Academic literature on the topic 'Emulsion explosives'
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Journal articles on the topic "Emulsion explosives"
1
Yan, Shi Long, Xing Hua Xie, and Hui Sheng Zhou. "Deflagration of Emulsion Explosive." Advanced Materials Research 1082 (December 2014): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1082.18.
Full textAbstract:
Analog emulsion explosives production, observed its detonation. Deflagration and detonation of explosives determine how the phenomenon is long plagued with explosive materials in the field of military issues directly related to the safe and efficient use of explosives, by observing the special emulsion explosive blasting product, you can visually distinguish qualitatively blasting boundaries. Emulsion explosive detonation accompanied undecomposed completely yellow mist generated, and XRD test results showed the product to an amorphous structure, with detonation products feature a clear distinction.Then the factors of hot spots generated in the production of emulsion explosives and the occurred conditions of the heat accumulation are analyzed and summarized.
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Xie, Xing Hua, Lei Wang, and Hui Sheng Zhou. "Enlightment of “May 20” Explosion Accident." Advanced Materials Research 1082 (December 2014): 391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1082.391.
Full textAbstract:
This paper introduces the "5.20" of the emulsion explosive incident and analysis the cause of the accident. Based on the production of explosion accident summarizes the security problems of emulsion explosive production process, and relevant measures are put forward. Combining the decomposition mechanism of ammonium nitrate in the emulsion explosives and the lessons from the production of emulsion explosives explosion, the conditions of the emulsion explosives (matrix) thermal decomposition in the emulsifier are given that are the formation of hot spot and the accumulation of heat. Then the factors of hot spots generated in the production of emulsion explosives and the occurred conditions of the heat accumulation are analyzed and summarized.
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Liu, Lei, Xu Guang Wang, Yi Yang, and Guo Hua Wang. "Experimental Method Study on Emulsion Explosives under Hydrostatic Pressure in Models Blasting." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 569–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.569.
Full textAbstract:
Study on compression resistance of emulsion explosives can provide a theoretical basis for underwater blasting and deep-hole basting and development of emulsion explosives. Environment of deep water charge is simulated by a change of pressure of the micro-explosive device .The micro-explosive device was put in the reserved drill hole of mortar test block and applied rating pressure to explode, through fractal theory G-G-S lumpiness distribution function, which was used to date processing to study the fallen extent of explosion capability of emulsion explosives under hydrostatic pressure. The practice has shown that this is an effective new experimental method to study the fallen extent of explosion capability of emulsion explosives under hydrostatic through blasting effects.
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Zhou, Hui Sheng, Xing Hua Xie, and Kang Xu. "Stability Test of Emulsion Matrix in the Emulsifier." Advanced Materials Research 1082 (December 2014): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1082.26.
Full textAbstract:
Aqueous emulsion explosives are oxidants andcarbonaceous fuel through theemulsifier, the use of technology toprepare emulsion obtained byemulsifying system in the thermodynamic sense isan unstable system. Therefore,the stability of emulsion explosives is a fundamentalproblem. Stability refers to the so-called emulsion explosives and their ability tomaintain the physical state of constantchange significantly explosiveperformance does not occur that emulsionexplosives stratification occursduring storage at room temperature,variations, breaking and loss experienced by the time of detonation capability. Storage stability is a measure of good or bad quality ofemulsion explosives is an important pointer, which determines the size of an emulsion explosive production,application conditions and ranges.By X-ray diffractionand microstructure analysis, intuitive judgment pastestability of emulsion explosives,which provides a potential industrial testmethod for solving emulsionexplosive powder and colloidalcrystallization caking hardening problems.
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Sinitsyn, Victor, Pavel Menshikov, and Vyacheslav Kutuev. "Estimation of Influence of Explosive Characteristics of Emulsion Explosives on Shotpile Width." E3S Web of Conferences 56 (2018): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185601003.
Full textAbstract:
The article deals with the question of the effect of explosive characteristics of emulsion explosives on the shotpile width. Currently, there are two main points of view to select an efficient type of explosive, which contributes to the qualitative destruction (fragmentation) of coarse clastic rocks. The first is based on the assumption that the detonation velocity of explosives must correspond to the break-down point of the rock (dynamic compression). Another point of view is that the detonation pressure of explosives determines only the head part of the pulse, on which the rock fragmentation is dependent only near the charge, in the contact zone around the borehole. The fragmentation of the entire rock volume within a given borehole array depends on the total magnitude of the explosion pulse, determined not by the detonation velocity, but by the total energy reserve of the explosive charge. Experimental explosions with some of the most common industrial explosives have been carried out in the current conditions of blasting of borehole charges by various types of industrial explosives from the point of view to select the most important parameter, which determines its influence on the shotpile width The investigations have been carried out according to the data obtained to establish that the energy properties of explosives (heat of explosive transformation and density of explosives) determine the decisive influence on the shotpile width, and the operability, the volume of the released gases, the detonation velocity for the change in the shotpile width have very little effect and may not be taken into account in calculations for the prediction of the shotpile.
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Liu, Lei, Hongyu Qi, Haitao Zhang, and Yongzhi Cai. "Experimental Study on Emulsion Explosive Blasting under Different Under-Water Pressure." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2381, no. 1 (2022): 012072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2381/1/012072.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper aims to study the effects of different water depths on the properties of emulsion explosives by use of an emulsion explosive underwater explosion test system for different hydrostatic pressure under the condition of 0.2% sodium nitrite sensitized emulsion explosive blasting model experiments. The results showed that the experiment designed by simulation of underwater explosion test equipment can be used in the explosive performance test sample in the compression state explosion. It can better simulate the explosive environment under different depth conditions. After blasting, the fractal dimension of concrete fragments decreases first and then rises with the increase of water pressure, and reaches an inflection point between 0.3 mpa and 0. 5mpa, which proves that water depth has a certain effect on the performance of explosives, and the effect is not linear distribution. This experimental study could provide a certain basis for subsequent research on underwater explosive characteristics of emulsion explosives.
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Sun, Weibo, Xuefeng Gao, Yan Wang, and Yanjun Tong. "Thermal Safety Analysis of On-Site Emulsion Explosives Mixed with Waste Engine Oil." Energies 15, no. 3 (2022): 895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030895.
Full textAbstract:
The study of the thermal safety of emulsion explosives mixed with waste engine oil is very important for the safety of these types of explosives used in mine blasting. In order to study the thermal safety of emulsion explosives mixed with waste engine oil, thermal safety tests were carried out using a Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), non-isothermal kinetics, and the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method. The results show that the minor particle impurities in the filtered waste engine oil are mainly combustibles; after adding different amounts of waste engine oil, the activation energy of the emulsion matrix decreases from 110.33 kJ/mol to 75.39 kJ/mol, 74.50 kJ/mol, and 82.23 kJ/mol, and the critical temperature for thermal explosion changes from 194.16 °C to 169.73 °C, 227.47 °C, and 208.78 °C. The addition of waste engine oil reduces the activation energy of emulsion explosives. The waste engine oil is negatively correlated with the activation energy and the thermal explosion reaction temperature of emulsion explosives, and the correlation coefficient is −0.686 and −0.333. The emulsifier is positively correlated with the critical temperature of thermal explosion of emulsion explosives, and the correlation coefficient is 0.251. The small particles in the waste engine oil create a hot spot in the emulsion explosives, which reduces the thermal safety of the emulsion explosives mixed with waste engine oil. The emulsifier reduces the droplet size of the emulsion explosive, improves the oil-water interface strength, and improves the thermal safety of the emulsion explosives mixed with waste engine oil. The thermal safety of emulsion explosives mixed with waste engine oil can be improved by reducing the proportion of the sensitizer and increasing the proportion of the emulsifier.
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Zhou, Hui Sheng, Xing Hua Xie, Shao Bo Yan, and Zeng Yuan Li. "Ceramic Oxides from Liquid Explosive Reaction." Key Engineering Materials 807 (June 2019): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.807.176.
Full textAbstract:
This investigation promotes the design of emulsion explosives and the development of detonation theory on a microscale. As the total composition of oxidizing and reducing elements of the reactants leave related to the thermochemistry of the system, the computational details of predicting the temperatures of detonation were introduced. It was found that a significant improvement was achieved in the emulsion explosives with an aquiferous system. An improvement in the detonation synthesis of nanolithium and zinc oxides is due to the formation of an activated matrix of the metal nitrates’ oxidizer with the corresponding fuel. Temperatures of detonation of emulsion explosives and explosive formulations are predicted using thermochemistry information. The methodology assumes that the heat of detonation of an explosive compound of composition CaHbNcOdLieZnf can be approximated as the difference between the heats of formation of the detonation products and that of the explosive, divided by the formula weight of the explosive. For the calculations in which the first set of decomposition products is assumed, predicted temperatures of detonation of emulsion explosives with the product H2O in the gas phase have a deviation of 413.66 K from results with the product H2O in the liquid state. Fine-particle lithium and zinc oxides have been prepared by the detonation of emulsion explosives of the metal nitrates, M (NO3) x (M = Li, Zn) as oxidizers and paraffine as fuels, at high temperature and short reaction time. The detonation products were identified from X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. XRD analysis shows that nanoparticles of lithium and zinc oxides can be produced from detonation of emulsion explosives due to fast quenching as well as appropriate detonation velocity and temperature.
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Liu, Lei, Hongyu Qi, Haitao Zhang, and Jixing Qi. "Effect of Perlite Content on Performance of Emulsion Explosive in Under-Water Environment." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2381, no. 1 (2022): 012102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2381/1/012102.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Emulsion explosive has been widely used in underwater blasting construction. To study the effect of perlite content on the performance of emulsion explosives under deep water conditions, the performance of emulsion explosives with different applied pressures and different perlite contents was studied by using the self-built underwater explosion test system. The results show that, with the increase of pressure in the water, the energy of emulsion explosive with different content of perlite as sensitizer has a decreasing trend, which is consistent with the actual situation, and when the perlite content is 4%, the sensitized bubble is adiabatically compressed, and the hot spot fully explodes, and its detonation performance is the best.
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Zhang, Kai Ming, and Ou Qi Ni. "Study on Safety of Model II Powdery Emulsion Explosive." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.137.
Full textAbstract:
Powdery emulsion explosive (PEE) invented by Ouqi Ni at the end of 1980s is a new kind of W/O industrial explosives. It has brought industrial explosives technology into a new era. Through years of development, Model I powdery emulsion explosive has been put into large scale production in more than 70 explosive manufacturers and is widely praised by its users. Through continuous research and improvements, Model II powdery emulsion explosive with better performance, longer shelf life and considerably lower cost has been successful invented. Given that safety is one of the most important factor in production, transportation and usage of industrial explosive, this paper is to evaluate the safeness of Model II PEE in terms of mechanical sensitivity, heat sensitivity, static electricity safety, and dust explosion risks. The testing results showed Model II PEE has achieved excellent safety level.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Emulsion explosives"
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Allum, J. "A Study of the behaviour of emulsion explosives." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/3976.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigated the formulation and characterisation of emulsion
explosives. This included the manufacture of more than 120kg of emulsion
explosive of which around 105kg was used on the explosive ordnance range in
over 350 individual firings. For each emulsion composition, an average of eight
firings was undertaken with which to substantiate the explosive performance data.
The formulation was varied to determine the effects of water content upon the
physical characteristics of the emulsion. These physical effects included thermal
conductivity, particle size, viscosity and the explosive performance of the
emulsion. In respect of explosive performance, microballoons were added to
sensitise the emulsion and the proportions of microballoons added were altered to
look at their effect on velocity of detonation, sensitivity and the brisance of the
emulsions.
Emulsion explosives are commonly referred, in literature, as Type 11 non-ideal
explosives. This is due to their non-linear behaviour with respect to the variation
of velocity of detonation with density. Traditionally, when an emulsion explosive
was commercially manufactured, the water content has been kept at a minimum
(12-17%). This was accepted as the way to achieve the best explosive
performance, based upon the belief that an emulsion with the highest
concentration of active ingredients, ammonium nitrate and oil, would give the best
explosive performance.
This study examined a wider range of emulsion explosive water contents than has
been previously studied, from 12% to 35% water. It was found, during this study,
that higher water content emulsions, specifically 25% water, had a marked
increase in explosive performance. The highest velocity of detonation recorded
was in a 39mm diameter tube, at 25% water content with 3% microballoons, was
5558ms-1. This was some 15% higher than any other VOD recorded in this study.
The high velocity of detonation, at 25% water content, was one of a number of
physical characteristics in which this water content varied from the other emulsion
water contents. This study endeavored to show that emulsion explosives could exhibit two differing
types of explosive reaction, thermal explosion and grain burning. This was based
on the velocity of detonation and plate dent data, both of which indicated that there
was a change in reaction with water content. Emulsion explosives, with a high
water and high microballoon content, exhibited a thermal explosion type reaction.
They exhibited Type I ideal explosive behaviour, with increasing velocity of
detonation with density. Lower water content emulsion explosives, displayed the
more commonly expected Type 11 non-ideal behaviour and reacted in a grain
burning type detonation.
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Villamagna, Fortunato. "Modelling of interfaces in emulsion explosives." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39313.
Full textAbstract:
An energy optimised Tree Branch Methodology was developed to overcome the multiple minima problem in molecular mechanics calculations of acyclic molecules. Target molecules were assembled one heavy atom at a time from small precursors, and the energy minimized after each addition. The number of structures to be minimised was significantly reduced by following the lowest energy path in the Tree Branch Method. Comparison of the calculated configurations to minimum energy structures obtained from complete conformational search is made.<br>The compression of fatty acid monolayers in Langmuir-Blodgett trough experiments at the air/water interface was modelled using a two dimensional array. The minimum energy configuration of the acids was obtained using the Tree Branch Methodology, and the water coordination number determined by comparison of calculated and experimentally measured dipole moments. The variation in measured dipole moments as the hydrated head group was compressed were explained.<br>Minimum energy configurations of known surfactant molecules used in the preparation of water-in-oil emulsion explosives were obtained through the Tree Branch Methodology, and the optimised geometries used to calculate structural parameters assuming standard van der Waals radii around each atom. Comparison of the structural parameters to the stability of the emulsions in which the surfactants were used, allowed preliminary structural criteria to be established. Based on the structural criteria, a number of new families of surfactant head group were designed, and preliminary rules for matching head to tail group combinations proposed.
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Melane, Pumeza. "Kinetics reactions of Ammonium Nitrate-Sodium Nitrite Reaction and Ammonium Nitrate Emulsion Explosives." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6333.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was to understand and control the gasification rates in ammonium nitrate emulsion explosive using ammonium nitrate-sodium nitrite reaction. This reaction produces N2 gas which is the sensitizer in emulsion explosives. The NH4NO3-NaNO2 gassing reaction produces N2 gas and so the reaction could be followed by the pressure increase in a closed reaction vessel. The reaction is pH sensitive, so the role of pH was investigated in the pH range 2 to 5. Gasification reactions for unbuffered NH4NO3-NaNO2 reaction were found to be rapid below pH = 3 and maximum pressure was attained within 2 hours of starting the reaction. At pH = 4.5 and 5 the reaction failed to attain maximum pressure. Initial rate of reaction showed sensitivity to pH, the rate of reaction decreasing with increasing pH. The reaction was found to be second order with respect to nitrite species. The effects of three different buffers (potassium hydrogen phthalate, sodium formate and sodium citrate) were also investigated. At pH = 3 pressure traces for the buffered reactions had attained maximum pressure while at pH = 3.5 only sodium citrate buffer had reached a pressure stable state. The presence of the buffers resulted in a lower overall pressure change and absolute pH change and higher rate constants and initial rate of reaction than in their absence. iv A Lewis acid (Zinc Nitrate) was added to the buffered and unbuffered NH4NO3-NaNO2 reactions to investigate a patent claim that addition of a Lewis acid would increase the rate of reaction. The presence of zinc nitrate in the buffered reactions resulted in rapid pressure increase; higher initial rate of reactions than the unbuffered with zinc nitrate. Ammonium nitrate solution was emulsified resulting in an ammonium nitrate emulsion explosive and kinetics of gasification was investigated. The gasification reactions were found to be rapid at pH 3.2, slowing significantly with increased pH as indicated by initial rates of reaction and as predicted by the gasification reaction rate law. Maximum pressure increase was attained within three hours at pH 3.2, whereas reactions conducted at pH 4.0 and 4.5 failed to reach maximum pressure even after 24 hours as evidenced by plots of pressure versus time. The effect of buffers in the ammonium nitrate emulsions was also investigated.
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Nkomo, Sithethi Espin. "Using rheometry for prediction the pumping characteristics of highly concentrated W/O emulsion explosives." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/912.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Masters Degree in
Technology: Chemical Engineering in the Department of Chemical Engineering of
Cape Peninsula University ofTechnology, 2005<br>The emulsion used for this study is a new thermodynamically unstable multi-component waterin-
oil (w/o) explosive type with an internal phase ratio of approximately 94%, i.e. far beyond the
close packing limit of spherical droplets of 74%. Economic considerations and the ongoing need
for continuous drilling, loading and blasting in the mining industry, has made long-distance
pipeline transportation of these emulsion explosive systems a viable economic option. Presently,
rheological characterization of emulsion explosives is well documented (Bampfield & Cooper,
1988, Utracki, 1980). However, very little or none has been done for this system, pertaining to
the use of rheometry for prediction of pumping characteristics of these systems in long-distance
pipeline transport. This Master's dissertation is devoted to develop rheological methods of
testing, characterization and correlation in order to develop a basis for predicting the pumping
characteristics of highly concentrated w/o emulsion explosives from rheometry.
The literature and theory pertinent to the pipeline flow of high internal phase ratio emulsion
explosives are presented, as well as the fundamentals of both concentric cylinder rheometry and
pipe viscometry. The most relevant is the work of Bampfield and Cooper (1988), Utracki (1980)
and Pal (1990).
Two experimental test facilities were used for data collection. Pipeline experiments were done
using an experimental test facility at African Explosives Limited (AEL), and rheometry was
conducted at the Rheology Laboratory of the Cape Peninsula University of Technology Flow
Process Research Centre. The AEL experimental test facility consisted of a four-stage Orbit
progressive cavity pump, two fluid reservoirs, (a mixing tank and a discharge reservoir), five 45m
HOPE (high density polyethylene) pipes of internal diameters of 35.9 mm, 48.1 mm, 55.9 mm,
65.9 mm and 77.6 mm pipes. The test work was done over a wide range of laminar flow rates
ranging from 3 kg.min-I to 53 kg.min-I
. Rheometry was done using a PaarPhysica MCR300
rheometer, and only standard rotational tests (i.e. flow curve) at 30 °c in controlled rate mode
were done.
Rheological characterisation was done using three rheological models, i.e. the Herschel-Bulkley,
the Power Law and the Simplified Cross models. The coefficients obtained from these models
were then used to predict pumping characteristics. The performances of these models were then
evaluated by comparing the pipeline flow prediction to the actual pipeline data obtained from
pipeline test experiments. It was found that the flow behaviour depicted by this explosive
emulsion system was strongly non-Newtonian, and was characterized by two distinct regions of
deformation behaviour, a lower Newtonian region of deformation behaviour in the shear rate
region lower than 0.001 S-I and a strong shear thinning region in the shear rate range greater than
0.001 S-l.
For all the models used for this study, it was evident that rheometry predicts the pumping
characteristics of this high internal phase ratio emulsion reasonably well, irrespective of the
choice of the model used for the predictions. It was also seen that the major difference between
these models was in the lower shear rate domain. However, the Simplified Cross model was
preferred over the other two models, since its parameter (the zero shear viscosity denoted by 110)
can in general be correlated to the structure of the emulsion systems (i.e. mean droplet size, bulk
modulus, etc.). Thus, structural changes induced by shearing (either inside the pump or when
flowing inside a pipe) can be detected from changes in the value of the 110. The above statement
implies that Tlo can be used as a quality control measure. Different pumping speeds were found to
cause different degrees of shear-induced structural changes which were manifested by two
opposing processes. These two opposing processes were the simultaneous coalescence and
flocculation of droplets encountered at low rates of shear, and the simultaneous refinement and
deflocculation of droplets encountered at high rates of shear. These two droplet phenomena were
associated with a decrease or an increase in viscous effects, leading to both lower and higher
viscous stresses and pumping pressures during pump start-up respectively.
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Ittner, Henrik. "Excavation damage from blasting with emulsion explosives : Quality control and macro fracturing in the remaining rock." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Geoteknologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-67456.
Full textAbstract:
Excavation damage is usually regulated in Swedish infrastructure tunnel contracts as it can influence the quality and lifecycle cost for tunneling projects. The topic is important for underground constructions with a long operation period such as tunnels for public transport, permanent access tunnels in mines or underground repositories for nuclear waste. In competent crystalline rock, excavation damage is often simplified to macro fractures induced by blasting as this has the most significant impact on the remaining rock. Blasting in Scandinavian tunneling projects is mostly conducted with pumpable emulsion explosives and a good result is often dependent on control of the charging process, i.e. that the explosives are charged according to the blast design. This thesis is based on data from five field investigations carried out in Sweden and Finland. In addition, data from a case study on quality control and documentation in a tunnel excavation project in Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (HRL) is also included. Data on blast fracture length and frequency have been compiled from all sites, where emulsion explosives were used. The sites include experimental tunnels, a road tunnel, an underground depot for subway trains and a wastewater tunnel. Data from the field investigations have been analyzed using statistical methods including statistical hypothesis test and multivariate data analysis by means of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The evaluation method gives indications as to how blast design and geology influence the development of blast fractures. Charge concentration was found to be the most influential design variable and simultaneous initiation of contour holes (delay time <1 ms) gave shorter blast fractures with a longest blast fracture of approx. 25 cm compared to approx. 40 cm from pyrotechnical initiation. However, the delay time had limited influence on the number of blast fractures in the remaining rock. Results from the PCA suggest that blast fractures length could be dependent also on geology. Three main groups of fracture patterns were identified, one group with relatively few and short fractures, a group with several longer blast fractures and a group with few or a single long blast fracture. The result shows differences in fracture length between the column and bottom charge part of the contour holes, with blast fracture lengths up to approx. 40 cm for the column charge and up to approx. 60 cm for the bottom charge. The case study showed that good precision in charging with string emulsion can be achieved and documented using modern logger technology in drilling and charging equipment. However, the methods applied for evaluation of charging precision as well as documentation require manual processing and interpretation of data. Further development of the logger systems and processing software is needed in order to follow up logged amounts of emulsion explosive during production.
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Galbraith, S. D. "The response of potassium chloride (KCl), ammonium nitrate (AN) solutions and emulsion explosives to plate impact loading." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.599271.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamic properties of potassium chloride, AN solutions and a commercial emulsion explosive and to understand their response in terms of shock theory and material properties. A plate impact facility was used to shock the KCl, subjecting it to a uni-axial strain state for the duration of the measurements. Stress and strain histories were recorded using piezo-resistive gauges. KCl is an ionic crystal which, when subject to shocks above 2.2 GPa, has a martensitic phase transformation. The stress histories were explained in terms of the shock and release waves. A novel technique was used to record the reverse phase transformation and to calculate the hysteresis. The assumption that a uni-axial strain state exists behind a phase transformation was verified, for the first time, experimentally. Two techniques were demonstrated that reduce and quantify the piezo-electric response of KCl. Conclusions from this investigation were analysed by two different types of computational simulation. Using a similar methodology to the KCl work a technique has been developed to determine experimentally the Hugoniot of liquids up to pressures of 10 GPa. The Hugoniots of a variety of AN solutions of different strengths and temperatures were recorded. The results were shown to agree with the predictions of two simple equations of state. The technique developed for AN solutions was applied to a commercial emulsion explosive (based on an AN solution) and the Hugoniot determined. The explosive was sensitised by adding quantities of glass micro-balloons and the pressures which induced the first stages of reaction for a given sensitisation were deduced.
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Rajapakse, Achula, and s9508428@student rmit edu au. "Drop size distribution and interfacial area in reactive liquid-liquid dispersion." RMIT University. Civil Environmental and Chemical Engineering, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080717.163619.
Full textAbstract:
Emulsion explosives have become the preferred choice as blasting agents for numerous industries including mining, agriculture, and construction. One of the most important components in such an emulsion is an emulsifier, which controls the emulsification properties of the explosive. The present study involves the production of one such emulsifier, which is produced by reacting two immiscible liquids, PIBSA (polyisobutylene succinic anhydride) and MEA (monoethanolamine). The study examines the effect of design variable such as the impeller speed, impeller type and the dispersed phase volume fraction on interfacial area. Experiments were carried out in a 0.15 m diameter fully baffled stirred tank using a 6-bladed Rushton turbine impeller and a marine propeller. Drop size was determined using a microscope with a video camera and image processing system. The transient concentration of PIBSA was determined using FTIR analysis and used to estimate the volume fraction of the dispersed phase (Ö). The effective interfacial area was calculated using the Sauter mean drop diameter, d32 and Ö. Impeller speeds ranging from 150 to 600 rpm and dispersed phase volume fractions, Ö ranging from 0.01 to 0.028 were examined in the experimental study. It was found that that the evolution of Sauter mean drop diameter, d32 has four different trends depending on Ö and impeller speed. At high impeller speeds and high Ö, d32 values decrease initially and reach constant values after a long period of time. This trend is consistent with the findings in previous investigations. Under certain operating conditions, d32 values increase initially with stirring time to reach a maximum value and then decrease to reach a steady state value. The presence of these trends has been attributed to the effect of changing physical properties of the system as a result of chemical reaction. Results indicate that, in general, Sauter mean drop diameter d32 decreases with an increase in agitation intensity. However a decrease in the dispersed phase volume fraction is found to increase d32. These trends are found to be the same for both impeller types studied. Comparing the drop size results produced by the two impellers, it appears that low-power number propeller produces s ignificantly smaller drops than the Rushton turbine. It was found that the concentrations of reactants decrease with time for all impeller speeds thereby leading to a decrease in interfacial area with the progress of the reaction. Interfacial area values obtained at higher impeller speeds are found to be lower in spite of lower d32 values at these speeds. Also, these values decrease with time and become zero in a shorter duration indicating the rapid depletion of MEA. The interfacial area values obtained with the propeller at a given impeller speed are lower as compared to those for Rushton turbine. They also decrease and become zero in a shorter duration as compared to those for Rushton turbine suggesting propeller¡¦s performance is better in enhancing the reaction rate.
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Simpson, Brenton. "Modelling of the crystallisation process of highly concentrated ammonium nitrate emulsions." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1012622.
Full textAbstract:
Highly concentrated ammonium nitrate emulsions are extensively used as an explosive in the mining industry. The emulsion is made from a supercooled aqueous salt solution with various stabilisers and an organic hydrocarbon phase under vigorous stirring to room temperature. The resulting emulsion is thermodynamically unstable and tends to crystallise over time. This is not suitable for the transportation or pumping of the emulsion in its application. This study showed that the crystallisation process of highly concentrated ammonium nitrate emulsions can be influenced by varying the emulsion droplet size as well as the types and ratios of surfactants used during the preparation stage. The results showed that there were significant differences in the rheological properties of the freshly-prepared emulsion, based on both the emulsion droplet size, and the type of surfactant and ratio of surfactants used. A decrease of the emulsion droplet size resulted in the increase of the elastic character, which can be explained by more compact network organisation of droplets. In terms of the different surfactants, it was shown that the Pibsa-Imide stabilised emulsions resulted in an emulsion with the highest storage modulus over the entire strain amplitude regions as well as the highest shear stresses over the whole shear rate region. The study showed that the relatively slow emulsion crystallisation process can be studied by using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The amount of amorphous and crystalline phases present in the sample can be effectively quantified by using the Partial Or No Known Crystal Structural (PONKCS) method which can model accurately the contributions of the amorphous halo. An external standard calibration method, which used a different amorphous material with the crystalline material to obtain a suitable calibration constant, was employed. The results showed that the method would quantify the amount of the fully crystallised emulsion to be between 80 and 90 percent, which was in agreement with the solid content added during sample preparation and confirmed by Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). The simultaneous TGA / DSC results were able to show the number of solid/solid peak transitions as well as the total moisture content to be around 20 percent by mass in various emulsion samples studied. The study was able to model the crystallisation by using the Avrami and Tobin kinetic relationships which are commonly used for the crystallisation processes of polymers. The Avrami relationship proved to be useful in describing the type of crystallisation that occurred. This was based on literature where the exponent parameter (n) which was between 1 and 4 would relate to different types of crystallisation models. The results of this study showed that the crystallisation process would change for the samples that had shown a longer crystallisation process. The results indicated that the samples prepared with the lower Pibsa-Urea ratio showed a more sporadic crystallisation process, whereas the samples with the higher ratio of Pibsa-Urea showed a more controlled crystallisation process. The study also considered the rheological properties of the fresh emulsion, which showed that droplet size also had an influence on the stress strain relationship of the emulsion droplets.
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Jacinto, Mamani Edson Jair, and Sánchez Elvis Brayan Rodríguez. "Análisis de los principales factores que influyeron en las exportaciones de explosivos fabricados a partir nitrato de amonio (emulsiones) 3602002000 hacia Chile durante el 2006 al 2017." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/626295.
Full textAbstract:
La presente investigación está enfocada en la industria de explosivos, la cual trabaja directamente con distintos sectores en el país, tales como el sector de construcción, el sector de defensa y la industria minera, siendo esta última la que durante los últimos 60 años ve a los explosivos como recurso necesario y primordial, para ejercer su determinado fin.
Por esto, el foco de la presente tesis es analizar cuáles son los principales factores que influyeron a las exportaciones de explosivos fabricados a partir del nitrato de amonio (emulsiones), las cuales poseen la partida arancelaria (3602002000), durante los años 2006 al 2017 hacia nuestro país vecino del sur Chile. Para esto la investigación tomo como base diversos estudios tales como Dynamite Market Global Forecast, Global Ammonium Nitrate Explosive Market Size and Industry Trends los cuales detallan sobre un conjunto de factores que impulsan el crecimiento del mercado de explosivos en el mundo. Asimismo, este estudio se basa en un enfoque cualitativo para la determinación de los principales factores y un enfoque cuantitativo para el análisis de la información recabada. En una primera etapa cualitativa, se logró contrastar e identificar una serie de factores claves que influenciaron directamente a las exportaciones de emulsiones peruanas, las cuales se obtuvieron a partir de entrevistas a profundidad realizadas a especialistas dedicados a este rubro. Posterior a la identificación de los factores se compararon los datos obtenidos en una segunda parte de la investigación, la cual se basa en un análisis cuantitativo sobre la información obtenida.
.<br>The present investigation is focused on the explosives industry, which works directly with different sectors in the country, such as the construction sector, the defense sector and the mining industry, the latter being the one that during the last 60 years sees explosives as a necessary and primary resource, to exercise their specific purpose.
Therefore, the focus of this thesis is to analyze what are the main factors that influenced the exports of explosives manufactured from ammonium nitrate (emulsions), which have the tariff heading (3602002000), during the years 2006 to 2017 To our neighboring country in southern Chile. For this, the research was based on various studies such as Dynamite Market Global Forecast, Global Ammonium Nitrate Explosive Market Size and Industry Trends which detail a set of factors that drive the growth of the explosives market in the world. Likewise, this study is based on a qualitative approach for the determination of the main factors and a quantitative approach for the analysis of the information collected. In a qualitative first stage, it was possible to contrast and identify a series of key factors that directly influenced the exports of Peruvian emulsions, which were obtained from in-depth interviews with specialists dedicated to this area. After the identification of the factors, the data obtained in a second part of the investigation were compared, which is based on a quantitative analysis of the information obtained.<br>Tesis
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Tshilumbu, Nsenda Ngenda. "Design and development of a novel high performance emulsion explosive using nanoparticles." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/930.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
Doctor of Technology: Chemical Engineering
in the Faculty of Engineering
at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology
2014<br>This study investigated water-in-oil (W/O) super-concentrated emulsions used as pumpable explosives. The aqueous phase of the emulsions is a supersaturated nitrate salt solution (at room temperature), with a volume fraction of approximately 0.9. Instability of such emulsions arises either from crystallization of the dispersed phase in the system during ageing or under high shear conditions. Here, we report an alternative approach to stabilize this highly concentrated W/O emulsion by adding colloidal particles in combination with short amphiphilic molecules. Thus, the primary goal of this research concerned a phenomenological study of the dependence of surfactant-to-particle ratio as well as the particle hydrophobicity index on stability under high shear in the emulsification process, rheological properties and stability against initiation of crystallization of an internal phase both with ageing and under high shear with a view to optimize the time to the start of crystallization of the emulsion both with ageing and under high shear; to elucidate the mechanism of initiation of crystallization of an internal phase (homogeneous or heterogeneous) and shed light in the stabilization mechanism of the emulsion; to determine how the emulsion formulation content affect pumping characteristics as measured by characteristic rheological parameters.
A series of five fumed silica nanoparticles, each with a different hydrophobicity index (HI) in the range of 0.60 – 3, were used in the form of single types of particles as well as binary mixtures. These particles were combined with a low molecular weight conventional surfactant, Sorbitan MonoOleate (SMO), into the oil phase prior to emulsification.
It has been found that regardless of the particle hydrophobicity, fumed nanosilica alone cannot form highly concentrated W/O emulsion up to 90 vol%. Moreover, Pickering emulsions are unstable under shear conditions and thus it is difficult to make highly concentrated W/O pumpable emulsion explosives using only fumed nanosilica.
The correlation between the refinement time and SMO-to-particle ratio showed a deflection point/transitional point in the stabilization mechanism. Below the transitional point the silica content dominates over SMO. Conversely, above the transitional point the particles have little effect and the SMO dominates. A thermodynamic consideration revealed that in this region only SMO is likely to adsorb at the W/O interface and controls the emulsifying process. As
with refinement time, the correlation between the shear modulus and SMO/particle ratio shows a deflection /transitional point which, as before, mark the transition point between regions of particle or SMO domination.
Interestingly, it was found that for each HI, the initiation of crystallization is the most delayed, both on shelf life and under high shear, when the emulsion is prepared with an SMO-to-particle ratio equaling exactly the value at this transitional point. Moreover, the research demonstrated that a drastic change in mechanism of initiation of crystallization of the dispersed droplets occurs at the transitional point. Homogeneous nucleation within the droplets is the dominating mechanism of initiation of crystallization of an internal phase for SMO/particle ratios below and at the transitional point. In this case, the relationship between the zero modulus of particle dispersions in oil and the SMO-to-particle ratio demonstrated that the most stable emulsions are formed from the most unstable dispersions, indicating that less repulsion between particles is required to delay the onset of crystallization. This was further corroborated by the linear correlation between the time to the onset of crystallization and the shear modulus of the emulsion.
On the contrary, it was found that for SMO/particle ratios above the critical point, heterogeneous nucleation catalyzed at the surface of droplets is the dominating mechanism of initiation of crystallization of nitrate salts in the super-cooled droplets This was found to be consistent with SMO-only system. That is the change in the mechanism of initiation of crystallization originates from a drastic change in the emulsion structure due to excess surfactant was highlighted by the drastic change in the linear correlation between the time to the start of crystallization and the strength of the emulsion structure as measured by the shear modulus.
The optimum time to the start of crystallization (onset of crystallization associated with optimum SMO-to-particle ratio) is sensitive to the particle HI; increasing with increase of particle HI. A general correlation between the particle HI and optimum time to the onset of crystallization has been identified and formulated for the whole family of single types and mixtures of fumed nanosilica used in this study.
Books on the topic "Emulsion explosives"
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Institute of Makers of Explosives. Recommendations for the transportation of explosives, division 1.5, ammonium nitrate emulsions, division 5.1, combustible liquids, class 3, and corroseves, class 8 in bulk packaging. Institute of Makers of Explosives, 2007.
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Mahadevan, Erode G. Ammonium Nitrate Explosives for Civil Applications: Slurries, Emulsions and Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oils. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2012.
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Ammonium Nitrate Explosives For Civil Applications Slurries Emulsions And Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oils. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 2012.
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Mahadevan, Erode G. Ammonium Nitrate Explosives for Civil Applications: Slurries, Emulsions and Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oils. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2013.
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Mahadevan, Erode G. Ammonium Nitrate Explosives for Civil Applications: Slurries, Emulsions and Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oils. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2013.
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Mahadevan, Erode G. Ammonium Nitrate Explosives for Civil Applications: Slurries, Emulsions and Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oils. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2013.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Emulsion explosives"
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Rabotinsky, N. I., V. A. Sosnin, and V. S. Iliukhin. "The Application of Reclaimed Explosives in Commercial Emulsion Explosives." In Application of Demilitarized Gun and Rocket Propellants in Commercial Explosives. Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4381-3_23.
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Bender, E. C., J. Crump, and C. R. Midkiff. "The Instrumental Analysis of Intact and Post Blast Water Gel and Emulsion Explosives." In Advances in Analysis and Detection of Explosives. Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0639-1_19.
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Midkiff, Charles R., and Allan N. Walters. "Slurry and Emulsion Explosives: New Tools for Terrorists, New Challenges for Detection and Identification." In Advances in Analysis and Detection of Explosives. Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0639-1_9.
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Kohlicek, P., E. Jakubcek, and S. Zeman. "Some Aspects of the Application of Small Grain Powders in the Emulsion Explosives." In Application of Demilitarized Gun and Rocket Propellants in Commercial Explosives. Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4381-3_9.
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"Emulsion Explosives." In Ammonium Nitrate Explosives for Civil Applications. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527645688.ch6.
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"Explosives, Explosions and New Developments Detonation behavior of bulk emulsion explosive in water filled blast holes." In Performance of Explosives and New Developments. CRC Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b13763-16.
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Singh, A., B. Pingua, M. Panda, and S. Akhtar. "Study and performance of low density emulsion explosive." In Performance of Explosives and New Developments. CRC Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b13763-15.
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"Study and performance of low density emulsion explosive." In Performance of Explosives and New Developments. CRC Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b13763-18.
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Nyberg, U., I. Arvantidis, M. Olsson, and F. Ouchterlony. "Large size cylinder expansion tests on ANFO and gassed bulk emulsion explosives." In Explosives and Blasting Technique. Taylor & Francis, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439833476.ch23.
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"Causes of explosion in a bulk emulsion explosive plant." In Performance of Explosives and New Developments. CRC Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b13763-23.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Emulsion explosives"
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GORINOV, S. A., and I. YU MASLOV. "DETONATION OF A LOW-DENSITY EMULSION EXPLOSIVE." In 12TH INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM ON PULSED AND CONTINUOUS DETONATIONS. TORUS PRESS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30826/icpcd12a30.
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One of promising directions in conducting sparing highly mechanized blasting operations in open-pit mining may be the use of low-density emulsion explosives sensitized with light porous granules made of low-strength material (for example, granules of polystyrene foam). Experimentally, it was possible to show that such explosives allow mechanized charging into downward hole wells and allow forming a borehole charge that is virtually not subject to shrinkage at a height of up to 40 m. Low explosive densities make it possible to effectively use solid column charges for gentle blasting which, in turn, provides a high degree of mechanization of charging operations.
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Itoh, Shigeru, Katsuhiko Takahashi, Kenji Murata, et al. "Nonideal detonation of Al-rich emulsion explosives." In Optical Science, Engineering and Instrumentation '97, edited by Andrew Davidhazy, Takeharu G. Etoh, C. Bruce Johnson, Donald R. Snyder, and James S. Walton. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.294553.
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Itoh, Shigeru, Katsuhiko Takahashi, Kenji Murata, et al. "Nonideal detonation of Al-rich emulsion explosives." In 22nd Int'l Congress on High-Speed Photography and Photonics, edited by Dennis L. Paisley and ALan M. Frank. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.273456.
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GORINOV, S. A., and I. YU MASLOV. "DETONATION WAVES IN EMULSION EXPLOSIVES: MODES OF PROPAGATION." In The 11th International Colloquium on Pulsed and Continuous Det- onations (ICPCD). TORUS PRESS, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30826/icpcd201817.
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Mendes, Ricardo, José B. Ribeiro, I. Plaksin, and Jose Campos. "Non ideal detonation of emulsion explosives mixed with metal particles." In SHOCK COMPRESSION OF CONDENSED MATTER - 2011: Proceedings of the Conference of the American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3686270.
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Hirosaki, Yoshikazu. "Effect of Void Size on the Detonation Pressure of Emulsion Explosives." In Shock Compression of Condensed Matter - 2001: 12th APS Topical Conference. AIP, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1483690.
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ZhiXiang Xu, DaBin Liu, and YiTing Hu. "A pressurized vessel test to measure the Minimum Burning Pressure of emulsion explosives." In 2011 International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering (RSETE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsete.2011.5965872.
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Sumiya, Fumihiko, Yoshikazu Hirosaki, Yukio Kato, Yuji Ogata, Yuji Wada, and Kunihisa Katsuyama. "Photographic study of channel effect in emulsion explosives using a high-speed framing camera." In Optical Science, Engineering and Instrumentation '97, edited by Andrew Davidhazy, Takeharu G. Etoh, C. Bruce Johnson, Donald R. Snyder, and James S. Walton. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.294551.
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Masalova, Irina, and Alexander Ya Malkin. "Tube Transportation of Highly Concentrated Emulsions." In ASME 2006 2nd Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting Collocated With the 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2006-98342.
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Tube transportation of highly concentrated emulsions is an important technological process in mining works. Emulsions used for this particular type of application are so-called “liquid explosives” — highly concentrated dispersions of aqueous droplets in a continuous oil phase. The concentration of droplets reaches 96w. %. The width of the inter-phase layers in such a multi-phase system is of the order of nano-level. The length of tube transportation in a real manufacturing process can be of the order of several miles. Hence, the design of the transportation line is of primary technical interest. The practical calculations are based upon comprehensive studies of the rheological properties of highly concentrated emulsions, including an understanding of the role of droplet size, concentration of disperse phase, temperature and time effects (stability of emulsions). Direct measurements were carried out in a wide shear rate range. The results of the measurements indicated that the emulsions under study are rheopectic liquids (viscosity increases over time at a constant shear rate). Their steady flow curve is typical for a visco-plastic medium and is well fitted by the Hershel-Bulkley model. The yield stress is of the order of several tens Pa. The choice of a rheological model is however not crucial for application, since transportation in real technological regimes takes place at high flow rates where the power-type model of flow curves dominates. Systematic studies demonstrated that wall slip is absent over the entire range of the shear stresses under study. This type of rheological behavior was then used for tube transportation design. A more careful examination (based on rheological as well as direct optical observations) also showed that inflation could be observed on the flow curve. It was proven that this type of rheological behavior is related to the two-step mechanism of the flow of a multi-phase liquid. Measurements of normal stresses in shear flows are in accordance with this model of flow. Aqueous droplets in the emulsions under study are super-cooled water solutions of nitrate salts, with the concentration of the latter being of the order of 85%. This system is thermodynamically unstable. The study of time effects (“aging”) showed that slow crystallization in dispersed droplets takes place. This leads to the evolution of the rheological properties of emulsions that can be treated as an emulsion-to-suspension transition. The work was carried out in the Flow Process Research Center, Engineering Faculty, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa.
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Kubota, Shiro, Hideki Shimada, Kikuo Matsui, et al. "Optical measurements of flyer plate acceleration by emulsion explosive." In 24th International Congress on High-Speed Photography and Photonics, edited by Kazuyoshi Takayama, Tsutomo Saito, Harald Kleine, and Eugene V. Timofeev. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.424354.
Full textReports on the topic "Emulsion explosives"
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Renick, Joseph, and John Sanchez. Detonation Characteristics of Mixtures of HMX and Emulsion Explosives. Defense Technical Information Center, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada209168.
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