarity in results represents a substantial validation of their accuracy. Further research is being undertaken to confirm these findings, to improve treatment performance, and to assess the ecological characteristics of these wetlands.
Key Words - constructed wetland, design criteria, hydrocarbons, mineralization
28
Lai, Yao-Tsung, and 賴耀宗. "Ranking and Selection with Multiple Criteria via Empirical Bayes Approach." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58482966706831660934.
Full textAbstract:
博士<br>淡江大學<br>數學學系<br>87<br>In many practical occasions, an experimenter often faces with the situation of testing for homogeneity. And when the hypothesis of homogeneity is rejected, the experimenter often needs to rank priority of several categories or treatments under consideration according to his goal. This concerns the multiple comparison of ranking and selection which has been developed in last forty years. Readers are referred to Gupta and Panchaphesan (1979), for instance, among others.
In this area of ranking and selection, most literature are concerned with one criterion, for example, a population is considered as the best if it is associated with some largest (or smallest) parameter in a finite set of populations. In many situations, it may not satisfy the experimenter''s demand. For example, in industrial statistics, one needs not only to attain its largest target, but on the other hands, one also needs to keep the variation of product under control. Under this circumstance, a single criterion for selection of potential treatments does not meet our requirement. Recently, Gupta, Liang and Rau(1994) consider selecting the best normal population compared with a control. It involves two criteria for selection, however, they belong to same character and only the location parameter is concerned. For this consideration, we consider selecting the best population compared with two controls. Obviously, we consider two main different quantities, i.e. mean and variance for our main concern in the selection problem.
Shortly speaking, in this thesis we consider k(k 2) populations whose mean and variance are all unknown. For given two control values and , we are interested in selecting some population whose mean is the largest in the qualified subset in which each mean is larger than or equal to and whose variance is less than or equal to . In a Bayes framework, we focus on the normal populations with some conjugate prior in this thesis. However, the analogous method can be applied for the cases other than normal. A Bayes approach is set up and an empirical Bayes procedure is proposed which has been shown to be asymptotically optimal.
29
Huang, Chung-Yi, and 黃仲誼. "The Empirical Study of Highways and Streets On Design Criteria." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80932429736301216901.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>交通工程與管理所<br>98<br>For the country, transportation is always important and essential. The Criteria of highway and streets develop by times. More design element can be considered. In this way, although alignment is always important, but we have to think more about the interactions to safety、landscape and Cost. Every element has it’s own features to design and get more attention by days. In the future, we have to find the balance among these design elements.
The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was adopted in this study. With the feedback from experts with various expertise’s, aspects of integrated ways for 4 design elements were evaluated. Hopefully, the result can be counted as a reference for future construction projects of highway .
30
LO, YIN-YI, and 羅銀益. "THE EMPIRICAL STUDY OF EVALUATION CRITERIA ON VENTURE CAPITAL INDUSTRY." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89187688059924194455.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺北大學<br>國際財務金融碩士在職專班<br>93<br>In Taiwan’s venture capital industry, due diligence on potential investment and investment decisions are paramount during the investment process. From reviewing business plans, initially evaluating a business plan, assessing technical and financial feasibility, performing due diligence, holding internal management meetings, making business proposals to the investment evaluation committee and Board in the fund company, to actually investing in a proposition, the critical element in making an investment a success or failure is its due diligence. Therefore, it is very important to recognize the optimal use of those investment criteria in evaluating investments. As a result, this essay aims to discuss and analyze how to optimally employ those investment criteria in selecting business deals. The LD Optronics Company will be used as a primary example in the following paragraphs. At different stages of the investment process and due to unique characteristics of every investment, the selection criteria will be focused on different areas accordingly. However, to know the deciding factors in supporting a venture capital’s positive impression of a business plan, the specific investment criteria that is applied frequently in investment assessment, and the elements for success in a venture capital investment, by combing theory and practical experiences presented in the essay, it is expected that venture capital investors can benefit from understanding the following important investment criteria employed in the investment process in the venture capital industry in Taiwan:
Conclusions drawn from the essay are as following:
1. Venture capital firms focus on slightly different scales of the investment criteria during different stages of development including seed, early, expansion, to late stages. However, the emphasis on management execution, product and market development ability, productivity, financial return and potential for sustained growth are unanimous in order for the investment proceeds smoothly.
2. Using LD Optronics Company as an example, it is recommended that the following 14 investment criteria be met and analyzed individually in order to make an informed investment decision, preventing or decreasing the probability of any investment loss.
3. It is best to employ those investment criteria in evaluating business deals; nevertheless, practical experiences and statistical analysis are still strongly recommended to minimize errors. A failed investment will cause the company to incur uncountable losses, thus creating management problems.
The global economy has been undergoing huge structural changes during recent years. The tech bubble and the rise of the developing countries, such as China, India, Brazil, Russia, and Eastern Europe, and as a result, enormous cheap labour, have all impacted the manufacturing industry in Taiwan. The profit margin in the information technology industry has been declining steadily. Companies which are slow to adopt have been suffering and losing money. Therefore, only those companies continue to reinvent themselves through restructuring and acquisitions can survive under this hostile environment. The venture capital industry are facing several problems now as well like outsourcing, declining margins in the tech industry, lack of the so-called killer high-tech products to meet the demand of the consumers with an overabundant supply of technology, resulting in decreasing investment opportunities, fewer financing, lower returns, and the need for talents with a global vision. To solve these problems, it is suggested that leverage buyouts, turnarounds, and mergers & acquisitions are the businesses to further develop and venture capital companies work on recruiting and training more talents who can increase the profitability of the company.
Key words:
In Taiwan’s venture capital industry, due diligence on potential investment and investment decisions are paramount during the investment process. From reviewing business plans, initially evaluating a business plan, assessing technical and financial feasibility, performing due diligence, holding internal management meetings, making business proposals to the investment evaluation committee and Board in the fund company, to actually investing in a proposition, the critical element in making an investment a success or failure is its due diligence. Therefore, it is very important to recognize the optimal use of those investment criteria in evaluating investments. As a result, this essay aims to discuss and analyze how to optimally employ those investment criteria in selecting business deals. The LD Optronics Company will be used as a primary example in the following paragraphs. At different stages of the investment process and due to unique characteristics of every investment, the selection criteria will be focused on different areas accordingly. However, to know the deciding factors in supporting a venture capital’s positive impression of a business plan, the specific investment criteria that is applied frequently in investment assessment, and the elements for success in a venture capital investment, by combing theory and practical experiences presented in the essay, it is expected that venture capital investors can benefit from understanding the following important investment criteria employed in the investment process in the venture capital industry in Taiwan:
Conclusions drawn from the essay are as following:
1. Venture capital firms focus on slightly different scales of the investment criteria during different stages of development including seed, early, expansion, to late stages. However, the emphasis on management execution, product and market development ability, productivity, financial return and potential for sustained growth are unanimous in order for the investment proceeds smoothly.
2. Using LD Optronics Company as an example, it is recommended that the following 14 investment criteria be met and analyzed individually in order to make an informed investment decision, preventing or decreasing the probability of any investment loss.
3. It is best to employ those investment criteria in evaluating business deals; nevertheless, practical experiences and statistical analysis are still strongly recommended to minimize errors. A failed investment will cause the company to incur uncountable losses, thus creating management problems.
The global economy has been undergoing huge structural changes during recent years. The tech bubble and the rise of the developing countries, such as China, India, Brazil, Russia, and Eastern Europe, and as a result, enormous cheap labour, have all impacted the manufacturing industry in Taiwan. The profit margin in the information technology industry has been declining steadily. Companies which are slow to adopt have been suffering and losing money. Therefore, only those companies continue to reinvent themselves through restructuring and acquisitions can survive under this hostile environment. The venture capital industry are facing several problems now as well like outsourcing, declining margins in the tech industry, lack of the so-called killer high-tech products to meet the demand of the consumers with an overabundant supply of technology, resulting in decreasing investment opportunities, fewer financing, lower returns, and the need for talents with a global vision. To solve these problems, it is suggested that leverage buyouts, turnarounds, and mergers & acquisitions are the businesses to further develop and venture capital companies work on recruiting and training more talents who can increase the profitability of the company.
Key words:
31
Wei, Yung-Hung, and 韋永宏. "The Empirical Analysis of Buffett's Stock-picking Criteria and Technical Analysis Strategies." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6b8yqg.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立高雄應用科技大學<br>金融資訊研究所<br>102<br>This study has associated the basic analysis with technical analysis to set up investment portfolio for empirical study. The research samples are stocks listed in Taiwan Stock Exchange Corporation, and the research period was sixteen years period from 1998 to 2013. Each year, the basic analysis stock selection based on Buffet’s basic stock selection principle is adopted, meanwhile, rolling method is taken, and one year of out-of-sample investment in association with technical analysis are used as timing to buy or sell the stocks. Three investment strategies are adopted, namely, KD, MACD and buy-and-hold strategies, meanwhile, analysis and comparison are done on three strategies for checking their performances and testing their differences. Finally, each basic strategy is performed to construct investment portfolio, then the returns and risks from three investment portfolio strategies are analyzed and the difference among them are tested too.
From the empirical analysis, the following main conclusions are obtained:
一、 The following conclusion is usually reached in the empirical results of return, odds ratio, standard deviation and Sharpe ratio among three strategies:
Buffett+KD strategy＞Buffett Buy & Hold strategy＞Buffett+MACD strategy
二、 Comparison of the return, standard deviation and Sharpe ratio of three investment portfolio strategies with stock weighted average index:
Buffett+KD strategy＞stock weighted average index >Buffett Buy & Hold strategy＞Buffett+MACD strategy
三、 Generally speaking, the individual stock investment strategy and investment portfolio strategy using Buffett in association with KD all show the best performance, the next is Buy & Hold, and the worst one is MACD. Buffett stock selection method must be accompanied with appropriate strategy of technical-analysis-based buying and selling timing to create long term investment performance.
四、 The mean t test results show that in individual stock strategy test and investment portfolio strategy test aspects, the performance of Buffett+KD strategy is usually significantly superior to that of Buffett+Buy & Hold strategy and Buffett+MACD strategy; however, in the investment portfolio strategy test aspect, the performance of Buffett+Buy & Hold strategy is significantly inferior to the performance of stock weighted average index.
32
Chang, Chih-Cheng, and 張志成. "A empirical study on portfolio selection criteria-the applications of Sharpe ratio." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57162800967440123845.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>淡江大學<br>財務金融學系<br>90<br>The research of modern portfolio theory began from Markowitz in 1952. The portfolio selection rule is as follow. Investor can determine an efficient frontiner; a portfolio is effinient if none other gives either (a) a higher expected return and the same variance of return or (b) a lower variance of return and the same expected return. Then according to his perference, investor can select a portfolio from the efficient frontier. Although Markowitz adopted variance as a measure of portfolio risk, he deemed that variance was not necessary to be a good criterion of risk measure. Owing to convenience he still adopted varinace or standard deviation as a measure of risk. After Markowitz, other scholars used some different measures of portfolio risk, which form different efficient frontiers. For example: MLPM, MGCV…etc. This research will use these different measures and compare their empirical performances. After forming efficient frontier, this research will adopt Sharpe ratio as the criterion to select an optimum portfolio from the efficient frontier. Because of popular use of Sharpe ratio some scholars also used different forms of Sharpe ratio. For example: Sharpe ratio with LPM and Sharpe ratio with VaR. This research will also adopt different forms of Sharpe ratio to select an optimum portfolio from different efficient frontier and to compare their empirical performances. The summary of findings is following:
1.The coefficient of vatiation efficient frontier has a better performance in realized return and ex post Sharpe ratio then all other criteria, but a poor performance in realized standard deviation. This result is consistent with selection characteristic of coefficient of variation. Besides, the optimum portfolio, which is selected from the coefficient of vatiation efficient frontier with Sharpe ratio, does not has a better performance then Sharpe ratio with LPM or VaR, but has a better performance than Sharpe ratio which is selected from the MV frontier.
2.About MV rule and MLPM rule, the result shows that the MLPM frontier has a better performance then the MV frontier. Sharpe ratio with LPM also has a better performance then Sharpe ratio.
3.The coefficient of variation frontier has a better performance then the MV frontier when coefficient of variation and standard deviation of portfolio are both predicted with exponentially weighted moving average approach. But there is no noticeable different between Sharpe ratio and Sharpe ratio with VaR.
33
KUO, YEN-TING, and 郭諺廷. "Empirical Study on the Key Criteria for Logistics Employee Training in Bonded Warehouse." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/sfjdzt.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>開南大學<br>觀光運輸學院碩士在職專班<br>105<br>The efficiency bonded logistics operation become one of the major criteria on bonded logistics warehouse, outsourcing of workplace is unfolding trends. This paper investigates the bonded logistics operation criteria in order to rank its priority. To confront with logistics industry of outsourcing clients demand for efficient logistics operations and the qualities of employees are uneven problem. Firstly, this paper reviewing the historical literature , a list of preliminary three aspects and fifteen operation factors for this study is constructed. Secondly, applies Delphi Method to select the seven criteria. Finally, the AHP questionnaires to collect criteria are surveyed in this paper. Finally, the expert questionnaire and Analytic Hierarchy Process to surveys the weights distribution and verification of the deviation between criteria prioritization. The results show that the top Criteria for bonded warehouse service industry are training for cargoes' item, model, specification and international units interpretation, training for tally services of bonded warehouse, training cargoes reorganization, process, pack matters needing attention, training for uses logistics equipment to operations, training for inspection corresponding documents about bonded cargoes under escort and seals, training for the different characteristics comparison between bonded cargoes and general cargoes, training for determination every variety of container car's appearance, and disassembly.The results of this study would be the development orientation of bonded warehouse the stage by stage to execute employees training and universities to program their logistics courses and practical application.
34
Chen, Lu-ying, and 陳律穎. "Partnership selection Criteria for Strategic Alliances: An Empirical Study on Container Shipping Industry." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62908282935927220681.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立高雄第一科技大學<br>運籌管理所<br>96<br>With the sharp changes of external trade environment and globalization trend, cooperation mechanism between enterprises is frequent studied by academicians. Particularly, modern enterprises are much more interested in increasing their competitiveness by forming a strategic alliance relationship with their potential partners. However, how to choose a correct strategic alliance partner could finally influence the successfulness of an alliance. In the liner shipping industry, most carriers intend to increase their competitive advantages by joining a strategic alliance.
The main purpose of this thesis is to find which criteria should liner container shipping industries consider and the importance of these partnership selection criteria. This thesis has investigated the current development of liner containter shipping industries and the partner selection criteria by firstly reviewing academic literatures, and following by sending several field surveys to liner shipping professionals in Taiwan.The partner selection criteria for a 7 point Liker scale questionnaire are obtained by using data triangulation method. This research has summarized the shipping professionals’ opinions from questionnaire surveys and applied descriptive statistics method to analyze the importance of carriers’ partner selection criteria. Finally, suggestions are made based on the result findings, and these suggestions may used as a reference for any stakeholder who wants to form strategic alliances with ocean container carriers.
35
Martins, Rui Manuel Alves. "Empirical study on the endogeneity of the OCA criteria: a post EMU analysis." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/70536.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação de mestrado em Economics<br>Published in 1998, Frankel & Rose’s study on the Endogeneity of the Optimum Currency Area
Criteria has since been an important argument in favour of the creation of the Economic and Monetary
Union (EMU). They find, empirically, a positive correlation between business cycle synchronization and
trade intensity, suggesting that if a country joined the EMU, the trade generating effects inherent to such
a move would naturally contribute to the comovement of business cycles. This would mitigate the
incidence of asymmetric shocks and reduce the need for an independent monetary policy. This study
replicates their methodology, with some improvements and a contemporary dataset. The results support
the endogeneity hypothesis, and show a positive trade generating effect of 21% for the EMU. These
findings are, however, not the most accurate, due to certain limitations of the methodological approach.<br>Publicado em 1998, o estudo de Frankel & Rose na Endogeneidade dos Critérios das Áreas
Monetárias Ótimas tem sido desde então um poderoso argumento em favor da Zona Euro. Os autores
encontram uma correlação positiva entre a sincronização dos ciclos económicos e a intensidade do
comércio, sugerindo que se um país se juntasse à Zona Euro, o consequente aumento do comércio com
outros estados membros contribuiria para a o alinhamento dos ciclos económicos. Isto mitigaria a
incidência de choques assimétricos, reduzindo a necessidade de uma política monetária independente.
Este estudo replica a metodologia dos autores, com algumas adaptações, e faz uso de dados
contemporâneos. Os resultados apoiam a hipótese da endogeneidade, e mostram que o Euro aumentou
o comércio entre estados membros em cerca de 21% ceteris paribus. Estes resultados não são, no
entanto, os mais precisos, devido a certas limitações da abordagem metodológica.
36
FENG, SHOU-Yi, and 馮守毅. "An Empirical Study on Service Criteria of Medical Logistics andLogistics Outsourcing Client’s Satisfaction." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64294928872768268547.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>開南大學<br>觀光運輸學院碩士在職專班<br>105<br>Drugs logistics under the strong competitive pressure, to provide different industries better, better and higher quality of transport services, by the logistics outsourcing commissioners of all ages. In order to improve the logistics outsourcing client satisfaction, to create profit margins and service value become the pharmaceutical industry in the field of the main concept of logistics. This research aims to explore the relationship between the importance of service criteria of medical third party logistics provider and client’s satisfaction. This paper attempts to focus on the medical related industries in Taiwan to create a correlation analysis between the importance of service criteria and client’s satisfaction as provided by medical third party logistics provider. The research target is the actual outsourcing decision makers on medical industries in Taiwan, totaling 40 successful questionnaires been received. The research findings are as following:
(1)The importance of service criteria and the client’s satisfaction revealed significant correlation.
(2)Medical industries management pattern differs on the degree of importance placed on each service criteria of medical third party logistics provider.
(3)Medical industries management pattern differs on the level of after service experiences of medical third party logistics provider the level of satisfaction exhibited by each user.
As demonstrated that importance of service criteria of medical third party logistics provider and client’s satisfaction which revealed significant correlation. Furthermore, the different medical industries in Taiwan exhibited different service group placing different emphasis on certain service criteria factors. Finally, the different value group with its own focus, led to the different factors of client’s satisfaction.
37
楊正中. "On selecting the Best Exponential Population under multiple criteria : an Empirical Bayes Approach." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69152982322760504709.
Full text
38
SU, CHUNG-HO, and 蘇中和. "The Empirical Study of Meaningful Gamification Learning on The Criteria of Design Evaluation." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/aj24fq.
Full textAbstract:
博士<br>國立雲林科技大學<br>設計學研究所<br>106<br>The boom of Gamifying learning and the importance of meaningful game design have resulted in the elements for game design being hard to decide. This study proposes a 3-stage elements and evaluation model in game design, which acquires the key design elements with Fuzzy Delphi Method, integrates with Fuzzy Interpretive Structural Model to establish the hierarchical evaluation structure and calculate the correlations among attributes, calculates the effects of the design element attributes with Fuzzy Analytic Hierarch Process (Fuzzy-AHP), and evaluates the sequence and performance of game design attributes with TOPSIS (The Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution). The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis includes the path directions and relationship between descriptive statistics, measurement model, structural model evaluation and five variables. The results show that the usefulness (S2),Attention (S15),Satisfaction (S18),Clear goals (S19),Playfulness (S22),Skills (S20),Authentic (S27),Personalized (S30),Interactivity (S14),Competition (S5) are determined as the ten most important criteria in the systematic structural meaningful serious game selection process by Fuzzy AHP. All nine hypotheses, and the research findings also show the effects of cognitive load on learning anxiety, with strong learning motivation resulting from a low learning anxiety.
39
Tsai, Chienhui, and 蔡建暉. "An Empirical Study of Construct Supplier Selection Criteria- Evidence from Direct Procurement Retailer." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6ua6m5.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>長榮大學<br>高階管理碩士在職專班<br>99<br>In recent years, there were several researches discussed the topic of “supplier selection” in many manufacturing industries in Taiwan. However, in retailing industry, there were few researches on this topic. Further, in the past, the researches of retailers’ selection of supplier for direct purchasing were qualitative researches, lacking of consideration over many factors such as weight analysis or comparative importance.
After discussing the related literatures from home and abroad and interviewing with professionals, this research concluded four significant factor dimensions in supplier selection: cost, quality and delivery, service records, finance and organization. This research adopted decision support software to conduct consistency test and AHP (Analytic hierarchy process) to determine the weights of each dimensions. From the results, the most important factors influencing supplier selection were “product price” in “cost”, “quality stability” in “quality and delivery”, “service activeness” in “service records” and “contractual capability” in “finance and organization.”
40
Mousavi, Mohammad M., and J. Quenniche. "Multi-criteria ranking of corporate distress prediction models: empirical evaluation and methodological contributions." 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/16704.
Full textAbstract:
Yes<br>Although many modelling and prediction frameworks for corporate bankruptcy
and distress have been proposed, the relative performance evaluation of prediction models
is criticised due to the assessment exercise using a single measure of one criterion at
a time, which leads to reporting conflicting results. Mousavi et al. (Int Rev Financ Anal
42:64–75, 2015) proposed an orientation-free super-efficiency DEA-based framework to
overcome this methodological issue. However, within a super-efficiency DEA framework,
the reference benchmark changes from one prediction model evaluation to another, which
in some contexts might be viewed as “unfair” benchmarking. In this paper, we overcome
this issue by proposing a slacks-based context-dependent DEA (SBM-CDEA) framework
to evaluate competing distress prediction models. In addition, we propose a hybrid crossbenchmarking-
cross-efficiency framework as an alternative methodology for ranking DMUs
that are heterogeneous. Furthermore, using data on UK firms listed on London Stock
Exchange, we perform a comprehensive comparative analysis of the most popular corporate
distress prediction models; namely, statistical models, under both mono criterion and
multiple criteria frameworks considering several performance measures. Also, we propose
new statistical models using macroeconomic indicators as drivers of distress.
41
Lin, Winnie, and 林汶玲. "Evaluating the Economic Criteria of Asia-Pacific Regional Currency: Empirical Testing for Panel Data." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10223718187487008705.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>中原大學<br>企業管理學系<br>88<br>To create a single currency in Asia is not only of a great advantage to stabilizing the exchange rate and attracting international capital inflow, but also contribute to contend with the U.S. dollar and the Euro dollar in the international monetary. That''s why some of the governments such as Malaysia and the Republic of China strongly suggested the idea for integrating the Asian dollar. In a speech on "Optimal Currency Areas and Capital Market for the New Economy" during the 2000 World Congress on Information Technology held in Taipei, Mundell, respectfully known as "The Father of the Euro Dollar", expressed his support for developing a regional currency in the Asia-Pacific area to prevent a second financial crisis in the region.
This paper used the pooled cross-sectional and time-series data during the 1991-1999 period to test for the determinants across nine Asia-Pacific countries. Using empirical models of Partial Adjustment and Seemingly Unrelated Regression, we also examine the role of macroeconomic factors that play in explaining the exchange rate by following the theoretical model by Somanath(1986). Most notably, this paper attempts to find what criterion are necessary for the exchange rate stability for the monetary integration in Asia. Also the adjustment speed of exchange rate for the monetary regime and each of countries would be discussed separately as well.
The main empirical results present as below:
(1).The relation between foreign exchange rate and the inflation rate in Japan and Taiwan do not support Purchasing Power Parity(PPP). Also, monetary supply in the six countries including Taiwan, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, China and Indonesia is different from the theoretics. (2). We also uncover evidence about adjustment speed of exchange rate. Our finding suggests that the policy makers can effectively use regional policy instrument to bring the current exchange rate to the desired level by control of the useful macroeconomic factors. In particular, It is more easily and quickly for exchange rate adjusting to desired level especially during the currency crisis period. (3). It is shown that macroeconomic variation of the inflation rate, current account balance, debt, and interest rate play a statistically significant role to change the single currency regime. This suggests that these determinants could be the indicators of exchange rate stability. The results also provide further information for the debate on the usefulness macroeconomic variables of creating the Asia-dollar criteria. (4). The results also indicate that currency crisis in Southeast Asia still had impact in either the regional monetary regime or each of the countries separately except for China. The estimated results show that single currency integration in Asia may slow down the impact of volatility and stability of foreign exchange rate during the currency crisis.
42
Volk, Sandra. "A new reality? An empirical study on consumers´ adoption criteria for mixed reality technologies." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/104479.
Full textAbstract:
Identified through Gartner’s Hype Cycle, Mixed Reality (MR) technologies are situated at a turning point. To assess thepotential for mainstream adoption, the present Work Project investigates adoption criteria based on a statistical examination of Davis’ modified Technology Acceptance Model. Correspondingdata has been captured by 158 survey participants and an additionalinterview with Microsoft provided validation from an industry perspective.As a result, personal innovativeness, perceived usefulness,behavioral intentionand perceived ease of use are the main adoptioncriteria for MR technologies.Moreover, users prefer experiences close to the real environment, wherefore Augmented Reality capabilities should be integrated in existing devices like smartphones.To increase the adoption, vendors should especially focus onpersonalization possibilitiesand leverage innovation from commercial business, since these applications helpto drive consumer adoption.Prospectively, vendors of MR technologies can consider the presented researchto verify and adapt their development and investment strategies.
43
PAN, YI-JU, and 潘奕如. "Empirical Bayes Procedures for Selecting the Best Population with Multiple Criteria Based on reliability." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/x86865.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>真理大學<br>財務與精算學系碩士班<br>106<br>Consider k(k≥2) populations whose meanθ_i, varianceσ_i^2 and survival rateR_i(T_0),i=1,...,k,are all unknown. For two given control values R_0 and σ_0^2, we are interested in selecting some populations whose survival rate is the largest in the qualified subset in which each population variance is no larger than σ_0^2 and survival rate is no less than R_0. In this paper, under a Bayes framework, we focus on the normally distributed populations taking normal conjugate prior. A Bayes approach is set up and an empirical Bayes procedure is proposed which has been shown to be asymptotically optimal. A simulation study is carried out for the performance of the proposed procedure and it is found satisfactory.
44
LIAO, CHE-TING, and 廖哲廷. "Comparisons of Multiple Criteria Decision-Making Methods: An Empirical Study of Selection of Smart Phone." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/uzcysu.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>東吳大學<br>企業管理學系<br>106<br>Decision-making is the process and results of evaluating alternatives with expected outcomes based on multiple objectives. However, because of information asymmetry or information overload, results do not always reflect decision-makers’ preferences or what they really want. The rigorous analysis processes of Multiple Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methods decompose objectives into sub-criteria so that decision-makers are able to sufficiently judge the achievement of goals. In recent years, rapid development of technology can quickly provide decision-making results with aids of computing programs to enhance the decision quality and quickly response decision-makers’ opinions and to form the decision consensus. However, the theory and practice may be deviated from each other. People may make wrong decisions because of information overloads or cognitive biases. As a result, empirical studies of the MCDM methods are crucial research topics.
This study chooses the mobile phone selection decision-making as the empirical case by exploring the information based on the market survey, the literature review to summarize the key elements of choosing mobile phone, and selecting MCDM methods to the consumer questionnaires. This study discusses which MCDM methods fit the consumer's preferences better. This study collects 38 valid online questionnaires and uses R language as the main tool to calculate the rankings of used MCDM methods and direct pairwise comparisons. Results show that in the mobile phone selection decision-making, the direct pairwise comparison is the best way to reflect decision-makers’ favorite mobile phones. On the other hand, results of the non-interactive methods such as TOPSIS, due to the lack of the process of eliciting the preferences from decision-makers, are more deviated from the decision-makers' preferences. In conclusions, we suggest that users of MCDM methods should be cautious about the methods-using and should examine whether the adopted MCDM method can truly reflect their own decision preference structure.
Keywords: Multiple Criteria Decision Making, Pairwise comparison, Mobile case empirical, cognitive bias
45
Shen, Chih-Yang, and 沈志陽. "The Criteria of Outsourcing Logistics Strategy Index on Tea Packing- An Empirical Study on T Company." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/e7wqd8.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>開南大學<br>觀光運輸學院碩士在職專班<br>102<br>“Logistics Outsourcing” plays a more and more important role in business operations strategies. It is also an indispensable strategy in modern businesses, where as flexibility, speed, and service had being emphasized. All industries, including manufacturing and retail industries, need to outsource logistics so that they can focus more on their core competitiveness. In order to select a correct and appropriate logistics strategy can increase the flexibility of business operations, accelerate the sale of products, make inventory management more efficient, diversify enterprise services, and at the same time reduce costs, minimize enterprise operational risks, and enhance competitiveness.
This study uses Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) to analyze the attitudes on staffs of T company toward the importance and performance of warehousing and distribution offered by logistics companies. By prioritizing such management indicators as distribution planning, warehousing models, and inventory management, the most appropriate logistics operation model for the business owner will be offered, which will effectively improve the company’s logistics efficiency and increase its profit margins.
Keywords: Importance-Performance Analysis, distribution planning, warehousing models, inventory management
46
Hong, Shao-Ting, and 洪紹庭. "Subjective Criteria of Patent Infringement Compensation: Focusing on Empirical Investigation of Taiwan Intellectual Property Court’s Decisions." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39897a.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>科技法律研究所<br>103<br>Previously, subjective elements of patent infringement compensation were not stipulated in Taiwanese patent law. Most scholars and courts referred to tort law for guidance. They initially disagreed on the issue whether the compensation for patent infringement should be strict liability, negligent liability, or the latter with assumption of negligence, but over time their view converges and largely considered it as a type of negligent liability, which is explicitly adopted by the patent law in 2013. In other words, even though the patent at bar in a litigation is valid and infringed, the patent owner still has to prove the defendant’s intent or negligence as to the infringement to recover monetary damages. This paper investigates decisions of the Intellectual Property Court since its establishment in 2008, in search of practical standards that the court exploits to assess intent and negligence in patent cases. The findings of this survey indicate that when determining negligence, the scope and content of the duty of care that the defendant should bear plays a critical role. The court categorizes defendants with various backgrounds into groups and differs their duty of care accordingly. In this way, the court actually utilizes multiple standards in assessing negligence. The judicial practice objectivizes the concept of negligence, stratifies it for different groups of defendants, and therefore worthy of notice.
47
ZHANG, FU-LANG, and 張福郎. "n empirical comparision among EG, ET, mean-variance, stochastic domiance and mean-semivariance portfolio selection criteria." Thesis, 1992. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16860835828928946184.
Full text
48
Dell'omo, Gregory Graff. "Arbitrator application of wage criteria under the Wisconsin Police and Firefighter Arbitration Act- an empirical analysis /." 1987. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/17196729.html.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1987.<br>Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 162-176).
49
Silva, Tânia Isabel Oliveira da. "Dealing with influential observations in accounting empirical research." Master's thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/1845.
Full textAbstract:
JEL Classification System: C51 – Econometric Modelling: Model Construction and Estimation; M41 – Accounting<br>The main objective of this dissertation is the study of influential observations and their treatment in the linear regression model. When the linear regression model is applied,
the observations have different influence in the estimation results and their importance
and influence will induce to wrong results if the empirical studies are not correctly
treated. To detect these observations (influential observations) is indispensable to apply
diagnostic measures and then proceed to the respective treatment (generally their
exclusion).
Thus, the purpose of this investigation is to analyse some accounting published articles
whose statistic treatment is not the more technically appropriate accordingly the
econometric books, inducing to distorted results because of the incorrect form that these
authors deal with that observations.
Therefore, this investigation is composed by three parts. Firstly, it will be done a
theoretical framework of what are influential observations, their importance and the
methodology that should be used in their identification; then, it will be analysed the
methodology used to detect influential observations by various published accounting
empirical studies; and, our final objective is to perform an empirical study that consists
in treat technically and correctly the influential observations and compare the results of
the regression model estimation with the results that we would obtained if were
considered the traditional criteria adopted to identify the influential observations in
empirical accounting.<br>Esta dissertação tem por objectivo o estudo das observações influentes bem como o seu
tratamento no modelo clássico de regressão linear. Na aplicação do modelo de regressão
linear as observações têm diferentes pesos, pelo que a sua importância e influência
podem induzir a resultados enganadores nos estudos empíricos se não forem tratadas de
uma forma correcta. Para detectar esse tipo de observações é necessário recorrer a um
conjunto de medidas de diagnóstico para que depois se possa proceder ao respectivo
tratamento (geralmente a exclusão).
Assim, esta investigação tem por objectivo a análise de vários artigos publicados na área
da contabilidade e cujo tratamento estatístico das observações influentes não está
conforme as sugestões dos manuais de econometria podendo levar a conclusões
distorcidas pela forma incorrecta como se lida com tais observações.
Deste modo, esta investigação é composta por três partes. No enquadramento teórico
será referido o significado das observações influentes, a sua importância e a
metodologia na sua identificação; numa segunda parte será feita uma análise de vários
estudos empíricos na área da contabilidade com o intuito de identificar a metodologia
geralmente utilizada na detecção de tais observações; e, finalmente, numa terceira fase
pretendemos realizar um estudo empírico que consiste em tratar tecnicamente, segundo
a forma sugerida pelos manuais de econometria, as observações influentes e comparar
os resultados da estimação do modelo de regressão com aqueles que resultariam se
fossem considerados os critérios que tradicionalmente são adoptados para identificar as observações influentes em empirical accounting.
50
Chyn, Liu Yea, and 劉雅琴. "An Empirical Comparison of Stochastic Dominance and Mean- Variance Portfolio Choice Criteria ── the Stock Market of Taiwan." Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19177260688110609294.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>淡江大學<br>金融研究所<br>81<br>In studying the stock market, we can divides all portfolis in
the market into an efficient group and an inefficient group,
the criteria to be used is often Markowitz''s mean-variance
model, in which it is assumed that either (1) decision markers
have quadratic utility functions with negative second
derivatives or (2) the probability functions are from some
appropriate two-parameter family and the investor is risk
averse. Unfortunately, the assumptions of the M-V model are
subject to serious criticisms. In answer to the objections
raised by M-V approach, a system of preference orderings based
on the principles of stochastic dominance was developed. SD
rules is better then M-V rule because there are less
assumptions while using SD rules. Yet, dose the application of
SD rules to portfolio choice yield results that differ
significantly from the results that would be obtained using M-V
rule anlysis? In this study, we compare SD rules and M-V rule
by empirical analysis. By using the datas of Taiwan, we know
which criteria is better in the Taiwan stock market. The
results of the empirical tests presented in this study are
following: (1) When a bull market, the effectiveness of TSD
rule is not different from the one of M-V rule; when a bear
market, the effectiveness of TSD rule is the best one; M-V rule
is the most stable one, (2) the relation between the return and
the risk of the portfolios is linear, (3) when a bull market,
the mid-high return portfoios are most in the SD and M-V
efficient sets; (3) in the cycle, the mid-low return portfoios
are most in the SD and M-V efficient sets. In the future,
future research may consider the risk-free asset into SD rules
or let mean-variance rule be replaced by mean-semivariance
rule. Each of these are interesting themes.