Academic literature on the topic 'Employed and Self-Employed Males and Females'
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Journal articles on the topic "Employed and Self-Employed Males and Females"
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Sappleton, Natalie, and Fernando Lourenço. "Work satisfaction of the self-employed." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 17, no. 2 (May 2016): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465750316648574.
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Studies on segregation in employment are suggestive of higher levels of job satisfaction in female-dominated occupational settings. This research investigates whether this effect is replicated in self-employment. We explore whether satisfaction differentials are related to differences in autonomy and working hours. Our hypotheses are tested using data from the European Social Survey. The final sample consists of 1079 males and 326 females. Our research suggests that differences in job satisfaction among self-employed men and women should not be attributed to gender but to gender composition of sector. Our study contributes to our understanding of gender within a sectoral perspective and the significance of work autonomy and level of working hours to improve work satisfaction of the self-employed.
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Weaver, Charles N. "Examining a Work Ethic Myth about Self-Employed People." Psychological Reports 81, no. 3_suppl (December 1997): 1075–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.81.3f.1075.
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Examination of data from nationwide public opinion surveys from 1972 through 1993 indicates that, for white males and females, the self-employed expressed themselves more than the organizationally employed as agreeing with measures of work ethic. This result was consistent across categories of education, age, and occupation.
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Ružić, Valentina, Krunoslav, ml Matešić, and Antonia Štefanec. "Gender Differences in Achievement Motivation of Employed Adults." Suvremena psihologija 19, no. 1 (June 10, 2016): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21465/2016-sp-191-07.
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Achievement motivation is a concept that can be used for the explanation of individual differences in achievement and success in various contexts as well as an explanation of motivated behaviour. Despite the fact that a generally accepted definition of achievement motivation is still lacking because of disagreement over the traits it encompasses, numerous studies have been conducted on this subject. Researchers agree that achievement motivation is an important factor in professional life, particularly in achieving high professional success when external demands for focusing activity on achieving goals are minimal. It is of particular importance for those activities that have low structure levels and high autonomy. The study included 267 employed adults (124 males and 143 females) older than 18 years. Participants completed the Achievement Motivation Inventory (AMI) which consists of 17 achievement motivation scales. Individual scales form three clusters of motivational facets relating to self-assurance, ambition and self-control. The aim of the study was to determine the existence of gender differences in individual achievement motivation dimensions in employed adults in the Republic of Croatia. The results show the existence of significant gender differences in achievement motivation facets related to self-assurance and ambition in favour of males (e.g. confidence in success, dominance, and fearlessness) and self-control in favour of females. These results are in agreement with previous research and contribute to the usefulness of multifaceted measures of achievement motivation. Keywords: achievement motivation, gender differences, AMI
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Prottas, David J. "Self vs. Organizational employment: The neglected case of positive spillover." New England Journal of Entrepreneurship 15, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/neje-15-01-2012-b004.
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Self-employment is presented as enabling people to better balance their work and family roles but research on its effectiveness is equivocal. We collected survey data from 280 self- and organizationally-employed certified public accountants and conducted a multivariate analysis comparing positive spillover and conflict between the two groups.The self-employed reported less work-to-family conflict with no differences with respect to family-to-work conflict or positive spillovers. However, there were different patterns between male and female subsamples: self-employed males experienced less conflict and more positive spillover than male employees, whereas self-employed females had less of one form of conflict but more of the other.
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Lirgg, Cathy D. "Gender Differences In Self-Confidence in Physical Activity: A Meta-Analysis of Recent Studies." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 13, no. 3 (September 1991): 294–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.13.3.294.
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The apparent lack of self-confidence in physical activity by females compared to males has been a recent concern of some researchers in sport psychology. Lenney (1977) suggested that females would be less confident than males when the task was male oriented or when the situation was competitive. This meta-analysis was conducted to examine the magnitude of gender differences in self-confidence in physical activity according to Lenney's assertions. An overall nonhomogeneous effect size of 0.40 favoring males was found. Although masculine tasks produced a larger effect-size difference than neutral tasks, it was also not homogeneous. Only one study employed a feminine task, resulting in a large effect size favoring females. However, the results of a regression analysis, which found that sex-type of task contributed to gender differences in self-confidence, did support Lenney's contention. Whether or not the task took place in a competitive situation did not differentially affect the magnitude of the gender differences. Age of subject and type of confidence measure employed are also discussed as possible variables contributing to gender differences in self-confidence.
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Smith, David, Demos Vardiabasis, Samuel Seaman, and Yury Adamo. "An Explanation of a Gender Earnings Gap in the Veterinary Profession." Athens Journal of Business & Economics 7, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajbe.7-2-2.
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Analysis of a unique data set of U.S. veterinary firms and veterinarians provides evidence of significant differences in earnings between self-employed males and females. After controlling for important concomitant variables, including training and experience, self-employed female veterinarians generally own smaller clinics and have lower earnings than their male counterparts. This study considers which demographic/economic factors may be associated with observed gender differences in earnings. The gender gap for average earnings is about 44 percent; however, when controlling for certain characteristics, the gap narrows to as little as 23 percent, depending on the model specification. Firm size was found to be the strongest contributing factor in explaining the gender gap in earnings, and so, possible explanations for differences in firm size have also been discussed. Whilst the analysis is not conclusive, there is evidence that self-employed females may face customer discrimination, which may constrain the growth and size of female-owned firms. (JEL D21) Keywords: Gender differences, salaries, self-employment, veterinarians
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Safara, Maryam, Zeinab Blori Alkaran, Mojtaba Salmabadi, and Najmieh Rostami. "Comparison of Creativity and Self-Esteem in Students with Employed and Household Mothers." International Education Studies 10, no. 2 (January 30, 2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v10n2p63.
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Objective: The present study was carried out to compare creativity and self-esteem in the university students with employed and household mothers in academic years 2014-2015. Method: This research is a descriptive one which is of comparative-casual type. The statistical population includes all undergraduate students of Azad universities of Roudhen, Shahr-e Ray Central Tehran and national universities of Al-Zahra, Shahid Beheshti and Vali-e Asr that among them 240 students (120 males and 120 females) were selected by random and available sampling method. To collect the data, Arjmand’s (2003) questionnaire of creativity and Copper-Smith’s (1967) self-esteem questionnaire were used. To test the hypotheses, independent t-test was used. Findings: The results showed that there is a significant difference between self-esteem in students with employed and household mothers. Also, a significant difference was not observed between the rate of creativity in students with employed and household mothers. Conclusion: The results of the present research can be used to provide proper strategies for mothers, instructors, and those who are relevant with educational affairs to enhance the quality of education, to nurture and flourish creativity and self-esteem in individuals.
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Ponsoda, Vicente, Francisco J. Abad, Leslie J. Francis, and Peter R. Hills. "Gender Differences in the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory." Journal of Individual Differences 29, no. 4 (January 2008): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001.29.4.217.
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In a study of 802 16-year-old pupils, Francis (1998) found that males scored significantly higher than females on the school short-form of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory. He concluded that this instrument may be biased in favor of males. The original data employed by Francis have now been re-examined for the incidence of differential item functioning (DIF) by the Mantel-Haenszel, logistic regression, and SIBTEST statistical procedures. The present study has confirmed that 11 items exhibit DIF, on six of which females outperform males and on five of which males outperform females, but no statistically significant collective DIF was found for the set of the 11 items that exhibited DIF. It has been concluded, therefore, that the differences in levels of self-esteem reported by Francis (1998) are the result of genuine gender differences in self-esteem and not to any artifact of test construction. Individual examination of the items that show DIF supports the widely held view that, in general, among males self-esteem tends to be generated personally, whereas among females self-esteem is more dependent on interactions with others.
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Loscalzo, Yura, Rosalba Raffagnino, Claudia Gonnelli, and Marco Giannini. "Work–Family Conflict Scale: Psychometric Properties of the Italian Version." SAGE Open 9, no. 3 (July 2019): 215824401986149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244019861495.
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In literature, there are many instruments for measuring the work–family conflict (W-F-C). The Work–Family Conflict Scale (WFCS) is one of the most used tools. This study aimed to evaluate its psychometric properties on a sample of 684 Italian workers (42.1% males, 57.9% females, mean age = 45.51 ± 10.91). We also evaluated if there were some demographic differences in the W-F-C, with relation to gender, the presence of children, and the kind of job (i.e., medical doctors and other health professionals, teachers and researchers, employees, manual workers, self-employed workers). We found that the Italian WFCS has good psychometric properties. Moreover, contrary to our hypotheses, males experience higher W-F-C than females, and the lowest level of W-F-C characterize doctors and other health professionals. Manual workers and self-employed workers seem to be the two job categories that experience the highest level of W-F-C.
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AlObaid, Hussain Mohammed A. "Examining the motivation factors for individuals choosing self-employment: An assessment on Saudi labor market." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 9, no. 5 (September 18, 2020): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v9i5.799.
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The self-employment issue has attracted the attention of both researchers in the field of economies of labor and policymakers. This paper investigates the main determinants of being self-employed in Saudi Arabia including age, gender, qualification, earning, and non-financial benefits cited by the self-employed workers in the Saudi labor market. However, very limited previous research has discussed the subject of self-employment determinants altogether. The analysis uses the "household survey" Labor Force Direct Survey LFDS for Saudi Labor Market to investigate individuals’ determinants for being self-employed and to have a better explanation of self-employed jobs and their determinants. Estimates are presented on a sample of 1100 participants who became self-employed by 2017. The data provide detailed information on self-employment that allows analyzing the complete set of determinants that controlled self-employment. The descriptive statistics show that the self-employed tend to be young males aged between 20-35 years, with a preference of working in the telecommunication sector, with a high school certificate, and with a monthly earning target between 7001-10000 SR. Findings show that the most cited reason for the male at 90% was a preference for being one’s own boss. For females, the most cited motivating factor about 89% was ‘the opportunity to raise more money.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Employed and Self-Employed Males and Females"
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Cachon, Jean-Charles, and Sara Carter. "Self-employed Females and the Workforce: Some Common Issues Across the Atlantic." Ryerson Polytechnical Institute, 1989. https://zone.biblio.laurentian.ca/dspace/handle/10219/287.
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While many significant studies have been made of small firms from economic, business
and sociological perspectives, the bulk of the work to date has concentrated upon the male-owned enterprise. The role of women as owner/managers and employers has been largely neglected as an area of serious academic study despite the fact that greater numbers of women are now choosing self-employment.
L'article abordera tout d'abord les rapports conceptuels qui existent entre Ie sexe des étudiants et les études entreprises en vue d'un emploi, puis il traitera, dans cette même perspective, de certains aspects significatifs que les chercheurs ont noté parmi les femmes établies à leur compte et enfin il identifiera les points qui devront être sujets d'étude à l'avenir.This paper was prepared with the support of the Scottish Enterprise Foundation's M. Sc. in Entrepreneurial Studies program, and the Foundation's Research division.
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Leal, Susana Isabel Martins Rodrigues Coelho. "Convergência das economias ibéricas no último quartel do século xx: uma análise a partir da população residente empregada." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/775.
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Mestrado em Economia e Estudos EuropeusEm 1986 Portugal e Espanha assinam o tratado de adesão à Comunidade Económica Europeia. A partir daí os dois países intensificam esforços no sentido da convergência das duas economias para os níveis comunitários. Essa convergência é feita a vários níveis: convergência real, convergência nominal e convergência estrutural. É sobre esta última que este trabalho vai incidir. A partir da análise da evolução da população residente e da população residente empregada em Portugal e nas regiões de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo e Alentejo, em Espanha e nas Comunidades Autónomas de Madrid e da Extremadura, no período compreendido entre 1970 e 2001, pretende-se mostrar que alterações sofreu a distribuição da população residente empregada pelos diversos sectores e ramos da actividade económica. Os resultados da análise efectuada permitem perceber se, face aos dados observados antes da entrada na Comunidade Económica Europeia e no período posterior a essa entrada, houve ou não uma convergência estrutural destes dois indicadores que tenha permitido melhorar os níveis de bem-estar das duas economias e como tal aumentar a convergência real.
In 1986 Portugal and Spain sign the European Economic Community adhesion treaty. From then on the two countries intensify efforts in order to converge their economies to the communitary levels. That convergence happens at different levels: real convergence, nominal convergence and structural convergence. This work will fall upon the latter. Starting from the analysis of the evolution of the resident population and employed resident population in Portugal and in the areas of Lisbon and Vale do Tejo and Alentejo, in Spain and in the Autonomous Communities of Madrid and Extremadura, in the period between 1970 and 2001, it is intended to show which changes has the distribution of the employed resident population suffered among the different sectors and branches of the economic activity. The results of the performed analysis allow to understand if, consedering the data observed previously to the admission in the European Economic Community and in the period after that admission, it existed or not a structural convergence of these indicators that has allowed to improve the welfare of both economies and consequently to increase the real convergence.
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Basra, Tarvinder Kaur. "A review of rates of prevalence and precipitating factors to Asian females deliberate self-harm (literature review) ; Dynamic understandings of mental health and mental illness as they are experienced and employed by young Pakistani females: a qualitative investigation (research paper)." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.486622.
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This thesis consists of two papers. The first paper is a review of the literature exploring self-harm in Asian females. Research that explored prevalence rates revealed-that during the transition from adolescence to adulthood rates ofself-harm were higher in Asian females compared to their Asian male and White female counterparts. The paper then reviews research that has aimed to identify precipitating factors for Asian female adolescents and Asian women's self-harm. Methodological considerations are discussed and it is argued that further research is needed to inform service provision and delivery. The second paper is a qualitative research project that explored young Pakistani females (aged between 14 and 16 years old) understanding and perception of mental health and mental illness. Focus group transcripts were analysed using Foucauldian Discourse Analysis. Participants drew on psychological and social discourses, and religious and spiritual discourses, to discuss how mental health problems were caused. These discourses were also used to construct mentally ill people as 'different'. Individual interviews were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Three main themes were identified: complementary and dichotomous understandings of the causes of mental illness, conflicts and contingencies in seeking help and choosing interventions and resolving dilemmas: respect and responsibility.
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Hill, Kathy Louise. "Communication competency/proficiency of the male and female professional : self-assessment versus supervisors' evaluation /." Full-text version available from OU Domain via ProQuest Digital Dissertations, 1990.
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Mazubane, Ewart Mphilisi. "A strategic entrepreneurial model to develop females for tourism related businesses." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1188.
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Since the inception of the new dispensation, entrepreneurship has been identified as one of the key enablers of economic participation. For this reason the government has established strategic institutions and mandated them to promote entrepreneurship in the country with the aim of increasing economic participation and entrepreneurial activities. One of the key and the fastest growing industries that have been identified as needing attention with regards to increasing participation of the women entrepreneurs is the tourism industry. There is now a noticeable growth of women entrepreneurs in this industry. They are found running bed and breakfasts (B&Bs) and conducting tours in urban areas as well as townships and rural areas. This is further evident if one looks at the value chain in the tourism sector. However, women entrepreneurs that are found in this sector are facing specific challenges that hinder their progress towards achieving sustainable businesses, especially those running or intending to run B&B businesses. Some of these challenges are sector related and some are just inherent to pursuing an entrepreneurial journey. The participation of women in the mainstream of entrepreneurship presents unique challenges as well. Women were never allowed to participate fully in the entrepreneurial activities. The latter still contributes to the challenges faced by women in their journey towards developing and operating sustainable businesses irrespective of the industry in which they operate in. Based on the above discussion, the main problem statement of this study is: To develop a strategic entrepreneurial model to enable female entrepreneurs to operate sustainable B&B businesses in the tourism industry.
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Adepoju, Anthony. "Exploring the Role of Work–Family Conflict on Job and Life Satisfaction for Salaried and Self-Employed Males and Females: A Social Role Approach." 2017. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/bus_admin_diss/86.
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ABSTRACT
Job satisfaction and life satisfaction have been two of the most researched social constructs for many decades. This study looks into the relationship that exists between job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and work–family conflict among salaried and self-employed male and female employees. It adds to existing literature by using Social Role Theory as a basis for explaining the variation in these relationships among males and females, and also makes the argument that gender is a propelling force in explaining the perceived conflict and its effect on life and job satisfaction. It also adds to existing literature by evaluating the above phenomenon among employed and self-employed males and females thereby bridging a significant gap in the literature on work-family conflict. The study makes use of data from the International Social Survey Program. Analyzing this data has led to a better understanding of the role of gender as a significant factor related to variations in work–family conflict. Also this paper reveals to us that the effect of work-family conflict is considerably lesser for self-employed individuals when compared to their salaried counterparts for both men and women. Other Key findings include the changing role of women in the society and the effect of children in a working household on
work-family conflict, job and life satisfaction.
INDEX WORDS: Job Satisfaction, Life Satisfaction, Work–Family Conflict, Employed and Self-Employed Males and Females
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Burrell, Daniel. "The social and occupational mobility of male workers employed in female professional occupations an exploratory study /." 1992. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/28652274.html.
Full textBooks on the topic "Employed and Self-Employed Males and Females"
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Wagner, Joachim. What a difference a y makes: Female and male nascent entrepreneurs in Germany. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2004.
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Allen, Tammy D., and Seulki "Rachel" Jang. Gender and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Edited by Philip M. Podsakoff, Scott B. Mackenzie, and Nathan P. Podsakoff. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219000.013.12.
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The current chapter reviews theory and findings with regard to relationships between gender and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Based on self-report OCB studies, female employees tend to report that they perform more communal OCB (e.g., altruism) than do male employees, whereas male employees tend to report that they perform more agentic OCB (e.g., sportsmanship) than do female employees. However, supervisors do not appear to rate male and female employees differently on OCB performance. Our review also suggests that even with the same amount of OCB performance, female employees tend to be disadvantaged with regard to career-related outcomes (e.g., promotion) relative to male employees. For future research, we encourage researchers to distinguish between actual and perceived OCB performance and examine associated gender differences. Measurement invariance of OCB across gender, different career success outcomes between males and females, and the effects of gender egalitarianism in cultures also need further investigation.
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Johnsen, Laura L., and Glenn Geher. Fashion as a Set of Signals in Female Intrasexual Competition. Edited by Maryanne L. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.37.
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Fashion is one tool that women employ to enhance their overall attractiveness to increase mating opportunities and repel competition from other females. This essay first discusses how evolution has shaped the female form and how clothing is used to enhance desirable traits. Additionally, this essay addresses how fashion trends have endured throughout history because they have been continually successful in maintaining women’s attractiveness. Further, the reasons why women… clothing when engaging in competitive strategies such as self-promotion and competitor manipulation is also explored. The second section covers how women’s physiological occurrences influence the way they dress and how males perceive them. Third, this essay delves into the social perceptions and consequences of wearing certain kinds of clothing. It explores how fashion is used to attract and retain mates by enabling a woman to stand out among her potential rivals and/or forcing rivals to back down from pursuing a potential partner.
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Cavender, Gray, and Nancy C. Jurik. Investigating and Challenging. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037191.003.0004.
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This chapter considers both the strategies of detection that enable Jane Tennison to solve cases and the television production techniques employed in the series that establish Tennison as a credible and successful female protagonist in a previously male-dominated subgenre. Thus, it examines methods whereby the male dominance of the police procedural is decentered in Prime Suspect. The chapter shows that Tennison challenged organizational and interpersonal barriers to successfully perform her job. In doing her job, she demonstrated a relentless work ethic, attention to the details of the case, aggressiveness, trickery, and at times what might seem to be special “feminine” insights. It further argues that Tennison's sense of justice for victims motivated her investigations.
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Reinarz, Jonathan. Seduction and Subversion. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252034947.003.0005.
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This chapter details a variety of historical contexts where distinctions between masculine and feminine scents were less clear or only beginning to be outlined with clarity. The distinction between male and female scents emerges as a relatively recent invention in the long history of perfume. Only in the last couple of decades have perfumers attempted to reintroduce consumers to unisex, let alone queer, scents. Moreover, while in the last century the perfume industry may have employed disproportionate numbers of male scientists to improve rates of extraction and build global empires, the captains of this vast industry during periods of great expansion were just as often women. This chapter aims to address these and other aspects of smell culture and to broadly chart the overtly gendered olfactory landscape from ancient to modern times.
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Henderson, Desirée. ‘The Impudent Fellow Came in Swareing’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814221.003.0009.
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This chapter examines the almost fifty-year-long diary written by Elizabeth Drinker, a Quaker woman residing in Philadelphia at the end of the eighteenth century. It argues that Drinker employed her diary as a tool to define the boundaries of her community, which included her immediate family and surrounding Quaker society. The focus of the chapter is on two moments in which Drinker represents and responds to the intrusion of a male stranger into her home and family, and the threats they present to the female members of her community, in order to explore her gendered understanding of belonging. Through the diaristic devices of naming and relational terminology, and by documenting space, movement, and social interaction, Drinker writes her community into being and grants herself the rhetorical authority to keep it safe.
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Wetter, Anne-Mareike. Bodies, Boundaries, and Belonging in the Book of Esther. Edited by Danna Nolan Fewell. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199967728.013.21.
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The first and most important premise for the reading of the book of Esther proposed in this chapter is to construe it as a product of Diaspora Judaism. Concepts from postcolonial studies and ritual theory (specifically ritualization) are employed in order to highlight the struggle of the “Jews” in the narrative to maintain their religious and ethnic identity vis-à-vis “others” from within and without. Thus, an image of the text as a subtle but pervasive web of intertextual hints arises, in which meaning is as hidden as God is throughout the narrative. The reading is supplemented by insights from gender studies, approaching the various interactions between male and female protagonists not simply as the struggle between the sexes, but more broadly, as a means of identification, representation, and embodiment for the suppressed or marginalized group as a whole.
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Walker, Christine. Jamaica Ladies. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469658797.001.0001.
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Jamaica Ladies is the first systematic study of the free and freed women of European, Euro-African, and African descent who perpetuated chattel slavery and reaped its profits in the British Empire. Their actions helped transform Jamaica into the wealthiest slaveholding colony in the Anglo-Atlantic world. Starting in the 1670s, a surprisingly large and diverse group of women helped secure English control of Jamaica and, crucially, aided its developing and expanding slave labor regime by acquiring enslaved men, women, and children to protect their own tenuous claims to status and independence. Female colonists employed slaveholding as a means of advancing themselves socially and financially on the island. By owning others, they wielded forms of legal, social, economic, and cultural authority not available to them in Britain. In addition, slaveholding allowed free women of African descent, who were not far removed from slavery themselves, to cultivate, perform, and cement their free status. Alongside their male counterparts, women bought, sold, stole, and punished the people they claimed as property and vociferously defended their rights to do so. As slavery's beneficiaries, these women worked to stabilize and propel this brutal labor regime from its inception.
Book chapters on the topic "Employed and Self-Employed Males and Females"
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Khajikhan, Tansaya. "Gender Difference in Households’ Expenditure on Higher Education: Evidence from Mongolia." In Between Peace and Conflict in the East and the West, 211–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77489-9_11.
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AbstractThe existing evidence suggests that there is a reverse gender gap in higher education in Mongolia. Prior studies on the reverse gender gap in education were based on the gross enrolment rates and did not delve deeper in terms of using empirical data analyzed over an extended time-period. This paper investigates gender bias in the households’ expenditure on higher education and tracks changes over the ten-year period from 2008 to 2018 using empirical data. In this regard, this study examines the factors and determinants responsible for the gender bias in the households’ expenditure on higher education. To address these questions, the study employs the Engel Curve approach (unconditional educational expenditure) and Hurdle model, which estimates bias in the enrolment decisions and bias in the conditional educational expenditure, both at the household and individual level in 2008 and 2018, using the Household Socio-Economic Survey of Mongolia. Its findings illustrate that gender bias in households’ expenditure on higher education does exist, and it favors girls over boys at the household and individual levels in 2008 and 2018. The findings show that households allocate a greater share of education expenditure to females aged 16–18 and 19–24 than to their male counterparts. Statistical analysis suggests that households’ residence and the occupation of household heads are two important factors affecting this gender bias. Thus, if a household resides in the countryside and its head is employed in the agricultural sector, female offspring are more likely to receive higher education than male offspring. Traditional gender roles and the Mongolian way of life, which centers around attending to livestock and requiring a male labor force and the wage gap, are contextual factors that help explain this gender bias.
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Ume, Chukwuma Otum, Patience Ifeyinwa Opata, and Anthony Nwa Jesus Onyekuru. "Gender and Climate Change Adaptation Among Rural Households in Nigeria." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2099–115. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_182.
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AbstractFemale- and male-headed rural households have unequal opportunities in climate change adaptation. Efforts in climate change adaptation in regions with deeply entrenched sociocultural norms should also account for the varied gender components of climate change. The broad objective of this study is to integrate gender issues into climate change adaptation thereby distilling lessons and evidence for policymakers on how to approach the necessary transformation of gender relations in climate change interventions. The study employed focus group discussions to uncover the structural factors undermining women’s adaptive capacity, thereby making them vulnerable to climate change impacts. In addition to this, in-depth interviews were also conducted. For the in-depth interviews, 27 farmers were sampled using a snowballing method, while four focus groups were carried out differently for male and female farmers. Ten extension personnel and ten representations from the ministry of agriculture were also surveyed using in-depth interviews. Results from the study showed that female farmers in the region were more vulnerable to climate change as a result of the deeply rooted cultural systems and unwarranted assumptions about women. Findings also suggested that women with high adaptive capacity were less vulnerable to climate impacts. We conclude that gender-responsive climate change adaptation is important in achieving balanced relations that will ensure climate resilience in more equitable and nonhierarchical ways.
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Mendes, Raquel. "Glass Ceilings in Portugal?" In Professional Advancements and Management Trends in the IT Sector, 46–63. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0924-2.ch004.
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Despite the evidence of female progress with regard to women’s role in the labor market, gender inequality remains. Women are still less likely to be employed than men, occupational gender segregation continues, and females continue to earn less than males. The gender wage gap remains wide in several occupational sectors, among which is the information technology (IT) sector. This paper focuses the determinants of gender wage inequality. More precisely, it investigates for statistical evidence of a glass ceiling effect on women’s wages. Based on the quantile regression framework, the empirical analysis extends the decomposition of the average gender wage gap to other parts of the earnings distribution. The main objective is to empirically test whether gender-based wage discrimination is greater among high paid employees, in line with glass ceiling hypothesis. Larger unexplained gaps at the top of the wage distribution indicate the existence of a glass ceiling effect in Portugal.
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Kose, Tekin. "Gender and Use of E-Government Services in Turkey." In Gender Gaps and the Social Inclusion Movement in ICT, 130–46. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.ch007.
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This chapter investigates the relationship between gender and use of e-government services in Turkey. Based on household surveys, probit regression models are estimated to quantify determinants of e-government use for Turkish citizens. Empirical findings imply that there is a gender gap in use of e-government services. Turkish females are less likely to employ e-government tools compared to Turkish males. Household income, education level, being employed, and frequency of internet use are positively correlated with probability of e-government use for Turkish individuals. Finally, age demonstrates negative association with use of online government services. As the individual gets older, probability of using e-government platforms decreases. Thus, the digital divide prevails among Turkish citizens and should be addressed by policymakers.
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Singh, Vandana. "Role of Employee Empowerment and Organizational Trust." In Advances in Human Resources Management and Organizational Development, 145–56. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4180-7.ch008.
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This chapter presents the relationship and impact of employee empowerment on organizational trust. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between employee empowerment and organizational trust in the IT industry. This study examines the difference between the empowerment level and organizational level of male and female employees. The questionnaire employed in this study consisted of empowerment by A. K. Mishra and G. M. Spreitzer and organizational trust variables by P. Mishra. The sample for the study consisted of 475 IT professionals from five IT organizations. Simple random sampling was used as a sampling technique, and this study was an ex-post in nature. Data were analyzed using t-test, correlation, and multiple regression. The result revealed that employee empowerment had a positive and significant impact on organizational trust. There is no significant difference in the empowerment of IT industry employees. It means that both male and female employees were equally empowered in their jobs. Male employees are more trust in their jobs as compared to female employees.
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"Invasive Asian Carps in North America." In Invasive Asian Carps in North America, edited by Diana M. Papoulias, James Candrl, Jill A. Jenkins, and Donald E. Tillitt. American Fisheries Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874233.ch18.
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<em>Abstract</em>.—The Asian black carp <em>Mylopharyngodon piceus </em>is of interest to the aquaculture industry in the United States as a biological control for snails and mollusks. However, past experience in North America with other Asian carps has raised concern that black carp will establish wild populations and negatively affect native populations of fish and invertebrates, especially mollusks. The demand for black carp has led biologists to seek ways to allow their use while at the same time maintaining control over their distribution and reproduction. Physical containment and restrictions on importation, release, and stocking have mostly failed. Control of reproduction holds more promise. The induction of triploidy (having three sets of chromosomes), which can render an individual biologically sterile, is of particular interest. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of proposed testing procedures used to assure genetic triploidy in black carp prior to distribution by the state of Missouri, using black carp and grass carp <em>Ctenopharyngodon idella</em>. Our objectives were to (1) verify if the ploidy determination methodology (nuclear size) employed was 100% accurate, (2) determine growth and survival of juvenile black carp over extended periods of time under laboratory and pond conditions, and (3) histologically examine development and gametogenesis in gonads collected from triploid and diploid black and grass carps of different ages and stages of maturation. Comparison of erythrocyte nuclear size using the Coulter counter method versus the more accurate method of flow cytometry that measures DNA content indicated an error rate of 0.25% by the former method. Black carp grew and survived well in mid-Missouri ponds. Triploid grass carp males appeared to produce functional gametes, and some triploid black carp male testes had apparently normal spermatocytes within cysts. A few normally developing oocytes at previtellogenic and vitellogenic stages were observed in triploid grass carp females, and a few normal perinuclear oocytes could be identified in triploid black carp females. Currently, the standards of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s triploid grass carp voluntary inspection program are being followed by some states to manage triploid black carp. Our results indicate that although the percentage of diploid black carp that could pass through the currently proposed screening program is small, overall numbers of diploid black carp distributed in a state could be substantial depending on the number of triploids distributed. Furthermore, despite indications that triploid male black carp can be expected to be functionally sterile, reproductive studies may be warranted given the large wild populations of diploid grass carp, bighead carp <em>Hypophthalmichthys nobilis</em>, and silver carp <em>H. molitrix </em>in the Mississippi River basin system.
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"Invasive Asian Carps in North America." In Invasive Asian Carps in North America, edited by Diana M. Papoulias, James Candrl, Jill A. Jenkins, and Donald E. Tillitt. American Fisheries Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874233.ch18.
Full textAbstract:
<em>Abstract</em>.—The Asian black carp <em>Mylopharyngodon piceus </em>is of interest to the aquaculture industry in the United States as a biological control for snails and mollusks. However, past experience in North America with other Asian carps has raised concern that black carp will establish wild populations and negatively affect native populations of fish and invertebrates, especially mollusks. The demand for black carp has led biologists to seek ways to allow their use while at the same time maintaining control over their distribution and reproduction. Physical containment and restrictions on importation, release, and stocking have mostly failed. Control of reproduction holds more promise. The induction of triploidy (having three sets of chromosomes), which can render an individual biologically sterile, is of particular interest. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of proposed testing procedures used to assure genetic triploidy in black carp prior to distribution by the state of Missouri, using black carp and grass carp <em>Ctenopharyngodon idella</em>. Our objectives were to (1) verify if the ploidy determination methodology (nuclear size) employed was 100% accurate, (2) determine growth and survival of juvenile black carp over extended periods of time under laboratory and pond conditions, and (3) histologically examine development and gametogenesis in gonads collected from triploid and diploid black and grass carps of different ages and stages of maturation. Comparison of erythrocyte nuclear size using the Coulter counter method versus the more accurate method of flow cytometry that measures DNA content indicated an error rate of 0.25% by the former method. Black carp grew and survived well in mid-Missouri ponds. Triploid grass carp males appeared to produce functional gametes, and some triploid black carp male testes had apparently normal spermatocytes within cysts. A few normally developing oocytes at previtellogenic and vitellogenic stages were observed in triploid grass carp females, and a few normal perinuclear oocytes could be identified in triploid black carp females. Currently, the standards of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s triploid grass carp voluntary inspection program are being followed by some states to manage triploid black carp. Our results indicate that although the percentage of diploid black carp that could pass through the currently proposed screening program is small, overall numbers of diploid black carp distributed in a state could be substantial depending on the number of triploids distributed. Furthermore, despite indications that triploid male black carp can be expected to be functionally sterile, reproductive studies may be warranted given the large wild populations of diploid grass carp, bighead carp <em>Hypophthalmichthys nobilis</em>, and silver carp <em>H. molitrix </em>in the Mississippi River basin system.
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Prescott, Julie, and Jan Bogg. "Female Game Workers: Career Development, and Aspirations." In Gender Considerations and Influence in the Digital Media and Gaming Industry, 206–22. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6142-4.ch011.
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Understanding the career factors that influence women's career aspirations in male-dominated occupations is important for increasing women's progression within these occupations. This chapter assesses the impact of career influencers on career aspirations of women working in the male-dominated computer games industry. An online questionnaire obtained international data from 450 women working in the computer games industry. A structural equation model was employed to investigate the influencers. Findings suggest that to increase women's career development and career aspirations within the computer games industry, self-efficacy, attitudes towards career barriers, work-life balance attitudes, person-environment fit and job satisfaction are crucial.
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Poll, Jed, and Michael T. Yen. "Upper Eyelid Blepharoplasty." In Surgery of the Eyelid, Lacrimal System, and Orbit. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195340211.003.0034.
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The purpose of this chapter on blepharoplasty is to familiarize the reader with relevant eyelid anatomy, appropriate preoperative evaluation, and the surgical fundamentals of upper eyelid blepharoplasty. In addition, modern modifications of blepharoplasty will be presented, with special attention to aesthetic blepharoplasty and surgical considerations in the Asian eyelid. Blepharoplasty defines a group of surgical procedures by which excess skin, orbicularis muscle, and orbital fat are removed from the upper eyelids. The ideal goal of blepharoplasty is to rejuvenate the eyelid and restore a youthful eyelid position without compromising eyelid function. A postoperative taut upper eyelid resulting in lagophthalmos and ocular surface compromise equates to an unsatisfied patient and surgeon. Likewise, excessive orbital fat excision can create a sunken superior sulcus and an eyelid contour with an undesirable cosmetic appearance. Similar to many other oculoplastic procedures, many variations in surgical technique in blepharoplasty have been employed over the years. Despite the differences, all these modifications rely upon the same underlying fundamental principles. Key steps in successful blepharoplasty surgery occur before the first skin incision is made. The eyelids are not islands unto themselves; rather, they are intimately connected to other facial structures, most notably the brow and forehead for upper lid blepharoplasty and the midface complex for lower lid blepharoplasty. Failure to preoperatively address pertinent nearby structures can yield unwanted postsurgical results. In addition to the assessment of facial structure, a preoperative blepharoplasty evaluation should include a proper medical and ocular history. Patients with a bleeding diathesis or a history of anticoagulation should be counseled and anticoagulation medications withheld if medically appropriate. A history of ocular surface issues or previous anterior segment surgery should be investigated and a slit-lamp examination performed to assess for dryness and corneal pathology. Conditions that can affect eyelid position, such as myasthenia gravis and thyroid-related orbitopathy, should be stable for a minimum of 6 months prior to blepharoplasty. Assessing brow position and function is essential when considering a patient for upper eyelid blepharoplasty. Normal brow position in males is along the superior orbital rim, and in females normal brow position is about 1 cm superior to the orbital rim.
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Dvouletý, Ondřej. "Exploring the Income of the Czech Entrepreneurs." In Developing Entrepreneurial Competencies for Start-Ups and Small Business, 86–96. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2714-6.ch006.
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Although individuals mostly pursue an entrepreneurial career from non-economic reasons, it is also interesting to see how well they perform in their business financially. This book chapter exploits two recent waves (2010, 2015) of the European Survey on Working Conditions (EWCS) and compares earnings of the Czech self-employed, concerning characteristics including job creation, gender, age, education, and number of working hours. The obtained findings from paired t-tests and correlations show that Czech self-employed with employees (job creators) earn on average by 14.6% more when compared to solo self-employed. Gender-differences in earnings have also been found in the case of the Czech entrepreneurs. Solo self-employed women earn on average less when compared to males. The highest earnings were observed in the age group of 31-40 years, and self-employed with higher levels of education also earn, on average more. This book chapter contributes to the regional knowledge on entrepreneurship in the Czech Republic.
Conference papers on the topic "Employed and Self-Employed Males and Females"
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J. Taylor, W., G. X Zhu, J. Dekkers, and S. Marshall. "Socio Economic Factors Affecting Home Internet Usage Patterns in Central Queensland." In 2003 Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2647.
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This paper aims to identify associations between demographic and socioeconomic factors and home Internet use patterns in the Central Queensland region, Australia. It found that people living outside of Rockhampton, male, those with higher education levels, married, those with higher income level, or fully employed tend to use Internet more for work at home; people living in Rockhampton, those within the youngest group (18-24), or with secondary education level or higher tend to use Internet more for education; people living in Rockhampton, those within the youngest group, never married, or unemployed tend to use Internet more for entertainment; males, people within the youngest group, those with lower family income, or either semi-employed or unemployed tend to use Internet more for information search; females, people with no children, or lower family income tend to use Internet more for communication through email; married people tend to use Internet for financial management; and people within 25-39 year old group, with higher education levels tend to use Internet more for on-line purchases. It is suggested that further research should be conducted to monitor the youngest age group in home Internet use for entertainment and information search.
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Mokhothu, Khojane Geoffrey, Charles S. Masoabi, and Alfred H. Makura. "INVESTIGATING THE USE ACTION LEARNING APPROACHES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION STUDIES: A CASE OF SKILLS CENTRE." In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021end045.
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Civil Engineering and Construction studies are the study fields that embraces practical and theory. While action learning approaches is encompassed with a myriad of teaching and learning methods to closed the deficits. The research aims to investigate the use of action learning approaches in Civil engineering and Construction studies. while the objective of the research is to assess the extent to which action learning approaches is employed in teaching practical and content knowledge in Civil Engineering and Construction studies. The research used a mixed-method approach comprising quantitative and qualitative methodology to collect data. Questionnaire and face to face semi-structured interview were used as the tools to gather data. Participants were all 10 lecturers and assistance lecturers, males and females from different culture, age and race. Findings of the research revealed that lecturers are using action learning approaches unaware. The research, suggests that all lecturer at the skills centres should be afforded opportunities to attend facilitations and assessor courses or Universities of Technology should develop a short education methodology for them of which it will equip their teaching and learning skills.
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Bernardi, F., G. Marchetti, F. Vannini, L. Felloni, F. Panicucci, and F. Conconi. "SPORADISM INVESTIGATION AND CARRIER DETECTION IN HAEMOPHILIA A BY RFLP ANALYSIS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644011.
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Restriction fragment lenght polymorphisms (RFLPs)analysis has been employed for carrier detection andfor sporadism study in Haemophilia A. Three RFLPs, one intragenic in FC8 (647/BcII) and two with close linkage to Haemophilia A at DXS52 (Stl4/Taql) and DXS15 (DX13/BgIII), were used.In 20 families 29 carrier status determinations havebeen performed.In order to investigate sporadicity and to estimate the sex ratio of mutation rates directely, 17 families with isolated cases of haemophilia A were studied.In eight out of the 17 families the RFLPsanalysis excluded the carrier status of the maternalgrandmothers.Since by hemostatic studies the eight mothers of the propositi were shown to be haemophilia carriers, the origin of the newly mutated genes was inferred from the RFLP patterns: six haemophilic genes derive from the normal maternal grandfathers and two from the maternal grandmothers.Possible recombinations between FVIII locus and the extragenic RFLPs loci have to be considered; however the intragenic Bell RFLP is informative in five out of the eight families and the DXl3 and Stl4 patterns are concordant.The data indicate a higher mutation rate in males than in females gametes as previously suggested, althought not unanimously, by segregation analysis and coagulation studies. The RFLP analysis in a large number of families with isolated cases of haemophilia isnecessary to define the precise ratio of sex mutation rate for this disease.Work supported by P.F. Ing. Gen. Basi Mol. Mai. Ered. Contratto CNR N 8400877.
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Koyuncu, Mustafa, Fusun Tekin Acar, Ronald J. Burke, and Kadife Koyuncu. "Gender Differences in Work Experiences and Work and Learning Outcomes among Employees in the Manufacturing Sector in Turkey: An Exploratory Study." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01358.
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This study examined gender differences in work experiences and work outcomes among 215 male and 46 female employees working in the textile and furniture sectors in Turkey. Data were collected from 261 employees, a 65 percent response rate, using anonymously completed questionnaires. Respondents were mostly male, worked full-time, had relatively short job and firm tenures, generally held jobs involving some supervisory responsibilities, and worked 41 to 50 hours per week in fairly large firms. All measures used here had been used and validated previously by other researchers. Work experiences included perceptions of supervisor empowering behaviors; outcomes included job satisfaction, affective commitment, work engagement, engaging in voice behaviors, and intent to quit. Learning related outcomes included learning opportunities and self-rated employability. There were small differences in departments in which men and women worked with a slightly higher percentage of men in production and a slightly lower percentage of men in accounting, human resource management and marketing. Consistent with earlier work, significant gender differences were found on several personal demographic and work situation characteristics. Women were younger, less likely to be married, were more highly educated, were at lower organizational levels, had less job and organizational tenure. Males and females had similar perceptions of their supervisor’s empowering behaviors, their own levels of psychological empowerment, similar learning opportunities and levels of self-rated employability and on most work outcomes (e.g, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, intent to quit).
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Doonan, Samantha, and Julie Johnson. "Participation in the Massachusetts Adult-Use Cannabis Industry by Race/Ethnicity and Gender Across Job Titles." In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.3.
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States across the U.S. are increasingly legalizing cannabis for recreational purposes (“adult-use”) through licensure of privately-run cannabis establishments. Legalization efforts have partially emerged in response to unequal prohibition enforcement which disproportionately affects Black and Hispanic/Latino communities. However, the extent to which people from communities most affected by prohibition are included in the legal industry is unknown. This study is a preliminary analysis of participation by race/ethnicity and gender across job titles in the Massachusetts adult-use cannabis industry from its inception through April 2020 (18-month time span). Data were extracted from cannabis establishments (i.e., licensed adult-use cannabis businesses that collectively form the cannabis industry in Massachusetts). Agent registration forms are required for board members, directors, executives, managers, employees, and volunteers across all license types (e.g. retail, cultivation, product manufacturing). As of April 2020, there were 4,907 unique agents (volunteers excluded) across 205 cannabis establishment licenses. Among agents, 77% were White, 9% were Hispanic/Latino, and 6% were Black/African American, <3% identified other racial and ethnic groups, and data were missing for approximately 6% of the sample (exceeds 100%, as persons can be included in more than one race/ethnicity). Excluding agents with missing race/ethnicity or gender (n=347) and grouping persons at two-levels: (1) white or not-white identifying, and (2) male or female, we found 53% of agents were white and male, 29% were white and female, 12% were an ethnicity and/or race(s) that did not include white (“non-white”) and male, and 5% were non-white and female. Approximately 8% of agents held senior-level positions (i.e., board members, directors, executives) versus less senior positions (i.e., employees, managers). However, white males held 72% of senior positions, white females held 17%, non-white males held 9%, and non-white females held 1%. This study is subject to limitations, including that persons who identified as white and another race(s) (n=103) are included in white-identifying categories; future work will address this limitation. Further, all data is typically reported by supervisors rather than self-reported, therefore race/ethnicity and gender are subject to misidentification. Nonetheless, findings suggest that at approximately one and a half years after retail stores opened, participation in the Massachusetts adult-use cannabis industry skews white and male, and this trend is pronounced in senior-level positions.
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Shoji, Yasumasa. "Effect of Friction Coefficients Regarding Bolt Self-Loosening." In ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21836.
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Abstract As there have been many researches for bolt self-loosening and a lot of knowledge have been accumulated, the phenomena has been understood more and more clearly. On the other hand, it is quite difficult to achieve both non-self-loosening and easy bolting tasks. In practical situations, easy and stable bolting is more focused and torque control is employed for tension control in the fields. For the stable bolting, friction of the threads is reduced by lubrication. However, the effect of this friction reduction is not yet investigated in the aspect of self-loosening. In this paper, the effect of frictions between male and female threads and between nut and bearing surface is investigated by FEA simulations. This provides information how self-loosening can be controlled. In this paper, the motion of the fastened plate transverse to the bolt axis is considered. This motion is known as the easiest motion to make self-loosening in experience and also as shown so in the author’s previous researches. The friction seems to increase self-loosening and also decrease self-loosening at the same time. It seems that the friction on the bearing surface drives self-loosening and friction on the thread surfaces prevents it. In this paper, both the frictions are examined in the relative manner with the Finite Element Analyses.
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Papadopoulou, Kassandra A., and Robert A. Phillips. "The Value of an Enterprise Postgraduate Research Programme for creating business start-ups in the UK." In Sixth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head20.2020.11122.
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The Masters of Enterprise Programme is a postgraduate programme whereby a student attempts to start a business during the course of their studies. Established in 2001, we have analysed the success of the 59 companies created from the course and found that as expected the start-up rate is higher than the general population. We also found that ratio of male to female founders (70-30) was similar to start-ups from the general population; however, the survival rate of ventures created from the programme was significantly higher. Also, a higher rate of the businesses were employing more than just the founder, implying they are what could be considered “Entrepreneurial” businesses rather than simply someone self- employed as might be normal in some careers. Despite many overseas students completing the course, only 3 of the businesses were founded outside the UK, suggesting the UK economy is benefitting from the ventures created. We also discuss other outcomes from the course such as these entrepreneurial students are often recruited by top corporates. We further discuss what we believe are the contributing pedagogic factors to its success. Keywords: Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Education, Employability, Start-ups, UK economy.
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Fukuoka, Toshimichi, and Yuki Hirai. "Evaluation of Mechanical Behavior of Taper Pipe Threads in the Tightening Process by Finite Element Analysis and Elementary Theory of Solid Mechanics." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65061.
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There are two types of pipe threads, i.e., parallel and tapered ones. The former is used for mechanically connecting hollow cylinder-shaped structures, and the latter is usually employed for connecting thin pipes and tubes. The primary function required for taper pipe threads is to prevent the leakage of contained fluids. In order to ensure the sealing performance, target taper pipe threads need to be tightened with proper conditions. However, it seems that a standard tightening guideline with sufficient mechanical background has not been established. In this paper, using helical thread models, the relationship between assembly torque and rotation angle of threaded pipe is studied by FEA. The relationship between rotation angle and radial contact force between male and female threads, which is regarded as an index of the sealing performance, is also evaluated in like manner. In the numerical calculations, finite element analyses are performed as elastic and elastic-plastic problems, in which nominal dimeter of threads, pipe wall thickness and coefficient of friction on the thread contact surface are changed systematically, aiming at the establishment of a practical tightening guideline. Additionally, a simple method is proposed to evaluate the contact force between male and female threads, using elementary theory of solid mechanics. It is shown that the simple method can predict the contact force with sufficient accuracy, comparing to the calculation results by FEA.
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Evans, Meirin Oan, Rosalinde Abrahams, Darren Baskill, Zoë Earnshaw, Peter Golton, Kate Shaw, Thomas Stevenson, Mark Sutton, and Stephen Wilkins. "A virtual co-creation collaboration between a university physics research group and school students." In Seventh International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head21.2021.13109.
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This work aims to inspire, ignite and engage school students to consider STEM at university, by collaborating between a university research group and school students. Learning resources will be co-created with students, based on what they have learnt and their new ideas. These resources will be used to teach future students, in a multiplying effect. We specifically target a widening participation school. Numerous engagement techniques have been used to sustain participation whilst teaching online. Breakout rooms have been used extensively, to provide close interactions between researchers and students. Both male and female researchers deliver the project, to provide role models in particular for the girls amongst the students, who are in the minority. Surveys are being employed before, during and after the project to evaluate the evolution of students’ attitudes towards STEM. Given the projected success of this pilot, plans are in place for a national roll-out of virtual co-creation collaborations.
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Parthiban, Sujeeth, Christopher Yang, Loren Jones, Amit Baftiri, and Craig Niederberger. "Bicycle Riding, Arterial Compression and Erectile Dysfunction." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80607.
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A National survey approximately estimates 57 million people rode a bicycle in 2002. Males were more likely to ride bicycle than were females1. Another survey estimates US bicycles and accessories sales in 2010 to be 6 billion dollars. Several research studies implicated bicycle riding as risk factor for erectile dysfunction2. One possible reason is ischemic injury due to compression of perennial arteries between the bony pelvis and the bicycle seat. Previous studies attempted to measure this damage employed several indirect methods including computational models3, pressure mats on a stationary bike4, measuring transcutaneous oxygen pressure in the penis5, MR imaging of the pelvic region6, doppler flowmetry. None of these studies measured forces exerted directly on the perennial arteries and correlated to each riders occlusion force. Most of these studies are done on a stationary bike set up inside the lab. The objective of our study is to build a device to measure the forces exerted on the perennial arteries and develop a method to correlate the forces with each riders occlusion force. Another goal is to conduct the rides on the road where actual bike riding takes place. Recent publications4 suggested that cutting off the nose from the saddles may help to prevent the damage to the arteries. Based on these findings several noseless seats came to market. We also wanted to test some of them in our study.