Journal articles: 'Empty fruit bunch fibers'

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Sadikin, Aziatul Niza, N. Othman, and Mohd Ghazali Mohd Nawawi. "Effect of Pre-Treatment of Lignocellulosic Fiber on Mechanical Properties of Chitosan-Filled Filter Media." Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (May 2014): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.210.

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The newly developed non-woven filter media are composed of randomly oriented fibrous fibers from empty fruit bunch fibers. The wet lay-up method was adopted for filter media fabrication. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of pre-treatment of lignocellulosic fibers on the mechanical properties of fibrous filter media. The study also aims to examine the effect of chitosan application as binder on the tensile strength of fibrous filter media from treated and untreated fibers. The fibers were treated with sodium hydroxide solution, diethyl ether, ethanol and hot water. The pre-treatment enhance the fibrous filter media properties, while filter media from untreated empty fruit bunch fibers showed lower mechanical properties. The changes in mechanical properties followed the order: alkali-treated > diethyl ether > ethanol > hot water > untreated empty fruit bunch fibers.

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ATMAKURI, Ayyappa, Arvydas PALEVICIUS, Madhusudan SIDDABATHULA, and Giedrius JANUŠAS. "Failure Studies on Adhesive Bonded and Bolted Joints of Natural Fiber Composites." Mechanics 27, no. 5 (2021): 392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j02.mech.28108.

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Composites with natural fibers as reinforcements are playing a vital role in recent developments. The present work deals with the fabrication of okra and empty fruit bunch banana fiber polyester matrix composites with varying reinforcement content (5%, 10%, and 15%). Composites were fabricated by using the hand layup technique. After the fabrication process, composites were then adhesively bonded and also joined with bolts. The main objective of this work is to analyse the failure studies on adhesive bonded and bolted joints of okra and empty fruit bunch banana composite specimens. The specimens were tested under tensile load, flexural creep studies, and SEM analysis. It has been observed that empty fruit bunch banana fiber composites exhibited better joint strength properties under tensile loading when compared to the okra fiber composites. To estimate the flexural creep behaviour, all the samples were tested at a constant load of 2.5kg and 5kg. The deflections obtained during regular time intervals (four months) were noted. The presence of internal defects and void content was observed by using the scanning electron microscope. The results showed that adhesive-bonded composites were exhibited less deflection compared to the bolted joints. The empty fruit banana fiber composites exhibited higher creep than okra fiber composites. Decreased creep with the increased fiber has been observed in both cases. SEM Adhesively bonded joints possessing better sustainability as compared to the bolted joints in both the fiber-reinforced composites.

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Martínez-Ramírez, Andrea P., Sergio A. Rincón-Ortiz, Víctor G. Baldovino-Medrano, Cristian Blanco-Tirado, and Marianny Y. Combariza. "Influence of reaction variables on the surface chemistry of cellulose nanofibers derived from palm oil empty fruit bunches." RSC Advances 13, no. 51 (2023): 36117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d3ra06933h.

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Nanocellulose from palm oil empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers shows varied surface chemistry influenced by reaction time and primary oxidizing agent. EFB fibers are a valuable raw source to produce sustainable and functional materials.

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Che Lah, Nuramirah, and Noor Mazni Ismail. "Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) Fibers as Reinforcement in Polypropylene." Journal of Modern Manufacturing Systems and Technology 2 (March 26, 2019): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmmst.v2i1.1804.

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In this work, EFB fibers / Polypropylene matrix were prepared using hot pressing tool at 3 different ratio (5%, 10%, and 15% EFB/PP). Tensile test and impact test were done according to ASTM standard, ASTM D638 and ASTM D256, respectively. The results from tensile test and impact test showed that the prepared specimens of EFB/PP composite have slightly higher elastic modulus (1.95 GPa - 2.1 GPa) compared to pure PP (1.91 GPa) but at the same time they are lack of ductility and have low impact strength, at a range of 4.6 kJ/m2 to 5.5 kJ/m2 compared to pure polypropylene with impact strength value of 18.18 kJ/m2. From the fractured surface analysis, the initial micro cracks were seen mostly occurred at the interface of the EFB/PP and air voids which act as a crack propagation site.

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Bakri, B., Naharuddin, Mustafa, A. Medi, and L. Padang. "A review of oil palm fruit fiber reinforced composites." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1212, no. 1 (2022): 012050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1212/1/012050.

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Abstract Oil palm fibers have been developed as reinforcement in the composite. These fibers can be produced from fruit, trunk, and frond of oil palm. In this review, the oil palm fruit fiber for reinforcing composite was focused. Oil palm fruit fibers consist of empty fruit bunch (EFB) and mesocarp fruit (MF) fibers. The chemical composition and characteristics of oil palm fruit fiber are described. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the composite are reported to be related to the surface treatment of EFB and MF fibers. Applications of such fiber composite are included in this review. From some researches, the surface treatment methods for MF and EFB fibers as reinforcement composite was conducted with using alkali, silane, acryilic acid, acetic anhydride, hydogen peroxide, microwave, and superheated steam. The effect of these surface treatments on oil palm EFB and MF fibers displayed the improvement of the mechanical properties (tensile, flexural and impact strengths) of the composite due to enhance the interface adhesion between fiber and matrix after treatment of fibers.

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Cherifi, Ferdous, Mebarka Bouziane, Fatma Zohra Hassani, Abdelouahed Kriker, and Abdelhalim Zoukel. "Chemical compositions and characterization of date palm empty fruit bunch fibers of five cultivars growing in Southeast Algeria." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 26, no. 11 (2022): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2611rjce056062.

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Date palm tree can produce annually large quantity of natural fibers; these by-products could be used with or without chemical treatment as sustainable bioresource in industrial applications to resolve different socio-economic and environmental issues. In this study, the chemical compositions and characteristics of Date Palm trees Empty Fruit Bunch fibers (DPEFB) of five cultivars were investigated. These by-products were obtained from the region of Ouargla, Southeast Algeria. Effectively, it was revealed that empty fruit bunch of Degla Baidha cultivar has the highest cellulose content with 49.28% compared to the other cultivars; the highest crystallinity index (36.25%) was detected in the samples of Deglet Nour cultivar. On the other hand, the surface morphology and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis were investigated.

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Witayakran, Suteera, Wuttinant Kongtud, Jirachaya Boonyarit, Wirasak Smitthipong, and Rungsima Chollakup. "Development of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites for Bumper Beam in Automobile." Key Engineering Materials 751 (August 2017): 779–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.751.779.

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This research aims to use oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers to reinforce epoxy resin for bumper beam in cars to replace epoxy/glass fiber composite. EFB fibers were extracted by two methods; chemical method by treating with 10-30% sodium hydroxide (% by weight of fiber) and mechanical method by steam explosion process at 12-20 kgf/cm2 for 5 mins. Then, the obtained fibers were bleached by hydrogen peroxide. The results show that the chemical method can eliminate lignin better than the other and provided stronger fibers. Increasing of alkaline concentration yielded the decrease of lignin content and increase of cellulose content, while no significant difference on fiber size and strength was observed. In steam explosion method, increasing of pressure vapor affected to more dark brown color and disintegrated fibers. Therefore, the optimal method for preparing EFB fibers for reinforcement of epoxy composite was chemical treatment using 30%NaOH, followed by bleaching. Then, the EFB fibers extracted by chemical method at 30%NaOH were used for reinforcing epoxy composite with fiber contents of 0-10%w/w and compared to epoxy/glass fiber composite. The results show that flexural modulus did not increase with increasing fiber content. However, the chemical treated fibers can support composite from falling apart after testing like glass fiber reinforced composite with fiber contents upper than 7.5%w/w. Impact strength and storage modulus of alkaline treated palm fiber reinforced composites increased when fiber content more than 7.5%w/w. Thermal properties of composite, analyzed by DSC and DMTA, shows that the Tg increased with fiber content. Flexural modulus and thermal properties of EFB reinforced epoxy composites provided similar results to glass fiber reinforced composites. Therefore, EFB fiber reinforced epoxy composite could be an alternative green material for bumper beam in automobile.

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Shakir, Mohammad Aliff, Mohd Firdaus Yhaya, and Mardiana Idayu Ahmad. "Physical Effects of Pre-Hydrolysis and Alkali Treatment of Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) Fibers." International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications 8, no. 6 (2017): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijcea.2017.8.6.689.

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Mofor, Wannyuy Kingsly, Yakum Reneta Nafu, Tchemou Gilbert, Ngonge Viyof Wilfred, and Foba Josepha Tendo. "Thermal Performance Of Termite Mold Bricks Reinforced With Empty Fruit Bunch Spikelet And Coconut Fibers." IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 21, no. 5 (2024): 12–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1684-2105021229.

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The use of natural fibers to enhance the thermal properties of earth bricks has become increasingly popular. This study investigates the thermal performance of termite mold soil (TMS) reinforced with two types of fibers: coconut fibers (CF) and empty fruit bunch spikelet fibers (EFBSF). Various fiber compositions (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%) were combined with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatments at concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%. Laboratory results reveal that TMS exhibits promising physical properties, including a moisture content of 23.64%, a maximum dry density of 1.63 g/cm³, and a plasticity index of 20%, indicating its structural stability and suitability for earth block production. The study also analyzes the chemical properties of EFBSF and CF fibers, noting that CF has a higher holocellulose content (88.0%) compared to EFBSF (33.5%), which impacts moisture retention and structural integrity. Thermal analysis demonstrates that incorporating these natural fibers significantly enhances the thermal performance of TMS. With a 2.5% fiber content, CF reduces thermal effusivity from 1771.43 J/m²Ks^1/2 to 1079.39 J/m²Ks^1/2 and thermal conductivity from 0.86 W/mK to 0.38 W/mK, making it particularly effective in improving insulation in hot conditions. EFBSF also lowers thermal effusivity and conductivity, but to a lesser extent than CF. Additionally, the presence of these fibers reduces volumetric calorific capacity, with CF showing a more pronounced effect. Overall, TMS reinforced with coconut fibers, especially at 1% NaOH and 2.5% fiber content, offers the best thermal performance, suggesting its potential for sustainable construction. This research promotes the use of locally sourced, natural fibers in earth block manufacturing, contributing to the development of more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly building materials.

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Wan Ibrahim, Mohd Haziman, Sajjad Ali Mangi, Sharifah Salwa Mohd Zuki, Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya, and Dadang Supriyatno. "INFLUENCE OF PALM OIL BIOMASS CLINKER AND EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH FIBERS ON CONCRETE PROPERTIES." IIUM Engineering Journal 21, no. 2 (2020): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v21i2.1285.

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This study aims to evaluate the influence of palm oil empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers on flexural strength performance of concrete in the presence of palm oil biomass clinker (POBC). This study considered various proportions of palm oil EFB fibers as 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% in concrete with fixed amount of POBC as 10%. It was investigated that there is substantial influence of palm oil EFB fibers on properties of concrete containing 10% POBC as sand replacement. The experimental findings of this study indicated that the workability of fresh mix concrete decreases as palm oil EFB fiber content increased. Besides that, hardened properties of concrete were found to be improved as the amount of palm oil EFB fibers increased in the concrete. It was noticed that flexural strength was improved with addition of 0.2% palm oil EFB fibers that act as reinforcement and deliver growth in flexural strength for concrete containing 10% of POBC. Hence, it was concluded that palm oil EFB fiber could be utilized as fiber reinforcement in concrete to improve flexural strength performance of the concrete. ABSTRAK: Kajian ini bertujuan mengkaji pengaruh gentian tandan kelapa sawit (EFB) terhadap kekuatan lentur pada konkrit dengan kehadiran klinker minyak kelapa sawit biomas (POBC). Kajian ini mengguna pakai pelbagai peratus serat EFB kelapa sawit dalam konkrit iaitu sebanyak 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, dan 0.6% dengan jumlah tetap POBC sebanyak 10%. Didapati bahawa gentian tandan kelapa sawit EFB yang mengandungi 10% POBC berpengaruh besar sebagai pengganti pasir dalam bahan konkrit. Penemuan eksperimen menunjukkan bahawa kebolehkerjaan campuran baru konkrit berkurangan apabila kandungan gentian EFB minyak sawit meningkat. Selain itu, sifat-sifat mengeras pada konkrit didapati bertambah baik apabila jumlah gentian EFB minyak sawit meningkat dalam konkrit. Di samping itu, kekuatan lenturan meningkat dengan penambahan sebanyak 0.2% serat EFB minyak kelapa sawit, berfungsi sebagai penguat dan penambah kekuatan lenturan pada konkrit yang mengandung 10% POBC. Oleh itu, serat EFB minyak kelapa sawit boleh digunakan sebagai penguat gentian dalam konkrit bagi meningkatkan kekuatan lenturan konkrit. This study aims to evaluate the influence of palm oil empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers on flexural strength performance of concrete in the presence of palm oil biomass clinker (POBC). This study considered various proportions of palm oil EFB fibers as 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% in concrete with fixed amount of POBC as 10%. It was investigated that there is substantial influence of palm oil EFB fibers on properties of concrete containing 10% POBC as sand replacement. The experimental findings of this study indicated that the workability of fresh mix concrete decreases as palm oil EFB fiber content increased. Besides that, hardened properties of concrete were found to be improved as the amount of palm oil EFB fibers increased in the concrete. It was noticed that flexural strength was improved with addition of 0.2% palm oil EFB fibers that act as reinforcement and deliver growth in flexural strength for concrete containing 10% of POBC. Hence, it was concluded that palm oil EFB fiber could be utilized as fiber reinforcement in concrete to improve flexural strength performance of the concrete. ABSTRAK: Kajian ini bertujuan mengkaji pengaruh gentian tandan kelapa sawit (EFB) terhadap kekuatan lentur pada konkrit dengan kehadiran klinker minyak kelapa sawit biomas (POBC). Kajian ini mengguna pakai pelbagai peratus serat EFB kelapa sawit dalam konkrit iaitu sebanyak 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, dan 0.6% dengan jumlah tetap POBC sebanyak 10%. Didapati bahawa gentian tandan kelapa sawit EFB yang mengandungi 10% POBC berpengaruh besar sebagai pengganti pasir dalam bahan konkrit. Penemuan eksperimen menunjukkan bahawa kebolehkerjaan campuran baru konkrit berkurangan apabila kandungan gentian EFB minyak sawit meningkat. Selain itu, sifat-sifat mengeras pada konkrit didapati bertambah baik apabila jumlah gentian EFB minyak sawit meningkat dalam konkrit. Di samping itu, kekuatan lenturan meningkat dengan penambahan sebanyak 0.2% serat EFB minyak kelapa sawit, berfungsi sebagai penguat dan penambah kekuatan lenturan pada konkrit yang mengandung 10% POBC. Oleh itu, serat EFB minyak kelapa sawit boleh digunakan sebagai penguat gentian dalam konkrit bagi meningkatkan kekuatan lenturan konkrit.

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Law, Kwei-Nam, Wan Rosli Wan Daud, and Arniza Ghazali. "Morphological and chemical nature of fiber strands of oil palm empty-fruit-bunch (OPEFB)." BioResources 2, no. 3 (2007): 351–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.2.3.351-362.

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In this work we examined the morphological and chemical characteristics of the fibrous strands of oil palm empty-fruit-bunch which were left behind after being stripped of their fruits used for oil production. The empty-fruit-bunches were mechanically loosened to yield the fibrous strands, which can be used in paper and board making. We found that the fibrous strands had unique structure by having several large-diameter, long vessel elements in their core region, surrounded by vascular fibers. They had numerous silica-bodies attached to craters on their surfaces; the craters were perforated at the bottom. Many other minerals were also present in the strands. Our microscopic observations suggested that the silica-bodies are connected to a network of siliceous pathway within the fibrous matrix, and minerals tend to concentrate adjacent to the silica-bodies. Our findings could be useful in identifying suitable techniques for processing the oil palm fiber strands into value-added products.

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Law, Kwei-Nam, Wan Rosli Wan Daud, and Arniza Ghazali. "Morphological and chemical nature of fiber strands of oil palm empty-fruit-bunch (OPEFB)." BioResources 2, no. 3 (2007): 351–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.2.4.351-362.

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In this work we examined the morphological and chemical characteristics of the fibrous strands of oil palm empty-fruit-bunch which were left behind after being stripped of their fruits used for oil production. The empty-fruit-bunches were mechanically loosened to yield the fibrous strands, which can be used in paper and board making. We found that the fibrous strands had unique structure by having several large-diameter, long vessel elements in their core region, surrounded by vascular fibers. They had numerous silica-bodies attached to craters on their surfaces; the craters were perforated at the bottom. Many other minerals were also present in the strands. Our microscopic observations suggested that the silica-bodies are connected to a network of siliceous pathway within the fibrous matrix, and minerals tend to concentrate adjacent to the silica-bodies. Our findings could be useful in identifying suitable techniques for processing the oil palm fiber strands into value-added products.

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An, Anslem Wong Tsu, Sujan Debnath, Vincent Lee Chieng Chen, Moola Mohan Reddy, and Alokesh Pramanik. "Degradation Behaviour of Nanosilica Enhanced Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber Epoxy Composites." Solid State Phenomena 305 (June 2020): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.305.28.

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In recent years, studies regarding natural fiber reinforced composites have been increased as they are biodegradable with good mechanical performance therefore can help to overcome the environmental issue. As the natural fibers are easy to obtain, many industries have started to make use of natural fiber composites which are light in weight and possess good mechanical properties. However, the natural fiber composites also possess certain limitations most importantly their high moisture absorption ability which makes them incompatible at degradable environment. The fiber constituents of natural fiber composite may have different type of interactions at different environmental conditions. In addition, the involvement of nanoparticles in the composite may be the solution to overcome the deficiencies. In this research, the degradation behaviour of Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibers reinforced epoxy composites upon exposure to degradable environmental conditions and the effect of adding nanoparticles have been studied. The tensile tests were conducted before and after the exposure to different environmental conditions including plain water, moist soil, brine solution, and cooking oil. Results shows that the addition of 10wt% of OPEFB fiber to the epoxy composites had improved the mechanical tensile strength up to 15.97% and composites exposed to brine solution have the most prominent sign of degradation in mechanical properties in both composites with and without nanosilica. Nevertheless, the composites with nanosilica have shown up to 24.28% improvement in tensile strength after exposure to different environmental conditions. The improvement were attributed due to filling the voids of the composites with nanosilica and good interfacial adhesion between the nanofiller, fiber, and matrix.

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Bhat, Irshad-ul-Haq, H. P. S. Abdul Khalil, H. Ismail, and Turki Alshammari. "Morphological, spectroscopic, and thermal properties of alkali-treated and chemically modifed oil palm empty fruit bunch fibers and oil palm frond fibers: A comparative study." BioResources 6, no. 4 (2011): 4673–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.4.4673-4685.

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The effect on morphological, spectroscopic, and thermal properties of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibers (OPEFB fibers) and oil palm frond fibers (OPF fibers) following treatment and modification with sodium hydroxide and succinic anhydride, respectively, were investigated. The evidence of treatment was observed by weight gain and FT-IR. The effect of the treatment upon the fiber surfaces was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which indicated that succinic anhydride treatment led to smoother surfaces as compared to the sodium hydroxide. The thermal degradation was carried out by thermal gravimetric analysis, which exhibited a different degree of mass loss due to different treatments.

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Rahim, Abdul, Agus Mujianto, Richie Feriyanto, and Hery Tri Waloyo. "OPTIMIZATION OF TENSILE STRENGTH OF EMPTY OIL PALM FRUIT BUNCH FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITES USING GENETIC ALGORITHMS." Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin 15, no. 3 (2024): 1743–50. https://doi.org/10.21776/jrm.v15i3.1898.

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The use of natural materials such as oil palm empty fruit bunch fibers can provide a solution to increase value-added and manage plantation waste. Fibers are combined with a matrix to create composite materials. Instead of glass fibers, environmentally friendly natural fibers serve as the reinforcement in the composite material. Implementing natural fiber composites must consider the primary construction requirement, which is tensile strength. Artificial intelligence like genetic algorithms (GA) can simplify and reduce costs in the search for optimal values in composite material engineering. Data is obtained through experimental testing prepared samples and subsequently used as input for GA. The input parameters consist of three variables such as soaking time, volume fraction, and fiber length. The output of the optimization process is tensile strength. The maximum tensile strength has already been achieved with genetic crossover by the 125th generation. Based on GA calculations, the optimal parameters obtained are soaking time of 6.2 hours, volume fraction of 29.6%, and fiber length of 6.9 cm. The predicted optimal tensile strength value is 4.78 MPa.

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Caroko, Novi, Harwin Saptoadi, and Tri Agung Rohmat. "Heating Characteristics of Palm Oil Industry Solid Waste and Plastic Waste Mixture using a Microwave Oven." ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering 20, no. 2 (2020): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ajche.58503.

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A microwave thermogravimetric analyzer was used to measure the characteristics of a mixture of palm oil solid waste (fiber, shell, and empty fruit bunch) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). In the study, the range of palm oil solid waste composition ratios to PET used was 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 (by weight). The study included the influence of the quality of raw material on the heating process. The mixture of palm oil solid waste (fiber, shell, and empty fruit bunch) and PET proved to impact the heating rate, mass-loss rate, and energy consumption. Based on the observation, empty fruit bunch-PET mixture had the highest heating rate (average 1.5039oC/s) than shell (average 0.6058oC/s), and fiber (0.9119oC/s) and also had the highest mass-loss rate (average 0.0253 g/s). The highest biomass (shell, empty fruit bunch, and fiber) and PET composition ratio give the highest rate of heating rate (average 1.8264oC/s) and mass-loss rate (average 0.02875 g/s). In addition, the increasing ratio of fixed carbon and material density will impact the increasing heating rate and mass-loss rate and decrease energy consumption. Therefore, fixed carbon and material gaps significantly affect the heating rate.

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Bismantolo, P., H. Hestiawan, F. Wardhani, and M. F. Utama. "Pemanfaatan limbah tandan buah kosong kelapa sawit sebagai penguat komposit untuk diaplikasikan sebagai bahan baku outer shell helm Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI)." Dinamika Teknik Mesin 12, no. 1 (2022): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/dtm.v12i1.498.

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Oil palm empty fruit bunch is abundantly available as waste from palm oil processing which is only used for boiler fuel and plant fertilizers. This study aims to investigate the utilization of oil palm empty fruit bunch as a composite reinforcement material to be applied as a raw material for the outer shell of Indonesian national standard (SNI) helmets. The materials used include oil palm empty fruit bunch, the polyester resin of BQTN yukalac, and the catalyst of MEKPO. The manufacturing process uses the hand lay-up technique by varying the fiber volume fractions 3, 6, 9, 12%, and therefore the fiber size passes mesh of 20 and 50. The tensile test uses the ASTM standard D 638 while the impact test uses the ASTM standard D 5942. Fiber volume fraction and fiber size affect the mechanical properties of oil palm fiber reinforced composites. The results of the tensile and impact tests showed that the highest tensile strength and impact toughness were obtained within the composite with a fiber volume fraction of 6% and a mesh of 50, which were 34.74 MPa and 60.21 kJ/m², respectively. In comparison with the tensile strength of the SNI helmet of 33.93 MPa, the oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber can be used as a composite reinforcement for the outer shell of the SNI helmet.

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Sutikno, Wajan Berata, Kussuma H. S. Fendy, and Ahmat Safaat. "Effects of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch and Magnesium Oxide Volume Fraction on Mechanical Characteristics of Railway Brake Block Composite Material." Key Engineering Materials 867 (October 2020): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.867.91.

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Railway brake block is one of the most important components of the braking system of a railway vehicle. Materials for railway brake blocks are commonly made from metal or composite. The metallic brake blocks have some disadvantages that are heavy, low wear-resistant and has potential in generating a spark. While the composite brake blocks do not have those disadvantages. Natural fiber from oil palm empty fruit bunches as the waste from the production of palm oil can be used as a composite constituent. This composite brake blocks made from oil palm empty fruit bunches as reinforcement, phenol resin as matrix, and alumina, magnesium oxide and iron powder as a friction modifier. Density, hardness, coefficient of friction, compressive strength and flexural strength tests were carried out to determine the mechanical characteristic of the composite railway brake block material. The railway brake block test results consist of the density of 1.96 g/cm3, the hardness of 57.6 HRB, coefficient of friction of 0.43, the compressive strength of 37.1 MPa, and flexural strength of 33 MPa. There are three samples of volume fraction combination with 20% of oil palm empty fruit bunch in sample 1, 15% oil palm empty fruit bunch in sample 2 and 10% oil palm empty fruit bunch in sample 3. Percentage of MgO is adjusted to compensate the volume fraction of oil palm empty fruit bunch in the sample. Sample test results show that composite with volume fraction 10% of oil palm empty fruit bunch, phenolic resin of 30%, Al2O3 of 25%, MgO of 20%, iron powder of 15% has better mechanical properties for the alternative composite railway brake block material as compared to the other two.

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Abdul Khalil, H. P. S., Irshad-ul-Haq Bhat, and M. Y. Sartika. "Degradation, mechanico-physical, and morphological properties of empty fruit bunch reinforced polyester composites." BioResources 5, no. 4 (2010): 2278–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.5.4.2278-2296.

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This research aims to study the effects of degradation on mechanical, physical, and morphological properties of empty fruit bunch (EFB) fiber- reinforced polyester composites. The unsaturated polyester resin has been used to produce thermoset polymer composites. The reinforcing effect in composites was evaluated at various fiber loadings, including an overall fiber content (by weight) of 20% and 40%. The mechanical (tensile, flexural, and impact) and physical (density, moisture content, and water absorption) properties were studied before and after the samples were buried in the soil for period of 12 months. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was conducted to visualize the effect of the quality of adhesion between the fibers and matrix. The soil burial investigation results revealed that EFB fiber-polyester composites showed highest degradation percentage as compared to polyester resin and fiberglass.

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Lydiasari, Henny, Ari Yusman Manalu, and Rahmi Karolina. "APPLICATION OF OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH FIBERS IN STRENGTH IMPROVEMENT AS A FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE." Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa Sawit 25, no. 3 (2017): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/10.22302/iopri.jur.jpks.v25i3.33.

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The potency of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) fibers as one of the by-products of processing oil palm is increasing significantly so that proper management is needed in reducing environmental impact. One of the utilization of OPEFB fibers is as a substitution material in construction which usually the material is derived from non-renewable mining materials so that the number is increasingly limited. Therefore, it is necessary to study to know the performance of OPEFB fiber in making construction products especially concrete. In this case, the experiment was conducted using experimental method with variation of fiber addition by 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%. Each specimen was tested by weight, slump value, compressive strength, tensile strength, elasticity and crack length. As the results, the variation of fibers addition by 10%, decrease of slump value is 7%, concrete weight is 3% and crack length is 8% while increase of the compressive strength is 2.7% and the modulus of elasticity is 33.3% but its tensile strength decreased insignificantly by 0.05% . Furthermore, the addition of fibers above 10% to 30% decreased compressive strength is still below 10% and tensile strength below 2% while the weight of concrete, slump value and crack length decreased. Therefore, the addition of 10% can replace the performance of concrete without fiber but the addition of above 10% can still be used on non-structural concrete.

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Lydiasari, Henny, Ari Yusman Manalu, and Rahmi Karolina. "APPLICATION OF OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH FIBERS IN STRENGTH IMPROVEMENT AS A FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE." Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa Sawit 25, no. 3 (2017): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iopri.jur.jpks.v25i3.33.

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The potency of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) fibers as one of the by-products of processing oil palm is increasing significantly so that proper management is needed in reducing environmental impact. One of the utilization of OPEFB fibers is as a substitution material in construction which usually the material is derived from non-renewable mining materials so that the number is increasingly limited. Therefore, it is necessary to study to know the performance of OPEFB fiber in making construction products especially concrete. In this case, the experiment was conducted using experimental method with variation of fiber addition by 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%. Each specimen was tested by weight, slump value, compressive strength, tensile strength, elasticity and crack length. As the results, the variation of fibers addition by 10%, decrease of slump value is 7%, concrete weight is 3% and crack length is 8% while increase of the compressive strength is 2.7% and the modulus of elasticity is 33.3% but its tensile strength decreased insignificantly by 0.05% . Furthermore, the addition of fibers above 10% to 30% decreased compressive strength is still below 10% and tensile strength below 2% while the weight of concrete, slump value and crack length decreased. Therefore, the addition of 10% can replace the performance of concrete without fiber but the addition of above 10% can still be used on non-structural concrete.

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Hatta, Mohamed Nasrul Mohamed, and Nagata Kenji. "Improvement on Mechanical and Dynamic Properties of Palm Fiber/PLA Composites by Fiber Treatment." Advanced Materials Research 1087 (February 2015): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1087.355.

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In this work, palm fiber reinforced polylactic acid composites were fabricated by hot-compress. The palm fibers were treated by γ-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (APS) and coated with polylactic acid (PLA) in varied percentage (5%, 10% and 15%). The treatment reaction was analyzed by FTIR and the effect of fiber treatment on the flexural and dynamic mechanical properties of oil palm empty fruit bunch/polylactic acid (OPEFB/PL) composites were examined. The flexural properties of composites were increased with increasing of fiber coating and improved by introduction of APS. It was also observed that the APS treated fibers had improved the dynamic mechanical properties of the composites respectively.

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Agus, Triono, Wiratmaja Puja Ign, Hilman Syaeful Alam, and S. Rochim. "Application of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber to Improve the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Composite Railway Brake Block Materials." Advanced Materials Research 651 (January 2013): 486–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.651.486.

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One of the natural fiber considered to replace syntetic fiber is Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) fiber which offer advantages such as environment friendly and widely available especially in indonesia . This study investigates the characteristics of railway brake block with OPEFB fibres compare to synthetic fiber. All the test results were compared to the technical requirement of PT. Kereta Api Indonesia (PT. KAI ) and evaluated using Extension Evaluation Method (EEM) to select and get the best sample. From the evaluation results using EEM, one of non commercial sample using OPEFB fiber give a better results compare to commercial sample using synthetic fibers. So it can be concluded that OPEFB fiber as reinforcement for railway brake material could improve physical and mechanical properties of the material, environment friendly and could replace synthetic fibers.

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Michael, Elmer Surya, and Halimatuddahliana. "DAYA SERAP AIR DAN KANDUNGAN SERAT (FIBER CONTENT) KOMPOSIT POLIESTER TIDAK JENUH (UNSATURATED POLYESTER) BERPENGISI SERAT TANDAN KOSONG SAWIT DAN SELULOSA." Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU 2, no. 3 (2013): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v2i3.1443.

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This study was aimed to investigate the effect of empty fruit bunch palm oil and cellulose content as filler in water absorption and fibre volume fraction of the unsaturated polyester composites. The composites were made by hand-lay up method by mixing unsaturated polyester with the composition of each fillers (empty fruit bunch palm oil and cellulose) of 5,10,15,20 wt%. The parameter which was carried on the prepared samples was water absorption for each sample every 24 hours until the composites have constant absorption. It was found that the addition of fillers to the matrix caused the water absorption of composites increased at each of composition of fillers (empty fruit bunch palm oil and cellulose) and the fibre volume fraction increased as the filler content increase.

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Haji, Abdul Gani. "Komponen Kimia Asap Cair Hasil Pirolisis Limbah Padat Kelapa Sawit." Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan 9, no. 3 (2013): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.23955/rkl.v9i3.779.

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Chemical components of liquid smoke which is produced via pyrolisis of palm oil solid waste have been analyzed by using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Solid waste consists of shell, empty fruit bunch, and palm fiber. Solid waste was obtained from palm oil manufactory in Tanjung Semantok, Aceh province. The objective of this research was to investigate the chemical components in liquid smoke obtained from various palm oil solid waste. Sample was pyrolyzed at 500°C for 5 hours by using tube furnace reactor type 21100 which is equipped by thermolyne as temperature adjustment. The yield of pyrolysis from shell, empty fruit bunch and palm fiber are 52,02; 29,59; and 34,88%, respectively. The results showed that 27; 13 and 11 compounds of chemical were observed in liquid smoke obtained by pyrolysis of shell, empty fruit bunch, and palm fiber, respectively. Overall, acetic acid and phenol are the highest concentration of chemical obtained in this research.

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INDRAYANI, YULIATI, LISMAN SURYANEGARA, SAERI SAGIMAN, EMI ROSLINDA, and MARWANTO MARWANTO. "Short Communication: Biodegradable of bio-composites made from Polylactid Acid (PLA) and cellulose fibers from oil palm empty fruit bunch." Nusantara Bioscience 11, no. 1 (2019): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n110102.

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Indrayani Y, Suryanegara L, Sagiman S,, Roslinda E, Marwanto. 2019. Short Communication: Biodegradable of bio-composites made from Polylactic Acid (PLA) and cellulose fibers from oil palm empty fruit bunch. Nusantara Bioscience 11: 8-11. Over the last two decades, plastic has become an integral part of people's everyday life. However, plastic is a material that difficult to be degraded in the environment. Due to environmental concern, it is indispensable to find environmentally friendly plastic materials. This study aimed to determine the biodegradable polymer composites manufacture from cellulose fibers of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) and polylactic acid (PLA). Cellulose fibers from oil palm OPEFB were isolated by chemical methods. Polymer composites made by mixing cellulose fiber of oil palm OPEFB and PLA based on differences in the composition of the cellulose fiber of OPEFB. The composition used is 0 PHR, 5 PHR, 10 PHR, 15 PHR, and 20 PHR. Results showed that polymer composite with higher composition of cellulose fiber of OPEFB more easily degraded in the environment. There are no significant differences in biodegradable between 15 PHR and 20 PHR, neither among 10 PHR, 5 PHR and control. At higher cellulose fiber of OPEFB content, 20 PHR, polymer composite was the most degraded in the environment.

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Ridha, Muhammad Hafizhir. "TENSILE STRENGTH OF AALCALIZED OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH FIBER AND ITS IMPACT ON FIBER RESISTANCE IN SOIL." CERUCUK 8, no. 1 (2024): 1. https://doi.org/10.20527/crc.v8i1.13269.

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Soil is a material that has an important role in a construction or foundation, so that soil with good technical properties is needed. However, in reality, soil properties are often found to be unfavorable. The use of natural fibers, especially the fiber of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) is used for soil stabilization, where there are two mechanisms to increase soil strength, namely tensile strength and soil fiber friction.This study aims to test the tensile strength of fibers that have been alkalized with NaOH compounds. Next, the OPEFB fiber is added to soft soil, compacted statically, and its compressive strength is tested. All test results were compared with the results of previous studies where the fibers used were not treated. The tensile strength of the fiber treated with curing in the soil from 1 day to 28 days old, both open and closed conditions was constant and increased up to 7.23%, this condition was better than untreated fiber where the tensile strength decreased with increasing fiber age. when soaked in the soil decreased by 60.11%. Meanwhile, the compressive strength increased with increasing age of the samples both in closed and open conditions, using a mixture of OPEFB fibers that had been treated and without treatment, the compressive strength samples aged 1 day to 7 days experienced an increase of 81.46%. Keywords : soil stabilization, soft clay soil, the tensile strength of fibers, durability

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Ayu, Rafiqah S., Abdan Khalina, Ahmad Saffian Harmaen, et al. "Characterization Study of Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) Fibers Reinforcement in Poly(Butylene) Succinate (PBS)/Starch/Glycerol Composite Sheet." Polymers 12, no. 7 (2020): 1571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12071571.

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In this study, a mixture of thermoplastic polybutylene succinate (PBS), tapioca starch, glycerol and empty fruit bunch fiber was prepared by a melt compounding method using an industrial extruder. Generally, insertion of starch/glycerol has provided better strength performance, but worse thermal and water uptake to all specimens. The effect of fiber loading on mechanical, morphological, thermal and physical properties was studied in focus. Low interfacial bonding between fiber and matrix revealed a poor mechanical performance. However, higher fiber loadings have improved the strength values. This is because fibers regulate good load transfer mechanisms, as confirmed from SEM micrographs. Tensile and flexural strengths have increased 6.0% and 12.2%, respectively, for 20 wt% empty fruit bunch (EFB) fiber reinforcements. There was a slightly higher mass loss for early stage thermal decomposition, whereas regardless of EFB contents, insignificant changes on decomposition temperature were recorded. A higher lignin constituent in the composite (for high natural fiber volume) resulted in a higher mass residue, which would turn into char at high temperature. This observation indirectly proves the dimensional integrity of the composite. However, as expected, with higher EFB fiber contents in the composite, higher values in both the moisture uptake and moisture loss analyses were found. The hydroxyl groups in the EFB absorbed water moisture through formation of hydrogen bonding.

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Musa, Mazlina, Azree Othuman Mydin, and Abdul Naser Abdul Ghani. "Optimization of mechanical properties in foamcrete reinforced with raw oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fiber." MATEC Web of Conferences 250 (2018): 05004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825005004.

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As Malaysia currently heading to biotechnology hub, it is expected that billions tons of palm oil by-products will be produced annually and normally been treated as waste disposal. A large amount of agricultural waste produced in the processing of palm oil is one of the main contributors to the environmental problem. This paper presents an experimental study on the development of the lightweight foamcrete with the inclusion of raw oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fiber. EFB fiber has potential to be developed as alternative fibers in fiber reinforcing concrete. The study was focused on 4 mechanical property parameters which were axial compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength and performance index. Three densities of lightweight foamcrete of 800, 1100 and 1400 kg/m3 were cast and tested. The ratio of cement, sand and water used in this study was 1:1.5:0.45. EFB fibers were used as additives at 0.15%, 0.30%, 0.45%, 0.60% and 0.75% by volume of the total mix. The results obtained from the experiments had indicated that the flexural strength of foamcrete reinforced with raw oil palm EFB fiber at different percentages for 800, 1100 and 1400kg/m3 densities correspondingly. For all densities, 0.45% EFB fiber reinforced foamcrete contributed to highest flexural strength. Same pattern can be observed on the compressive and splitting tensile strengths. EFB fiber aid in precluding the promulgation of cracks in the plastic state when load was applied. When the lightweight foamed concrete expands under axial compression and splitting tensile loads which will lead to cracking, the crack has a restricted distance over which it can spread before reaching the EFB fiber, preventing the crack from growing further. EFB fibers which were randomly dispersed in the mix provide three dimension reinforcement compared to the traditional rebar which provides two dimension reinforcement.

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Rohimi, Nurfatin Farhanah, Rasidi Roslan, Nurjannah Salim, Siti Noor Hidayah Mustapha, Sarani Zakaria, and Chin Hua Chia. "Lignin-Based Polybenzoxazine Derived from Empty Fruit Bunch Fibers with Good Thermal and Mechanical Properties." Materials Science Forum 981 (March 2020): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.981.121.

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In this study, a renewable phenolic component was synthesized using empty fruit bunch fibers via microwave-assisted liquefaction known as Liquefied Empty Fruit Bunch (LEFB). LEFB can be used as phenolic derivative to replace petroleum-based phenol as it contains aromatic group in lignin that can be used as starting materials to synthesis polybenzoxazine resins. A Lignin-based benzoxazine (L-PBz) has been synthesized using a solventless approach from the reaction of LEFB, furfurylamine as the amine component and paraformaldehyde via Mannich condensation reaction. Two different ratios of LEFB:furfurylamine:paraformaldehyde which are 1:1:1 and 1:1:2 were investigated. The thermal properties and polymerization behavior of the L-PBz were analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. In addition, cured-polybenzoxazine composites were also prepared by hot-pressing the uncured L-PBz at 250 °C for 4 hours, and the mechanical properties of the composites were assessed through Izod impact strength test. TGA analysis showed that, L-PBz with ratio of 1:1:1 exhibit a high char yield compared to 1:1:2 which is 47% vs 43%, respectively, after being heated until 900 °C. However, L-PBz with ratio of 1:1:2 showed good polymerization behavior compared to 1:1:1 which indicated by the curing temperature 215 °C vs 238 °C. L-PBz composites, which added with cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) fillers have better strength compared with the absence of fillers. As a conclusion, the aromatic structure of lignin in empty fruit bunch fibers has presented a promising alternative to replace petroleum-based phenol in polybenzoxazine synthesis.

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Edyson, F. Murgianto, and A. Ardiyanto. "Impact of Palm Oil By-Products Application to Earthworm Populations and Soil Chemical In Oil Palm Plantation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 995, no. 1 (2022): 012062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/995/1/012062.

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Abstract Palm oil mill has by-products from processing fresh fruit bunch such as empty fruit bunch and fruit fiber that benefits oil palm plantation. The aim of this research was to observe earthworms population and soil chemical properties after the application of palm oil by-products. This research was conducted in Pantai Harapan Estate PT Bumitama Gunajaya Agro, Central Kalimantan from July 2020 - May 2021. The organic matter was used in this study were empty bunch, empty bunch compost, and pressed fruit fiber, applied in an oil palm circle in two different soil types. The earthworms population was observed before and six months using a square sampling size 1 m x 1 m at a depth of 0,15 m. The earthworms population after six months with organic application both in dystrudepts and haplohumods range from 46 to 119 individuals/m2. Earthworms population increased 22,17% and 71,33% after six month, compared to control decrease 48,21% and 68,51% in haplohumods and dystrudepts respectively. Soil chemical properties such as C-organic, total P, and K are significantly different after organic application compared to control both in haplohumods and dystrudepts. Thus, the application of organic matter is able to increase the earthworms population and improve soil chemical properties in oil palm plantations.

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Ni Kadek Sukriasih, Ikawati Karim, Suryani Dewi, Makmur, and Cengiz Kayacilar. "Production and Potential Income for Business of Oil Palm Empty Fruits Bunch as A Media for Growing Oyster Mushroom." International Journal of Science and Environment (IJSE) 1, no. 1 (2021): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.51601/ijse.v1i1.4.

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Solid waste produced by oil palm mills consists of oil palm empty bunches, shells, fibers and sludge. Oil palm empty fruit bunches contain 40 percent of cellulose, 24 percent of hemicellulose, 21 percent of lignin, and 15 percent of ash. This study aims to determine the production and the income potential of oyster mushrooms by using oil palm empty fruit bunches as a growth medium. This research is a quantitative descriptive study using an experimental design approach. Analysis of variance showed that all treatments had no significant effect on the length of mycelium fulfillment, the length of the mushroom stalk, the diameter of the fruit cap and the wet weight of the fungus. Treatment with K0 without empty fruit bunches of oil palm has the same growth and production potential as treatment of K1-K4 using oil palm empty fruit bunches. Fungal growth and production are influenced by environmental, nutritional and genetic factors. The potential production of oyster mushrooms with wood sawdust and 15 baglog empty fruit bunches growing media is 5.2 kilograms with a total cost of IDR 297,250. The total revenue for twice harvests for each baglog is IDR 312,000. Therefore, to support the potential for growth and production of oyster mushrooms, oil palm empty fruit bunches can be used as a medium for growing oyster mushrooms because they have the potential for income to be used as a business.

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Hafiz, M. S., K. Horst, and M. A. Md Ariffin. "Thermal Analysis for Improving Fuel Characteristics of Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) Fibers." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 32 (March 2016): 012047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/32/1/012047.

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Jawaid, Mohammad, H. P. S. Abdul Khalil, A. H. Bhat, and A. Abu Baker. "Impact Properties of Natural Fiber Hybrid Reinforced Epoxy Composites." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 688–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.688.

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The hybrid composites were fabricated by taking cheaply available empty fruit bunch fibers and jute fibers trilayers as reinforcement in epoxy matrix using simple hand lay-up-technique. Thermal, mechanical and morphological properties were characterized. The notched izod impact strength of most hybrids increased with respect to the virgin matrix. The laminates coupled with 2-Hydoxy ethyl acrylate (HEA) showed better impact properties than the one without coupling agent. The addition of fibers and coupling agent considerably improved the thermal stability (i.e., decomposition and residue content) of the hybrids. The thermal properties measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that fibres and coupling agents improved thermal properties. The impact fractured composite specimens were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) to know the morphological behaviour.

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Khairul Hafizuddin, A. B., Roslan Rohaizu, and W. D. Wan Rosli. "The Use of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) Fibers as Partial Replacement for Imported Recycled Fibers." Key Engineering Materials 737 (June 2017): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.737.335.

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Papermaking in Malaysia is basically based on recycled (secondary) fibers which are sourced from various parts of the world with prices depending on the quality of the fibers procured. The costs of paper production could possibly be reduced by using local fibers as partial replacement provided that the strength requirements are not compromised; and one such type is the oil palm fibers which are obtained as the by-product of the palm oil industry. This paper reports the use of the oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber as a partial substitute in the production of corrugating medium. Both unbleached and totally chlorine free (TCF) bleached OPEFB pulps were mixed in different ratios with high quality recycled pulps which had been mechanically and chemically treated. Burst strength results indicate as high as 70% recycled pulp can be replaced by OPEFB pulps yet still having strength properties that are comparable with the industrial produced corrugating medium. Although the effect of bleached pulp is significant at high addition levels of more than 70%, the cost-energy balance will not be effective to use these bleached fibers, and furthermore the utilization of unbleached pulps also gave the same desired results. The use of the underutilized OPEFB fibers for replacement of imported recycled fibers without compromising the paper strength qualities could help the Malaysian paper industry in their quest for finding fiber alternatives.

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Ching, Yern Chee, and Tuck Sean Ng. "Effect of Preparation Conditions on Cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber." BioResources 9, no. 4 (2014): 6373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.9.4.6373-6385.

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The effects of chlorite bleaching on the properties of cellulose derived from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber were investigated in this work. Cellulose was extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber via chlorite bleaching, alkali treatment, and acid hydrolysis. Cellulose was extracted by varying the bleaching duration, which corresponded to 4, 8, or 12 h. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed that the lignin and hemicellulose were significant removed after the bleaching process, whereas no spectral differences were observed in the samples with the increase of bleaching durations. The main removal of the lignin and hemicellulose components had occurred during the bleaching process. There was only slight additional removal of lignin and hemicellulose during the further extraction process with alkali and acid hydrolysis. The peaks at 1740 cm-1 and 1246 cm-1 which represent hemicellulose and lignin, respectively, were not present in the final extracted cellulose. The cellulose yield contents did not increase with the increasing of bleaching duration from 4 h to 12 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the crystallinity and the 200 peak of OPEFB had increased after the bleaching process. Analysis of the visible light transmittance of cellulose, after a bleaching duration of 12 h, demonstrated the highest transmittance due to the disintegration of the fibers. By increasing the bleaching duration, the temperature at 50% weight loss of OPEFB increased, suggesting that the thermal stability of cellulose had improved.

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Rosman, Senawi, Mohd Alauddin Sakinah, Mohd Salleh Ruzitah, and Mohammad Shueb Iqbal. "Effect of Fiber Surface Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid/Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber Biocomposites." Advanced Materials Research 875-877 (February 2014): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.171.

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Renewable resourced green biocomposites are currently receiving much attention due to their environmental advantages. Therefore, the aim of this research is study the effect of fiber surface treatment on the mechanical properties of polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposite in order to produce a green biocomposite. Experiments were conducted by surface treatment of empty fruit bunch fiber using two methods, sodium hydroxide and silane. Both treated and untreated fibers were then melt compounded with PLA and mechanical properties of the biocomposite was studied. The results showed that silane treatment improved the reinforced biocomposite mechanical properties such as tensile strength by 33% and flexural modulus by 44% compared with untreated fiber reinforced biocomposites. This is due to the silane functional groups that act as a bridge between the PLA and fiber.

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Mahjoub, Reza, Jamaludin Bin Mohamad Yatim, and Abdul Rahman Mohd Sam. "A Review of Structural Performance of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber in Polymer Composites." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/415359.

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According to environmental concerns and financial problems, natural fibers have become interesting and fascinating nowadays to be used as an industrial material and structural material for rehabilitating of structures. Oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber (OPF) is a natural fiber which is found a lot in tropical areas. Scientists have used OPF fiber with many types of resins such as epoxy, polypropylene, polyester, and phenol formaldehyde. Therefore, this paper focused on the properties of OPF fiber and gathered mechanical properties of OPF composites (OPF as reinforcement of polymer) reported by other researchers in terms of tensile and flexural properties. Furthermore, the chemical surface modification methods to solve the interfacial bonding of fiber and polymer were mentioned. In addition, the results of hybrid composites of OPF were also discussed in this paper. Meanwhile, the results of composites were compared to pure resin properties and also the stress-strain diagram and internal strain energy of composites were considered. Besides, the effects of adding OPF to other composites to make a new hybrid composite were indicated. Finally, it is clear that the use of oil palm fiber composites for structural elements for bearing loads is not recommended but the usage of OPF composites for secondary structural elements may be recommended due to future researches.

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GUNAWAN, Fergyanto E., Hiroomi HOMMA, Satryo S. BRODJONEGORO, Afzer Bin BASERI HUDIN, and Aryanti Binti ZAINUDDIN. "Mechanical Properties of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber." Journal of Solid Mechanics and Materials Engineering 3, no. 7 (2009): 943–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmmp.3.943.

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Ramadhan, Hapip, Jaroslav Stavik, Yin Ying Hng, and Moh Fahrurrozi. "Silica Removal of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber." International Journal of Technology 15, no. 2 (2024): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v15i2.6718.

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Arya, Andy Cahyaputra, Rully Ario Dewanto Soeriaatmaja, Dorina Hetharia, et al. "Environmental Friendly Lightweight Material from Natural Fibers of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch." Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering 03, no. 07 (2015): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/msce.2015.37025.

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Qurratu, Wan Nur, Ainie Wan Manan, Jude Santanaraja, Mohd Shaiful Sajab, Wan Nor Roslam Wan Isahak, and Chin Hua Chia. "Discoloration of Batik Effluent by Chemically Modified Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fibers." Jurnal Kejuruteraan SI1, no. 4 (2018): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2018-si1(4)-11.

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Jamari, Saidatul Shima, Mohd Noor Nawi, Khairatun Najwa Mohd Amin, et al. "Investigation of Lignin Content Removal in the Steam Exploded Empty Fruit Bunch Fibers." Key Engineering Materials 797 (March 2019): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.797.218.

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Empty fruit bunch (EFB) is a potential chemical feedstock particularly cellulose and lignin. However, the complete extraction of lignocellulosic structure in EFB is complex and difficult to achieve. Steam explosion is a pre-treatment process which has the ability to loosen the polymeric bond between the EFB structures. In this paper, the effect of steam explosion process towards the lignin removal was investigated. The raw EFB and exploded EFB were further extracted through the alkaline-hydrolysis process to obtain the yield of the insoluble lignin. In addition, the samples were also characterized using FTIR and TGA analysis. The yield obtained showed that the amount of lignin was reducing after the steam explosion process. Similar data were also recorded from the FTIR and TGA analyses. This work concludes that other than reducing the polymeric strength of the EFB’s lignocellulosic structure, the steam explosion also helps the delignification process.

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Islam, Muhammad R., Makson Rivai, Arun Gupta, and Mohammad Dalour H. Beg. "Characterization of ultrasound-treated oil palm empty fruit bunch-glass fiber-recycled polypropylene hybrid composites." Journal of Polymer Engineering 35, no. 2 (2015): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2014-0132.

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Abstract Glass fiber (GF) and ultrasound-treated oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) were used to prepare recycled polypropylene (RPP)-based hybrid composites through the extrusion and injection molding technique. The ultrasound technique was used to remove the lignin and other surface impurities from the EFB fiber by varying the treatment conditions (treatment time and temperature). A fixed concentration (10%) of NaOH solution was used as the treatment medium. Fiber loading was considered as 40%, while EFB and GF ratio was maintained as 70:30. Two types of coupling agents of maleic anhydride grafted PP (MAPP), Polybond and Fusabond, were used, each of an amount 2.5% (of the total fiber content), to improve the interfacial adhesion between fibers and matrix. Composites were characterized through density, melt flow index (MFI), tensile, flexural and Izod impact testing. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were also performed to evaluate the thermal and morphological properties, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed to evaluate the crystalline structure of the samples. Finally, water uptake (WU) measurement was performed for 180 days of soaking period. Result analyses revealed improved mechanical, thermal and crystalline properties, with reduced WU as the outcome of treatment and coupling agent effects.

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Vedrix Vantri and Asfarizal Asfarizal. "Pengaruh Panjang Serat Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit pada Pembuatan Palmfiber Reinforced Concrete terhadap Uji Lentur dan Struktur Makro." Venus: Jurnal Publikasi Rumpun Ilmu Teknik 3, no. 2 (2025): 74–87. https://doi.org/10.61132/venus.v3i2.801.

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This study aims to examine the effect of varying the length of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers on the mechanical properties and macrostructure of Palmfiber Reinforced Concrete (PRC) as an alternative to Glassfiber Reinforced Concrete (GRC). EFB fibers were selected due to their abundance, eco-friendliness, and potential to enhance the mechanical properties of lightweight concrete. The methods employed include flexural testing and macrostructural observation using five fiber length variations (3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm, 6 cm, and 7 cm). The results show that a fiber length of 5 cm produced the highest flexural stress of 11.78 kg/cm², while a length of 4 cm yielded the highest modulus of elasticity at 162.2 kg/cm². Macrostructural observations revealed good bonding between fibers and matrix in most specimens, although performance differences were observed due to fiber distribution and manual compaction processes. In conclusion, fiber length affects the mechanical performance of PRC, yet production process optimization is necessary to achieve more consistent results.

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Chitturi Sai Krishna, Panjagala Harish, Thellaputta Gopala Rao, Kakarala Venkata Pari Purna Chandu, and Anand Babu Kotta. "Effect of Nanoclay and Surface Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Fish Tail Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites." Journal of Environmental Nanotechnology 13, no. 4 (2024): 177–84. https://doi.org/10.13074/jent.2024.12.2441077.

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The addition of nanofiller into the fiber-reinforced composites aims to enhance adhesion between the fiber surface and the polymer matrix and improve strength. This paper examines the mechanical properties and morphological characteristics of fishtail palm empty fruit bunch (FTPEFB) fiber to evaluate its suitability as a reinforcing material in epoxy composites. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Nanoclay reinforcement and surface treatment of FTPEFB fiber on the performance of fiber-reinforced composites. The FTPEFB fibers were prepared in three forms: untreated, alkali-treated, and benzoyl chloride-treated. Composites were prepared using these fibers with different Nanoclay levels: 0, 2, 4, and 6 wt. % through the hand layup method. Various mechanical characteristics were assessed, including tensile strength, flexural properties, impact resistance, and hardness of the surface. Furthermore, morphology was examined using Scanning electron microscopy to investigate how chemical processing affected the treated and untreated fibers. For alkali-treated FTPEFB fiber-reinforced epoxy composites, the best overall characteristics were achieved with 6 wt. % Nanoclay content, yielding a tensile strength of 77.52 MPa, a tensile modulus of 5.24 GPa, and a flexural strength of 142.8 MPa; the impact strength increased by 23.51%, and the hardness improved by 10.76% when compared to composites without Nanoclay fillers.

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Fapohunda, Christopher, H. B. Adekunle, H. O. Adebayo, V. O. Olapade, and A. J. Kilani. "Comparative Examinations of Structural Responses of Concrete Reinforced with Treated Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (TOPEFB) and Untreated Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) Fibres." Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering 23, no. 1 (2023): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.56748/ejse.233891.

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The findings from the investigation conducted, to compare the structural performance of concrete containing treated (TOPEFB) and untreated Empty Oil Palm Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) fibres are presented in this paper. For the TOPEFB fibres, the dried fibres were treated with 0.2% NAOH solution following the procedures of appropriate authority. The structural parameters investigated were consistencies, setting times, densities, compressive and tensile strengths of concrete incorporating TOPEFB and OPEFB fibres in the mix. The addition of fibres was limited to 1.20% by weight of cement in the concrete. The interval of addition was 0.2%. The results showed that (i) the setting times of mortars containing TOPEFB fibres were higher than that of mortars with OPEFB fibres, (ii) concrete specimens containing TOPEFB fibres are more workable that concrete specimens with OPEFB fibres, (iii) densities of concrete specimens containing OPEFB fibres were in the range for normal concrete applications while the densities for specimens with TOPEFB developed densities that fell in the heavy weight concrete classification, (iv) concrete specimens containing TOPEFB fibres developed higher compressive strengths than specimens with OPEFB fibres and (v) tensile strengths of concrete specimens containing TOPEFB fibres were higher than specimens with OPEFB fibres by at least 59.04%. The overall conclusion from the findings of this study is that concrete specimens containing TOPEFB fibres have superior structural properties than specimens with OPEFB fibres

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Wang, Xiwen, Jian Hu, and Jingshan Zeng. "Steam explosion pulping of oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber." BioResources 7, no. 1 (2012): 1008–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.7.1.1008-1015.

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team explosion pulping was evaluated for oil palm empty fruit bunches fiber. The fiber morphology was observed by SEM and TEM. Results indicated that lignin was molten and the cell wall damaged after the steam explosion pulping and that the fiber was partly separated at the same time. The results of handsheet tests showed that the steam exploded pulp had a high yield (78.2%), good physical properties (especially for ring crush 8.6 N·m/g), and low effluent load (SS=910 mg/L; BOD5=3952 mg/L; CODCr=8140 mg/L). The SEP pulp from oil palm EFB fiber was very suitable for packaging paper when combined with American OCC pulp.

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Kavitha, V., and Aparna G. "A Review on Banana Fiber and Its Properties." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 9, no. 3 (2021): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v9i3.956.

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There are many types of natural fiber including hemp, flax, jute, wood fiber, rice husks, straw wheat, oats, bagasse, barley, grass reeds, banana fiber, oil palm empty fruit bunch, coir, sisal, cotton, kenaf, ramie, water pennywort, paper-mulberry, kapok, abaca, pineapple leaf fiber. The production of banana in India is 13.5 million tons per annual. Banana forming generates more quantity of biomass which goes as waste. The above ground parts like pseudo-stem and peduncle are the major source of fiber. Banana fiber used as a raw material in industry for production of papers, tea bags, currency and reinforced as a polymer composite. Natural fiber is used as an alternative resource to synthetic fibers as well as reinforcement for polymer composite materials and the manufacturing is inexpensive, renewable and environment friendly. Natural fibers have low cost, low density and low durability as compare to synthetic fibers but with the help of fiber treatments, mechanical properties of natural fibers are improved. In this paper, banana fibers are compared through their applications, use and properties and thus it is concluded that the banana fibers provide better chemical composition and properties.

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Shakir, Mohammad Aliff, Mardiana Idayu Ahmad, Yusri Yusup, et al. "Sandwich Composite Panel from Spent Mushroom Substrate Fiber and Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber for Potential Green Thermal Insulation." Buildings 13, no. 1 (2023): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010224.

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Massive generation of natural waste fiber from agricultural industries followed by improper disposal management might result in a detrimental effect on our ecosystem contributing to various types of environmental pollution. With the growing significance of climate change, an effort is being undertaken by utilizing natural waste fiber into eco-friendly insulation panels to reduce the environmental impact of buildings. In this research, a composite panel was developed from spent mushroom substrate (SMS) and empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers via a sandwich technique. Five samples were made, each with a different fiber ratio (100 SMS: 0 EFB, 80 SMS: 20 EFB, 60 SMS: 40 EFB, 40 SMS: 60 EFB, and 0 SMS: 100 EFB) at density 0.8 g/cm3. Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) Soxhlet extraction followed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that the SMS and EFB fibers were relevant for fabrication into a composite panel for thermal insulation. Thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, and thermal diffusivity values for these five composite samples were 0.231 to 0.31 W/(mK), 0.0194 to 0.0260 m2K/W, and 0.2665 to 0.3855 mm2/s, respectively. The flexural strength of the composite was at the range 15.61 to 23.62 MPa. These research findings suggest that the fabrication of a sandwich composite panel from SMS and EFB fiber is a promising alternative way to utilize natural waste fiber.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Empty fruit bunch fibers'

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