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1
Mayes, David G., Peter Hooper, and David J. Richardson. "International Economic Transactions: Issues in Measurement and Empirical Research." Economic Journal 103, no. 418 (1993): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2234553.
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Arndt, Sven W. "International economic transactions: issues in measurement and empirical research." Journal of International Economics 33, no. 3-4 (1992): 391–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1996(92)90013-a.
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Rawhouser, Hans, Michael Cummings, and Scott L. Newbert. "Social Impact Measurement: Current Approaches and Future Directions for Social Entrepreneurship Research." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 43, no. 1 (2017): 82–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1042258717727718.
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Despite the importance of social impact to social entrepreneurship research, standards for measuring an organization’s social impact are underdeveloped on both theoretical and empirical grounds. We identify a sample of 71 relevant papers from leading (FT50) business journals that examine, conceptually or empirically, the measurement of social impact. We first describe the breadth of definitions, data sources, and operationalizations of social impact. Based on this analysis, we generate a typology of four approaches to conceptualizing social impact, which we use to organize insights and recommendations regarding improved measurement of the social impact of entrepreneurial ventures.
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Jaravel, Xavier. "Inflation Inequality: Measurement, Causes, and Policy Implications." Annual Review of Economics 13, no. 1 (2021): 599–629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-091520-082042.
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Does inflation vary across the income distribution? This article reviews the growing literature on inflation inequality, describing recent advances and opportunities for further research in four areas. First, new price index theory facilitates the study of inflation inequality. Second, new data show that inflation rates decline with household income in the United States. Accurate measurement requires granular price and expenditure data because of aggregation bias. Third, new evidence quantifies the impacts of innovation and trade on inflation inequality. Contrary to common wisdom, empirical estimates show that the direction of innovation is a significant driver of inflation inequality in the United States, whereas trade has similar price effects across the income distribution. Fourth, inflation inequality and non-homotheticities have important policy implications. They transform cost-benefit analysis, optimal taxation, the effectiveness of stabilization policies, and our understanding of secular macroeconomic trends—including structural change, the decline in the labor share and interest rates, and labor market polarization.
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Cunha, Flavio, Eric Nielsen, and Benjamin Williams. "The Econometrics of Early Childhood Human Capital and Investments." Annual Review of Economics 13, no. 1 (2021): 487–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080217-053409.
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This article reviews recent developments in the econometrics of early childhood human capital and investments. We start with a discussion about the lack of cardinality in test scores, the reasons it matters for empirical research on human capital, and the approaches researchers have used to address this problem. Next, we discuss how the literature has accounted for the errors in human capital measurements and investments. Then, we focus on the estimation of production functions of human capital. We present two different specifications of the production function and discuss when to use one versus the other. We describe how researchers have addressed cardinality, measurement errors, and endogeneity of inputs to estimate the technology of skill formation. Finally, we take stock of the work to date, and we identify opportunities for new research directions in this field.
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Feng, Shide. "The Measurement of Capital Stock of China." E3S Web of Conferences 214 (2020): 01037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021401037.
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Capital stock is an important indicator in economics, it is an important indicator to measure the social and economic development status. But the research of capital stock is not wildly contributed. This paper is to measure capital stock and forecast future capital stock with time series models. The author conducts empirical methods based on the measurement methods of previous scholars. The paper concludes that the capital stock is growing stably, and with established new mathematical models and time series models, and combined with the latest data, measures the capital stock of China.
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Buraczyńska, Barbara, and Dariusz Majerek. "E-Commerce Flexibility Measurement Model Based on Empirical Research of Polish Enterprises." EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL XXIV, Special Issue 2 (2021): 112–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35808/ersj/2195.
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Wiśniewski, Jerzy. "Dilemmas of Economic Measurements in Weak Scales." Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia 10, no. 2 (2012): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10031-011-0045-7.
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Dilemmas of Economic Measurements in Weak Scales The attempts to measure economic phenomena and processes of qualitative nature have become commonplace among scholars engaged in empirical research. The use of measurement in the nominal and ordinal scales, however, requires a thorough knowledge of the meaning of numbers generated in the course of such operations. It is also necessary to have knowledge of acceptable statistical and econometric tools to be used in such research. Unfortunately, researchers often apply methods that are not acceptable for the numbers in the weak scales. As a result they "soup up" the outcome of their empirical research, instead of achieving a substantive truth. This article is devoted to the possibilities of statistical analysis of numbers resulting from the weak scale measurement.
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Ismail, Ibrahim. "Constructing a framework for empirical research of foreign direct investment (FDI) and fdi intent." Journal Of International Business Research And Marketing 1, no. 2 (2015): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.11.3005.
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Foreign Direct Investment has been linked with an extensive number of positive consequences both on micro and macro level. Still, firms of emerging economies have difficulties attracting FDI. Part of the problem may also lie in the lack of FDI intent on behalf of the firm management to attain FDI. In this study, we aim to construct a framework that would use for a future empirical research of FDI attraction and FDI intent on the organizational level. A systematic approach is described providing a strong foundation for an empirical study soon to come. The process encompasses research design, development of the measurement tool, data collection, preparation and analysis-planning phase. Additionally, we suggest the potential findings and benefits of research following the framework developed.
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Kbiladze, David, Shorena Metreveli, and Tamar Kbiladze. "Macroeconomic Uncertainty and Empirical Research Results of its Quantitative Measurement in Georgia." Ekonomika 100, no. 1 (2021): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2021.1.4.
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The present article describes the approaches and definition of the concept of uncertainty proposed by its authors, a quantitative evaluation of uncertainty, and materials of the empirical study used to explore the said issues on the example of macroeconomics of Georgia. We hope that the views given in the article will be useful for developing countries, particularly for the economic policy-makers in the post-communist states, as well as for the academic and scientific circles engaged in the studies of the above-listed issues.
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Goldberg, Pinelopi Koujianou, and Nina Pavcnik. "Distributional Effects of Globalization in Developing Countries." Journal of Economic Literature 45, no. 1 (2007): 39–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.45.1.39.
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The authors discuss recent empirical research on how globalization has affected income inequality in developing countries. They begin with a discussion of conceptual issues regarding the measurement of globalization and inequality. Next, they present empirical evidence on the evolution of globalization and inequality in several developing countries during the 1980s and 1990s. The authors then examine the channels through which globalization may have affected inequality, discussing theory and evidence in parallel. They conclude with directions for future research.
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Agnew, Stephen. "Empirical measurement of the financial socialisation of children by parents." Young Consumers 19, no. 4 (2018): 421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/yc-07-2017-00717.
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Purpose This paper aims to use the age of a child when pocket money is first received, a savings account is first opened and financial discussions between parent and child commence as factors to assess financial socialisation of children by parents in the home. The impacts on financial knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of young teenagers of each of the three age-related variables mentioned above were then examined. Design/methodology/approach Using a questionnaire, data were collected from a sample of 1,247 14 and 15 year olds. Regressions were run to calculate how the ages children first received pocket money, had a savings account and started having financial discussions with parents correlated with impulsive spending behaviour, financial quiz scores, saving intentions and whether parents were seen as role models. Findings Financial discussions between parent and child were found to be an important influence on future financial knowledge, attitudes and behaviour. In addition, savings accounts can provide young teenagers with access to funds, which could be spent unwisely without associated financial awareness. Financial discussion in the home between parent and child was the most influential of the three factors examined. Putting money into a savings account and the giving of pocket money can provide further opportunities to engage in financial socialisation. Research limitations/implications Limitations of this study include the self-reported nature of the age variables. Future projects could use social research techniques, such as personal interviews of family members or keeping financial diaries. Rich qualitative data could further inform the findings of the current study. Practical implications Educational finance courses should include an objective of incorporating and stimulating financial discussions in the home, as talking about finances appears to be one of the most effective financial socialisation factors for children. Originality/value While previous research has identified the process of financial socialisation, the originality of this paper is its examination of the influence of individual financial socialisation factors in the home on financial attitudes, knowledge and behaviour.
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Nandini, Dewi, and Bambang Eko Afiatno. "The Determinants Of Happiness: Empirical Evidence Of Java Island." Ekonika : Jurnal Ekonomi Universitas Kadiri 5, no. 2 (2020): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.30737/ekonika.v5i2.713.
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Happiness research on economics has increasingly developed since Easterlin Paradox appeared. This research tries to analyze the determinants of happiness in Java Island, Indonesia. We use data from the Happiness Measurement Survey 2017 conducted by the BPS-Statistic Agency of Indonesia. Taking 23,456 observations, we employ binary logistic regression to test the effects of 13 independent variables on happiness. The results showed that income, education, health, social relations with family and society, environmental conditions, and a meaningful life affect happiness. In general, these findings strengthen some previous studies findings.
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BUCHANAN, JOHN, DOMINIC HEESANG CHAI, and SIMON DEAKIN. "Empirical analysis of legal institutions and institutional change: multiple-methods approaches and their application to corporate governance research." Journal of Institutional Economics 10, no. 1 (2013): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137413000349.
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Abstract:The claim that institutions matter for economic growth and development has so far received a more extensive theoretical treatment than an empirical or methodological one. Basing our approach on a coevolutionary conception of relations between law and the economy, we link theory to method and explore three techniques for analysing legal institutions empirically: ‘leximetric’ measurement of legal rules, time-series econometrics and interview-based fieldwork. We argue that while robust measurement of institutions is possible, quantitative techniques have their limits, and should be combined with fieldwork in a multiple-methods approach.
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Matthes, Joseph M., and A. Dwayne Ball. "Discriminant validity assessment in marketing research." International Journal of Market Research 61, no. 2 (2018): 210–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470785318793263.
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Establishing discriminant validity has been a keystone of measurement validity in empirical marketing research for many decades. Without statistically showing that constructs have discriminant validity, contributions to marketing literature are likely to foster the proliferation of constructs that are operationally the same as other constructs already present in the literature, thus leading to confusion in the development of theory. This article addresses this concern by evaluating well-established methods for testing discriminant validity through the simulation of artificial datasets (containing varying levels of correlation between constructs, sample size, measurement error, and distribution skewness). The artificial data are applied to six commonly used approaches for testing the existence of discriminant validity. Results strongly suggest that several methods are much more likely than others to yield accurate assessments of whether discriminant validity exists, especially under specific conditions. Recommendations for practice in the assessment of discriminant validity are suggested.
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Bailey, Michael, Rachel Cao, Theresa Kuchler, Johannes Stroebel, and Arlene Wong. "Social Connectedness: Measurement, Determinants, and Effects." Journal of Economic Perspectives 32, no. 3 (2018): 259–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.32.3.259.
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Social networks can shape many aspects of social and economic activity: migration and trade, job-seeking, innovation, consumer preferences and sentiment, public health, social mobility, and more. In turn, social networks themselves are associated with geographic proximity, historical ties, political boundaries, and other factors. Traditionally, the unavailability of large-scale and representative data on social connectedness between individuals or geographic regions has posed a challenge for empirical research on social networks. More recently, a body of such research has begun to emerge using data on social connectedness from online social networking services such as Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter. To date, most of these research projects have been built on anonymized administrative microdata from Facebook, typically by working with coauthor teams that include Facebook employees. However, there is an inherent limit to the number of researchers that will be able to work with social network data through such collaborations. In this paper, we therefore introduce a new measure of social connectedness at the US county level. Our Social Connectedness Index is based on friendship links on Facebook, the global online social networking service. Specifically, the Social Connectedness Index corresponds to the relative frequency of Facebook friendship links between every county-pair in the United States, and between every US county and every foreign country. Given Facebook’s scale as well as the relative representativeness of Facebook’s user body, these data provide the first comprehensive measure of friendship networks at a national level.
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Engelgau, Michael M., Ping Zhang, Stephen Jan, and Ajay Mahal. "Economics Dimensions of Health Inequities: The Role of Implementation Research." Ethnicity & Disease 29, Suppl 1 (2019): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865//ed.29.s1.103.
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Health inequities are well-documented, but their economic dimensions have received less attention. In this report, we describe four economic dimensions of health inequities in the United States. First, we describe an economic conceptual framework that connects poverty and health inequities at both individual and population levels and conveys the concept of reverse causality, where poverty worsens health inequities and health inequities worsen poverty. This framework can help us understand the key elements of health inequity and its drivers. Second, we describe economic measurements used for quantifying the economic burden of health inequalities and summarize the empirical findings from studies. Third, we review the evidence on the return-on-investment of economic interventions that are aimed at reducing health inequities. Finally, we highlight the importance of cross disciplinary perspectives from economics and implementation research in effectively delivering interventions that can mitigate health inequities. Ethn Dis.2019;29(Suppl 1):103-112; doi:10.18865/ed.29.S1.103.
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Engelgau, Michael M., Ping Zhang, Stephen Jan, and Ajay Mahal. "Economics Dimensions of Health Inequities: The Role of Implementation Research." Ethnicity & Disease 29, Suppl 1 (2019): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.29.s1.103.
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Health inequities are well-documented, but their economic dimensions have received less attention. In this report, we describe four economic dimensions of health inequities in the United States. First, we describe an economic conceptual framework that connects poverty and health inequities at both individual and population levels and conveys the concept of reverse causality, where poverty worsens health inequities and health inequities worsen poverty. This framework can help us understand the key elements of health inequity and its drivers. Second, we describe economic measurements used for quantifying the economic burden of health inequalities and summarize the empirical findings from studies. Third, we review the evidence on the return-on-investment of economic interventions that are aimed at reducing health inequities. Finally, we highlight the importance of cross disciplinary perspectives from economics and implementation research in effectively delivering interventions that can mitigate health inequities. Ethn Dis.2019;29(Suppl 1):103-112; doi:10.18865/ed.29.S1.103.
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Gineikienė, Justina. "Consumer Nostalgia Literature Review and an Alternative Measurement Perspective." Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies 4, no. 2 (2013): 112–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/omee.2013.4.2.14252.
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During the last two decades consumer nostalgia literature has experienced the growing amount of research, nonetheless, the nomological network in the area is still poorly established and fundamental questions of generalizability and measurement of nostalgia effects remain unanswered. This paper represents an attempt to comprehensively assess extant research in consumer nostalgia field, distinguish developments in the literature by summarizing the main findings of previous research and establishing theoretical trends. The analysis reveals that a number of demographic, social and psychological nostalgia antecedents, moderators and outcomes remain at the propositions level or lack the accumulated empirical quantitative support and validation from other studies. Therefore, specific recommendations regarding the development of nostalgia nomological network are provided to aid the continued theoretical and methodological improvements in the area. Since 1991 research in nostalgia has assumed that the correct measurement approach is a reflective one. This paper offers an alternative perspective for viewing and operationalizing nostalgia construct as a formative construct. Guidelines are summarized that aim to assist researchers with decision rules on whether to employ formative or reflective nostalgia measurement for future research. One of the main contributions of this study is to show the need for researchers to explicitly justify their choice of reflective or formative measurement models by supporting it with theoretical arguments and empirical evidence.
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Roberts, John H., and James M. Lattin. "Consideration: Review of Research and Prospects for Future Insights." Journal of Marketing Research 34, no. 3 (1997): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224379703400309.
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The authors review the behavioral underpinnings of consideration set formation and revisit the theoretical and empirical evidence that led them to develop an individual level model of consideration. They synthesize the research that has appeared since their 1991 article in the Journal of Marketing Research, examining new ideas, reviewing evolving measurement methodologies, and suggesting several areas for further research that they believe will provide additional insight into the consideration phase of the consumer decision process.
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Visentin, Marco, Mariachiara Colucci, and Gian Luca Marzocchi. "Brand Measurement Scales and Underlying Cognitive Dimensions." International Journal of Market Research 55, no. 1 (2013): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2501/ijmr-2013-006.
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The aim of this exploratory research is to compare a well-known scale, the Aaker brand personality scale, with an empirical scale based on individuals' relevant attributes, in order to analyse why they can lead to similar brand positioning maps. We provide empirical evidence of how a bias can overwrite the ability of a measurement scale to actually measure its underlying construct. In order to do so, we first find that the two sets of attributes – one derived from the brand personality scale, the other reflecting attributes obtained through a focus group – span common cognitive representations when translated into perceptual maps. We then prove that this outcome is caused by a bias stemming from a more holistic view of the brand, which forces the two cognitive structures towards a common perceptual representation. We conclude discussing the challenges for current theory implicit in our findings, and the implications for managerial practice.
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Nosenzo, Daniele, and Luise Görges. "Measuring Social Norms in Economics: Why It Is Important and How It Is Done." Analyse & Kritik 42, no. 2 (2020): 285–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auk-2020-0012.
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Abstract Experimental economics offers new tools for the measurement of social norms. In this article, we argue that these advances have the potential to promote our understanding of human behavior in fundamental ways, by expanding our knowledge beyond what we learn by simply observing human behavior. We highlight how these advancements can inform not only economic and social theory, but also policymaking.We then describe and critically assess three approaches used in economics to measure social norms. We conclude our overview with a list of recommendations to help empirical researchers choose among the different tools, depending on the nature and constraints of their research projects.
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Collin, Matthew. "Illicit Financial Flows: Concepts, Measurement, and Evidence." World Bank Research Observer 35, no. 1 (2019): 44–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkz007.
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Abstract There is a growing consensus that the presence of illegal and harmful cross-border financial flows is one of the factors impeding economic and human development. In recent years, a new conceptual framework for describing these “illicit” financial flows (IFFs) has emerged that combines issues ranging from cross-border money laundering to tax evasion. This article summarizes and clarifies recent empirical work in this area. Three types of studies are considered and critiqued: (i) methods of measuring IFFs, (ii) constructed risk indicators, and (iii) forensic studies that aim to uncover instances where illicit flows have occurred. The article discusses the limitations of all three approaches and proposes ways in which the research agenda on IFFs could be reasonably advanced, given the hidden nature of the subject.
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Sánchez-Fernández, Raquel, M. Ángeles Iniesta-Bonillo, and Morris B. Holbrook. "The Conceptualisation and Measurement of Consumer Value in Services." International Journal of Market Research 51, no. 1 (2009): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147078530905100108.
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Consumer value has been widely recognised as a key factor in organisational management, marketing strategy and consumer behaviour. However, because of the scattered and non-conclusive pattern of research on this concept, no single conceptualisation or measurement has won universal acceptance. The present paper develops an approach to understanding and measuring consumer value in a service context. The psychometric properties of the resulting indices support the multidimensional structure of the value concept. Hence, through both theoretical and managerial implications, this study suggests directions for further empirical research on this important topic.
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Bekmurodova, Gavkhar. "Theoretical Features of FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) and its Influence to Economic Growth." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 6, no. 2 (2020): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.62.1004.
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There are numerous positive effects of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) influencing on both the micro and macro levels. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze management approaches to attract FDI. This study is aimed to offer a basis for future empirical investigation into FDI attraction and FDI intentions at the structural level. FDI influences significantly on the economic growth of the host country and the constancy of its macroeconomic performance. A methodical approach providing a solid base for empirical research is defined. In this systematic approach, research design, measurement tool development, data collection and preparation are included.
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Cooke, Mike, Nick Watkins, and Corrine Moy. "A Hybrid Online and Offline Approach to Market Measurement Studies." International Journal of Market Research 51, no. 1 (2009): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147078530905100101.
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This paper presents a case study of how GfK NOP is moving one of the UK's major market measurement studies online. In this case study we share our learning and illustrate, with empirical data, the limits and possibilities that panel-based research offers in this most demanding arena for online research. Our conclusion is that, in this instance, it is inappropriate to replace the traditional face-to-face methodology with a wholly online solution, but that, instead, a multi-modal approach that combines face-to-face with online interviewing is the way forward.
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McNichols, Maureen F. "Discussion of the Quality of Accruals and Earnings: The Role of Accrual Estimation Errors." Accounting Review 77, s-1 (2002): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2002.77.s-1.61.
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Dechow and Dichev (2002) model earnings quality as the magnitude of estimation errors in accruals, and provide empirical estimates of this construct based on the relation between accruals and cash flows. I characterize the innovation and limitations in this approach, and provide empirical evidence of measurement error in their empirical specification. I also adapt their model to assess the specification of the Jones' (1991) model and document that this model provides estimates of discretionary accruals that are significantly associated with cash flows, which are likely to be substantially nondiscretionary. I conclude with suggestions for future research on earnings quality and earnings management.
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Mohanty, Manoj Kumar, and Padmabati Gahan. "SUPPLIER PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT IN DISCRETE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY-EMPIRICAL STUDY ON INDIAN MANUFACTURING SECTOR." Journal of Business Economics and Management 14, no. 2 (2012): 330–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2011.631745.
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Suppliers are the value creators for the organizations and have emerged as value-adding partners in industrial relationships since last two decades. These values can be derived effectively given the buying organizations keep a long-term strategic relationship with high performing suppliers. To measure the performance organizations have to decide the performance parameters depending on the nature of business and their specific needs from the supply base. The current discrete manufacturing industries of India judging the performance of the suppliers based on technical capability, cost, delivery, quality & regulatory adherence for safety and environment. But from the larger interest of the manufacturing industry more relevant attributes are needs to be considered, which are explored from our research are responsiveness of the supplier, effectiveness of the aftersales service, delivery flexibility, documentation ability, trust & commitments. All these performance measurement attributes will drive effectiveness and efficiency of the supply chain.
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Adami, Roberta, Orla Gough, Suranjita Mukherjee, and Sheeja Sivaprasad. "An empirical analysis of the performance of pension funds: evidence from UK." Studies in Economics and Finance 31, no. 2 (2014): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sef-10-2012-0118.
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Purpose – This paper aims to examine the investment performance of pension funds in the UK using the three standard performance measurement models, the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), Fama-French model and the Carhart model. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use the CAPS-Mellon survey data for the period 1990-2008 and employ the three standard performance measurement models, the CAPM, Fama-French model and the Carhart model in assessing the investment performance of the pension funds. Findings – The authors show that the abnormal returns of pension funds cannot be fully explained by size, book-to-market values, market returns, momentum and the term spread. The authors find larger abnormal returns in bond than in equity portfolios and that smaller funds outperform larger funds. The paper also shows that the addition of the momentum factor does not improve on the three-factor Fama-French model. The authors find that pension funds exhibit superior performance relative to the linear factor models. Research limitations/implications – First, this study contributes to the extant literature on pension funds performance. Future research may also extend the authors' work to incorporate economic, tax, political and legal differences across the countries on the performance of pension funds. Second, due to data constraints, this study excludes the default probability of corporate bonds as an additional variable in their tests on bond returns. Future work may add the default probability as an additional variable whilst examining bond returns. Practical implications – The authors believe that the findings will be considerable food for thought for fund managers who continuously attempt to explore opportunities to provide a higher return to investors. Originality/value – To the authors' knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study that investigates the performance of UK equity and bond pension funds relative to standard linear factor models such as the CAPM, Fama and French, and Carhart.
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Shi, Guicheng, Yi-zheng Shi, Allan K. K. Chan, and Yonggui Wang. "Relationship Strength in Service Industries: A Measurement Model." International Journal of Market Research 51, no. 5 (2009): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147078530905100507.
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Although one of the key objectives of relationship marketing is to build a strong relationship with customers, the construct of relationship strength is recent and there is little research into its measurement and validation. Based on an intensive literature review, relationship strength is conceptualised and a tridimensional measurement model is proposed that comprises affective strength, cognitive strength and conative strength. Then, a measurement scale of relationship strength in the context of selling services is developed and validated. The empirical results indicate that the measurement scale has acceptable levels of reliability, unidimensionality, convergent validity, discriminant validity and nomological validity.
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Flanagan, Robert J. "Macroeconomic Performance and Collective Bargaining: An International Perspective." Journal of Economic Literature 37, no. 3 (1999): 1150–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.37.3.1150.
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This paper critically reviews the research on how collective bargaining systems influence macroeconomic performance in industrialized countries. The review considers effects of bargaining level, coordination, and corporatist institutional arrangements. Key empirical results turn out to be quite fragile, and much of the paper explores issues of measurement and specification that account for the fragility. The paper concludes that complementarities between key institutions and between institutions and the economic environment may be more important for macroeconomic performance than the effects of individual institutions, and it suggests research strategies.
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Steenkamp, Jan-Benedict E. M. "Global Versus Local Consumer Culture: Theory, Measurement, and Future Research Directions." Journal of International Marketing 27, no. 1 (2019): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069031x18811289.
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The last few decades have seen the emergence of global consumer culture (GCC) as an important force in the marketplace. Yet, in recent years, powerful political and economic forces suggest that globalization might be stalling, leading to renewed interest in local consumer culture (LCC). This article provides an overview of where the field of international marketing stands on GCC and LCC, and it presents new empirical insights. It elaborates on the roots of GCC and LCC in consumer culture theory, cultural globalization theory, and acculturation theory. This background information sets the context for an in-depth discussion of how international marketers have operationalized consumer attitudes toward GCC and LCC, and their individual-level and national-cultural correlates. The article addresses behavioral and managerial consequences of GCC and LCC and concludes with areas for future research.
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Kocmanová, Alena, and Iveta Šimberová. "DETERMINATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE INDICATORS: FRAMEWORK IN THE MEASUREMENT OF SUSTAINABLE PERFORMANCE." Journal of Business Economics and Management 15, no. 5 (2014): 1017–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2013.791637.
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The article is concerned with determination of environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) indicators of performance. The objective of carried-out empirical research is to determine ESG indicators as a key framework of the measurement of sustainable performance of a company in its Sustainable Reporting. On the basis of conducted empirical research, applying factor analysis, the environmental, social and corporate governance indicators for companies active in the processing industries CZ-NACE have been specified. The indicators were selected in a series of successive phases by a multi-factor analysis. The results of factor analysis indicated that the factors fall into three measurement categories: environmental (Investments, Emissions, Source Consumption, Waste), social (Society, Human Rights, Labour Practices and Decent Work, Product Responsibility), and corporate governance (Monitoring and Reporting, Corporate Governance Effectiveness, Corporate Governance Structure, Compliance). This article contributes to the effort to solve measurement of performance of the corporate sustainability and proposal to conceptual framework of ESG indicators of performance for the Sustainability Reporting of Czech companies operating in the processing industry.
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Gao, Wenjuan, Xiaohao Ding, Ran Chen, and Weifang Min. "An Empirical Study of the Role of Higher Education in Building a Green Economy." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (2019): 6823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236823.
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The relationship between higher education and economic development has long been emphasized in the research on economics and education. Much of the existing literature focuses on the gross domestic product (GDP) as a core measure of a nation’s economic accounting system, but this may neglect some negative effects of production, such as resource depletion and environmental damage. Under such circumstances, the concept of “green GDP” was conceived to consider environmental influence simultaneously with the economy. It is, however, only theoretically feasible due to the complexity in calculating environmental pollution and the unavailability of data about resource consumption. Considering the measurement problems, this paper proposes a new approach to indirectly estimate green GDP. Using this approach, we mainly explore the impact of higher education on economic growth, especially regarding the development of a green economy. Results show that (a) higher education plays a significant role in building a green economy, and (b) green GDP is more responsive to changes in higher education than the traditional GDP. This study provides empirical evidence for the substantial contribution that higher education makes in promoting green economic growth to achieve comprehensive sustainable development.
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Huay, Chong Siew, Jonathan Winterton, Yasmin Bani, and Bolaji Tunde Matemilola. "Do remittances promote human development? Empirical evidence from developing countries." International Journal of Social Economics 46, no. 10 (2019): 1173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-12-2018-0673.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of remittances on human development in developing countries using panel data from 1980 to 2014 and to address the critical question of whether the increasing trend of remittances has any impact on human development in a broad range of developing countries. Design/methodology/approach Usual panel estimates, such as pooled OLS, fixed or random effects model, possess specification issues such as endogeneity, heterogeneity and measurement errors. In this paper, we, therefore, apply dynamic panel estimates – System generalised method of moment (Sys-GMM) developed by Arellano and Bond (1991) and Arellano and Bover (1995). This estimator is able to control for the endogeneity of all the explanatory variables, account for unobserved country-specific effects that cannot be done using country dummies due to the dynamic structure of the model (Azman-Saini et al., 2010). Findings The effect of remittances is statistically significant with positive coefficients in developing countries. The significant coefficient of remittances means that, holding other variables constant, a rise in remittance inflows is associated with improvements in human development. A 10 per cent increase in remittances will lead to an increase of approximately 0.016 per cent in human development. These findings are consistent with Üstubuci and Irdam (2012) and Adenutsi (2010), who found evidence that remittances are positively correlated with human development. Practical implications The paper considers implications for policymakers to justify the need for more effective approaches. Policymakers need to consider indicators of human development and to devise public policies that promote income, health and education, to enhance human development. Originality/value The question of whether remittances affect human development has rarely been subject to systematic empirical study. Extant research does not resolve the endogeneity problem, whereas the present study provides empirical evidence by utilising dynamic panel estimators such as Sys-GMM to tackle the specification issues of endogeneity, measurement errors and heterogeneity. The present study provides a benchmark for future research on the effect of remittances on human development.
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Audousset-Coulier, Sophie, Anne Jeny, and Like Jiang. "The Validity of Auditor Industry Specialization Measures." AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 35, no. 1 (2015): 139–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-51176.
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SUMMARY In this research note, we examine the validity of the measures of auditor industry specialization in empirical archival audit research. Industry specialist auditors are auditors who have developed a specific expertise and are therefore able to provide high quality and more efficient services to their clients. Over the years, research scholars have developed a multiplicity of measures of industry specialization (ISP). We compare 30 ISP measures and find that the use of different ISP proxies results in inconsistent classifications of auditors as specialists. Using audit fee and earnings quality models, we further show that these inconsistencies have a significant effect on the inferences drawn from the models using ISP measures. We conclude that ISP measures exhibit a low degree of internal and external construct validity. This represents an important measurement challenge for researchers and casts some doubts on the robustness of prior empirical evidence found in auditor industry specialization research.
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Madden, Thomas J., Chris T. Allen, and Jacquelyn L. Twible. "Attitude toward the Ad: An Assessment of Diverse Measurement Indices under Different Processing “Sets”." Journal of Marketing Research 25, no. 3 (1988): 242–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224378802500302.
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The authors examine two concerns that have emerged in research involving the attitude toward the ad (Aad) construct. The first pertains to conceptualization and measurement. Drawing on recent social cognition and consumer research, the authors propose a distinction for cognitive evaluation and affective reaction as separate dimensions of Aad. Empirical evidence is provided that supports the meaningfulness of this distinction in advertising-response data. The second concern involves processing set and its implications for the external validity of Aad research. The results suggest that processing individuals under disguised versus nondisguised “sets” will influence the nature of their affective versus cognitive responses to an ad.
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SAMSONOWA, TATJANA, PETER BUXMANN, and WOLFGANG GERTEIS. "DEFINING KPI SETS FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS — A PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT APPROACH." International Journal of Innovation Management 13, no. 02 (2009): 157–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1363919609002248.
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In today's challenging economic climate it is more important than ever for companies to acquire comparable competitive advantage in their market. While previous research has investigated the performance measurement of R&D as a whole organization, very little research has been done into the performance management for just the research function itself. This, however, is of particular interest to larger organizations. This paper (1) introduces a framework for performance measurement for industrial research, and (2) presents a set of clusters, representing the content dimension for measuring research organizations. Based on the clusters, we were able to evaluate the extent to which performance measurement in practice in different companies can be compared. We discovered that the clusters follow a particular consistent distribution across organizations when the clusters are ranked by importance. For this empirical analysis, data was collected through in-depth case studies including more than 60 interviews and thorough document analyses.
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Selway, Joel Sawat. "The Measurement of Cross-cutting Cleavages and Other Multidimensional Cleavage Structures." Political Analysis 19, no. 1 (2011): 48–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpq036.
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Many studies in economics and political science include the concept of ethnic diversity as a key independent variable in empirical studies. To date, however, only single-dimensional measures of ethnic diversity, such as ethnic fractionalization, have been available. In this paper, I define and measure three multidimensional characteristics of social structure—cross-cuttingness, cross-fractionalization, and subgroup fractionalization—and present a new cross-national data set comprised of indices along combinations of five cleavages: race, language, religion, region, and income. After addressing important definitional and measurement issues, I discuss the data and show how their inclusion in economic growth regressions reopens the theoretical debate regarding the influence of ethnic diversity, indicating the potential for these new indices to shed light on the role of ethnic diversity (and social structure more generally) with regards to a number of phenomena of concern to political scientists. The data set is publicly available from the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research data archives and the Institute for Quantitative Social Science Dataverse Network.
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Elsby, Michael W. L., Ryan Michaels, and David Ratner. "The Beveridge Curve: A Survey." Journal of Economic Literature 53, no. 3 (2015): 571–630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.53.3.571.
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Important progress has been made in economists' understanding of the Beveridge curve, from its measurement to its expression in canonical labor market models. Yet enduring puzzles remain. Chief among these are the empirical role of vacancies in the recruitment process; the amplitude, comovement, and persistence of cyclical unemployment–vacancy dynamics; and the sources of lateral shifts in the Beveridge curve. The synthesis of these themes identifies several priorities for ongoing research, including the role of entry costs into vacancy creation in shaping Beveridge dynamics; the cyclicality of search intensity, both off and on the job, and its relation to participation and job-to-job transitions; the theory and measurement of mismatch; and the sources of hysteresis in unemployment flows. (JEL E24, J63, J64)
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Coale, Ansley. "G. M. Farooq and G. B. Simmons (eels.). Fertility in Developing Countries. London: The MacMillan Press (for the International Labour Office). 1985. xXiii + 533 pp." Pakistan Development Review 26, no. 1 (1987): 119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v26i1pp.119-120.
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In 1972 the United Nations Fund for Population Activities initiated support for a programme of research within the International Labour Organization on population and employment. Determinants of fertility have been a major theme in this research programme, as is evident in an earlier Progress Report on the programme [3]. The book here reviewed is an attempt to distil some general conclusions from this research, and to present ideas and evidence not included in the 1982 publication. The first section of the book contains a summary of theories of fertility determination; a brief description of the findings of empirical research on fertility, and of the problems of empirical research on the economics of fertility; some comments on the relevance for policy of research on the economics of fertility; and some suggestions for more fruitful research strategies. The second part deals with selected methodological problems: the definition and measurement of fertility; econometric problems of analysing cross-sectional and time-series data; estimation and interpretation of aggregate data; specification and estimation of models fertility; and the uses of simulation techniques in studying the effects of economic policy on fertility. As this list of topics indicates, the emphasis in this section (and in most of the book) is on research on fertility by economists. The last chapter in the second section, however, describes anthropological approaches to the study of fertility. The final section contains six case studies on Kenya, Nigeria, rural India, rural Turkey, Yugoslavia, and a comparative study of Costa Rica and Mexico.
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LIU, XUN, XIA PENG, and MARTIN STUART. "RESEARCH ON RISK MEASUREMENT OF SUPPLY CHAIN FINANCE BASED ON FRACTAL THEORY." Fractals 28, no. 08 (2020): 2040013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x20400137.
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Supply chain finance is a new financing model tailored for small and medium-sized enterprises, which integrates capital flow into supply chain management, providing commercial trade capital services for enterprises in all aspects of the supply chain and providing new loan financing services for vulnerable enterprises in the supply chain. Fractal originally is a general term for a graph, structure or phenomenon that does not have a feature length but has a statistically significant self-similarity; fractal theory is an emerging edge science that describes the complex system with a random structure and has been widely used in physics, chemistry, geography, economics and many other fields. On the basis of summarizing and analyzing previous published literature works, this paper expounded the research situation and significance of risk measurement in supply chain finance, elaborated the development background, current status and future challenges of fractal theory, proposed the improved fractal volatility model and financial evaluation model, performed risk analysis of supply chain finance through evaluation modeling and elastic fractal dimension, constructed a financial risk measurement model based on fractal theory, and discussed the importance of model parameter estimation, residual test and accuracy examination in risk measurement of supply chain finance. The final empirical analysis shows that the improved fractal volatility model and the proposed financial risk measurement model has better risk measurement ability under different out-of-sample prediction periods, and obtain more accurate conclusion of asymmetry determination of financial assets gains under the common inspection level. The study results of this paper provide a reference for the further researches on risk measurement of supply chain finance based on fractal theory.
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Naik, Prasad A., and Chih-Ling Tsai. "Controlling Measurement Errors in Models of Advertising Competition." Journal of Marketing Research 37, no. 1 (2000): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.37.1.113.18717.
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Commercial market research firms provide information on advertising variables of interest, such as brand awareness or gross rating points, that are likely to contain measurement errors. This unreliability of measured variables induces bias in the estimated parameters of dynamic models of advertising. Consequently, advertisers either under- or overspend on advertising to maintain a desired level of brand awareness. Monte Carlo studies show that the magnitude of bias can be serious when conventional estimation methods, such as ordinary least squares and errors in variables, are employed to obtain parameter estimates. Therefore, the authors have developed two new approaches that either reduce or eliminate parameter bias. Using these methods, advertisers can determine an unbiased optimal advertising budget, even if advertising variables are measured with error. The application of these methods to estimate the extent of measurement noise in empirical advertising data is illustrated.
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Cao, Liping, Fenqi Zhou, and Yuan Zhu. "Performance-Influencing Factors and Improvement Paths of Third-Party Governance Service Regarding Environmental Pollution—An Empirical Study of the SEM Based on Shanghai Data." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (2021): 2354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042354.
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By employing ecological economics involving performance-influencing factors and third-party governance services that have the aim of reducing environmental pollution, a theoretical framework which includes object, subject, process that measures the performance of such services is analyzed on the basis of the idea of sustainability science (2.0). The research hypotheses regarding the relationships among service performance, multi-stakeholder subjects’ satisfaction, and the effect of process management are put forward; then, a three-dimensional performance measurement model, which includes performance, stakeholders, and the process of providing third-party governance services for addressing environmental pollution, is constructed based on the pressure–state–response (PSR) driving force model. At the same time, based on empirical data of the Shanghai municipality, the structural equation model (SEM) is used to empirically test the nine proposed research hypotheses. The empirical test results show that, except for the research hypotheses in regard to regulating variables and controlling variables, all of the research hypotheses passed the test. It means the direct performance, single subjective satisfaction, process management effects are performance-influencing factors. However, the stakeholders’ cooperation satisfaction partially influences the performance of third-party governance services regarding environmental pollution. Finally, through theoretical and empirical research, this paper proposes countermeasures and suggestions for improving the performance of third-party governance services regarding environmental pollution in Shanghai focusing on two aspects: one is the market governance mechanism innovation, and the other is regulations and standards innovation.
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Škrinjarić, Tihana. "Performance Gauging of Portfolio: Luenberger Distance Function Approach on Sarajevo Stock Exchange." South East European Journal of Economics and Business 14, no. 1 (2019): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2019-0007.
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Abstract Efficiency measurement of economic phenomena is of great importance to economists. Known terms and concepts from microeconomic theory and Data Envelopment Analysis regarding efficiency have been developed and adapted to cater to different questions and areas of economics. This paper focuses on applications in the area of finance, more specifically, portfolio optimization and Markowitz model. The paper has two goals. First is to give a concise overview of the theoretical and empirical research regarding Luenberger shortage (distance) function in portfolio optimization. The second goal is to empirically evaluate the efficiency of a portfolio on the Sarajevo Stock Exchange (SSE). The contribution of the paper is the first comprehensive evaluation of sources of inefficiencies of a portfolio which is not positioned on the efficient frontier on the SSE, as well as the Balkan region. The results of the analysis show that efficiency can be obtained with rebalancing the initial portfolio with the inclusion of transaction costs as well.
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Yeung, Ruth M. W., and Wallace M. S. Yee. "Risk measurement framework." British Food Journal 115, no. 8 (2013): 1073–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-03-2011-0071.
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PurposeAdapting from the extant literature, this paper aims to present an empirical framework of risk measurement in the context of food safety risk in overseas destinations.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 715 respondents visiting Macau in October 2008 by using intercept method. Principal component analysis followed by confirmatory factor analysis were utilised for data analysis.FindingsThe research yielded 12 factors, of which five factors, namely Dread, Framing effect, Controllable, Regulation and Past experience measure risk characteristics; two factors, namely Uncertainty and Consequence measure tourist risk perception, and five factors, namely Travel information, Safety assurance, Destination reputation, Marketing activities and Precaution measure risk reduction, especially related to food safety risk in international destinations.Practical implicationsThe tourist industry should understand more specifically what tourists want to know so as to devise appropriate communication management strategies at the international destination.Originality/valueThe risk measurement framework provides an insight for the development of an instrument to assess the social and economic impact on tourist perception of international travel risk.
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Al-Taie, Moyassar, and Aileen Cater-Steel. "The Organisational Life Cycle Scale: An Empirical Validation." Journal of Entrepreneurship 29, no. 2 (2020): 293–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971355720930572.
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Organizational life cycle scales are widely relied upon by scholar and practitioners alike as a strategic tool to identify firms’ life cycle stages. However, little attention has been paid to verifying and validating the OLC measures despite the considerable amount of OLC literature. The purpose of this study is to critically examine the psychometric properties of the OLC scale proposed by Lester, Parnell and Carraher. Data were obtained from a sample of 174 Australian Chief Information Officers from different sized firms and different industries and analysed by the use of component-based structural equation modelling. Results showed that the five-stage OLC scale exhibits acceptable validity and reliability indices despite some minor weaknesses. Results also confirmed the validity and the generalisability of this scale to measure and identify OLC stages in different types of industries. Based on these results and the literature review, alternate items were developed as substitutes for the weak items and an agenda for future research on OLC measurement is provided.
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Vall-Llosera, Laura, Salvador Linares-Mustarós, Andrea Bikfalvi, and Germà Coenders. "A Comparative Assessment of Graphic and 0–10 Rating Scales Used to Measure Entrepreneurial Competences." Axioms 9, no. 1 (2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms9010021.
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This article presents an empirical comparative assessment of the measurement quality of two instruments commonly used to measure fuzzy characteristics in computer-assisted questionnaires: a graphic scale (a line production scale using a slider bar) and an endecanary scale (a 0–10 rating scale using radio buttons). Data are analyzed by means of multitrait–multimethod models estimated as structural equation models with a mean and covariance structure. For the first time in such research, the results include bias, valid variance, method variance, and random error variance. The data are taken from a program that assesses entrepreneurial competences in undergraduate Economics and Business students by means of questionnaires administered on desktop computers. Neither of the measurement instruments was found to be biased with respect to the other, meaning that their scores are comparable. While both instruments achieve valid and reliable measurements, the reliability and validity are higher for the endecanary scale. This study contributes to the still scarce literature on fuzzy measurement instruments and on the comparability and relative merits of graphic and discrete rating scales on computer-assisted questionnaires.
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Jasilionienė, Regina, and Rima Tamošiūnienė. "EVALUATION OF CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP SYSTEM EFFICIENCY: APPLYING OF TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP APPROACH." Journal of Business Economics and Management 10, no. 4 (2009): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1611-1699.2009.10.343-347.
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Calculating total cost of ownership (TCO) and benefits, building a business case and applying financial measurement methodologies help a company make right customer relationship system for investments solution and build compelling justification for its customer relationship system project. In addition, ongoing measurement of customer relationship system (CRS ) benefits ensures that an enterprise receives expected advantages and achieves strategic objectives. In this paper peculiarities of TCO economic efficiency are analysed. Evaluation method application when developing, using and expanding CRS is being considered, strengths and weaknesses of cost-oriented approach are discussed. Authors present and interpret their empirical research results.
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Just, Małgorzata, and Krzysztof Echaust. "An Optimal Tail Selection in Risk Measurement." Risks 9, no. 4 (2021): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks9040070.
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The appropriate choice of a threshold level, which separates the tails of the probability distribution of a random variable from its middle part, is considered to be a very complex and challenging task. This paper provides an empirical study on various methods of the optimal tail selection in risk measurement. The results indicate which method may be useful in practice for investors and financial and regulatory institutions. Some methods that perform well in simulation studies, based on theoretical distributions, may not perform well when real data are in use. We analyze twelve methods with different parameters for forty-eight world indices using returns from the period of 2000–Q1 2020 and four sub-periods. The research objective is to compare the methods and to identify those which can be recognized as useful in risk measurement. The results suggest that only four tail selection methods, i.e., the Path Stability algorithm, the minimization of the Asymptotic Mean Squared Error approach, the automated Eyeball method with carefully selected tuning parameters and the Hall single bootstrap procedure may be useful in practical applications.