Journal articles: 'Employment and Income Growth Program (Brazil)'

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Flores, Danusa Cunha, Marianne Hoeltgebaum, and Amelia Silveira. "O ENSINO DO EMPREENDEDORISMO NOS CURSOS DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ADMINISTRAÇÃO NO BRASIL." Revista de Negócios 13, no. 1 (2008): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7867/1980-4431.2008v13n2p93-104.

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The entrepreneurs’ formation has been growing in term of value in the world because of the important changes affecting mainly the labor relationship, employment and income. The entrepreneurs’ formation becomes an important subject. The aim of the present paper is to characterize the post-graduate programs in Business Administration, in Brazil, that have research lines, specific concentration area in entrepreneurship and offer disciplines in his curriculum structure regarding this issue. The teaching plans of the entrepreneurship disciplines were analyzed as for the menus, load-hourly and bibliographies. The research was exploratory, using a qualitative method. The population was constituted by the 16 programs for masters and doctorates degree recognized by the Coordination of Personal Improvement of Superior Level (CAPES). The results show that the menus and load- hours have a tendency to focus on the growth of entrepreneurship in the programs analyzed. The business plan, innovation, creating new business opportunities and recognition were the most discussed topics. Filion, Birley and Muzyca, and Drucker were the authors; they have been mentioned as references in the most bibliographies of offered disciplines. The conclusion evidenced that the theme of entrepreneurship is winning field in this level of studies in the Brazilian post-graduate in administration, being relevant to the role of Higher Education Institutions (HEI).

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Clements, Benedict J. "Growth Strategies, Employment, and Income Distribution in Brazil: An Input-Output Assessment." IMF Working Papers 91, no. 122 (1991): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451938944.001.

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Castelao, Raul Asseff, Celso Correia de Souza, and Daniel Massen Frainer. "Employment, income and the environment: an analysis for Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil." Ciência e Natura 42 (June 29, 2020): e78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x42087.

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The state of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) has been one of the states that has registered rates of growth, both GDP and population since 2002. This economic and population growth, in turn, generates constant concerns about the environment, since increasing the income and employment, the pressure on the environment also tends to grow generating, for example, higher emissions of greenhouse gases. In this sense, the objective of this research was to measure the employment and income multipliers for MS state and to associate the results to the sectors of CO2 emissions. The method consisted of using the input-output matrix (MIP) of MS of the year 2010 and, from this matrix, find the income and employment multipliers of the State. The MIP used was of 32 × 32-dimension (sectors) and was aggregated based on the MS energy balance sectors thus creating a new 14 x 14 (sectors) matrix. The results show that there is a reversal in the results, with the income multiplier presenting greater power of externalities (positive or negative) to the environment, while the employment multiplier generates fewer externalities, due to the main activities that cause impacts multiplication.

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Berry, Hugh G., and Leslie J. Caplan. "Employment and Earnings Growth Among Transition-Age Supplemental Security Income Program Participants." Journal of Disability Policy Studies 21, no. 3 (2010): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1044207310379096.

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Moscarini, Giuseppe, and Fabien Postel-Vinay. "The Relative Power of Employment-to-Employment Reallocation and Unemployment Exits in Predicting Wage Growth." American Economic Review 107, no. 5 (2017): 364–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20171078.

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We study the cyclical comovement nominal wage growth (either monthly earnings or hourly wage rate) and labor market flows. We use microdata from the Survey of Income and Program Participation over 1996-2013 to purge composition effects in worker and job characteristics and to isolate the reallocative effect of Employer-to-Employer (EE) transitions. We find an “EE wage Phillips curve”: wage inflation comoves positively with EE as strongly as with the employment rate. This correlation holds for job stayers; we interpret the EE rate as a measure of labor demand. We find no analogous evidence for the job-finding rate from unemployment.

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Paes-Sousa, Romulo, and Jeni Vaitsman. "The Zero Hunger and Brazil without Extreme Poverty programs: a step forward in Brazilian social protection policy." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 19, no. 11 (2014): 4351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320141911.08812014.

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Brazilian social protection programs have had consistent effects in reducing poverty and inequality among their respective target-groups: children, adolescents and pregnant and breastfeeding women. In 2011, the Brazil without Extreme Poverty program was launched as a strategy to eradicate extreme poverty by 2014. It makes the promotion of rights the core concept of the official political narrative. This study seeks to provide a systematic description of the Brazil without Extreme Poverty program and its initial results. A review of official documents and academic studies on the social protection programs was conducted. The Brazil without Extreme Poverty program represents an incremental approach to the social protection policies enacted by the previous administration. It advocates a multidimensional and focused approach, funded primarily by the federal government. The strategy subscribes to the international trend of associating social protection with employment and income generation policies.

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Stapleton, David C., and Jody Schimmel Hyde. "Employment Support for the Transition to Retirement." Research on Aging 39, no. 1 (2016): 249–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027516656144.

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As workers near retirement, many experience a medical event that limits the ability to work. Public programs provide health insurance and income support for these individuals, but that support is often not adequate to protect against poverty following the onset of a new health condition. Moreover, these policies generally are not designed to encourage continuing work rather than premature retirement. In this article, we propose a new type of program—Employment Support for the Transition to Retirement—designed to encourage older workers with health limitations to remain in the workforce, reducing their reliance on federal disability and early retirement benefits. We illustrate that a simple version of this type of program could significantly reduce poverty in the target population, would cost less per participant than existing programs, and could potentially contribute to greater economic security and reduced growth in federal expenditures as an element of social security policy reforms.

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Nunes Pires, Guilherme, and José Paulo Guedes Pinto. "Gig Economy, Austerty and “Uberization” of Labor in Brazil (2014 – 2019)." Argumentum 12, no. 3 (2020): 237–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.47456/argumentum.v12i3.28961.

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The aim of the present paper is to understand the exponential growth of “Uberization” of labor in Brazil by analyzing the economic crisis and the austerity program putted in practice from 2014. The emergence of Gig Economy and the “Uberization” of labor is a global trend in digital age and Brazil has experienced the exponential growth of these type of labor relations in recent years. Millions of Brazilian workers now have their entire income exclusively from digital platforms without labor rights. However, its only possible to understand this process considering the economic crisis and, as a response of it, the austerity program. The offensive of capital over labor as a response of the profitability crisis penalized the working class and provided the rapid growth of the “Uberization” of labor in Brazil and an alternative for the capital accumulation on the other side.

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De Souza, Josimar dos Reis, Tatiana Silva Souza, and Beatriz Ribeiro Soares. "Socioeconomic profile and quality of life In triângulo mineiro and alto Paranaíba region (Brazil)." South Florida Journal of Development 2, no. 2 (2021): 1298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv2n2-014.

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The present work aims to present the results of the analysis regarding the Socioeconomic Profile of the municipalities that make up the Mesoregion of Triângulo Mineiro/Alto Paranaíba, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The survey and analysis of socioeconomic indicators, from the years 2004 and 2014, aimed to search for devices in order to develop a methodology for analyzing the quality of life of the municipalities that make up the mesoregion, taking into account the specificities of the urban network from the Cerrado Mineiro and the Brazilian urbanization process. It is understood that the quality of life does not depend only on a good offer of essential public services, but on an effective spatial distribution of advanced services regarding health, education, culture, leisure, etc., among the municipalities of the same region. In addition, it is extremely important to consider the population's financial capacity to access these services, a factor that demonstrates the real need to analyze their Socioeconomic Profile. For this analysis, we used the indicators made available by the João Pinheiro Foundation, through the Minas Gerais Social Responsibility Index (IMRS), using the 66 municipalities that make up the mesoregion of Triângulo Mineiro and Alto Paranaíba as the scale of analysis. The data were collected, tabulated and imported into the ArcGIS 10.1 software, in which cartograms were produced. The results presented provided the recognition of the positive evolution overview of the socioeconomic profile, following the Brazilian trend of economic growth experienced in the first decade of the 21st century. In the analyzed period, there was a significant increase in all the indicators assessed. However, it is worth noting the existence of disparities within the same region, with some municipalities showing a high rate of increase in income and employment, while others have reached medium and low growth peaks. It is worth mentioning that the improvement in quality, especially in terms of income and employment, ended up directly influencing the improvement of the population's quality of life.

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Moro, Matheus Fernando, Letícia Da Costa Alves, Anderson Luís Walker Amorin, Sandrine De Almeida Flores, and Andreas Dittmar Weise. "Financiamento habitacional popular: Como os recursos do FTGS estão sendo utilizados." Revista Produção e Desenvolvimento 2, no. 2 (2016): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32358/rpd.2016.v2.157.

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In order to meet the housing shortage, was created popular housing programs for low-income families. In Brazil, these programs differs from the rest of the world, since here the programs are directed to the acquisition of real estate, unlike the rest of the world where the focus is lower rents for low-income families. In the context, this type of program has also been used as a tool against economic crises. Based on these aspects, this article aims to identify how the FGTS funds are being used regarding the housing finance. To perform this analysis was studied the targeting of FGTS funds for social housing in Brazil, thus demonstrating, a convincing growth in this modality and also an exchange preferably after the year 2009, of used real estates to new ones.

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Bugelli, Alexandre, Roxane Borgès Da Silva, Ladislau Dowbor, and Claude Sicotte. "The Determinants of Infant Mortality in Brazil, 2010–2020: A Scoping Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (2021): 6464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126464.

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Despite the implementation of social and health policies that positively affected the health of the populations in Brazil, since 2009 the country has experienced a slower decline of infant mortality. After an economic and political crisis, Brazil witnessed increases in infant mortality that raised questions about what are the determinants of infant mortality after the implementation of such policies. We conducted a scoping review to identify and summarize those determinants with searches in three databases: LILACS, MEDLINE, and SCIELO. We included studies published between 2010 and 2020. We selected 23 papers: 83% associated infant mortality with public policies; 78% related infant mortality with the use of the health system and socioeconomic and living conditions; and 27% related to individual characteristics to infant mortality. Inequalities in the access to healthcare seem to have important implications in reducing infant mortality. Socioeconomic conditions and health-related factors such as income, education, fertility, housing, and the Bolsa Família. Program coverage was pointed out as the main determinants of infant mortality. Likewise, recent changes in infant mortality in Brazil are likely related to these factors. We also identified a gap in terms of studies on a possible association between employment and infant mortality.

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Wijaya, Kusuma, and Muhamad Imam Syairozi. "Analisis perpindahan tenaga kerja informal Kabupaten Pasuruan." Jurnal Paradigma Ekonomika 15, no. 2 (2020): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/paradigma.v15i2.10319.

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The uneven economic growth causes regions to experience economic and social inequalities, which in the end they choose to look for a place that is expected to be able to meet their physical and spiritual needs. This study aims to determine the dominant factors that influence the decisions of informal workers to migrate to Pare District, Kediri Regency. The method of collecting direct data is by conducting interviews with respondents. The data obtained were then analyzed by the SPSS program using logistic regression analysis. The independent variables studied include: age (X1), an education level (X2), land ownership (X3), marital status (X4), employment status (X5), income (X6) and the dependent variable in this study is the decision to migrate. (Y). Based on the data collected from 102 respondents, it is known that the variables age (X1), land ownership (X3), and income (X6) have a significant effect on the reasons a person decides to migrate to Sukorejo District, Pasuruan Regency. While the education variable (X2), marital status (X4), and employment status (X5) were not significant. The income variable (X6) is the variable that most dominantly influences the decision of an informal worker to migrate to Sukorejo District, Pasuruan Regency

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Boushey, Heather. "The Effects on Employment and Wages When Working Mothers Lose Medicaid." International Journal of Health Services 35, no. 4 (2005): 719–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/8v67-02pq-9lyb-rj47.

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This study examines the importance of health insurance in promoting employment and wage growth for prime-age mothers. Many mothers on welfare and other low-income mothers are eligible for Medicaid, but as they move up the job ladder, they lose eligibility. Losing work supports limits mothers' ability to stay employed: mothers who make this transition into employer-provided health insurance are nine times more likely to stay employed than mothers who leave Medicaid without this benefit. However, few mothers make the transition from Medicaid to employer-provided health insurance— not because they lack employment but because they do not find jobs that offer health insurance. Between the beginning of 2002 and the end of 2003, 37.2 percent of those on Medicaid left the program, but fewer than a quarter (23.4 percent) of those had employer-provided health insurance.

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Aprilani, Triana Lidona Aprilani, Yuliarmi Yuliarmi, and AAIN Marhaeni. "The Role of The Government in Development of Community-Based Tourism on Economic Growth Inclusivity." Journal of The Community Development in Asia 4, no. 1 (2021): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.32535/jcda.v4i1.1002.

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Tourism sectors have great potentials in increasing regional income. The program from the government to increase the number of tourisms is to prioritize tourism development, one of which is tourism on Lombok Island. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the government role in the development of community-based tourism in Lombok, especially the Mandalika Special Economic Zone in Central Lombok Regency. The analysis technique used in this study is to use convinience sampling techniques that are rarely used in previous tourism research in Lombok. The study contended that government role in the development of community-based tourism includes planning, development of main facilities, tourism expenditure policies, making and enforcing regulations. It also underlined that the driving factors in economic growth required participation of local communities. The inhibiting factors of local communities are educational background, employment, and gender.

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Fitriyanti, Eka. "ZAKAT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS OF BANGKA BELITUNG TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 2030." ASY SYAR'IYYAH: JURNAL ILMU SYARI'AH DAN PERBANKAN ISLAM 4, no. 2 (2019): 251–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32923/asy.v4i2.1006.

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This study aims to analyze the zakat and economic development of Bangka Belitung towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030. This program is agreed by various countries in the United Nations (UN) forum. There are 17 targets to be achieved in this program, which is the first target and the eighth target of alleviating poverty in all its forms in all places; And promote the sustainability of sustainable and inclusive economic growth, full and productive employment opportunities, and decent work for all. Both targets can make every region encouraged to think about the right policies to achieve the target of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030. The research method uses simultaneous equation model with Ordinary Least Square (OLS) because the variables studied are related to each other. The variables studied are zakat and economic development which is represented by income per capita, poverty, and unemployment. The results of this study indicate that the variable of zakat has a significant positive effect on the economic development variables, namely income per capita and unemployment in Bangka Belitung while the poverty variable has a negative effect.

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SOKOLOVSKA, Alla. "INCOME TAXES IN TAX POLICY FOR INCLUSIVE GROWT: A THEORETICAL DIMENSION." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 1(62) (2020): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2020.01.049.

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Introduction. Inclusive economic growth in Government’s Action Program is proclaimed as a strategic priority for the development of the Ukrainian economy, which makes it urgent to study the ways to secure it. An important role in ensuring inclusive growth is played by the state tax policy including income taxes due to both the ability of taxes to influence on the distribution of income and wealth in society, and the possibility of using them to stimulate more productive labor, improve skills, and obtain education. Purpose of the article is to identify the ways to reform income taxes in the process of forming and implementing tax policies for inclusive growth. Results. The study showed that developing income tax design that meets the requirements of inclusive growth seems to be quite difficult, since its model, which is considered the least economic efficiency (progressive income tax), is the most fair, while the least fair model (proportional tax) is the most economic efficiency. Therefore, the process of approximating various models of personal income tax to the needs of ensuring inclusive growth involves solving various problems: for a progressive tax – finding ways to increase efficiency (primarily employment incentive tools, which is a key factor for building an inclusive economy), for proportional tax – the tools of increasing equity, for personal and corporate taxes on capital income – a combination of the measures directed to increase both equity and efficiency. The tools proposed by financial science for the fulfillment of these tasks and approaches to their practical application in the EU countries are identified. Conclusions. While financial science offers a wide range of tools that can help create income taxes that meet the goals of inclusive growth, each country should choose those tools that can be effective under its conditions. In the course of such choice the numerous factors influencing effectiveness of tax measures in a particular country should be taken into account.

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Lindsay, Ana Cristina, Marcia Tavares Machado, Katarina M. Sussner, Cary K. Hardwick, and Karen E. Peterson. "Infant-Feeding Practices and Beliefs about Complementary Feeding among Low-Income Brazilian Mothers: A Qualitative Study." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 29, no. 1 (2008): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482650802900102.

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Background Breastfeeding and weaning practices are important determinants of growth and development not only in infancy but also later in life. Objective To describe infant-feeding practices and beliefs about complementary feeding among low-income Brazilian mothers. Methods Qualitative methods included focus group discussions with low-income mothers enrolled in a Family Health/Community Health Workers program in Ceará, Northeast Brazil. Results Breastfeeding is widely practiced in this area, and overall, mothers are knowledgeable about the benefits of breastfeeding for their infants and themselves. Practices of prolonged breastfeeding and delayed supplementation of infants with semisolid foods emerged as a problem among very poor women. In addition, the results showed common problems related to complementary feeding practices, such as the early introduction of solid foods and the use of expensive commercial cereals and formula for weaning. Cultural factors and taboos appeared to have an important influence on mothers' infant-feeding practices and eating patterns of their children. Conclusions The results have implications for the design of breastfeeding promotion and interventions to improve complementary feeding. Improvements of the national Food Grant Program are also suggested, which are needed by low-income mothers to improve their infant-feeding practices.

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SOUZA, Bruna Fernanda do Nascimento Jacinto de, Leticia MARIN-LEON, Daniele Flaviane Mendes CAMARGO, and Ana Maria SEGALL-CORRÊA. "Demographic and socioeconomic conditions associated with food insecurity in households in Campinas, SP, Brazil." Revista de Nutrição 29, no. 6 (2016): 845–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-98652016000600009.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the association of food insecurity with demographic and socioeconomic conditions in households in Campinas, São Paulo state, Brazil. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted on a representative sample of the urban population of the Southern, Southwestern, and Northwestern Health Districts of Campinas, between 2011-2012. Characteristics of the head of household, family history and household patterns were investigated. The dependent variable was food security condition, categorized as food security, mild food insecurity, and moderate/severe food insecurity. All independent variables with p-value <0.20 in the bivariate multinomial logistic regression were included in the final model of multiple multinomial logistic regression, adjusted to household head age; the remaining variables had p-value <0.05. Results: In the 691 households analyzed, there was 65% of food security, 27.9% of mild food insecurity, and 7.1% of moderate/severe food insecurity. The conditions associated with mild food insecurity were monthly per capita income less than the minimum wage, household head unemployed for more than six months between 2004-2010, living in properties given to the family/occupied/other, and density higher than two people per bedroon. The moderate/severe food insecurity was associated with informal employment condition of the household head and the presence of a beneficiary of the Bolsa Família (Family Allowance Program), a cash transfer-type program, in the household. The higher the score of the consumer goods, the lower the probability of mild food insecurity or moderate/severe food insecurity. There was a higher probability of mild food insecurity and moderate/severe food insecurity in unfinished masonry-built houses/other. Conclusion: More than one third of the households investigated experienced some form of food insecurity. Mild food insecurity was associated with demographic conditions, while moderate/severe food insecurity was associated with socioeconomic conditions, especially those related to the household head.

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Budiman, Iskandar. "Analisis Potensi Perekonomian Pedagang Kaki-Lima di Kota Langsa." Jurnal Samudra Ekonomi dan Bisnis 12, no. 2 (2021): 184–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33059/jseb.v12i2.3043.

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This article is based on the results of research, focused on the activities of hawker traders along Cut Nyak Dhien Street, Langsa City. There are more than seventy street vendors with various types of merchandise. The research aims to determine the role of the informal sector street vendors of economically weak groups in obtaining employment, the prospect of developing a culinary tourism business on family economic growth, and additional sources of local revenue. Data obtained through observation, interviews and documentation, and then processed using descriptive analysis techniques. The analysis results showed that street vendors in urban areas are a popular alternative to work. This condition is in synergy with the government program that arranges this area as a center for culinary tourism and is very helpful for traders to increase family income, as well as having an impact on increasing visitors and increasing local income.

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Qomariah, Nur. "PENGARUH PROGRAM KEMITRAAN, LINGKUNGAN KERJA DAN MOTIVASI TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN UMKM DI KECAMATAN BANGIL." Jurnal Riset Ekonomi dan Manajemen 16, no. 1 (2016): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.17970/jrem.16.160109.id.

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ABSTRACTIn many countries in the world, the development and growth of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) is one of the crucial driving force for economic growth. One of the characteristics of dynamic and good economic performance with a high growth rate in the countries of East and Southeast Asia such as South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan, is in The performence of their SMEs which are highly efficient, productive, and have a level of high competitiveness.SMEs have a considerable role in national economic development in Indonesia. So to say by judging from the number of its business units which were very much present in all sectors of the economy and a major contribution to employment and income. MSMEs have been tested during the economic crisis that hitted Indonesian economy in 1998 and 2008. The crisis can be devastating for business world, especially big business world. However, SMEs which were less of a concern in the past days turns out to be more able to survive and thrive.This study aims to empirically study the effect of variable partnerships, working environment and motivation on employee performance. Respondents surveyed as a sample was the industry employees in BangilThe results of this study indicate that together and partial, partnerships, work environment and motivation have a significant effect on employee performence/ Partnerships variables influence dominantly on employe performence

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Park, Chanyong, and Khalid Ikram. "Equitable Growth and Poverty Alleviation: Lessons Learned from Korean Experience." International Studies Review 6, no. 1 (2005): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-00601001.

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This case study analyzed how Korea achieved rapid economic growth with i.t1ere-JSing equity and poverty aJlcviarion. Korean GDP per capita increased 110 times and absolute poverty rate dccn.:ased from 48.3 percent to 9.8 percent l:x:tween 196 l and 2001. Ir is true to say in rhe Korean case that the most efiecrive measure in reduction of the absolute pwerty level has been to make the economic pie biggcr. It is called growth-firsr~istrihution-larcr principle and brought abJut economic success hy overcoming a sc:vere shortage of natural endowments. TI1e Korean government prioritized certain development-led industries in order to accelerate economic μ;ro\\•th. It was called '"imbalanced development strate,gy" and assessed as being more effective than "balanced development strategy" within the limited budget for ernnomic development. Although income inequality became aggravated Jue to the grmvrh-first polity and imbalanced strate,gy, the sizl' of the economic pie increased drastically. The income levels of middle and low income households increased to such an extent that much income inequality could l:x: rolernted. le can be said that in Korea. rapid economic growth raised welfare levels during rhe period between the l 960s and the 1990s even as income inequality worsened. Korea ran into serious economic difficulties in late 1997. The poverty rates rose sharply from 7.67 rercem in 19'-)7 to 14.28 pen:ent in ·19'-)8. TI1e Korean govemrnenr w1dertook various anti-poverty programs designed to ease the impan of ma-.s lay-offS by implementing a new public assistance program and expanded the coverage of sx·ial insuranu.c:. In addition, hwnan resource development programs \Vere intrOOuced thar enhanced the access of the vulnerable class to the labor market by laying stress on labor welfare, raking mea,ures to protect irregtUar employees, and extending the application of the minimum wage system to all industries. Thanks to these efforts of the government, the p.>verty rates have decreased since 1999. 1bis study has led us to six tentative but useful lessons learned from the Korean success to lx applied to ocher developing countries: establishment of a clear objective of development and. the cornmirmenr of authorities; r,crn.ptive sdt·ction of rtprcscntative kx:omotive engines for rapid economic gro¥.-th and properly designed management; lx.'St investment in human rt'Source development; fair land reform and rural development; job creation and expansion of employment; and building-up of country's capacity to implement plans and projects expeditiously within budgeted costs.

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Bohn, Simone, Luciana Fernandes Veiga, Salete Da Dalt, André Augusto Pereira Brandão, and Victor Hugo de Carvalho Gouvêa. "Can conditional cash transfer programs generate equality of opportunity in highly unequal societies? Evidence from Brazil." Revista de Sociologia e Política 22, no. 51 (2014): 111–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-987314225107.

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This article examines whether the state, through conditional cash transfer programs (CCT), can reduce the poverty and extremely poverty in societies marred by high levels of income concentration. We focus on one of the most unequal countries in the globe, Brazil, and analyze the extent to which this country's CCT program - Bolsa Família (BF, Family Grant) program - is able to improve the life chances of extremely poor beneficiaries, through the three major goals of PBF: First, to immediately end hunger; second, to create basic social rights related to healthcare and education; finally, considering also complementary policies, to integrate adults into the job market. The analysis relies on a quantitative survey with 4,000 beneficiaries and a qualitative survey comprised of in-depth interviews with 38 program's participants from all the regions of the country in 2008, it means that this study is about the five first years of the PBF. In order to answer the research questions, we ran four probit analyses related: a) the determinants of the realization of prenatal care; b) the determinants of food security among BF beneficiaries, c) the determinants that adult BF recipients will return to school, d) the determinants that a BF beneficiary will obtain a job. Important results from the study are: First, those who before their participation on PBF were at the margins have now been able to access healthcare services on a more regular basis. Thus, the women at the margins who were systematically excluded - black women, poorly educated and from the North - now, after their participation in the CCT program, have more access to prenatal care and can now count with more availability of public healthcare network. Second, before entering the Bolsa Família program, 50.3% of the participants faced severe food insecurity. This number went down to 36.8% in very five years. Men are more likely than women; non-blacks more likely than blacks; and South and Centre-West residents more likely than Brazilians from other regions; to become food secure while participating in BF. Third, instead, that moment in 2008, a small proportion of the adult participants indeed were able to return to school and to increase their educational qualifications. The lack of technical skills and the huge predominance of informal employment are central social problems in Brazil and that the PBF has failed to address such issues. This study confirms what other previous studies have reported on: BF has had a positive impact in reducing poverty in the country. Hence the main contribution of the present study is in identifying the main determinants of unequal results among individuals participating in the BF program: why some, but not others, are more easily able to access the healthcare or to overcome food insecurity while in the program?

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Rose, Donald Diego. "Interventions to reduce household food insecurity: a synthesis of current concepts and approaches for Latin America." Revista de Nutrição 21, suppl (2008): 159s—173s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-52732008000700014.

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Food insecurity has been documented in countries throughout the range of national incomes. Most Latin American countries, including Brazil, fall in the middle of this range. Although responses to problems of food insecurity need to be developed for specific contexts, valuable lessons for successful interventions can be learned from both low- and high-income countries. This article begins by describing a continuum of country-level food security contexts. The basic elements of food security, including food availability, access, and utilization, are reviewed as are more recent developments in the field, including livelihood analysis, vulnerability, and risk management strategies. A selection of public sector food security interventions is described that focus on improving agricultural production, increasing employment and household income, developing human capital, and distributing food. Recent international experiences and insights are used to develop themes for orientation of these types of food security interventions in Latin America. These include: the importance of planning relief efforts to be synergistic with long-run development; the tailoring of interventions to the needs of specific contexts; and the related expansion of information systems to support these activities. The article also describes the need to improve food security without leading to over-consumption, a problem of increasing concern in Latin America and elsewhere. Finally, development of local capacity through community-based participatory actions is suggested as a means for improving program outcomes as well as promoting human rights.

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Card, Dylan R., Heather S. Sussman, and Ajay Raghavendra. "The Financial Dilemma of Students Pursuing an Atmospheric Science Graduate Degree in the United States." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 101, no. 9 (2020): E1524—E1536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-19-0122.1.

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Abstract Graduate school provides an opportunity for students to enhance their knowledge and skill sets and to develop the qualifications to seek high-skilled employment. However, many graduate students are plagued with personal and financial stressors that can decrease research productivity and professional growth. With ballooning student loan debt and economic inflation, stakeholders should review the financial well-being of our current and future graduate students with greater frequency to ensure the continued fast-paced advancement of science. This study investigated the annual stipend, university fees, housing costs, cost of living, and the state income tax rate of 39 atmospheric science graduate programs in the United States to determine the effective income for first-year graduate students in the 2020–21 academic year. Results showed a large spread in advertised stipend amounts ranging between $19,139 and $41,520 (USD). After taking into account annual university fees, housing costs, and state income tax and normalizing by the cost of living, effective income had a decreased spread ranging between $12,287 and $25,240. Prospective graduate students should not focus on the advertised stipend when deciding between schools since it does not always accurately represent the affordability of the graduate program. The future of scientific research relies on the next generation of scientists. Therefore, graduate programs across the country should focus on providing fair financial compensation in order to attract students with exceptional research skills who otherwise may leave academia to pursue higher-paying jobs after college.

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Maglakelidze, Amirani. "CHALLENGES OF MIDDLE CLASS FORMATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN GEORGIA." Globalization and Business 4, no. 8 (2019): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35945/gb.2019.08.014.

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In order to ensure irreversible development and stable social-economic conditions of a State, it should have a strong middle class, defining the country’s social and economic development targets. Considering the said, economic policy of development should be directed to the implementation of the measures supporting the formation of the healthy middle class in Georgia. Share of the population belonging to the middle class is still low in Georgia. According to the studies conducted by the World Bank, in 2014 only 7% of the population of Georgia belonged to the middle class. According to the economic- statistical study conducted in Georgia in 2018, share of the population belonging to the middle class in 2016 was 16%. The same study, with exclusion of the employment factor, shows the growth of the said share to 24,6%. Ignoring the employment – very important determinant of the middle class – naturally puts the last figure far from reality. Current income inequality and high level of poverty negatively impact formation of the middle class in the country. In order to form a middle class, Government of Georgia must overcome the problems faced by country’s entrepreneurship and society by means of the purposeful implementation of the rational policy of economic development. Achieving the said target requires: a stable political-economic environment; elaboration of the small, medium business development programs oriented on the inclusive growth, increase the scales of the currently existing program; development of the special professional training and employment programs for the population below the poverty line; promotion of economic activities based on the start of entrepreneurship, development of the start-ups, innovations and advanced technologies.

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Kregel, Jan. "Financial systems, financial governance and economic development." Brazilian Keynesian Review 3, no. 2 (2018): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.33834/bkr.v3i2.126.

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The idea that seems to be spreading in response to this crisis to promote the substitution of development financing via private sector institutions in place of government development banks means restoring the inequitable sharing of risk of development finance, promoting instability and protecting finance at the expense of labour, and the inevitable worsening of the distribution of income. Private sector financial markets do not have a good record of providing finance to development investments at levels and rates that would ensure expanding employment, and there is no reason to believe that this will change if the role of development banks is minimized. As liquidity preference becomes the dominant decision variable for investment, Brazil will be back to the problems that Keynes originally analysed in the General Theory, with the addition of the prudential requirements that will aggravate the instability of the growth process, even in the presence of a fully developed domestic financial system, and tilt social support in favour of finance at the expense of labour.

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Silva, Luana Ribeiro, Edmilson Igor Bernardo Almeida, Lusiane De Sousa Ferreira, Kessia Tenorio Figueirinha, Antonio Gabriel da Costa Ferreira, and Washington Da Silva Sousa. "Estimates and causes of fresh fruit post-harvest losses in the Chapadinha Microregion, Maranhão, Brazil." REVISTA AGRO@MBIENTE ON-LINE 12, no. 4 (2018): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.18227/1982-8470ragro.v12i4.5223.

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Fruit growing contributes to Brazilian socioeconomic growth, both as a source of food for the population and in the generation of employment and income. However, the production chain incurs significant negative impacts, mainly due to post-harvest losses. The objective of the current study was to estimate the post-harvest losses of fruits, occurring in the retail markets of Anapurus, Belágua, Mata Roma, São Benedito do Rio Preto and Urbano Santos (Maranhão State). The study was carried out with visits to 45 commercial establishments, and the deployment of a questionnaire regarding post-harvest losses of 12 fruits. It is concluded that, in decreasing order, losses were: avocado (11.76 ± 0.09%) > papaya (11.65% ± 0.02) > banana (10.82 ± 1.75%) > grape (10.08 ± 0.06%) > passion fruit (9.28 ± 0.04%) > pineapple (8.62 ± 0.04%) > watermelon (8.48 ± 0.05%) > mango (8.00 ± 0.18%) > orange (7.12 ± 0.10%) > apple (6.68 ± 0.07%) > pear (6.52 ± 0.03%) > melon (4.32 ± 0.01%). Physiological disorders were the main cause of losses, with estimated losses being up to 10.62%. It is suggested that losses could be reduced with: better hygiene in commercial environments, effective planning of the quantities offered, and the adoption of low cost technologies for the conservation and refrigeration of temperate fruits. Some public initiatives, such as the increase in availability of training courses, improvement of roads in the rural areas of the Chapadinha Microregion, and encouragement of the expansion of fruit growing in Maranhão, may lead to improvements, with direct benefits to society in general.

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Balestro, Moises, and Antonio Junqueira Botelho. "In search of developmental capitalism institutions:." Revista Brasileira de Sociologia - RBS 9, no. 22 (2021): 45–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20336/rbs.816.

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How can we explain that some emerging economies grow faster than others? What explains the sustainability of their growth? Not all types of capitalism in emerging markets contribute equally to sustainable growth rates that undergird development. Comparative capitalism research on European economies temporary growth models aims to more properly grasp change in the varieties of capitalism approach. Adoption of the growth models in emerging markets capitalism research requires attention to integration into the global economy and to political coalitions, and the need to deal with the methodological challenges, given high labor market informality and political instability. This article seeks to make sense of changes in the components of successive growth models throughout a path-dependent capitalist variety, expand the growth model analytical framework by testing elements alongside demand (and supply) based on a case study of Brazil, and explore coalitions in economic reform to identify growth model’s social blocs. The article’s results unveil challenges to the employment of existing concepts and analytical framework; the need to build bridges between growth models and the political economy of development; and an exploratory assessment of growth model contributions to Brazil's postwar development. Thereof, in the long term, interest shifts of economic elites between liberal and non-liberal economic regimes suggest a fragility of repeated attempts to form a durable developmental coalition, a process dynamic that frays state-permeated capitalism positive externalities. It concludes that both path dependent developmental institutions, which hinder change, and growth instability limit the possibilities of designing institutional reforms out of the middle-income trap.

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Blauvelt, Robert P. "Environmental Factors as Determinants of Health in New Jersey, USA." Journal of Biology and Life Science 12, no. 2 (2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jbls.v12i2.18686.

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There is a well-documented association between socioeconomic factors and community health. While environmental conditions are considered in most public health evaluations, they have the least weighted values of all the metrics measured. The U.S. state of New Jersey has a very robust, long-standing environmental protection program combined with some of the highest educational attainment, employment, and income levels in the country. These conditions may have re-positioned or re-prioritized those societal factors that traditionally dominate health outcomes, placing greater emphasis on environmental factors. This paper seeks to evaluate whether in New Jersey at the county level the long-established connection between health status and environmental quality conditions needs to be re-defined. Because of its high per capita income, well-educated population, and strong industrial and service sector employment base, New Jersey residents are fairly healthy, and New Jersey is generally placed within the top ten healthiest places to live in the United States. Thus, this state is well positioned to assess the relative importance that releases to air, water, and soil may play in determining health outcomes. This is due to the state’s long history of significant pollution of its air, water, and soil coupled with a strong, effective regulatory program that slowly is achieving meaningful improvements to environmental quality.Five data sets related to discharges to the air, water, or soil were compiled and tested separately against two New Jersey specific community health indices. The health surveys include the New Jersey Hospital Association’s 2019 report on social gaps and their impact on health (CHART) and the nationwide America’s Health Rankings (UHF). A Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient was used to compare each state’s health ranking – both CHART and UHF - with the independent variable, environmental exposure data sets. The analysis found that there are no meaningful correlations between the environmental exposure data sets and the CHART or UHF county health rankings. This suggests that environmental factors may be over-weighted given the level of state and federal regulatory protection programs already in place within New Jersey. Policy makers should now consider two shifts in public health strategy: encouraging economic growth in areas with underperforming health outcomes so as to maximize those determinants that do most impact positive outcomes (insurance, income, etc.) coupled with aggressive enforcement of existing environmental regulations to protect communities from the possible consequences of that expanded development.

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Camargo Filho, Waldemar P., and Felipe P. Camargo. "A quick review of the production and commercialization of the main vegetables in Brazil and the world from 1970 to 2015." Horticultura Brasileira 35, no. 2 (2017): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-053620170202.

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ABSTRACT In the biennium 2013-14, the world produced 1,134.27 million tons of vegetables annually. The production of garlic, onion, potato, tomato and watermelon accounted for 66.5% of the total. Brazil, in 2012, considering 40 vegetables, produced around 23 million tons, in 900.0 thousand hectares. Potatoes, tomatoes (table and processing), onions, watermelons, carrots, sweet potatoes, lettuce and cabbage, the main vegetables in Brazil, accounted for 64.0% of the total. This work presents the evolution of production, commercialization, and availability of garlic, onions, potatoes, tomatoes and watermelons in Brazil and in the world. In Brazil, the work focused on two distinct periods: 1970-1990 {when the Support Program for Production and Commercialization of Horticultural Products (PROHORT) was implemented} and 1990-2012 (the globalization period). In 13 years (1977-1990), PROHORT succeeded in inducing the modernization of production of fruits, vegetables, and poultry products, enabling the sector to compete in the world market, especially after 1990, with the market opening and the establishment of MERCOSUR. In the 22-year period from 1990-2012, despite the initial difculties with the commercial opening and internal economic instabilities, production and availability of garlic, onion, potato, tomato and watermelon continued to evolve in Brazil. The horticultural sector advanced in incorporating technologies and in modernizing, stimulated by the market expansion due to both the population growth (33%) observed in Brazil in this period and real gains in Brazilians’ income owed to inﬂation control. In the world scenario, the work discusses the same aspects for these fve vegetables in the period 2001-2013. The analysis of the initial and fnal triennia of this period showed vegetable production increasing 30.3% in the world and 24.4% in Brazil. In both contexts, gains in yield were the main driver of expansion of production, and yield increase came mainly from the use of improved cultivars, especially hybrids.

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Christiani, Yoseveline, Robi Irawan, and Yunisa Astiarani. "Demographic and Household Characteristics Related to Childhood Obesity in Public Elementary Schools in Penjaringan." Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat 12, no. 1 (2021): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26553/jikm.2021.12.1.12-20.

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Indonesia is experiencing the rise of childhood obesity prevalence, and the majority profound in low socioeconomic areas, which may aggravate the harmful impacts on the children's growth and health. This study was conducted to find significant factors of childhood obesity in low socioeconomic areas. A cross-sectional study design was carried out at two public elementary schools in Penjaringan subdistrict, North Jakarta. All students in both schools participated in the study and were selected based on inclusion criteria. A total of 731 students (grades 1 to 6) were eligible. The nutritional status was assessed by trained staff by calculating the Body Mass Index (BMI) for age and classifying the outcome based on the WHO z-scores chart. Parents filled a demographic and socioeconomic questionnaire to collect children's birthdate, parents' educational level, employment status, income, and health insurance. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate the association. The prevalence of obesity among students was 13.41%. The regression showed that male and younger students were likely to be obese. The students whose mothers were in secondary level of education, have an unemployed father, or in the low-income family (p<0.05) were more likely to be obese. The study shows that male and younger students were associated with childhood obesity. Besides, educated mothers, unemployed fathers, and families with low income tend to have obese children. The school needs to have a specific program for male and younger age students to increase healthy habits. Nutrition assessment, recommendation, and parents' involvement in school-based health programs need to be enhanced.

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Boulmay, Brian, Tatiana Prowell, Marcelo Blaya, and Maria Catherine Pietanza. "No Decision Is Final: Career Planning and Career Transitions." American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book, no. 38 (May 2018): 881–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/edbk_200983.

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Several factors play a role in job selection after completion of a hematology/oncology training program, such as a fellows’ overall career goals, expected income potential, and limitations imposed by visa status, among many others. Training programs play an integral role in mentoring trainees in career selection. For many, the first job is often not career-long. In addition to considerations for a fellow considering a first job out of fellowship, physicians will consider a change because of dissatisfaction at one’s current position, desire for advancement opportunities, or a desire to work in a different sector. Other factors include non-occupational issues such as career opportunities for a spouse or desire for a different geographic location. Frequent employment changes are common with crossover between academia, clinical practice, industry, or government service. Possessing the skills needed to recognize one’s strengths, weaknesses, and goal prioritization can allow for more optimal job selection should a career transition into a different discipline occur. Recognizing opportunities that present themselves and potentially taking advantage of them can lead to professional and personal growth.

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Guo, Biyun, Taiping Xie, and M. V. Subrahmanyam. "The Impact of China’s Grain for Green Program on Rural Economy and Precipitation: A Case Study of Yan River Basin in the Loess Plateau." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (2019): 5336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195336.

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Large-scale deforestation and abandoned planting will bring about the destruction of the ecological environment and the deterioration of the climate. In 1999, China initiated its “Grain for Green” Program (GGP) to improve the ecological environment, control soil erosion, and adjust the agricultural industrial structure to promote the sustainable development of the rural economy. In this paper, economic statistics, rainfall, and remote sensing data are used to analyze the impact of the GGP on agricultural and rural economic development and regional precipitation in the hilly and gully regions of the Loess Plateau. The results show that since the implementation of the program, the employment structure of the labor force has changed and the regional economic growth and farmers’ income have increased. From 2000 to 2016, the total gross domestic product (GDP) and per capita GDP of the Yan River Basin increased. The conversion of large-scale sloping farmland to forestry and grassland resulted in the decrease of farmland area and the increase of forestry area. The maximum, minimum, and mean value of vegetation coverage increased year by year. With the increase of vegetation coverage, the surface roughness, soil water content, and evapotranspiration improved and annual average precipitation grew significantly after the implementation of the program (2000 to 2018). From 1970 to the implementation of the project (1999), the annual average rainfall decreased at the trough from 1988 to 1999, and there was an overall upward trend from 1970 to 2018. The GGP has an important impact on the economy and people’s income in the Yan River Basin, and the vegetation change caused by the variation of land use types has a certain impact on regional rainfall. Under the background of global and regional climate change, it is of great significance to fully understand the impacts of vegetation conversion on climate and its mechanism for objective assessment of driving factors in regional and global climate, as well as for scientific planning of future land use.

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Mireski, Maria Cecília, Cristiane Vieira Helm, Ivar Wendling, Elisa Serra Negra, Álvaro Figueredo Dos Santos, and Antonio Carlos Nogueira. "POLYPHENOLS IN YERBA MATE SEEDS: POTENTIAL INHIBITORS OF GERMINATION." FLORESTA 48, no. 4 (2018): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v48i4.57592.

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Due to its economic, social, and ecological potentials, yerba mate can be a source of employment and income in the southern region of Brazil. The objectives of the present study was to (1) quantify the total polyphenols in fresh yerba mate seeds (FS), seeds dehydrated for 70 d (SD), and seeds stratified in sand for 180 d (SS); (2) evaluate the potential germination and growth inhibitory effects of water, ethanol + water (1:1), and ethanol (99%) extracts of yerba seeds (FS, SD, and SS) using lettuce seedlings; and (3) verify the presence of polyphenols in fresh seeds of yerba mate through histochemical methods. In the bioassay, extracts of yerba mate seeds were used in the germination of lettuce seeds. For the histochemical analysis, sections of yerba mate seeds were stained with specific dyes. The results revealed that yerba mate fresh seeds contain higher concentration of phenolic compounds, which decreased in dehydrated seeds, and almost no phenolic compound was observed in stratified seeds. The bioassay results showed that the polyphenols present in the extracts of yerba mate seeds resulted in phytotoxic effect on the roots of lettuce seedlings. The histochemical observations revealed the presence of “lignified rough barrier” and phenolic compounds between the endocarp and endosperm of the yerba mate seeds

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Felicetti, Vera Lucia. "University for All Programs (ProUni): Engagement, Satisfaction, and Employability." International Education Studies 10, no. 8 (2017): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v10n8p29.

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A training at Higher Education level needs, in addition to improve the skills specific in the area chosen, to develop a set of skills and/or personal attributes that make him or her more likely to succeed in the profession. In this context, this paper was developed and has the objective to identify the relationships between engagement, satisfaction, and employability of students who completed the university as University for All Program (ProUni) scholarship. This target group of students was chosen because of the importance of ProUni for the Advancement of Education policies of affirmative actions in Brazil. The ProUni gives scholarships to students from minority (underrepresented) groups to study at private universities, through the National Secondary Education Exam – ENEM (Brasil, 2005). Among these groups are students who attend public high schools (a proxy for lower social class), low-income students, African Brazilian students, Indigenous Brazilian students, students with disabilities, and not graduated teachers that work in public elementary and secondary schools. The research involved 198 ProUni graduates invited to answer an online questionnaire. There were 134 respondents, 123 (91.8%) were working since we were interested in employment, only these participants were included in the analysis. The results suggest that employability consolidates and reflects in the conquest of labor activity, as well as in graduate satisfaction with their training and job. These results are indicative of the engagement of the student with their learning, therefore with their graduate degree.

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Petiana, Iga, Dicky Iranto, and Agus Wibowo. "TINGKAT PENDIDIKAN TENAGA KERJA, PENGELUARAN PEMERINTAH SEKTOR PENDIDIKAN, DAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DI INDONESIA TAHUN 2008-2012." Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi dan Bisnis (JPEB) 3, no. 1 (2015): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jpeb.003.1.3.

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This research was conducted by observing the level of education graduate workforce, government spending and education sector gross regional domestic product per capita on the basis of constant prices of 2000. In particular the period of 2008-2012 by ex post facto method. The form of panel research data i.e. the combination of the form of time series and cross section. Data on GDP per capita over the constant prices of 2000 and the education level of the labour ditamatkan taken from the Central Bureau of statistics (BPS). Data on government spending on the education sector budget data taken from the income and expenditure of the State (APBN) Indonesia to education sector of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia. Processing data using Eviews 7.0 program and Microsoft Excell. Based on the results of the regression, the influential education variable is positive and significant at levels significantly below 0.05 and variable expenses of government education sector a positive and significant effect on under 0.05 i.e. against economic growth. The value Fhitung (7.360407) Ftabel > (3.90) so summed up these two variables, namely educational level of manpower and Government spending education sector together effect on Indonesia's economic growth. The value of R2 0.568211 signaling that 56,82% economic growth in Indonesia could be explained both the variable indipenden. Keywords: economic growth, education, employment and Government spending on Education Sector.

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Akbar, Mochamad Thoriq, and Estro Dariatno Sihaloho. "The Impact of Village Fund Program in Developing Physical Infrastructure: Case on Construction Value Across Provinces in Indonesia." Media Trend 14, no. 2 (2019): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/mediatrend.v14i2.4841.

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Indonesia is the largest archipelago country with over than 260 million population. Yet, its archipelagic state makes it hard for the Indonesian government to distribute its income equally, causing severe poverty in certain regions. To overcome this problem, the role of construction industry is very crucial. Many papers say construction industry plays an important role to achieve socio-economic development goals in providing shelter, physical infrastructure, employment, and higher economic growth. Knowing the importance of construction sector, especially in physical infrastructure, President of Indonesia, Joko Widodo, focuses on accelerating infrastructure development. To equally distribute the development between rural and urban areas and shorten the level of inequality, in 2015 Indonesian government made a program in a form of fiscal transfers called Village Fund program. The objective of this paper is to measure the impact of Village Fund program in developing physical infrastructure across provinces in Indonesia. This paper used panel data with Random Effect Model to analyze the marginal effect of Village Fund in construction sector. The finished construction value is used as the dependent variable. As the independent variable, this paper uses the amount of Village Fund given and Gross Domestic Regional Product (GRDP) as the control variable in 33 provinces that participated in Village Fund program during 2015 and 2016. Setting with α = 0.01, the result shows that Village Fund program has a marginal positive effect to finished construction value. Every one percentage point change in Village Fund increases the amount of construction value finished by 0.033%. For the other variable, every 1% increase in GRDP also increase the construction value by 0.41%. We hope this paper could be useful to evaluate the implementation of Village Fund and as a base for making similar policies in the future. Keywords: Village Fund, Construction Value, Infrastructure, GRDP, Random Effect Model

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ALFIFTO, Alfito, Endang Sulistya RINI, and Yeni ABSAH. "Experiential Tourism in Lake Toba Samosir District." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 11, no. 6 (2020): 1385. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v11.6(46).08.

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Tourism is a new kind of industry that can accelerate economic growth and availability of employment, income increment, standards of living and stimulate other productive sectors. In the context of tourism, satisfaction is referred to, as part of the expectation before travel and experience after the trip. The satisfaction of tourists can be influenced by their experience in visiting tourism destinations. Experience can be the key to the success of tourism industry. The tourism experience is divided into two, namely experiential quality and experiential value. Tourists who visit Lake Toba will get their personal experience from their holiday. The satisfaction in enjoying Lake Toba will help those tourists consider if they would return or not. The purpose of this research is to analyze experiential quality impacts on tourist satisfaction through experiential value. The sampling method used is accidental sampling. The population of this research is domestic tourists who visit Lake Toba in Samosir District. The number of respondents in this study was 140. Data analysis is done through PLS-SEM by using SmartPLS 3.0 program. The results showed significant effects of experiential quality on experiential value, experiential quality on tourist satisfaction, experiential value on tourist satisfaction, and experiential quality on the satisfaction of tourists through experiential value.

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Hairullah, Hairullah, Tikawati Tikawati, and Muhammad Iswadi. "EFEKTIVITAS PROGRAM KLASTER BANK INDONESIA PROVINSI KALIMANTAN TIMUR TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS UMKM DI KOTA SAMARINDA." ECOPLAN : JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES 2, no. 2 (2019): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/ecoplan.v2i2.71.

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Abstract - Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) have an important and strategic role in national economic development, economic growth and employment. In addition, in the structure of the economy, MSMEs are generally the largest layer of business actors. They are referred to people's economic actors. However, the problem is the fact that MSMEs has problems in quality human resources, limited access to productive resources, lack of accurate and current information, financial, and technological limitations. The purpose of this study is to find out how the strategy and the effectiveness of the cluster program of Bank Indonesia in East Kalimantan Province in supporting the productivity of MSMEs in LubukSawah Village, MugirejoSamarinda. The method which is used in this research is qualitative research. To get a variety of data in this study, the authors used interview, observation and documentation methods. This research uses the data analysis techniques which is sourced from Miles and Huberman. It consists of data collection, data reduction, data models, and conclusions or verification. The data validity checking uses the technique of source data triangulation. The results of this study are that the strategy which is used in the administration of the cluster program of Bank Indonesia in East Kalimantan Province on MSME productivity in LubukSawah Village, Mugirejo, Samarinda. The type of cluster is cattle cluster. This type provides training on animal husbandry, institutions, marketing and technology provision, integrated cattle pens, meeting rooms which are used by the Damarwulan Cattle Group. The Cluster Program of Bank Indonesia in East Kalimantan Province for the Damarwulan Cattle Group has been running and implemented effectively.It is proved from the increased knowledge or skills regarding the cattle breeding and institutions due to the training from Bank Indonesia in East Kalimantan Province. Moreover,the number of cow products sales and sales turnoveralso increasing. This improvement is the result of the training or marketing which had been provided. The government feels satisfied because the program of 2 million cattles ran smoothly, as evidenced by the increasing number of cattle, and increasing income and sales every year. Keywords: Effectiveness, Cluster, Bank Indonesia, MSME

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Mahtab, Nazmunnessa, and Md Mynul Islam. "Gender Issues In Microfinance: Policy Analysis And Possible Interventions." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 6, no. 1 (2012): 107–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v6i1.404.

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Women constitute not only half of the world’s population, but also sway the growth of the other half. They produce half of the world’s food supply and account for 60% of the work force, but comprise 10% of the world’s economy and surprisingly own less than 1% of the real estate. They have little access to productive resources and negligible control over family income. This discrimination is the consequence of gender bias which forms an inherent part of the global society. Examples from survey will validate the statement. The index ranking of 151 countries on gender inequality in addressing poverty, education, basic health, employment (income), violence and political participation, contained in various Human Development Report prepared by the United Nations Development Program since 1995 till 2003, shows that “no country treat women as well as men.” Despite such investments in time and labour by women, why is there so much discrimination, inequality and why are women termed as “poorest of the poor”? The main objective of this paper is to focus on women in enterprise development in Bangladesh. However, before going into the main area, the paper tries to analyze the need and reasons for micro-enterprise development of women. The paper is divided into three main sections. The first section deals with a brief discussion on the status of women and poverty in Bangladesh. The second section focuses on women and micro- enterprise development. The third section discusses the problems faced by women in enterprise development. The fourth section focuses on the interventions required to enhance women entrepreneurship development. The last section deals with the future provisions. The paper is prepared mainly on the basis of secondary information, review of previous research work, the author’s own experience and knowledge on women enterprise on some case studies of the positive and negative effects of microenterprise of women.

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Mulyawan, Iwan, Solihati Amalia, and Tintin Suhaeni. "Partnership Strategy in SMEs Industry to develop Competitiveness and the Implication to the Corporate Performance : A Study on SMEs development in West Java Indonesia." International Journal of Management Excellence 3, no. 3 (2014): 462–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17722/ijme.v3i3.261.

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It has been commonly acknowledged that the micro, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play a very important and strategic role in the national economic especially in the GDP, the regional GDP, employment, income distribution and the poverty reduction. The population of SMEs in Indonesia has reached up to 53,823,732 units or 99.9% which are distributed throughout the Indonesian regions (The Ministry of Cooperatives and SMEs, 2012), and in the West Java Province itself there are 8,731,790 business units. This shows that through optimum capitalizing, it would bring significant contribution to the people’s welfare (BPS, 2011).Under the national development program aiming at pro poor, pro growth and pro rural, the counseling program to develop the SMEs should be prioritized. According to Zuhal (2010) the employment rate of 99.5% is the basic foundation and that the counseling and guiding in technological support to increase the productivity has been needed. However, the problem arising is that the competitiveness is pretty low which is due to the financing and marketing (BPS, 2011). Thus the mortality and frequency of shifting in types of business operation has become the common phenomena. The mission as prescribed in the Law number 20 regarding SMEs is to uplift the competitiveness and develop the business climate through a policy regarding partnership. One of the partnership aspects is the mutually beneficial relation between SMEs and the large scale business facilitated by both the Central and Regional Government to stimulate the partnership (Law number 20 of 2008 Chapter V articles 11 and 25). Partnership is not a new strategy but it has come up as an important issue due to the complexity and risks both in the national and international economic environment as well as the limited capability and resources in a business unit. Therefore the strategic partnership is sought to enhance the relation between the demand and supply in the form of cooperation between independent business organizations. Striving for the sales in the hight competition requires collaborative venture to face technology, extend the resources, increase productivity and quality, and penetrate new markets (Cravens, 2013). Thus, this research attempts to find out to what extent the effect of the strategic partnership can increase the competitiveness and the implication to the performance of SMEs in West Java.

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Fedyna, Svitlana M., Bohdan L. Kjvalov, and Vitaliy M. Ignatenko. "Bioeconomics: the Essence of the Concept, Strategies, Status and Prospects of Development of Entrepreneurial Forms in Ukraine." Mechanism of an Economic Regulation, no. 3 (2019): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mer.2019.85.02.

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The paper analyzes various approaches to defining the definition of "bioeconomy", clarifying its essence, spheres of influence (field of application), its technological basis (biotechnology). It was determined that the bioeconomy is closely related to the circular economy, the nature of the circular economy, its main differences from the linear economy and the economics of processing have been clarified. It also paid attention to bioeconomic strategies adopted in different countries, identified the main directions of development of bioeconomies of these countries, reviewed the European Union program documents on bioeconomic issues, as well as major funds, international associations, forums operating in the bioeconomic sphere and unite stakeholders. The total volume of bioeconomy in Europe is analyzed (the share of bioeconomy and its percentage in individual sectors of economy is broken down by the share of bioeconomic income for each of the considered sectors and the share of employment in the bioeconomy sector), the main tasks of bioeconomic growth in Europe are determined. The Sustainable Development Goals have been identified and their achievements are related to bioeconomy in one way or another. The bioeconomy development rating based on the Global Biotechnology and Innovation Index, based on performance indicators, intellectual property rights, intensity, enterprise support, education and training, research and development funding, and policy, and policy, Ukraine is ranked in this rating by each indicator. The main economic sectors in Ukraine that use biotechnology are identified. Ukraine's bioeconomic strategy has not yet been formulated, in view of this it has identified the main obstacles to the development of the bioeconomy in Ukraine and directions that need to be developed Key words: bioeconomics, biotechnology, circular economy, “biologization” of the economy, sustainable development.

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Cardoso, Adalberto Moreira, and Christian Azaïs. "REFORMAS TRABALHISTAS E SEUS MERCADOS: uma comparação Brasil-França." Caderno CRH 32, no. 86 (2019): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/ccrh.v32i86.30696.

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As reformas recentes na legislação trabalhista de Brasil e França abriram uma porta para a comparação. A rationale que as presidiu tem inspiração comum: a flexibilização das formas de uso do trabalho em países nos quais a legislação era reputada muito rígida, dificultando o ajuste das empresas às mudanças constantes na competitividade mundial. Embora Brasil e França ocupem lugares muito distintos na divisão internacional do trabalho, e sofram pressões competitivas também distintas, os motivos alegados pelos reformadores dos dois lados são espantosamente semelhantes. Modernização das relações de trabalho, geração de empregos (e combate ao desemprego), crescimento econômico, melhoria da renda dos trabalhadores e das condições de trabalho. Mas a promessa de segurança socioeconômica vem acompanhada de formas de regulação que geram, na verdade, insegurança no emprego, na renda e nos direitos trabalhistas. O estudo procura avaliar algumas dimensões dessa insegurança, comparando os dois países em torno da noção de “precariedade”. <div>LABOR REFORMS AND THEIR MARKETS: a comparison Brazil-FranceRecent reforms in labor legislation in Brazil and France have opened a door for comparison. The rationale behind them has a common inspiration: flexibilization of forms of labor use in countries where legislation was considered very rigid, making it difficult for companies to adjust to constant changes in global competitiveness. Although Brazil and France occupy very different places in the international division of labor, and face different competitive pressures, the motivation of the reformers on both sides are strikingly similar. Modernization of labor relations, job creation, reduction of unemployment, economic growth, improvement of workers’ income and working conditions. But the promise of socioeconomic security is accompanied by forms of regulation that actually generate insecurity in employment, income, and labor rights. The study tries to evaluate some dimensions of this insecurity, comparing the two countries around the notion of “precariousness”.Key words: Brazil; France; Labor reform; Socioeconomic insecurity; Precariousness </div><div>LES REFORMES DU TRAVAIL ET LEURS MARCHES: une comparaison Brésil-France</div>Les réformes récentes de la législation du travail au Brésil et en France ont ouvert une porte à la comparaison. Elles sont inspirées par une logique commune : la flexibilisation des formes d’utilisation de la main-d’œuvre dans des pays où la législation était considérée comme très rigide, empêchant les entreprises de s’adapter aux changements de la compétitivité mondiale. Bien que le Brésil et la France occupent des positions très distinctes dans la division internationale du travail avec des pressions concurrentielles différentes, les motivations des réformateurs des deux côtés sont remarquablement similaires. Modernisation des relations de travail, création d’emplois (et lutte contre le chômage), croissance économique, amélioration du revenu et des conditions de travail des travailleurs. Mais la promesse de sécurité socio-économique s’accompagne de formes de régulation qui génèrent effectivement une insécurité en matière d’emploi, de revenu et de droits du travail. L’étude évalue certaines dimensions de cette insécurité en comparant les deux pays autour de la notion de “précarité”.Key words: Brésil; France; Réforme du travail; Insécurité socioéconomique; Précarité

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Wójtowicz, Mirosław. "Rozwój przemysłu samochodowego w Brazylii w latach 1957–2005." Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 10 (January 1, 2008): 140–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20801653.10.13.

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The article examines development of the Brazilian automobile sector from the path-breaking program of installation an automotive industry in 1956 until the year 2005. The efforts of the Brazilian government to produce motor vehicles were part of a general import-substituting development strategy. The main aim of this plan was to restrict import of cars and completely or semi-knocked-down kits (CKDs or SKDs), which were assembled locally, and forced international automotive companies to choose between abandoning the Brazilian market and, with the help of financial incentives, producing cars with 90–95% Brazilian-made content within five years.The plan implemented by Brazil’s government was successful in accelerating the development of automobile sector. After the recession period in the early and mid-1960s, partially induced by the military coup d’état in 1964, at the end of the 1960s the automobile sector showed signs of having achieved maturity. During the 1970s production of this industry was growing very fast, exceeding the level of 1 million cars in the year 1980. The raise in the prices of petroleum at the end of the 1970s triggered off an economic crisis in Brazil, lasting until the beginning of the 1990.The process of economic stabilization undertaken since the implementation of the Fernando Cardoso’s “Plano Real” in 1994 led to relative economic stability, which, despite the period of economic crises in late 1998 and early 1999– lasted until the year 2005. Economic stabilization drove car manufacturers to the second large expansion at the Brazilian automobile sector. The combined value of investments in the years 1994–2001 exceeded 14.8 millions USD. It was connected with the second large wave of migration of international car manufactures to Brazil (Tab. 1).As a result of such large investments the car production exceeded the level of 2.5 millions vehicles, of which more than 2 millions constituted passenger cars. New FDI in this sector produced also a strong territorial competition among Brazilian states, which triggered short-term spells of economic growth in the place of new investment but was unlikely to lead to any long-term economic benefits (Rodriguez-Poze, Arbix 2001). One of clearly visible effects of new investments is geographical dispersion of automobile industry, and the end of domination in car manufacturing of the state of São Paulo (Fig. 4). The second great improvement took place in productivity of the Brazilian car factories. The productivity per worker increased, in the years 1990-2005, from 7.8 to 26.8 vehicles per employee per annum, which was connected with production modernization in existing plants, and implementation of new technology in “greenfield” plants, and resulted in employment reduction (Fig. 5).

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Sitorus, Santun R. P. "Transmigration Area Development and Its Community In Indonesia." Sumatra Journal of Disaster, Geography and Geography Education 3, no. 1 (2019): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/sjdgge.v3i1.189.

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Abstract Since the beginning, the great idea of transmigration program has actually been directed towards exploiting, processing and development of the two major potential resource, namely: (1) the potential of natural resources and (2) the potential of human resources. Since its implementation, the transmigration program has shown success in improving the living standards and welfare of the population and the development of previously untapped areas, although in some locations and regions it also shows the lack of success caused by various problems. At least there are three major domains of transmigration areas and community development in the future, namely: (1). Develop undeveloped regions into new productive and growing areas in accordance with its natural resource potential including New Transmigration Settlements (PTB) and New Integrated Self-establishment City (KTM). (2). Developing the existing transmigration area becoming the new growth centers of the region through the development of Integrated Self-establishment City (KTM). (3). Improving the welfare of smallholders and poor farm workers through the provision and control of production assets (land). Community and transmigration areas development in the future should be based on 5 basic principles, those are : (1). Development of land and human resources. (2). Development of sustainable agriculture system. (3). Development of business activities based on agribusiness range. (4). Development of private participation, cooperatives, State Owned Enterprises (BUMN) and individual farmers / transmigrants. (5). Integrated area development. Investment in physical development and institutional innovation in development of transmigration areas should be done gradually by following the stadia of regional development which generally consists of: Stadia I, II, III, IV, V, VI. There are two conditions that can be realized through development of transmigration areas in the future, namely: (1). First, to realize a more equally and equitable development. (2). Second, to realize a competitive nation. At least six policy direction in the construction and development of society and transmigration areas in the future. First, pay particular attention to the elements of the development of the competitiveness of the region. Second, strengthening the new orientation to provide support to: (a) Increased public income, (b) food security and board needs, (c) Creation of employment opportunities. Third, the mainstreaming of Integrated Self-Establishing City (KTM) from the planning process to the development of the area. Fourth, focusing and prioritizing the development of communities and transmigration areas. Fifth, enhancing cross-sectoral and local government participation in the planning and implementation of development of communities and transmigration areas. Sixth, increasing community independence in transmigration area. Keywords: Basic principles, Integrated self-establishing city, policy direction, stadia of regional development.

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Lia Amaliya, Robi Ardiansyah, Demi Nurdiyanti Fadilah, et al. "PROFIL DESA BERKELANJUTAN DI DESA NAGASARI." JURNAL BUANA PENGABDIAN 3, no. 1 (2021): 74–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36805/jurnalbuanapengabdian.v3i1.1527.

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Kelurahan atau Desa merupakan salah satu unsur kewilayahan terkecil di dalam Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI). Walaupun demikian, Desa/Kelurahan mempunyai peran strategis dalam pencapaian sasaran pembangunan. Profil Desa merupakan gambaran menyeluruh tentang karakter desa yang meliputi Data Dasar Keluarga, Potensi Sumber daya Alam, Suber daya Manusia, Kelembagaan, Prasarana dan Sarana, serta Perkembangan Kemajuan & Permasalahan yang dihadapi Kelurahan/desa. Data profil desa / kelurahan tersebut perlu didayagunakan untuk mendorong pertumbuhan perkembangan desa/kelurahan, sebagai proses perencanaan dalam menyusun program pembangunan dan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Kuliah Kerja Nyata (KKN) yang dilakukan Universita Buana Perjuangan Karawang di Kelurahan Nagasari Kabupaten Karawang Propinsi Jawa Barat yang mengusung tema “Profil Desa Untuk Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan” telah melakukan gambaran umum profil Desa/Kelurahan Nagasari meliputi Potensi Desa, Pedidikan, Kesehatan, Lapangan Kerja, keagamaan, industry kecil, Lembaga pemberdayaan masyarakat, pendapatan daerah, dan lain-lain, yang diharapkan potensi desa dapat diketahui oleh masayrakat umum dan terlebih dapat dikembangkan sebagai nilai lebih untuk desa. Kata Kunci: Desa/Keluarahan Nagasari, Profil Desa, Pembangunan Berkelanjutan Village is one of the smallest territorial elements in the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). However, the village has a strategic role in achieving development goals. The Village Profile is a comprehensive picture of the character of the village which includes Basic Family Data, Natural Resource Potential, Human Resources, Institutions, Infrastructure and Facilities, as well as the Development of Progress & Problems facing the village. The village profile data needs to be utilized to encourage the growth of village development, as a planning process in formulating development programs and community welfare. Real Work Lecture (KKN) conducted by Universita Buana Perjuangan Karawang in Nagasari Village, Karawang Regency, West Java Province which carries the theme "Village Profile for Sustainable Development Goals" has carried out an overview of the Nagasari Village profile including Village Potential, Education, Health, Employment, Religion, small industry, community empowerment institutions, regional income, and others, it is hoped that the potential of the village can be known by the general public and moreover it can be developed as an added value for the village. Keywords: Nagasari Village, Village Profile, Sustainable Development

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Eliseev, Vladimir Alexeevich. "Scientific and technological determinants of innovation development strategy." Interactive science, no. 10 (44) (October 19, 2019): 8–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-508466.

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The subject content of the work is domestic innovative development, the theme – scientific and technological aspects, and purpose – consideration of the determinants of the current Strategy until 2020 and prospective one – anticipated Strategy until 2030. The Methodology of work is the application of elements of system analysis (taken and expected government decisions) in the field of innovation research and technological development relating to directions, outcomes, determinants, indicators, challenges and priorities. The research is based on the general scientific method (problem statement, information-analytical generalizations, classification and analogies, analysis and synthesis, inductive-deductive approach). The results of the work consist in the formulation of scientific and technological determinants of innovative development. The application scope of the results is the strategy of innovative development until 2030. Conclusion. The strategy of innovative development until 2020 takes into account the bases of strategic planning and scientific and technological development of the country, the selected model and the tempos of innovative development take into account the world experience and domestic characteristics, aimed at parity-adapted integration into the world economy, contribute to reducing the retardation from developed countries. Step-by-step formulation of scientific and technological determinants of innovation Strategy until 2030 can be expected from the discussed draft Program «Scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation for 2019–2030». For comparative and analytical clarification of the development model (within the framework of the Strategy until 2030), it is important to display its innovative characteristics (scientific and technical novelty, satisfaction of market demand, tradability) against the background of global trends and projected features of the «road map» of the new technological mode. At the same time, the scientific and technological determinants of innovative development will definitely remain trans-parently oriented priority areas for the development of science, technology and technology, critical technologies and technological platforms. In addition, due to the multiplicative role of attracted investments in the growth of national income and employment, it seems promising to continue to remove obstacles to the development of public-private partnerships; although, in order to increase the level of technological development of the private sector and change for the better the unsatisfactory financing of R&D by business, in the foreseeable future, limited state protectionism is intended to initiate demand for innovations.

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Kizer, Carol. "Internships: A Two Year Community College Perspective From Ohio." Hospitality Education and Research Journal 12, no. 2 (1988): 484–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109634808801200261.

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Internships, externships, field experiences, cooperative work experiences, apprenticeships, practicums—There are probably as many combinations and adaptations of these terms in educational institutions as there are states and provinces in the United States and Canadal Yet all exist for the same purpose: to provide students opportunities to apply knowledge and skills learned in those educational institutions to the real world of work in the hospitality industry and to find out first-hand what a job in this industry really entails. Whether at entry level or supervisory level, students and industry benefit from this sometimes misunderstood, and often mismanaged, practical on-the-job experience. The Ohio Board of Regents, as with other state governing bodies, issues definitions and guidelines for a variety of industry work experiences. These give some uniformity within Ohio two year colleges, but even with this the structure and effectiveness of these experiences differ from college to college. The following chart summarizes the Ohio guidelines: The Columbus State Community College curriculum for Hospitality Management students includes two courses, Hospitality Management Cooperative Work Experiences I and II, requiring a minimum of 20 hours per week in employment during each of two 10-week academic quarters. The student receives two credits for each course. Ninety percent of the hospitality students have worked in the industry, so it is recommended they do not enroll in these courses until their last two quarters. Therefore, they can receive maximum opportunity to apply principles learned in previous coursework and work experience. Until two years ago, our hospitality co-op experiences were loosely structured with varying degrees of benefit to students. It was left almost totally to industry personnel to determine the jobs students would perform. Even though graduate follow-up surveys indicated that graduates felt their required work experiences were among the more valuable aspects of their courses of study, we felt we needed to make some changes to assure that all students were able to grow professionally as a result of the experiences. Our industry advisory committee reached impasse after impasse on essentials such as payment or non-payment, actual jobs to be performed, qualifications of the work site, and critical skills of graduates. It was commonly accepted, however, that there must be some opportunity to sharpen skills in human relations, communication skills, and problem solving if students are to become effective first-line supervisors. It was reinforced that the college cannot teach everything in two years and that we should rely on applied work experience to supplement the formal education. The community colleges offer open access, and the profile of the student differs from the traditional college student in the baccalaureate program. This must be considered in outlining requirements for an industry work experience. The student is usually from the local area and commutes within a 30 mile radius, is an adult learner who averages 27 years of age, is likely to have a family and financial responsibilities, and is already employed at least part-time and probably full-time. It is unrealistic to assume one can take this student away from a job necessary to pay the bills and require a non-paid or lower paid experience strictly for the educational benefits to be derived. A compromise was finally reached with our advisory group and it has worked well for students and for industry. A student already employed in a hospitality job may stay at that site—even continue to perform the same job duties at the current rate of pay, but additional opportunities are created. At the beginning of each quarter the instructor, student, and job supervisor together examine a set of expected educational program outcomes or competencies and evaluate the current strengths and weaknesses of that student. An individualized learning contract is negotiated to supplement and reinforce the expected outcomes based upon each student's career objective. Training objectives for the student are then established which can be achieved either within the current job, by transfer to another department within the organization, or by allowing the student to gain additional experience at the same site on a non-paid basis over and above the regular job for which the student would normally be paid. This assures that there will be career growth, and the student maintains the planned income. At the same time it does not place an unrealistic expectation upon the employer. Industry personnel are most cooperative, and rarely would a student need relocation. The instructor has weekly contact with each student in a seminar accompanying the co-op experience. In this seminar students discuss experiences and observations and there is further opportunity to participate in case studies and supervisory skill development. Unless problems develop, the instructor often makes interim follow-ups by telephone only, and will return to the site only for the final evaluation session with the student and supervisor. A grade is determined jointly by the instructor and supervisor including scores for job performance, achievement of established training objectives, and seminar participation. In those infrequent instances where a student was not already employed, job seeking skills are part of the co-op grade determination. Assistance is given by the instructor and college job placement personnel, but the student is ultimately responsible for obtaining employment. A student does have the option for a non-paid experience, arranged by the college, in which case there will be a set rotation of job stations within an organization. This required a more specific work schedule and a formal agreement outlining responsibilities of the student, college, and work site because of the liability involved. Instructor workload for coordinating work experiences is calculated by assigning one contact hour per week for the seminar and one quarter contact hour per week for each student enrolled in the co-op course. The college full-time faculty workload is 20 contact hours per week. One faculty person is assigned organizational responsibility for the seminars, but the student follow-up is completed by each student's faculty advisor. This works well because it gives all faculty the opportunity for interaction with industry personnel and provides variety in the teaching experience. And, of course, the advisor who has worked closely with the student through his or her academic career knows that student's abilities and needs best. What is the future of internships? Whether credit or not-for-credit, whether paid or non-paid, whether tightly, loosely or non-structured, industry internships are her to stay. Graduate surveys reinforce the fact that students find them invaluable. Industry personnel agree that applied work experience should supplement and reinforce classroom learning. There is no doubt that the experiences could often be better structured and executed, but they cannot be replaced! For the past several years, college educators have participated in serious discussions and conducted studies about the quality of American higher education. The American Association of Community and Junior Colleges (AACJC) has assumed leadership in the focus on assessment and outcomes of students' educational experiences. The emphasis on “value-added” education and assessment programs has pervaded our campuses. It is crucial that the education experience adequately prepare students for the workplace and for career mobility. The question arises as to how to measure whether a program actually meets this objective. An AACJC Policy Statementon Student Assessment suggests that colleges will be better able to meet diverse population needs and improve the overall rate of student success if they provide a comprehensive assessment program for all students using effective measures and tools. It suggests that traditional testing alone is inadequate and other appropriate measurements of program strengths and weaknesses must be developed. It is possible that at least one industry work experience or internship course, if taken during a student's last academic term and based on agreed upon objectives and mastery standards, could serve as a summative assessment measure to determine the effectiveness of learning that has taken place over the student's entire program. It could perhaps serve as the “capstone” course. As we grapple with this and other issues, perhaps the CHRIE Internship Technical Committee can delve into how we can more effectively make the industry internships an integral part of the teaching and learning process.

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Nuryana, Muâ€™man. "BOLSA FAMILIA: PROGRAM TRANSFER TUNAI BERSYARAT UNTUK PENGURANGAN KEMISKINAN DI BRAZIL." Sosio Informa 19, no. 1 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.33007/inf.v19i1.27.

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It has been ten years Bolsa Familiais the key that helped Brazil to cut absolute poverty by half from 9,7% to 4,3% of the population. And even more impressive and different from other countries, income inequality decreased significantly where the Gini coefficient becomes 0 527, a 15% decrease. BF now reaching 14 million households or 50 million people, or about one-quarter of the population of Brazil, and is widely seen as a global success story, a point of reference for social policy across the globe.Hovever, building a progressive social policies that can lift the roots of poverty and promoting the distribution of welfare remains a challenge for policy-makers. The New Model of Social Policy in Brazil, which relied on 'targeting and social safety net', needs to be seen as a vehicle for the reconciliation of growth with equity, offering an alternative to a more progressive, traditional, institutionalised welfare service delivery mechanisms. Despite some promising initial evidence of conditional cash transfer schemes in Brazil, however, it remains to be seen how well the construction this safety net such as BF can continue to support the ambitious expectations in the case of Brazil. The important of successful BF concept is laid on how it can be applied to provide underprivileged sectors in the society with continuous access to basic social services and employment opportunities that may increase the chance of a better life for them. Keywords:programe, poverty. Telah sepuluh tahun Bolsa Familia (BF) menjadi kunci yang menolong Brazil memangkas angka kemiskinan absolut menjadi setengahnya, dari 9,7% menjadi 4,3% dari populasi, yang lebih mengesankan lagi dan berbeda dengan negara-negara lain, ketimpangan pendapatan menurun signifikan di mana koefisien Gini menjadi 0,527 suatu penurunan 15%. BF sekarang menjangkau hampir 14 juta rumah tangga atau 50 juta orang atau sekitar Â¼ dari populasi Brazil, dan secara luas dilihat sebagai sebuah cerita sukses global, sebuah titik referensi bagi kebijakan sosial di seluruh dunia. Membangun kebijakan sosial progresif yang dapat mengangkat akar kemiskinan dan mempromosikan distribusi kesejahteraan masih menjadi tantangan bagi para pembuat kebijakan. Model baru Kebijakan Sosial di Brazil, yang mengandalkan â€˜targeting and social safety netâ€™, perlu dilihat sebagai wahana rekonsiliasi bagi growth with equity, menawarkan alternatif yang lebih progresif, tradisional, mekanisme yang terlembagakan yang menyediakan pelayanan kesejahteraan. Meskipun beberapa bukti awal telah cukup menjanjikan dari skema bantuan tunai bersyarat di Brasil, bagaimanapun, masih harus dilihat seberapa baik konstruksi jaring pengaman konstruksi seperti BF itu dapat terus mendukung harapan ambisius dalam kasus Brasil. Sangat penting bahwa keberhasilan konsep BF dapat diterapkan bagi sektor yang kurang beruntung dalam masyarakat dengan akses berkelanjutan terhadap pelayanan sosial dasar dan kesempatan kerja yang dapat meningkatkan kesempatan hidup yang lebih baik bagi mereka.Kata kunci: program, kemiskinan.

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Behbehani, Farah, Eileen Dombrowski, and Maureen Black. "Systematic Review of Early Child Care Centers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries and Health, Growth, and Development Among Children Aged 0–3 Years (P11-052-19)." Current Developments in Nutrition 3, Supplement_1 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzz048.p11-052-19.

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Abstract Objectives To examine associations between child care center attendance and child health, growth, and development in low-income and middle-income countries. Methods Searches were conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PsycInfo, and ERIC. Inclusionary criteria were comparison of child care center participation with a nonparticipation group, aged 0–3 years, publication 2000–2018, and an English translation. Exclusionary criteria were specialized groups, co-intervention, or studies focused exclusively on children over 3 years of age. Eleven studies met criteria: 7 from South America (Brazil), 2 from Africa (Nigeria), and 2 from Asia (Turkey and Nepal). Results Child care centers, often implemented to enable mothers to work, included private, nongovernmental, and public programs. Children of older, better-educated mothers tended to enroll in private centers, and children from low-income communities and backgrounds in public centers. Child care center participation was associated with discontinued breastfeeding and increased infections. In some cases, longer duration of child care attendance was associated with improved immunity and normal growth, especially for the youngest children. Child development findings were mixed. Policies guiding the programs varied across the countries where studies were conducted; most countries were underdeveloped. Conclusions Many LMIC are increasing their attention and support for early child care programs, often in support of maternal employment. By providing child care centers that are accessible, available, and affordable; that ensure safe and hygienic environments; and that include opportunities for age-appropriate activities and interactions with consistent and responsive caregivers, countries can promote young children's health, growth, and development. Policies, programs, and investments that support high-quality child care can not only support mothers in the work force, but also enhance the country's future by ensuring that young children receive the care and support needed to advance their development. Funding Sources RTI International. Partial funding from the National Institutes of Health - National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

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Journal articles on the topic 'Employment and Income Growth Program (Brazil)'

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