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1
Sappleton, Natalie, and Fernando Lourenço. "Work satisfaction of the self-employed." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 17, no. 2 (May 2016): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465750316648574.
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Studies on segregation in employment are suggestive of higher levels of job satisfaction in female-dominated occupational settings. This research investigates whether this effect is replicated in self-employment. We explore whether satisfaction differentials are related to differences in autonomy and working hours. Our hypotheses are tested using data from the European Social Survey. The final sample consists of 1079 males and 326 females. Our research suggests that differences in job satisfaction among self-employed men and women should not be attributed to gender but to gender composition of sector. Our study contributes to our understanding of gender within a sectoral perspective and the significance of work autonomy and level of working hours to improve work satisfaction of the self-employed.
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Weaver, Charles N. "Examining a Work Ethic Myth about Self-Employed People." Psychological Reports 81, no. 3_suppl (December 1997): 1075–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.81.3f.1075.
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Examination of data from nationwide public opinion surveys from 1972 through 1993 indicates that, for white males and females, the self-employed expressed themselves more than the organizationally employed as agreeing with measures of work ethic. This result was consistent across categories of education, age, and occupation.
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Ružić, Valentina, Krunoslav, ml Matešić, and Antonia Štefanec. "Gender Differences in Achievement Motivation of Employed Adults." Suvremena psihologija 19, no. 1 (June 10, 2016): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21465/2016-sp-191-07.
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Achievement motivation is a concept that can be used for the explanation of individual differences in achievement and success in various contexts as well as an explanation of motivated behaviour. Despite the fact that a generally accepted definition of achievement motivation is still lacking because of disagreement over the traits it encompasses, numerous studies have been conducted on this subject. Researchers agree that achievement motivation is an important factor in professional life, particularly in achieving high professional success when external demands for focusing activity on achieving goals are minimal. It is of particular importance for those activities that have low structure levels and high autonomy. The study included 267 employed adults (124 males and 143 females) older than 18 years. Participants completed the Achievement Motivation Inventory (AMI) which consists of 17 achievement motivation scales. Individual scales form three clusters of motivational facets relating to self-assurance, ambition and self-control. The aim of the study was to determine the existence of gender differences in individual achievement motivation dimensions in employed adults in the Republic of Croatia. The results show the existence of significant gender differences in achievement motivation facets related to self-assurance and ambition in favour of males (e.g. confidence in success, dominance, and fearlessness) and self-control in favour of females. These results are in agreement with previous research and contribute to the usefulness of multifaceted measures of achievement motivation. Keywords: achievement motivation, gender differences, AMI
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Prottas, David J. "Self vs. Organizational employment: The neglected case of positive spillover." New England Journal of Entrepreneurship 15, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/neje-15-01-2012-b004.
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Self-employment is presented as enabling people to better balance their work and family roles but research on its effectiveness is equivocal. We collected survey data from 280 self- and organizationally-employed certified public accountants and conducted a multivariate analysis comparing positive spillover and conflict between the two groups.The self-employed reported less work-to-family conflict with no differences with respect to family-to-work conflict or positive spillovers. However, there were different patterns between male and female subsamples: self-employed males experienced less conflict and more positive spillover than male employees, whereas self-employed females had less of one form of conflict but more of the other.
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Lirgg, Cathy D. "Gender Differences In Self-Confidence in Physical Activity: A Meta-Analysis of Recent Studies." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 13, no. 3 (September 1991): 294–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.13.3.294.
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The apparent lack of self-confidence in physical activity by females compared to males has been a recent concern of some researchers in sport psychology. Lenney (1977) suggested that females would be less confident than males when the task was male oriented or when the situation was competitive. This meta-analysis was conducted to examine the magnitude of gender differences in self-confidence in physical activity according to Lenney's assertions. An overall nonhomogeneous effect size of 0.40 favoring males was found. Although masculine tasks produced a larger effect-size difference than neutral tasks, it was also not homogeneous. Only one study employed a feminine task, resulting in a large effect size favoring females. However, the results of a regression analysis, which found that sex-type of task contributed to gender differences in self-confidence, did support Lenney's contention. Whether or not the task took place in a competitive situation did not differentially affect the magnitude of the gender differences. Age of subject and type of confidence measure employed are also discussed as possible variables contributing to gender differences in self-confidence.
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Smith, David, Demos Vardiabasis, Samuel Seaman, and Yury Adamo. "An Explanation of a Gender Earnings Gap in the Veterinary Profession." Athens Journal of Business & Economics 7, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajbe.7-2-2.
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Analysis of a unique data set of U.S. veterinary firms and veterinarians provides evidence of significant differences in earnings between self-employed males and females. After controlling for important concomitant variables, including training and experience, self-employed female veterinarians generally own smaller clinics and have lower earnings than their male counterparts. This study considers which demographic/economic factors may be associated with observed gender differences in earnings. The gender gap for average earnings is about 44 percent; however, when controlling for certain characteristics, the gap narrows to as little as 23 percent, depending on the model specification. Firm size was found to be the strongest contributing factor in explaining the gender gap in earnings, and so, possible explanations for differences in firm size have also been discussed. Whilst the analysis is not conclusive, there is evidence that self-employed females may face customer discrimination, which may constrain the growth and size of female-owned firms. (JEL D21) Keywords: Gender differences, salaries, self-employment, veterinarians
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Safara, Maryam, Zeinab Blori Alkaran, Mojtaba Salmabadi, and Najmieh Rostami. "Comparison of Creativity and Self-Esteem in Students with Employed and Household Mothers." International Education Studies 10, no. 2 (January 30, 2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v10n2p63.
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Objective: The present study was carried out to compare creativity and self-esteem in the university students with employed and household mothers in academic years 2014-2015. Method: This research is a descriptive one which is of comparative-casual type. The statistical population includes all undergraduate students of Azad universities of Roudhen, Shahr-e Ray Central Tehran and national universities of Al-Zahra, Shahid Beheshti and Vali-e Asr that among them 240 students (120 males and 120 females) were selected by random and available sampling method. To collect the data, Arjmand’s (2003) questionnaire of creativity and Copper-Smith’s (1967) self-esteem questionnaire were used. To test the hypotheses, independent t-test was used. Findings: The results showed that there is a significant difference between self-esteem in students with employed and household mothers. Also, a significant difference was not observed between the rate of creativity in students with employed and household mothers. Conclusion: The results of the present research can be used to provide proper strategies for mothers, instructors, and those who are relevant with educational affairs to enhance the quality of education, to nurture and flourish creativity and self-esteem in individuals.
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Ponsoda, Vicente, Francisco J. Abad, Leslie J. Francis, and Peter R. Hills. "Gender Differences in the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory." Journal of Individual Differences 29, no. 4 (January 2008): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001.29.4.217.
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In a study of 802 16-year-old pupils, Francis (1998) found that males scored significantly higher than females on the school short-form of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory. He concluded that this instrument may be biased in favor of males. The original data employed by Francis have now been re-examined for the incidence of differential item functioning (DIF) by the Mantel-Haenszel, logistic regression, and SIBTEST statistical procedures. The present study has confirmed that 11 items exhibit DIF, on six of which females outperform males and on five of which males outperform females, but no statistically significant collective DIF was found for the set of the 11 items that exhibited DIF. It has been concluded, therefore, that the differences in levels of self-esteem reported by Francis (1998) are the result of genuine gender differences in self-esteem and not to any artifact of test construction. Individual examination of the items that show DIF supports the widely held view that, in general, among males self-esteem tends to be generated personally, whereas among females self-esteem is more dependent on interactions with others.
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Loscalzo, Yura, Rosalba Raffagnino, Claudia Gonnelli, and Marco Giannini. "Work–Family Conflict Scale: Psychometric Properties of the Italian Version." SAGE Open 9, no. 3 (July 2019): 215824401986149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244019861495.
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In literature, there are many instruments for measuring the work–family conflict (W-F-C). The Work–Family Conflict Scale (WFCS) is one of the most used tools. This study aimed to evaluate its psychometric properties on a sample of 684 Italian workers (42.1% males, 57.9% females, mean age = 45.51 ± 10.91). We also evaluated if there were some demographic differences in the W-F-C, with relation to gender, the presence of children, and the kind of job (i.e., medical doctors and other health professionals, teachers and researchers, employees, manual workers, self-employed workers). We found that the Italian WFCS has good psychometric properties. Moreover, contrary to our hypotheses, males experience higher W-F-C than females, and the lowest level of W-F-C characterize doctors and other health professionals. Manual workers and self-employed workers seem to be the two job categories that experience the highest level of W-F-C.
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AlObaid, Hussain Mohammed A. "Examining the motivation factors for individuals choosing self-employment: An assessment on Saudi labor market." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 9, no. 5 (September 18, 2020): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v9i5.799.
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The self-employment issue has attracted the attention of both researchers in the field of economies of labor and policymakers. This paper investigates the main determinants of being self-employed in Saudi Arabia including age, gender, qualification, earning, and non-financial benefits cited by the self-employed workers in the Saudi labor market. However, very limited previous research has discussed the subject of self-employment determinants altogether. The analysis uses the "household survey" Labor Force Direct Survey LFDS for Saudi Labor Market to investigate individuals’ determinants for being self-employed and to have a better explanation of self-employed jobs and their determinants. Estimates are presented on a sample of 1100 participants who became self-employed by 2017. The data provide detailed information on self-employment that allows analyzing the complete set of determinants that controlled self-employment. The descriptive statistics show that the self-employed tend to be young males aged between 20-35 years, with a preference of working in the telecommunication sector, with a high school certificate, and with a monthly earning target between 7001-10000 SR. Findings show that the most cited reason for the male at 90% was a preference for being one’s own boss. For females, the most cited motivating factor about 89% was ‘the opportunity to raise more money.
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Fiľo, Petr, and Božena Buchtová. "The comparison of selected personality characteristics of employed and unemployed people." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 58, no. 6 (2010): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201058060111.
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The aim of this paper is to present results of the research focused on the examination of differences of selected psychological characteristics between a group of 144 employed people and a group of 121 unemployed people. The following personality characteristics were measured and compared: action versus state orientation (behaviour control (resp. behaviour regulation) after the experience of failure and in the processes of decision-making and behaviour planning), perseverance in the conception of Sense of coherence and social support. We found out that after having lost their job, people of higher education could better plan their decision-making and actions and they had a better ability to cope with an actual situation (Sense of coherence). The research further showed that females were unemployed more often as compared with males and that the loss of job had a worse effect on their mental state. Compared with unemployed males, the females were more experience-and feeling-oriented and their Sense of coherence showed more prominent decline. Unemployed people had a lower level of action orientation after previous failure than employed people. This conspicuous decrease of orientation to action is given apparently by the loss of the job itself and not by the duration of unemployment. The number of people composing the social support decreases with the increasing age of males. Of all the researched predictors, which were employment/unemployment, duration of unemployment, gender, education and age, gender acts (co-acts) most on the selected personality characteristics – action versus state orientation, Sense of coherence and social support.
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Oducado, Ryan Michael, Judith Rabacal, Rome Moralista, and Khen Tamdang. "Perceived Stress Due COVID-19 Pandemic Among Employed Professional Teachers." IJERI: International Journal of Educational Research and Innovation, no. 15 (December 2, 2020): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46661/ijeri.5284.
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The unexpected occurrence of the COVID-19 outbreak has undeniably disrupted the normalcy of life. Stress has become an important concern in education since the COVID-19 outbreak. This descriptive-correlational online survey administered in August 2020 utilized the COVID-19 Perceived Stress Scale (COVID-19 PSS-10) to assess the COVID-19 perceived stress among employed Filipino teachers. Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tested for differences while Spearman’s rho was used to analyze correlation between variables. Results demonstrated that more than half of teachers experienced moderate COVID-19 stress. Females experienced significantly higher COVID-19 stress compared to males. A negative correlation was noted between self-rated health and COVID-19 stress while a positive correlation was found between perceive risk of getting COVID-19 infection and COVID-19 stress. This study highlights that steps must be undertaken to help teachers deal with the stress of the COVID-19 crisis as well as they must be provided or taught with stress management interventions during this pandemic. This study could be used as a baseline for future research to assess the impact of COVID-19 stress among professional teachers.
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Deb, Rittik, Sambita Modak, and Rohini Balakrishnan. "Baffling: a condition-dependent alternative mate attraction strategy using self-made tools in tree crickets." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1941 (December 16, 2020): 20202229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2229.
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Intense sexual selection in the form of mate choice can facilitate the evolution of different alternative reproductive strategies, which can be condition-dependent. Tree cricket males produce long-distance acoustic signals which are used by conspecific females for mate localization and mate choice. Our study shows that baffling, an acoustic call amplification strategy employed by male tree crickets using self-made tools, is a classic example of a condition-dependent alternative strategy. We show that though most males can baffle, less preferred males, such as smaller and lower-amplitude callers, predominantly use this alternative strategy. Baffling allows these males to increase their call amplitude and advertisement range, which attracts a higher number of females. Baffling also gives these males a mating benefit because females mate for longer durations with them. Our results suggest that the advantage of baffling in terms of gain in the number of sperm cells transferred while mating is primarily limited to less preferred males, thus maintaining the polymorphism of calling strategies in the population. We summarize that baffling is a condition-dependent strategy used by less preferred tree cricket males to obtain mating benefits.
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Eric, Chinaeke, Gwynn Melanie, Hong Yuan, Zhang Jiajia, and Olatosi Bankole. "The positive association between employment and self-reported mental health in the USA: a robust application of marginalized zero-inflated negative binomial regression (MZINB)." Journal of Public Health 42, no. 2 (March 26, 2020): 340–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa030.
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Abstract Background Few studies have assessed the impact of employment on mental health among chronically ill patients. This study investigated the association between employment and self-reported mental unhealthy days among US adults. Methods For this cross-sectional cohort study, we pooled 2011–2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey data. We examined the association between employment and mental health in nine self-reported chronic conditions using marginalized zero-inflated negative binomial regression (MZINB). All analyses were conducted using SAS statistical software 9.4. Results Respondents (weighted n = 245 319 917) were mostly white (77.16%), aged 18–64 (78.31%) and employed (57.08%). Approximately 10% of respondents reported one chronic condition. Expected relative risk of mental unhealthy days was highest for employed respondents living with arthritis (RR = 1.70, 95% CI = [1.66, 1.74]), COPD (RR = 1.45, 95% CI = [1.41, 1.49]) and stroke (RR = 1.31, 95% CI = [1.25, 1.36]) compared to unemployed respondents. Employed males had 25% lower risk of self-reported mental unhealthy days compared to females. Conclusions Results show the interactive effects of employment on self-reported mental health. Employment may significantly impact on self-reported mental health among patients suffering from chronic conditions than those without chronic conditions.
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Wenthe, Phyllis J., Kathleen F. Janz, and Stephen M. Levy. "Gender Similarities and Differences in Factors Associated with Adolescent Moderate-Vigorous Physical Activity." Pediatric Exercise Science 21, no. 3 (August 2009): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.21.3.291.
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This study investigated the relationship between predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling factors conceptualized within the Youth Physical Activity Promotion Model (YPAP) and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) of adolescent males and females. Specifically, self-efficacy to overcome barriers, enjoyment of physical activity; family support, peer support, perceived school climate, neighborhood safety and access to physical activity were examined. The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A) and the Actigraph 7164 were used to obtain three different measures of MVPA in 205 adolescents (102 males, 103 females). Family support emerged as the most significant and consistent factor associated with the MVPA of both adolescent males and females. This relationship was noted even when different methods of measuring MVPA were employed. These findings should increase the confidence of public health officials that family support has the potential to positively alter the physical activity behavior of adolescents.
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Kahar, Payal, Ranjita Misra, and Thakor G. Patel. "Sociodemographic Correlates of Tobacco Consumption in Rural Gujarat, India." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5856740.
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Background.The purpose of this study was to examine occupation-, education-, and gender-specific patterns of tobacco use and knowledge of its health effects among 23,953 rural Asian Indians ≥18 years in Gujarat.Methodology.A statewide, community-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted in 26 districts of Gujarat (December 2010–May 2015), using face-to-face interviews by trained community health workers called SEVAKS.Results.Mean age was 39.8 ± 15.2 years. Eighteen percent of respondents used tobacco in various forms. Tobacco consumption was significantly higher among males (32%), 18–34 years’ age group (35%), those who were self-employed (72%), and those with elementary education (40%). The prevalence was 11 times higher among males than females (95% CI = 9.78, 13.13). Adjusted ORs for tobacco use showed strong gradient by age and educational level; consumption was lower among the illiterates and higher for older participants (≥55 years). Tobacco consumption also varied by occupation; that is, those who were self-employed and employed for wages were more likely to use tobacco than those who were unemployed. Knowledge of health effects of tobacco lowered the odds of consumption by 30–40%.Conclusions.Effective educational programs should be tailored by gender, to improve knowledge of health risks and dispel myths on perceived benefits of tobacco.
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Nwaka, Ikechukwu Darlington, Fatma Guven-Lisaniler, and Gulcay Tuna. "Gender wage differences in Nigerian self and paid employment: Do marriage and children matter?" Economic and Labour Relations Review 27, no. 4 (November 15, 2016): 490–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304616677655.
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This article investigates gender differences in Nigeria, in the impact of marriage and children on location in the self or waged employment sector, and on income from work. Findings show that the pay structure varies across employment sectors – waged and self-employed – and that the determinants of employment sector vary by gender and family roles. Differences in human capital investment and geopolitical zones also need to be considered. The estimates in the study reveal that there is a marriage premium for both males and females in the waged labour market, but partially support Becker’s (1991) gender-based household specialisation model in terms of the relative incidence of self-employment. There is a wage penalty for married women with children in the paid-employment labour market, but motherhood is also negatively associated with income levels for self-employed women. We also find a fatherhood penalty for paid-employed men. Nevertheless, overall, the gender difference is higher in relatively less regulated self-employment compared to the more regulated paid employment labour market. Findings therefore offer some policy inputs but also suggest the need for further research into the causes of the gender pay gap in self- and paid employment, and thus into the overall wage gap in Nigeria that inhibits women’s labour market participation and welfare.
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Chaudhry, Imran Sharif, Saeed ur Rahman, and Fatima farooq. "Employment’s Impact on Household Poverty: Empirical Evidence from Multan District." Global Social Sciences Review IV, no. II (June 30, 2019): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2019(iv-ii).09.
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This study analyzed the association between household employment and household poverty using logit regression on survey data of Multan District. It is found that qualification of household head, gender of household head, household employment rate, number of males employed in formal sector, number of females employed in informal sector, females permitted to paid work outside home, female’s autonomy to utilize household resources, possession of agricultural land, residence, possession of livestock and government health facility in household’s vicinity have significantly negative impact on probability of household’s poverty. Household size and number of children (≤ 5 years) are positively associated with household poverty. It is suggested that empowering women and creating productive employment opportunities in both formal and informal sectors may help to reduce poverty..
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Gilbert, Cheryl C., and Ian Hay. "Wellbeing and Competitive Employment for Adults With an Acquired Physical or Psychological Disability." Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling 10, no. 1 (January 2004): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323892200000326.
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The study utilised a quasi-experimental design and quota criteria sample of 38 adults with an acquired physical or psychological disability plus a history of long-term unemployment. At the end of the six months' rehabilitation intervention half of the participants of both disability groups were employed, which challenges the notion that adults with a psychological disability are less likely to achieve re-employment. It is important to note that similar numbers of males and females were employed, for women with a disability have historically been overrepresented in the unemployed numbers and underrepresented in rehabilitation programs. The study demonstrated that individuals with an acquired disability who reported higher self-confidence scores for gaining employment were 75% more likely to be later employed. There was a 29% improvement in General Health Questionnaire-28 scores at the end of the intervention. The program is reported and service delivery and wellbeing issues are discussed.
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Holmes, Lori C., Herbert A. Leeper, and Ian R. Nicholson. "Laryngeal Airway Resistance of Older Men and Women as a Function of Vocal Sound Pressure Level." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 37, no. 4 (August 1994): 789–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3704.789.
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This study examined laryngeal airway resistance (RLAW) in 10 healthy male and 10 female subjects within three age groups (55:0–64:11; 65:0–74:11; and 75:0+ years). A noninvasive procedure (Smitheran & Hixon, 1981) was employed to investigate RLAW at four vocal sound pressure levels (SPL) (25th, 50th, 75th percentiles of the SPL range, and comfortable voice level [CV]). RLAW values for the oldest group of females were found to be higher at each SPL percentile than those of the two younger age groups. The oldest group of males differed from the youngest group of males in RLAW values only at the 75th percentile level of SPL. Laryngeal airway resistance values were higher for females than males. As a group, the females generally had transglottal airflow that increased or remained relatively steady, whereas males maintained more linear changes in transglottal airflow and transglottal pressure as relative SPL increased. The present results suggest that separate norms need to be employed for males and females when determining RLAW values. Further, consideration should be given to examining the underlying airflow and pressure values when evaluating or monitoring changes in aerodynamic activity during voice production.
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Resmi A. T. and T. J. Kamalanabhan. "Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Alternate Test Models for Impression Management in SMEs." International Journal of Information Systems and Supply Chain Management 6, no. 2 (April 2013): 72–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jisscm.2013040106.
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It is not an uncommon trend in the present times that the number of women entrepreneurs continues to increase steadily. It is also found that women enter entrepreneurship majorly due to necessity than opportunity orientation. If that is the case does entrepreneurial impression management differ for both the gender? How does the necessity based entrepreneur face the increased competitive approaches of opportunity based entrepreneurs? This study attempts to find out the difference between impression management techniques and different social competencies employed by women and male entrepreneurs. Data was collected by means of questionnaire to new ventures and a total of hundred and seventeen observations were collected, from fifty seven females and sixty male entrepreneurs. It was observed that impression management techniques employed by women are different from that of males. In contrast to the sex role typing of females it was seen that women use assertion oriented techniques than compared to males. The results provide evidence that the potential for developing social competence and impression management techniques and promoting the abilities needed for a free and self-determined career has not been exhausted by any means.
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Dawson, K., and S. Nic Gabhainn. "Age of First Pornography Consumption and Genital Satisfaction Among Irish Students." Klinička psihologija 9, no. 1 (June 13, 2016): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.21465/2016-kp-op-0075.
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Objective: To examine the relationship between early exposure to pornography and genital-related satisfaction among young Irish adults. Design and Method: This study employed cross-sectional survey data from 2,162 University students, of whom 53% were male. Data were collected via an anonymous online questionnaire, which included items on pornography consumption and the Genital Self-Image Scales for females and males. Results: Pornography consumption was reported by 99.7% of males and 89.6% of females. The majority (51.3%) of the male respondents reported being exposed to pornography for the first time between the age of 10 and 13, while the majority of females (54.1%) report first exposure between 14 and 17. For males, exposure to pornography between the ages of 10 and 13 was significantly associated with lower levels of genital esteem, reduced genital appearance satisfaction and greater genital embarrassment, as compared to those first exposed at older ages. In contrast, males who reported first time exposure to pornography over the age of 18 were significantly more likely to report high levels of genital esteem. Among females age of first exposure to pornography was not significantly associated with any of the genital esteem, appearance or embarrassment measures. Conclusions: The results indicate that first exposure to pornography under the age of thirteen is associated with negative genital self-image, for young adult males. The importance of pornography literacy education for young males is thus highlighted.
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Bograd, Ruth, and Bernard Spilka. "Self-Disclosure and Marital Satisfaction in Mid-Life and Late-Life Remarriages." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 42, no. 3 (January 1, 1996): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/w87m-wck7-mhtt-n34f.
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Self-disclosure and marital satisfaction were studied among 125 males and females who were in their first remarriage. Essentially equal numbers had remarried in mid-life (ages 30–45) and late-life (ages 60–75). The multidimensional Wheeless self-disclosure scales and Locke-Wallace measure of marital satisfaction were employed. Mid-life versus late-life differences were evident for the amount, and depth of disclosure, but not for intentionality, valence or honesty of disclosure. No gender differences were manifested in self-disclosure. Marital satisfaction was greatest for late-life remarriages, and this was due to the high level of male satisfaction in this age group.
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Kutywayo, Alison, Sasha Frade, Kerry Gordon, Tshepo Mahuma, Nicolette P. Naidoo, and Saiqa Mullick. "Who’s got the power? Expressions of empowerment among in-school adolescents enrolled in the Girls Achieve Power (GAP Year) trial in three peri-urban settings of South Africa." Gates Open Research 5 (July 19, 2021): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13336.1.
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Background: Empowerment is when a person gains mastery of their life and environment. This paper describes three central elements of empowerment (agency, resources, and institutional structures) expressed by adolescents, discussing implications for strengthening adolescent sexual reproductive health, HIV, and violence prevention programming. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted (April 2017 – May 2018) as part of the GAP Year trial among grade eight learners (12 – 18 years) from 26 lowest quintile public high schools in Khayelitsha, Soweto and Thembisa townships, South Africa. Data were on empowerment experiences using a knowledge, attitudes, and practices survey. Descriptive and chi-square test statistics were employed, assessing the association between sociodemographic and domains of empowerment. Results: A total of 2383 adolescents in 26 schools completed the baseline survey: 63.1% female, mean age 13.7 years, 96.9% Black African. Agency: Males (4.04 vs 3.94, p=0.008) and those 15 – 18 years (4.10 vs 3.95, p=0.027) expressed stronger decision-making capacity. Females (3.18 vs 2.92, p<0.001) indicated a greater sense of collective action. Females (0.77 vs 0.72, p=0.008), those aged 12 -14 years (0.76 vs 0.71, p=0.027) and those with at least one parent/guardian employed (p=0.014) had stronger leadership confidence. Resources: Those 12-14 years expressed higher self-esteem (2.18 vs 2.08, p=0.017). Males (2.24 vs 1.87, p<0.001) and those who had at least one parent/guardian employed (p=0.047) had a higher perception of freedom from gender-based violence. Males showed greater mobility (2.89 vs 2.66, p=<0.001). Institutional structures: Coloured participants showed more positive norms than their Black counterparts (5.38 vs 2.12, p=0.005). Conclusions: Males expressed greater empowerment around decision-making, gender-based violence and mobility; females expressed greater collective action and leadership. Working across the ecological model, interventions addressing sex differences, targeting adolescents of all ages, and parental unemployment may strengthen expressions of empowerment, especially adolescents’ safety, mobility, aspirations, and future hopes.
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Alamri, Basim. "Exploring Metacognitive Strategies Employed by ESL Writers: Uses and Awareness." International Journal of English Linguistics 9, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n1p159.
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The present study explored metacognitive strategies employed by English as second language (ESL) writers. The study also investigated students’ awareness of the effectiveness of these strategies and the relationship between students’ language proficiency levels and the frequent uses of metacognitive strategies. The data was collected via a questionnaire completed by non-native English speaker students (23 males, 38 females) at a midwestern university in the United States. The findings indicated that students frequently employed the three components of metacognitive strategies (i.e., monitoring, planning, evaluating; where evaluating was the most frequent strategy, followed by monitoring and planning). Moreover, the results indicated that students had a relatively high awareness of the effectiveness of the strategies discussed in the study which consequently affected students’ uses of these strategies during a writing task, such as essays. Among the students, there was a positive correlation between students’ proficiency levels and the frequency of the use of strategies. The study suggested several pedagogical implications including the need for increasing students’ as well as teachers’ awareness of metacognitive strategies in teaching and learning academic writing.
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Webb, Wilse B., and W. Robert Aber. "Relationships between Sleep and Retirement—Nonretirement Status." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 20, no. 1 (January 1985): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/kyf2-xll3-kwxb-ha49.
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Two-week sleep diaries and four consecutive nights of laboratory recordings were obtained from a sample of forty (17 males, 23 females) fifty- to seventy-year-old people. Participants were drawn from the same work pool and were divided into age matched retired-employed subsamples. Twenty-nine measures of EEG sleep structure were analyzed using two-way (sex-by-employment status) ANOVA. There were no significant main effects associated with employment status. Sleep pattern measures derived from two-week diaries were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. The two significant work status main effects indicated that retirees spend more time sleeping on weekday nights than employed peers, and that employed participants had later bed times on weekend nights than retirees. The one significant interaction indicated that employed males slept for significantly less time on weekend nights than retired males. There were indications that retirement status decreased the frequency of napping, which may result from their more extended night time sleep period.
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Marshall, Chris E., and Vincent J. Webb. "The Impact of Gender and Race upon Armed Victim Resistance: Some Findings from the National Crime Survey." Criminal Justice Policy Review 6, no. 3 (September 1992): 241–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088740349200600304.
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A sample of NCS personal victimization incidents was analyzed in order to identify the correlates of victims' armed resistance to attack. In order to assess whether the correlates of victims' use of a gun were different from those of victims' self-protective use of another weapon, two dependent variables were employed: (1) use of a gun, and (2) use of weapon other than a gun. A separate analysis of the correlates of self-defensive weapon use for males and females, whites and non-whites was conducted. The results of the logistic regression suggest that gender and presence of an offender's weapon were related to self-defensive weapon use. Additional significant predictors were distance from home and victim income for gun use only; number of recent moves, whether the attack took place in the dark or during daylight, and time of day that incident took place for other weapon use only. Furthermore, the predictors for whites and non-whites, females and males varied, suggesting the need for continued exploration of separate models for these specific subgroups.
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Figuccio, M., A. Falconi, and R. Priefer. "A-16 Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Preschool Version (BRIEF-P) Scores are Associated with Pre-Reading Skills in Preschoolers." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 6 (July 25, 2019): 875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz034.16.
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Abstract Objective Executive function (EF) skills are an array of cognitive abilities that have been linked to future scholastic achievement. The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool Version (BRIEF-P) is used to assess EF in young children. The aims of the current study are to assess whether males and females differ in BRIEF-P scores, and to measure the relationship between EF and pre-reading skills. Method 11 typically developing males (M = 53.13 months, SD = 3.74) and 12 typically developing females (M = 54.71 months, SD = 3.14) participated in the study. Children completed a cognitive-linguistic battery, while parents completed the BRIEF-P. Independent sample t tests were employed to investigate differences between males and females, and Pearson correlations were employed to examine the relationship between BRIEF-P and cognitive-linguistic scores. Results Males scored significantly higher than females on the Blending Words subtest t(21) = 2.97, p = .007, 95% CI [5.83, 32.92]. Males and females also significantly differed in BRIEF-P scores: Shift t(21) = 6.43, p < .001, 95% CI [36.42, 71.26] and Emotional Control t(21) = 3.02, p = .006, 95% CI [11.44, 61.86]. In males, Blending Words was associated with Inhibit r = -.77, p = .005, Emotional Control r = -.75, p = .008, and Plan/Organize r = -.638, p = .035. In females, Memory for Digits subtest was associated with Inhibit r = -.632, p = .027, and Plan/Organize r = -.595, p = .041. Conclusions Male and female preschoolers differed in Blending Words, Shift, and Emotional Control. Interestingly, EF was associated with pre-reading measures in both males and females; however, EF measures were associated with Blending Words in males and Memory for Digits in females. This study adds to the body of research suggesting the importance of EF in early development.
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Alexopoulos, Evangelos, Katerina Kavalidou, and Fani Messolora. "Suicide Mortality Patterns in Greek Work Force before and during the Economic Crisis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3 (February 6, 2019): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030469.
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Background: The global recession of 2007 has attracted research attention in regard to a possible increase of deaths by suicide among employed populations. The aim of the current study was to update the first Greek study on suicide mortality among broad occupational groups during 2000–2009, with the last available data covering the first period of economic crisis and recession in Greece. Methods: Data on suicide deaths for the age groups of 15–39, 40–49 and 50–59, between 2000–2013 were retrieved from the national statististical authority of Greece, ELSTAT. The coding of suicide used was X60–X84 (intentional self-harm), based on the 10th International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Comparative mortality ratio (CMR) and exact 95% confidence intervals (CI) are presented. Results: Males and females in the occupational group of clerks exhibited high and increased CMRs during the crisis period (2010–2013). Although high ratios for males in elementary, agricultural and fishery and armed forces occupational groups were monitored during the whole period, a decrease was evident during the crisis period. Increased trends in CMRs during the crisis were monitored for both males and females in the broad occupational group of members including managers, executives and directors. In addition, females especially in the 50–59 age group showed increased ratios and trends in several occupational groups during the crisis, especially in technologists and associate professionals, plant and machine operators and assemblers, professionals, and craft and related trade workers. Conclusions: Austerity-related stress should alert key stakeholders and provide mental health and suicide prevention interventions for employed occupations.
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Karttunen, Janne P., Risto H. Rautiainen, and Elisabeth Quendler. "Gender Division of Farm Work and Occupational Injuries." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 25, no. 3 (2019): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/jash.13177.
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Abstract. Several studies have shown that males are at greater risk of agricultural injuries than females. We investigated if gender division of farm work helps explain this risk difference in the self-employed Finnish farming population. We used insurance claims data and postal survey data charting the relative division of farm work between male and female farmers. Over the five-year study period (2009 to 2013), the average number of farmers was 75,893 (67% males and 33% females). A total of 22,648 occupational injuries (77% males and 23% females) were compensated during that time. Males had significantly higher rates of any, minor, serious, and recurrent injuries compared to females. Altogether, 319 usable responses were received in the postal survey (13% response rate). Both farm work time and occupational injuries differed by gender. Crop production, construction, forestry, and machinery contracting work were male-dominated, whereas females took the main responsibility for domestic and caretaking work. On livestock farms, animal husbandry was divided quite evenly between males and females (56% and 44% contributions, respectively). Animal husbandry-related injuries were distributed similarly (58% males and 42% females), but all other types of injuries occurred mostly to males. These results suggest that the risk of injuries is also nearly equal, given equal work time. Therefore, gender is an indicator of different work exposures in farming, rather than a risk factor for injury. Better understanding of the division of work and the corresponding risk of injuries can help in the design of interventions for males and females in agriculture. Keywords: Agriculture, Claim, Exposure, Farmer, Gender, Insurance, Occupational injury, Work.
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Dvouletý. "Development of Entrepreneurial Activity in the Czech Republic over the Years 2005–2017." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 5, no. 3 (June 26, 2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc5030038.
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Although there is a rich debate about entrepreneurship and its impact on economic development, much less is known about the actual levels of entrepreneurial activity. The main aim of the article is, thus, to map the level of entrepreneurial activity in the Czech Republic, its structure, and development during the years 2005–2017. The study is based on the secondary data obtained from national structural business statistics, the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, and the Labour Force Survey. The average rate of entrepreneurial activity in the Czech Republic was 15.2% of the economically active population aged 15–64 years during the analysed period. The activity is dominated by solo-self-employed workers (own-account workers). Job creators represent only 3.2% of the economically active population. Patterns and cohorts of entrepreneurs were identified regarding gender, age, and education. There were 2.5 times more self-employed males compared to females for the past years, and the proportion of job creators is also higher for males. The Czech job creators are on average older (mostly represented in age cohort 40–49 years) compared to solo-self-employed (mainly represented in age cohort 35–44 years) and they have obtained tertiary education to a larger extent. Classification and monitoring of the Czech entrepreneurial activity might serve as an overview for Czech policymakers and regional scholars. Especially from a job creation perspective, it might be very relevant to understand the characteristics of those individuals who employ other workers, aside from themselves. From an international perspective, this study might serve as an inspiration to shed more light on the national levels of entrepreneurship and self-employment.
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Simionescu, Mihaela, Angelo Pellegrini, and Elena-Nicoleta Bordea. "The Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Stress Vulnerability of Nursing Students According to Labour Market Status." Healthcare 9, no. 6 (May 27, 2021): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9060633.
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Nursing has always been a stressful job affecting the physical and mental health of the nurses, but the new medical context of the COVID-19 pandemic has enhanced this issue. The objective of this paper is to study differences between non-employed and employed nursing students in the medical system of Romania before and during the epidemic using matching methods and a sample of 526 nursing students. Stressors and strategies for coping with stress were also identified during the pandemic. The results indicated that employed students were more vulnerable to stress compared to non-employed ones before and during the pandemic. Females registered significantly higher stress scores compared to males in the period of the epidemic. The analysis of the overall sample suggested that gender and environment were significant stress factors during the pandemic, but living conditions were not relevant. The most effective coping strategies against stress for nurses during the COVID-19 crisis were based on self-control and the spiritual dimension, unlike the previous period when other colleagues’ support helped most nurses to overcome difficult working conditions. The implications of this study might help medical management in ensuring a less stressful environment for nurses during the epidemic.
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Nawa, Agus Trioni. "AN INVESTIGATION OF THAI STUDENTS’ ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING STRATEGIES." Pedagogy : Journal of English Language Teaching 6, no. 1 (June 8, 2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32332/pedagogy.v6i1.1110.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the English language learning strategies implemented by Thai students with the consideration of gender variable. The study employed a descriptive quantitative research design which involved administering questionnaires of rating scale using Oxford, (1990) Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) to investigate the most frequent language learning strategies from 38 Thai students (15 males and 23 females) of Wahid Hasyim University of Semarang. This study revealed that females showed more strategic (3.34) in learning English than males (2.823). Generally, females showed more frequent use social strategies and males showed more frequent use affective strategies.
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Fritzsche, Karoline, and Isobel Booksmythe. "The measurement of sexual selection on females and males." Current Zoology 59, no. 4 (August 1, 2013): 558–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/59.4.558.
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Abstract As in any field of research, the study of sexual selection is subject to ongoing debate over definitions and interpretations of the fundamental concepts involved. These arguments generally promote progress, as they highlight areas where current explanations are incomplete. Here we briefly review two ongoing discussions in the sexual selection literature. First, the definition of sexual selection has received renewed interest in light of increasing research effort into when and how it operates in females. Second, how best to measure sexual selection is an ongoing subject of debate; in practice, recognition that the appropriate measures depend on the focus of the specific study, and that multiple measures should be employed wherever possible, seems to provide the most informative approach. The wide scope of recent empirical work in these and related areas, with the application of new techniques and approaches, reflects that the field of sexual selection is being constantly expanded and enriched.
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Mattisson, Cecilia, Mats Bogren, Vibeke Horstmann, and Leif Öjesjö. "Predictors of first incidence of alcohol use disorders in the Lundby cohort from 1947-1997." International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research 3, no. 4 (December 11, 2014): 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v3i4.185.
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Mattisson, C., Bogren, M., Horstmann, V., & Öjesjö, L. (2014). Predictors of first incidence of alcohol use disorders in the Lundby cohort from 1947-1997. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 3(4), 257-267. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v3i4.185Objective: Epidemiological evidence indicates an inverse relationship between socio-economic status (SES) and alcohol use disorder (AUD), although there are relatively few recent incidence studies. The present study aimed to assess the incidence of AUD by age, gender and SES and to analyse AUD’s association with mental disorder.Method: Information about mental disorders, including first incidence cases of AUD, was assessed in the Lundby cohort (n=3,563) by field investigations in 1947, 1957, 1972 and 1997. Incidence calculations were based on 3,372 individuals without prior AUD. For the two genders, age-standardised incidences of AUD for the 25-year periods of 1947-1972 and 1972-1997 were compared. Possible risk factors for incident AUD were analysed by means of Cox regression analyses for the whole sample and for each sex separately.Results: A total of 233 first incidence AUD cases were detected (198 males, 35 females. Incidence rates, expressed as number of cases per 1000 person years, were highest for working class males at 5.46 cases per 1000 person years for the period 1 of July 1947, to 30 June 1972 and 4.77 for the period 1 of July 1972 to 30 June 1997, respectively. Middle class males showed intermediate incidence rates of 2.73 and 2.65. Self-employed males showed the lowest incidence rates of 2.50 and 1.47. Females generally had much lower incidence, although they showed a non-significant tendency for higher incidence rates in the latter period. A diagnosis of depressive disorders, anxiety disorders and unspecific neurotic states increased the risk for developing first incident AUD.Conclusion: Working class males had higher annual incidence of alcoholism in both time periods relative to middle class and self-employed males. Mental disorder increased the risk for AUD among both genders.
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Kamler, Jan F., and Philip S. Gipson. "Space and Habitat Use by Male and Female Raccoons, Procyon lotor, in Kansas." Canadian Field-Naturalist 117, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v117i2.685.
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We monitored 12 radio-tagged adult Raccoons (Procyon lotor) from an unexploited population in northeastern Kansas to determine intersexual differences in space and habitat use. Home ranges (mean ± SE) of males were relatively large (266 ± 14 ha) and mutually exclusive, whereas home ranges of females were relatively small (122 ± 52 ha) and overlapped extensively. Sizes of home ranges were smaller (P < 0.05) in winter than summer for both sexes, although females reduced their home ranges more than males. Females used more grassland habitats than males during summer (P < 0.05), whereas males used more grassland habitats than females during winter (P < 0.05). Seasonal differences in habitat selection was detected for females (P < 0.05), but not males. Intersexual differences in space and habitat use were likely related to different behavioral strategies employed by male and female Raccoons.
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Weisenfeld, Leslie W., and Ida B. Robinson-Backmon. "Upward Mobility and the African American Accountant: An Analysis of Perceived Discrimination, Perceived Career Advancement Curtailment, and Intent to Remain." Accounting and the Public Interest 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 26–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/api.2007.7.1.26.
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Accounting studies related to minority issues have focused mainly on gender and public accountants. As a result, the purpose of this study is to investigate perceptions of discrimination and career advancement among African American accountants, the second largest minority group in accounting today, and reveal any differences between males and females. Although research on African American accountants exists, it does not empirically investigate male/female differences related to perceived discrimination (race and gender), perceived career curtailment, and intent to remain. To address this dearth of research focus, this study analyzes survey results from 553 African American accountants, primarily employed in nonpublic accounting organizations. The results suggest females perceive more race and gender discrimination in private industry and other sectors, than in public accounting, and males perceive race discrimination in all three industry types. Females are less likely to remain with their current employers in all three industry types, than their male counterparts, and only females employed in the other sectors (e.g., governmental and education) feel their career advancements have been curtailed.
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Oh, Suhyun, and Hyeongsu Kim. "Turnover Intention and Its Related Factors of Employed Doctors in Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 14 (July 14, 2019): 2509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142509.
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Employment turnover among doctors at healthcare facilities negatively influences healthcare provision, facility management, and staffing. To support institutional and policy change, turnover intentions and its related factors of employed doctors were evaluated with 2016 Korean Physician Survey (n = 2719) in Korea. About 30.5% intended a turnover within two years. The significant related factors by multivariate analysis via binary logistic regression were gender, age, specialty, type of facility, length of current employment, usual number of hours worked per week, and income satisfaction. The odds of reporting turnover intention are 46.2% greater for males than females and 55.5% greater for aged 30–39 than aged 40–49. The odds are 28.9% smaller for support medicine than internal medicine. The odds are 224.2% greater for those employed at tertiary hospitals than those employed at clinics, but the odds are 34.0% smaller for convalescent hospital employment than general hospital employment. The number of years of current employment and income satisfaction each negatively, and the number of hours worked per week positively, related to turnover intentions. Fair compensation and performance evaluation systems and reasonable working hours should be guaranteed at healthcare facilities to reduce turnover, and institutional and policy measures should be implemented to improve workplace environmental quality.
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Amponsah, Kwaku Darko, Godwin Kwame Aboagye, and Eugene Adjei Johnson. "Analysis of study skills employed by Ghanaian high school science students." Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences 15, no. 4 (August 31, 2020): 634–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v15i4.5047.
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This study was motivated by the desire to explore the study skills employed by science students in senior high schools (SHS) in the Cape Coast metropolis across the Central Region of Ghana. A total of 600 SHS second-year science students, 354 males, and 244 females, took part in the investigation. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design. The “Study Skills Scale” questionnaire was utilised for data collection to determine the kind of study skills employed by the science students, across gender, age range, and school-type. The arithmetic mean was used to establish the degree to which students employ study skills strategies in their learning. Similarly, the consequence of gender, age range, and school-type on the eight subscales of study skills strategies was determined using a one-way multivariate examination of variance. Findings from the investigation indicated that SHS science learners employ study skills strategies in their learning to a large extent for all the subscales of study skills strategies. However, female students employ the memory and concentration study skills strategies more effectively than their male counterparts; demographic variables, such as age range and school-type, do not influence students’ study skills significantly. The implications for this study for policy and practice were discussed.
Keywords: Academic performance, age range, gender, school-type, study skills, senior high school science students.
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Paulinus, Samson O., Eru E. Mba, Ekaete V. Ukpong, Bassey E. Archibong, Benjamin E. Udoh, Akwa E. Egom, Charles C. Ani, et al. "Anthropometric study of the cranial parameters using Computed Tomography (CT) scan to establish cephalic index of a sampled population in Calabar, Nigeria." Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 25, no. 2 (September 6, 2019): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjpas.v25i2.4.
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Background: Ethnic characteristics of individuals are best described with the skull. Cranial index is one of the most important variables for determining sexual dimorphism and of course racial differences. Parameters used in establishing cephalic index vary considerably depending on the age, sex, geographical habitat, ethnic background of the individuals involved and the methods employed. Such has not been documented in Calabar, especially with the use of advanced imaging modality such as the Computed Tomography (CT) scans. This is the rationale of the study.Objective: To determine the cephalic index of Nigerians residing in Calabar using CT scan.Materials and Methods: A total of 200 cranial Brivo 385 16 slice CT scan images of Nigerians aged from 18 to 87 years were obtained from the Asi-Ukpo Diagnostic Medical Centre Calabar. A simple random probability sampling technique was employed. Variables measured were the Maximum Cranial Length (MCL), Maximum Cranial Width (MCW), Bizygomatic Length (BZL) and the Orbital Length (OBL). The cephalic index was obtained by measuring the ratio of the maximum head width (MCW) or the Biparietal Diameter (BPD) to maximum head length (MCL) or the antero-posterior diameter then multiplied by 100.Results: Cranial length was 182.9 ± 0.657mm in males and 178.53 ± 0.09mm in females. Cranial width was 138.59 ± 0.56mm in males and 137.21 ± 0.65mm in females. The orbital length was 34.35 ± 0.31mm in males and 33.37 ± 0.29mm in females while bizygomatic length was 130 ± 0.31mm in males and 127.54 ± 0.84mm in females. Cranial index was 76.09mm in males and 75.81mm in females. No significant difference between males and females of the study population as the subject appears to be largely mesocephalic (p<0.05).Conclusion: Cranial index of the study sampled population is majorly mesocephalic. Therefore, CT scan is very important a tool in the assessment of cranial parameters in anthropometry.Keywords: Anthropometry, Calabar, Cranial index, Computed Tomography, Mesocephalic
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Poelzer, G. Harold, and John F. Feldhusen. "An Empirical Study of the Achievement of International Baccalaureate Students in Biology, Chemistry, and Physics—In Alberta." Journal of Secondary Gifted Education 8, no. 1 (November 1996): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1932202x9600800104.
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This study compared the achievement of biology, physics, and chemistry students in Higher Level (HL) International Baccalaureate (IB) programs with that of students in Subsidiary Level (SL), and the achievement of students in IB with that of students in regular Alberta programs. The samples included 708 participants from seven schools in two cities in Alberta. The research employed a quasi-experimental factorial design with repeated measures (pre-test-post-test). ANOVA analyzed the data. In all sciences, students in IB out-performed students in regular programs. Within IB, HL and SL achieved equally well in biology and physics. In biology, males and females achieved equally well. In physics, males scored higher than females. In chemistry, males in HL out-performed all other students; males in SL performed as well as females in HL; females in SL scored lower than but showed the same increase in achievement as both males in SL and females in HL.
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Phiri, Lameck M., George F. Turner, and Shaun Cawthraw. "Partner Attack Inhibition in the Sexually Monomorphic Biparental Cichlid Tilapia Mariae." Behaviour 109, no. 1-2 (1989): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853989x00132.
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AbstractCourtship behaviour was investigated in the sexually monochromatic biparental cichlid, Tilapia mariae, with particular emphasis on the role of submissive behaviour in the process of pair formation. Pair formation successfully occurred when the female had prior residence in the tank, and could occur within a few minutes. Dominant females generally had priority of access to males. In the experiment where pairing occurred, dominant females and males showed practically no overt aggression towards each other. In the confines of a small tank, with no other subordinate conspecifics present, male and female T. mariae did show aggression to one another, but in this case courtship behaviour was entirely absent. Closed-fin postures were employed by both sexes of Tilapia mariae in the early stages of courtship: it is suggested that these served as 'Partner Attack Inhibition' displays. Submissive displays of the kind employed in agonistic encounters are not used in courtship.
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Albo, Maria J., Valentina Franco-Trecu, Filip J. Wojciechowski, Søren Toft, and Trine Bilde. "Maintenance of deceptive gifts in a natural spider population: ecological and demographic factors." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 4 (April 6, 2019): 993–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz040.
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AbstractAlternative mating tactics are expected to occur predominantly when mate competition is intense, resources are in short supply, or as a result of asymmetric power relationships between individuals. Males of the nuptial gift-giving spider Pisaura mirabilis use a prevailing tactic of offering a nutritive gift (insect prey) and a deceptive tactic of offering a worthless gift (consumed prey) to prospective mates. If the male’s tactic depends on precopulatory male–male competition, worthless gifts should occur primarily late in the season, when the operational sex ratio (OSR) becomes male-biased. If it depends on resource availability and/or postcopulatory sexual selection (sperm competition), worthless gifts should occur mostly early in the mating season, when prey availability is low and most females are unmated (i.e., postcopulatory sexual selection is weak). Nuptial gift construction correlated positively with prey availability and negatively with OSR, suggesting that males increase reproductive effort when resource and mate availability increase. We did not find evidence for body condition affecting male tactic use. Male size had a marked effect on the reproductive tactic employed. Males that matured early in the season were very small and employed mostly the nutritive gift tactic during their short life. Among the males that matured later and persisted through the season, relatively small males employed the worthless gift tactic whereas large males employed the nutritive gift tactic. We suggest that the existence of 2 distinct life-history strategies among males (early small and late large size) interacts with environmental and demographic conditions to maintain the deceptive tactic.
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Oyibo, Kiemute, and Julita Vassileva. "Gender Preference and Difference in Behavior Modeling in Fitness Applications: A Mixed-Method Approach." Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 4, no. 2 (May 22, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti4020021.
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In recent years, the employment of behavior models to motivate behavior change has become a global trend in fitness application design. However, there is hardly any large-scale study of these applications to understand users’ exercise-type preferences, their drivers and barriers, and the potential of employing them for gender-based tailoring. To bridge this gap, we conducted a mixed-method study among 669 participants to investigate users’ exercise-type preferences (their drivers and barriers) and how they and gender can impact users’ social-cognitive beliefs and projected performance of bodyweight exercises. Firstly, we presented to the study participants a behavior model performing push-up or squat bodyweight exercise in a fitness application and asked them to rate their perceived self-efficacy, self-regulation, outcome expectation, and projected (exercise) performance level as observers of the behavior model. Secondly, we presented the study participants with a preselected list of commonly employed exercise types in fitness applications and requested them to identify their most/least preferred, and the reasons behind their choices. Our results showed that there were differences between both genders in their exercise-type preferences, perceived self-efficacy and projected exercise performance level. Males prefer push-up, squat, crunch, plank, and chair dip the most, with effectiveness being the most important driver, followed by ease of performance and improvement of the physique, look, and appearance. On the other hand, females prefer squat, crunch, jumping jack, step up, and plank the most, with ease of performance being the most important driver, followed by improvement of the physique, look, appearance, and effectiveness. Moreover, males prefer running in place the least, while females prefer push-up the least, with perceived difficulty being the greatest barrier for both genders. Moreover, our analysis of variance supported the female’s least preference for a push-up. Females have a lower perceived self-efficacy and projected performance level for push-up than males. We discussed the implications of our findings and provided guidelines for tailoring fitness applications on the market to users’ preferences and gender.
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Mardjuki, Moch Said. "Learner Autonomy: Gender-Based Perception Among EFL Indonesian Students." Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics 3, no. 1 (March 12, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21462/ijefll.v3i1.46.
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Learner autonomy is believed to be the contributing factor toward the students’ successful learning process. However, its implementation in Indonesia still faces some challenges regarding students’ readiness and competencies in realizing such concept. Thus, this study is aimed to investigate gender-based perceptions and attitudes among EFL Indonesian students on learner autonomy. Qualitative design in which four out of twenty respondents were selected purposively under the rationale that they demonstrated positive evidences reflected to the preliminary questionnaire results. Using semi-structured interview, the findings indicated no gender-based discrepancy in terms of learning experiences and challenges. Although individual tasks were preferred by both groups, problem-solving strategies differ in which females employed internal strategies (rescheduling and self-commitment), while males employed external strategies (learning sources and collaborative works). In conclusion, each of the autonomous learners has personal preference to deal with the encountered challenges. Further researches, thus, need to investigate the actual transparencies of their learning behavior through observation.
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Ijaz, Shaiza, Shafaq Ismail, Laiba Fayyaz, Arfa Ashraf, Yumnah Razzaq, and Dr Muhammad Ashraf Chaudhry. "Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Emotional Wellbeing of Population During COVID-19 Pandemic in Pakistan." BIOMEDICA 36, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.51441/biomedica/5-77.
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Background and Objective: The current COVID-19 situation has restrained the movement of individuals along with instilling fear in them. COVIDThis study assesses the level of physical activity, screen time and emotional status of the individuals during the current COVID-19 situation in the population of Pakistan. Methods: The study was carried out in May 2020. The sample size was 385 and the snowball sampling technique was employed. The data was collected through a self-administered online questionnaire and included subjects from all provinces of Pakistan. The form comprised of four parts including socio-demographic details, self-reported screen time as well as SPANE and IPAQ-short form questionnaires. The data was analysed using SPSS version 25. Results: Out of 385 individuals, 89.6% reported inadequate physical activity. Among these, the majority comprised of females (92.3% vs. 80% in males). It was determined that there were higher positive affective scores in males (28.6 ± 8.1) compared to those in females (27.5 ± 7.7). The average sedentary screen time was 7.24 ± 3.76 hours that was maximally reported in the younger age group (19 years and lesser). Moreover, a downward trend of negative affective scores, from vigorous to light physical activity level, was noted.
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Mohammed, Ibrahim, Priscilla Twumasi Baffour, and Wassiuw Abdul Rahaman. "Gender Differences in Earnings Rewards to Personality Traits in Wage-employment and Self-employment Labour Markets." Management and Labour Studies 46, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): 204–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0258042x21989944.
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In an extensive review of wage determination papers, it is concluded that the standard demographic and human capital factors explain little of earning differentials. Consequently, there is a growing interest among economists to include non-cognitive skills measured by personality traits in recent empirical literature to explain variations in earnings. In a bid to contribute empirical evidence to this strand of literature, this study examines the associations between the Big-Five personality traits (i.e., agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, extraversion and neuroticism) and earnings, using the World Bank’s Skills towards Employment and Productivity (STEP) data on Ghana. The study employed regression techniques to estimate a series of semi-logarithmic wage equations that include demographic and human capital factors and the Big-Five personality traits to determine how important these factors are in explaining wage and self-employment earnings. Furthermore, the estimations of the wage equations are done separately for males and females to highlight any gender differences in the way personality traits contribute to earnings. Findings are largely consistent with the literature but uniquely demonstrate that in a power-distant culture like Ghana, where, traditionally, girl-child education has been relegated to the background, agreeable females, and not males, are rewarded in the formal wage employment labour market. However, in the informal self-employment labour market, conscientious males, and not females, are positively rewarded with higher earnings. These unique findings contribute to our understanding of the gender differences in the relative importance of non-cognitive skills in the formal and informal labour markets. JEL Codes: J31, J24
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Hira-Friesen, Parvinder. "An Examination of Participation in the Trades and Clerical Work among Canadian Immigrants across Generations." Canadian Studies in Population 42, no. 3-4 (September 23, 2015): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6288d.
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Using data from the Canadian 2006 Census Public Use Micro-data File (PUMF), I compare trades and administrative employment outcomes of immigrant generations of Canadians. Using multivariate logistic regression I ascertain if there is a generational effect among immigrants with respect to employment in the trades and clerical work, taking into account the predominance of males in trades and females in clerical work. Results indicate a generational convergence among males as they are more likely to be employed in trades in later generations. These results do not apply to females in clerical work.
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Agyemang, Ebenezer Opambour, Jonathan Mensah Dapaah, Francis Adjei Osei, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Nicholas Karikari Mensah, Samuel Frimpong Odoom, Micheal Owusu-Ansah, and Charles Martyn-Dickens. "Self-Esteem Assessment among Adolescents Living with HIV and Seeking Healthcare at Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital-Kumasi, Ghana." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 19 (January 1, 2020): 232595822097682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325958220976828.
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Background: This study assessed the predictors of self-esteem among Adolescents Living with HIV (ALHIV) in Ghana seeking healthcare at Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional study was employed in sampling 139 adolescents using a purposive sampling technique. Rosenberg’s rating scale was used in assessing the self-esteem of the participants. Results: A total of 139 adolescents made up of 78 (56.12%) females and 61 (43.88%) males were recruited. Low self-esteem was reported among 66 (47.00%) of the adolescents. Adolescents aged 17-19 years (aOR = 2.97, 95%CI = 1.34-6.56, p = 0.007) were significantly associated with low self-esteem. Conclusion: The occurrence of low self-esteem among ALHIV was high and more pronounced among those in age cohorts of 17 to 19 years. Social support interventions designed which includes psychosocial support, life skills training, and avenue for discussing sexual and reproductive health matters could improve self-esteem.
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Tripković, Katica, Milena Šantrić Milićević, and Marina Odalović. "Gender Differences in Predictors of Self-Medication with Tranquillizers and Sleeping Pills: Results of the Population-Based Study in Serbia." Slovenian Journal of Public Health 59, no. 1 (December 13, 2019): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjph-2020-0007.
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Abstract Background Previous studies among the Serbian population concluded that the trend of self-medication with tranquillizers and sleeping pills requires deeper study. The objective is to identify gender differences in socio-demographic, health, and health service predictors of self-medication with tranquillizers and sleeping pills in a Serbian population of 15 years old and above. Methods This was a population-based, cross-sectional study. Data was extracted from the most recently available results of the Serbian National Health Survey of 2013. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine independent self-medication predictors. Results The study included 14,623 participants, of which 51.77% were female. While 5.6% of the females reported self-medication with tranquillizers and sleeping pills, only 2.2% of males reported such practice (p<0.001). The presence of chronic disease, stress, and physical pain in the last month before the interview was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of self-medication with observed drugs in both genders. Age was the most significant socio-demographic predictor of self-medication in females, while in males it was unemployment. Women of 55–65 years of age showed a greater risk from self-medication with tranquillizers and sleeping pills in comparison to women of 15–24 years of age (aOR=4.75, 95% CI: 1.83–12.33). Unemployed males showed a greater tendency for such practice in comparison to employed (aOR=1.86, 95% CI: 1.19–2.91). Conclusion The findings highlighted predictors of self-medication with tranquillizers and sleeping pills and important differences between genders, which may contribute to the design of gender-sensitive surveillance, identification, and the prevention of such undesirable practices through evidence-based and appropriately tailored public health actions.