Academic literature on the topic 'Emulsion polymerization. Styrene. Butadiene'
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Journal articles on the topic "Emulsion polymerization. Styrene. Butadiene"
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Bauer, R. F. "A Two-Step Emulsion Polymerization Process Catalyzed by an Organic Diperoxide." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 77, no. 4 (2004): 776–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547851.
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Abstract An emulsion polymerization process is described which consists of consecutively polymerizing at least two olefinic monomers using an organic diperoxide with two independently functioning peroxy groups, namely 2,5-dimethyl-2-t-butylperoxy-5-hydroxy hexane. In the first polymerization step, the hydroperoxide group is activated by a redox reaction at low temperatures without decomposing the t-butyl peroxide portion of the initiator molecule. After charging fresh monomer, the t-butyl peroxide can then be thermally activated to initiate a second-stage polymerization reaction. This polymerization process employs conventional emulsion polymerization technology. It yields polymeric product with unique physical properties. Polymers with butadiene monomer in the first polymerization step, followed by styrene polymerization in the second step, resemble SBS tri-block polymers. They are thermoplastic, highly resilient and of good strength at high ultimate elongations. The consecutive polymerization of butadiene and acrylonitrile yields elastomers with a superior balance of low-temperature flexibility and resistance to swelling in organic solvents, when compared with random NBR copolymers of equivalent chemical composition. Combinations of butadiene and styrene in the first polymerization stage followed by styrene/acrylonitrile polymerization in the second, yield transparent ABS polymers with superior low-temperature impact resistance. Reference is also made to the polymerization of additional vinyl monomers.
2
Harsono, I., H. Hindarso, and N. Indraswati. "Base case simulation of a semi-batch emulsion copolymerization process: application to styrene/ butadiene system." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 4, no. 3 (2018): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2005.4.3.6.
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It has been long recognized that emulsion polymerization is a complex heterogeneous process involving transport of monomers, free radicals, and other species between aqueous phase and organic phase. Though there are a number of models available in the literature, most of them deal only with specific aspects in emulsion polymerization and are far from being general. To simulate this complicated process and to achieve an adequate level of understanding, a Polymers Plus software from Aspen Technology. Inc. was used. The objective of this work is to illustrate the principle of use of Polymers Plus, simulate, and analyze the free-radical seeded emulsion copolymerization of styrenebutadiene process model in a semi-batch reactor. The base case simulation can be used to gain process understanding by analyzing how process variables and operating conditions during the course of a semi-batch reactor affect the product quality.Keywords: Polymers Plus, Emulsion Copolymerization, Simulation, Semi Batch Reactor, Styrene/ butadiene AbstrakTelah diketahui sejak lama bahwa polimerisasi emulsi merupakan sebuah proses heterogen yang kompleks, yang meliputi perpindahan monomer, radikal bebas, dan senyawa lainnya dalam fasa air dan fasa organik. Walaupun dalam literatur terdapat berbagai model, sebagian besar hanya membahas tentang aspek-aspek khusus dalam polimerisasi emulsi yang belurn berlaku umum. Untuk melakukan simulasi serta meningkatkan pemahaman tentang proses yang kompleks ini, digunakan perangkat lunak Polymers Plus dari Aspen Technology, Inc. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan ilustrasi tentang prinsip penggunaan Polymers Plus serta melakukan simulasi dan analisis tentang model untuk proses kopolimerisasi emulsi styrene-butadiene dengan free radical seeded dalam reaktor semi batch. Simulasi ini dapat digunakan untuk memperoleh pemahaman proses dengan menganalisis pengaruh variabel-variabel proses dan kondisi operasi dalam reaktor semi batch terhadap kualitas produk.Kata Kunci: Polymers Plus, Kopolimerisasi Emulsi, Simulasi, Reaktor Semi Batch, Stiren/ butadien
3
Wendler, Karin, and Phan Hong Nghiep. "Chain transfer reactions in emulsion polymerization of butadiene/styrene." Makromolekulare Chemie. Macromolecular Symposia 31, no. 1 (1990): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19900310120.
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Martinez Delfa, Gerardo, Alejandro Olivieri, and Carlos E. Boschetti. "Multiple response optimization of styrene–butadiene rubber emulsion polymerization." Computers & Chemical Engineering 33, no. 4 (2009): 850–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2009.01.002.
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Tanaka, Yasuyuki, Hisaya Sato, and Junichi Adachi. "Sequence Distribution of Commercial SBR by Ozonolysis-GPC Measurement." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 59, no. 1 (1986): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538184.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Sequence distribution of commercially obtained styrene-butadiene copolymers (SBR) was investigated by high-resolution-GPC measurement of ozonolysis products. The ozonolysis-GPC of emulsion SBR samples showed peaks corresponding to 1 to 4 styrene sequences and styrene-1,2-butadiene sequences flanked by 1,4-butadiene units. In random SBR samples with anionic polymerization, long styrene sequences of from 8 to 19% were detected in addition to the short styrene sequences. So-called tapered-block structure was clearly observed in partially block SBR samples; a broad peak derived from block styrene sequences in a relative intensity of 49 to 55% was overlapped by peaks due to styrene sequences longer than 10 styrene units. The content of pure-block styrene sequences in S-B-S type triblock SBR samples was found to be 85 to 99% or above.
6
Jin, Yan Jiang, Ben Xian Shen, Jun Sui, Lei Yang, and Ji Gang Zhao. "Study on Increasing Conversion of Styrene/Butadiene Co-Polymerization by Adjusting Basic Recipe." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 722–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.722.
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The effects of initiator, modifier, electrolyte, and emulsifier on emulsion polymerization of styrene butadiene rubber were investigated. The results showed that the conversion could reach up to 70% within 12 hour with the same properties as conversion 62% without changing the kinds and specification by using the adjusted recipe: the amount of initiator was 10%, the mass ratio of initial amount to addition amount of molecular weight regulator was 100/20, addition time was at polymerization beginning 2 hour, the initial amount of electrolyte was 110%-115%, the total amount of emulsifier was 110%, the addition amount of emulsifier was 10% and adding time was at polymerization beginning 2 hour. the raw and vulcanizate properties of rubber crumb high monomer conversion of 70% by adjusting recipe were satisfied to meet the requirements of the superior product standard of styrene butadiene rubber.
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Hwang, Kiwon, Hyunsung Mun, and Wonho Kim. "Effect of Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Transfer Emulsion Styrene Butadiene Rubber (RAFT ESBR) on the Properties of Carbon Black-Filled Compounds." Polymers 12, no. 4 (2020): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040933.
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Tread is an important component that directly affects the performance of passenger car radial (PCR) tires. Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) is mainly used for tire tread and it includes solution styrene-butadiene rubber (SSBR) and emulsion styrene-butadiene rubber (ESBR). Although SSBR is mainly used, the manufacturing process for SSBR is more challenging than ESBR, which is environmentally friendly, but has the disadvantage of a broad molecular weight distribution. To overcome this, a reversible addition-fragmentation radical transfer (RAFT) polymerization technique is used in ESBR polymerization. An environmentally friendly RAFT ESBR with a narrow dispersity can be polymerized. Here, carbon black-filled compounds were manufactured while using RAFT ESBR, and their properties were compared to ESBR. The analysis showed a low crosslink density of RAFT ESBR, due to the high polysulfide crosslink structure. We manufactured a carbon black-filled compound with the same crosslink density and structure as the ESBR carbon black-filled compound, and the effect of the dispersity of the base polymer was investigated. RAFT ESBR showed 9% better abrasion resistance and 29% better fuel efficiency than ESBR, according to the analysis of the data. The narrow dispersity can reduce energy loss and positively influence the abrasion resistance and fuel efficiency.
8
Ghafelebashi Zarand, S. M., S. Pourmahdian, F. Afshar Taromi, E. Jabbari, and B. Dabir. "Modeling of Styrene/Butadiene Co-polymerization in Emulsion with Monte Carlo Simulation." Chemical Engineering & Technology 26, no. 9 (2003): 969–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200300011.
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Mun, Hyunsung, Kiwon Hwang, Eunho Yu, Woong Kim, and Wonho Kim. "Glycidyl Methacrylate-Emulsion Styrene Butadiene Rubber (GMA-ESBR)/Silica Wet Masterbatch Compound." Polymers 11, no. 6 (2019): 1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11061000.
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In the tire industry, solution styrene butadiene rubber (SSBR), which can introduce a functional group with good reactivity to silica at chain ends, is used to increase rolling resistance performance by considering fuel economy. However, this is not environmentally friendly because SSBR uses an organic solvent for polymerization, and it is difficult to increase its molecular weight. Functionalized emulsion SBR (ESBR) can solve the problems of SSBR. The molecular weight of ESBR molecules can be easily increased in an eco-friendly solvent, i.e., water. A functionalized ESBR introduces a functional group with good reactivity to silica by introducing a third monomer during polymerization. In this field, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) has been reported to show the best properties as a third monomer. However, for GMA-ESBR, the viscosity is high and processability is disadvantageous. Therefore, we polymerized GMA-ESBR and manufactured silica compounds to clarify the causes of these problems. In addition, wet masterbatch (WMB) technology, which is a new compound manufacturing method, was applied to manufacture the silica compound, and the physical properties are compared with those of a dry masterbatch. The results clarified the problem of GMA-ESBR, which could be solved by using WMB technology.
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Souza, Paula Naomi, Matheus Soares, Marcelo M. Amaral, Enrique Luis Lima, and José Carlos Pinto. "Data Reconciliation and Control in Styrene-Butadiene Emulsion Polymerizations." Macromolecular Symposia 302, no. 1 (2011): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.201000063.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Emulsion polymerization. Styrene. Butadiene"
1
Filho, Aluisio Pinelli. "Modelagem matemática e estudo experimental da copolimerização de estireno e butadieno em emulsão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3137/tde-17112006-123329/.
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Neste trabalho, estudos da copolimerização em emulsão de estireno e butadieno foram realizados em duas etapas. A primeira etapa consistiu na obtenção de um modelo matemático que representasse os processos em batelada e em semicontínuo através das principais variáveis do processo. Na segunda etapa, o efeito de diversas variáveis importantes ao processo foi avaliado, dentre elas: o tempo de adição dos reagentes, o tipo de alimentação empregado e a temperatura da reação. O modelo matemático se baseia em um trabalho previamente publicado que foi adaptado para simular o processo de copolimerização de estireno e butadieno em emulsão. Foram simulados processos em batelada e em semicontínuo. Em conjunto com os resultados experimentais, foi realizada a estimação de parâmetros não obtidos na literatura utilizando o método de Marquardt. As características do processo e as propriedades do polímero, tais como, conversão, diâmetro de partícula, taxa de polimerização e pressão interna do reator também foram obtidas, fornecendo condições para otimização e avaliação do processo de polimerização em batelada e em semicontínuo. Adicionalmente, também foi proposto um modelo de equilíbrio líquido-vapor dos monômeros. Os ensaios experimentais foram realizados em reator encamisado semicontínuo de mistura com 3 litros, nos quais foram utilizados persulfato de sódio como iniciador, lauril sulfato de sódio como emulsificante e tercdodecil mercaptana como agente de transferência de cadeia. Foram estudados os efeitos da temperatura, do tipo e do tempo de alimentação utilizada. A velocidade de polimerização, os diâmetros médios de partículas, o teor de monômero residual, o teor de insolúveis e o teor de resíduos foram avaliados. A cromatografia gasosa foi aplicada com sucesso em análises de látex e monômeros com finalidades diversas, destacando-se a obtenção de coeficientes de atividade necessários ao modelo de equilíbrio líquido-vapor, análise da concentração de monômeros ao longo da reação e análise da concentração de monômero residual.<br>In this work, studies of the styrene butadiene emulsion copolymerization had been performed in two stages. The first stage composed of a mathematical model that represented the batch and semi continuous process. In the second stage, the effects of diverse process variables were evaluated, among them: the time of addition of the reagents, feeding type and temperature reaction. The mathematical model was based on previously published work that it was adapted to simulate the styrene butadiene emulsion copolymerization process. Batch and semi continuous processes were simulated. In assembly with the experimental results, Marquardt method was applied to estimate some parameters that wasnt found in literature. The variable process and the properties of polymer, such as, conversion, particle diameter, rate of polymerization and pressure of the reactor had been also simulated to batch and semicontinous process. A liquid-vapor balance of monomers model was proposed. The experimental stage had been carried through in a semi continuous stirring jacket tank reactor with 3 liters. Sodium persulfate as initiating, sodium lauryl sulfate as surfactant and Tert dodecyl mercaptan as chain transference agent had been used. The effect of temperature, type and time feeding had been studied. Polymerization rate, particles diameter, residual monomer had been evaluated. The gaseous chromatography was successfully applied in analyses of latex with diverse purposes: activity coefficient estimation, adjustment of liquid-vapor model, analysis of residual monomer of the reaction and volatiles organic components concentration in final latex.
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Roberge, Stéphane. "Conjugated Linoleic Acid/Styrene/Butyl Acrylate Bulk and Emulsion Polymerization." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34536.
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The potential for conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) incorporation into pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) formulations was evaluated. A series of free radical bulk copolymerizations of CLA/styrene (Sty) and CLA/butyl acrylate (BA) were designed to allow the estimation of reactivity ratios. Bulk terpolymerizations of CLA/Sty/BA were also evaluated before moving to emulsion terpolymerizations of CLA/Sty/BA. The polymers were characterized for composition, conversion, molecular weight and glass transition temperature while latexes were characterized for viscosity, particle size, tack, peel strength, and shear strength.
All experiments were performed at 80oC and monitored with attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. While bulk experiments were monitored off-line, the emulsion experiments were monitored in-line. Absorbance peaks related to the monomers and polymer were tracked to provide conversion and polymer composition data using a multivariate calibration method. Off-line measurements using gravimetry and 1H-NMR spectroscopy were compared to the ATR-FTIR data and no significant differences were detected between the measurement methods.
Pseudo-kinetic models, developed and validated with the copolymer experimental data, were used to estimate reactivity ratios. The copolymer pseudo-kinetic models were extended to a terpolymer pseudo-kinetic model and validated with experimental data. The pseudo-kinetic models incorporated the ability of oleic acid, a common impurity found in CLA, to trap electrons thus influencing the reaction kinetics significantly. The influence of terpolymer composition, chain transfer agent concentration, cross-linker concentration, molecular weight, viscosity and particle size on tack, peel strength and shear strength was investigated by using a constrained mixture design. The final forms of the resulting empirical models allowed the creation of 3D response surfaces for PSA performance optimization. The incorporation of 30 wt.% CLA into a practical PSA application suitable for the removable adhesives category was achieved.
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Li, Liang. "In-line monitoring of styrene1,3 butadiene emulsion polymerization by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28415.
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Synthetic rubber is a highly valuable commodity polymer. One important synthetic rubber product is styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). It is principally made via the emulsion copolymerization of styrene and butadiene monomers and the product is referred to as emulsion polymerized SBR or E-SBR. It is one of the most widely used polymers in the world today. Typical E-SBR applications include pneumatic tires and tubes; heels and soles for footwear; and gaskets.
This study focused on demonstrating and validating the use of Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy to the in-line monitoring of E-SBR copolymerization. Based on this objective, a series of styrene/1, butadiene emulsion copolymerizations of different monomer feed ratios were carried out in a 12L stainless steel reactor using a typical industrial recipe. A special sample-taking valve was developed to account for the presence of the 1,3 butadiene (a gaseous monomer at atmospheric conditions). Monomer conversion was monitored off-line using gravimetry combined with proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy and in-line using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy.
The in-line ATR-FTIR monitoring was accomplished with a ReactIR(TM) 1000 probe. It was found that a multivariate statistical analysis (Partial Least Squares) was necessary to achieve good results. A comparison of the off-line and in-line results was made and it was demonstrated that no significant differences existed between the two methods. This confirmed the reliability of ATR-FTIR as a tool for monitoring monomer conversion and polymer composition for the E-SBR process.
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Vlad, Florin-Iosif. "Supermicron monodisperse styrene/butyl acrylate latexes by a novel aggregative emulsion polymerization." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq22244.pdf.
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Hodgson, Marcelle. "Emulsion polymerization of styrene in the presence of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer agents." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51739.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This work involves the study of the effects of Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain
Transfer (RAFT) agents on the emulsion polymerization of styrene. The feasibility of
RAFT as a method for obtaining controlled radical polymerizations in emulsion systems is
also investigated. Both seeded and ab initio systems were studied with three RAFT
agents of varying structure.
Inhibition and retardation effects on addition of various amounts of the RAFT agents to
the emulsion systems were observed and the trends noticed. The effect of the RAFT
agents on the average number of radicals per latex particle was calculated from reaction
rates. The effect of the RAFT agent on the molecular weight and the molecular weight
distribution was monitored by gel permeation chromatography.
Exit of free radicals from the latex particles proves to be a major feature in the studied
RAFT emulsion systems. Fragmentation of the RAFT agent in the latex particles, gives
rise to free radical species that can exit from the particle and enter other particles where
they can either terminate instantaneously or propagate. The exit and termination
processes presumably result in both the inhibition and retardation of the emulsion
polymerizations. A linear increase in Mn with conversion is observed, however the low
concentration of RAFT agent in the latex particles is responsible for the obtained number
average molecular weights being much higher than predicted. The low concentrations of
RAFT agents in the latex particles is also responsible for the broad molecular weight
distributions that are obtained.
Reaction conditions for RAFT experiments should to be chosen so that the effects of exit
processes are minimized and that the RAFT agent is primarily situated in the latex
particles. These conditions must be met if the RAFT process is to be successful as a
method of controlled radical polymerization in emulsions.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsing behels die studie van die effek van In bygevoegde addisie-fragmentasie
kettingsoordragsreagent (RAFT1) op die emulsie polimerisasie van stireen. Die
uitvoerbaarheid van RAFT as 'n metode om gekontroleerde radikale polimerisasies in
emulsiesisteme te verkry is ook ondersoek. Eksperimente met drie RAFTkettingoordragsreagente
van gevarieerde strukture is uitgevoer in beide seeded en ab
initia sisteme.
Die effek van die RAFT-reagent op die inhibisie en vertraging van die emulsie
polimerisasie is waargeneem en die invloed van RAFT op die gemiddelde aantal radikale
per partikel is bepaal. Die ontwikkeling van die molekulêre massa en die molekulêre
massadistribusie is waargeneem deur middel van gel permeasie- kromatografiese
tegnieke.
Die ontsnapping van vrye radikale vanuit die partikels was 'n belangrike faktor in RAFT emulsiesisteme
wat ondersoek is. Hierdie radikale is gegenereer deur die fragmentasie
van die oorspronklike RAFT-reagent. Fragmentasie van die RAFT-reagent in die lateks
partikels lei tot die vorming van vrye radikale spesies wat uit een partikel kan ontsnap en
ander partikels kan binnedring waar dit onmiddellik kan termineer of propageer. Die
ontsnappings- en terminasieprosesse van vrye radikale lei oënskynlik tot die inhibering en
vertraging van die emulsie polimerisasie.
'n Lineêre verhoging in die gemiddelde molekulêre massa tydens konversie is
waargeneem, alhoewel die Mn-waardes baie hoër was as wat verwag is. Die verskil kan
toegeskryf word aan die klein hoeveelhede van die RAFT-reagent wat in die partikels
teenwoordig is. Hierdie lae RAFT-konsentrasies is ook verantwoordelik vir die breë
molekulêre massa distribusie wat waargeneem is.
Vir die RAFT-proses om suksesvol te wees in gekontroleerde radikale polimerisasies in
emulsies, moet reaksie kondisies so gekies word dat die ontsnapping van vrye radikale
tot 'n minimum beperk word en die RAFT-reagent hoofsaaklik in die lateks partikels
teenwoordig is.
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Guckian, Lynley H. "Synthesis of styrene and acrylic emulsion polymer systems by semi-continuous seeded polymerization processes /." Online version of thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11796.
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Applin, Samantha. "Surfactant Free Emulsion Polymerization of Poly(Styrene-Co-Methyl Methacrylate): Correlation of Microsphere Characteristics with Monomer Reactivity and Water Solubility." W&M ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1530192354.
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Polymeric microspheres have been used in a broad range of applications from chromatographic separation techniques to analysis of air flow over aerodynamic surfaces. The preparation of microspheres from many polymer families has consequently been extensively studied using a variety of synthetic approaches. Although there are a myriad of polymeric microsphere synthesis methods, free-radical initiated emulsion polymerization is one of the most common techniques. In this work, poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) microspheres were synthesized via surfactant-free emulsion polymerization. The effects of the co-monomer composition and addition time on particle size distribution, particle formation, and particle morphology were investigated. Particles were characterized using dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy to gain further insight into particle size and size distributions. Reaction kinetics were analyzed through consideration of characterization results. A particle formation mechanism for poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) microspheres was proposed based on characterization results and known reaction kinetics.
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Ibrahim, W. H. B. W. "Dynamic Modelling and Optimization of Polymerization Processes in Batch and Semi-batch Reactors. Dynamic Modelling and Optimization of Bulk Polymerization of Styrene, Solution Polymerization of MMA and Emulsion Copolymerization of Styrene and MMA in Batch and Semi-batch Reactors using Control Vector Parameterization Techniques." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5392.
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Dynamic modelling and optimization of three different processes namely (a) bulk polymerization of styrene, (b) solution polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and (c) emulsion copolymerization of Styrene and MMA in batch and semi-batch reactors are the focus of this work. In this work, models are presented as sets of differential-algebraic equations describing the process. Different optimization problems such as (a) maximum conversion (Xn), (b) maximum number average molecular weight (Mn) and (c) minimum time to achieve the desired polymer molecular properties (defined as pre-specified values of monomer conversion and number average molecular weight) are formulated. Reactor temperature, jacket temperature, initial initiator concentration, monomer feed rate, initiator feed rate and surfactant feed rate are used as optimization variables in the optimization formulations. The dynamic optimization problems were converted into nonlinear programming problem using the CVP techniques which were solved using efficient SQP (Successive Quadratic Programming) method available within the gPROMS (general PROcess Modelling System) software. The process model used for bulk polystyrene polymerization in batch reactors, using 2, 2 azobisisobutyronitrile catalyst (AIBN) as initiator was improved by including the gel and glass effects. The results obtained from this work when compared with the previous study by other researcher which disregarded the gel and glass effect in their study which show that the batch time operation are significantly reduced while the amount of the initial initiator concentration required increases. Also, the termination rate constant decreases as the concentration of the mixture increases, resulting rapid monomer conversion. The process model used for solution polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in batch reactors, using AIBN as the initiator and Toluene as the solvent was improved by including the free volume theory to calculate the initiator efficiency, f. The effects of different f was examined and compared with previous work which used a constant value of f 0.53. The results of these studies show that initiator efficiency, f is not constant but decreases with the increase of monomer conversion along the process. The determination of optimal control trajectories for emulsion copolymerization of Styrene and MMA with the objective of maximizing the number average molecular weight (Mn) and overall conversion (Xn) were carried out in batch and semi-batch reactors. The initiator used in this work is Persulfate K2S2O8 and the surfactant is Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS). Reduction of the pre-batch time increases the Mn but decreases the conversion (Xn). The sooner the addition of monomer into the reactor, the earlier the growth of the polymer chain leading to higher Mn. Besides that, Mn also can be increased by decreasing the initial initiator concentration (Ci0). Less oligomeric radicals will be produced with low Ci0, leading to reduced polymerization loci thus lowering the overall conversion. On the other hand, increases of reaction temperature (Tr) will decrease the Mn since transfer coefficient is increased at higher Tr leading to increase of the monomeric radicals resulting in an increase in termination reaction.
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Beyers, Cornelis Petrus. "The effect of iodo alkyl chain transfer agents on the seeded emulsion homo- and co-polimerisation of styrene and butyl acrylate." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51467.
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Thesis (MSc) -- Stellenbosch University, 1999.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A free-radical polymerisation process, which has characteristics of a living polymerisation
system, as it is capable of producing polymers of pre-determined molecular masses with a
narrow molecular mass distribution, is discussed. It is also possible to make blockcopolymers
by adding adding different monomers. The basic objective was to describe,
discuss and explain the results of the effects of alkyl iodides as chain transfer agents on
the seeded emulsion homo- and co-polymerisation of styrene and butyl acrylate.
lodoacetonitrile and 1-phenylethyliodide were used as alkyliodides, acting as degenerative
chain transfer agents.
First, the effects of these alkyl iodides as chain transfer agents on the molecular mass,
molecular mass distribution, glass transition temperature, conversion and particle size for
the seeded emulsion polymerisation of styrene were studied. Second, the effects of alkyl
iodides as chain transfer agents on the kinetics of radical emulsion polymerisation,
especially the average amount of radicals per latex particle, were investigated. Third, the
possibility of producing block-copolymers by emulsion polymerisation, using alkyl iodides
as chain transfer agents, was investigated.
To the best of the author's knowledge, results of work carried out in this study offer the first
proof that the "living"/controlled radical polymerisation of styrene, with alkyl iodides as
chain transfer agents, can be successfully carried out in emulsion. Addition of different
alkyl iodides as chain transfer agents, in different concentrations, led to marked changes in
the molecular mass, molecular mass distribution, glass transition temperature, conversion
and particle size for the seeded emulsion polymerisation of styrene. The molecular
masses of the polystyrene that was produced ranged from 156 to 663 577 while the
average molecular mass distribution was below 2. Addition of these alkyl iodides to a
seeded styrene polymerisation under zero-one conditions led to an average number of
free radicals per latex particle that was greater than 1. A styrene seed latex with functional
iodine end-groups was created and was successfully co-polymerised with butyl acrylate
to produce a perfect styrene-butyl acrylate block-copolymer.
This work has industrial importance as it allows the molecular mass, molecular mass
distribution and particle size of polymers to be controlled. These factors are directly
related to their micro- and macrostructure of polymers.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die vrye-radikaal polimerisasie proses wat die eienskappe van In lewendige polimerisasie
sisteem toon, omdat dit moontlik is om 'n polimeer met voorafbepaalde molekulêre
massas en 'n baie klein molekulêre massa verspreiding te berei, is bespreek. Dit is ook
moontlik om, deur die byvoeging van 'n tweede monomeer, 'n blok ko-polimere te maak.
Die doel was om die effekte wat alkieljodiede as ketlingoordragagente op die "seed"
homo- en ko-polimerisasie van stireen en butiel akrielaat gehad het te beskryf en te
verklaar. Jodoasetonitriel en 1-fenieletieljodied is gebruik as degeneratiewe
kettingoordragagente.
Eerstens is die uitwerking van hierdie alkieljodiede as kettingoordragagente op die
molekulere massa, molekulere massa verspreiding, glas oorgang temperatuur, opbrengs
en partikelgrote van die "seed" emulsie polimerisasie van stireen bestudeer. Tweedens is
na die uitwerking van alkiekjodiede op die kinetika van In emulsie radikaal polimerisasie
gekyk met spesifieke 1<lem op die gemiddelde aantal radikale per emulsie partikel.
Derdens is die moontlikheid om blok ko-polimere te berei ondersoek.
Na die beste van die outeur se wete is die resultate van hierdie studie die eerste bewys
dat die "Iewendige"/gekontroleerde radikaal polimerisasie van stireen met alkieljodiede as
ketlingoordragagente suksesvol in emulsie polimerisasie uitgevoer kan word. Die
byvoeging van verskillende alkieljodiede, in verskillende konsentrasies, het aanleiding
gegee tot opmerklike veranderinge in die molekulere massa, molekulere massa
verspreiding, glas oorgang temperatuur, opbrengs en partikelgrote van die "seed" emulsie
polimerisasie van stireen. Die molekulere massas van die bereide polistiereen het
gewissel tussen 156 en 663 577 en die gemiddelde molekulere massa verspreiding was
onder 2. Byvoeging van die alkieljodiede by die "seed" polimerisasie van stireen onder
zero-een toestande het In gemiddelde aantal radikale per emulsie partikel van bo 1
gelewer. In Funksionele "seed" emulsie met jodium eindgroepe was geproduseer na 'n
suksesvolle ko-polimerisasie met butiel akrielaat en 'n perfekte stireen-butiel akrilaat kopolimeer
is verkry.
Hierdie werk het industriele belang aangesien dit die beheer van molekulere massa,
molekulere massa verspreiding en partikelgrote moontlik maak wat 'n direkte effek het op
die mikro- en makro strukture van die polimeer.
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Kozempel, Steffen. "Emulgatorfreie Emulsionspolymerisation : Monomerlösungszustand und Teilchenbildung." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2005. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2005/610/.
Full textAbstract:
Polymere sind zweifelsohne der Werkstoff in unserer Zeit. Ein bedeutender Anteil der heute industriell produzierten Polymere wird durch Emulsionspolymerisation hergestellt. Obwohl die Emulsionspolymerisation breite Anwendung findet, sind die involvierten Mechanismen von Teilchenbildung und -wachstum noch heute Gegenstand heftiger Kontroversen.<br>
Ein Spezialfall der Emulsionspolymerisation ist die emulgatorfreie Emulsionspolymerisation. Hierbei handelt es sich um ein scheinbar einfacheres System der Emulsionspolymerisation, weil diese Methode ohne Zusatz von Emulgatoren auskommt.<br><br>
Die Teilchenbildung ist ein fundamentaler Vorgang im Verlauf der Emulsionspolymerisation, da sie zur Ausbildung der polymeren Latexphase führt. Detaillierte Kenntnisse zum Mechanismus der Nukleierung ermöglichen eine bessere Kontrolle des Reaktionsverlaufes und damit der Eigenschaften des Endproduktes der Emulsionspolymerisation, dem Polymer-Latex.<br>
Wie bereits vorangegangene Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet der emulgatorfreien Emulsionspolymerisation von Styrol sowie Methylmethacrylat und Vinylacetat zeigen konnten, verläuft die Teilchenbildung in diesen Systemen über den Mechanismus der aggregativen Nukleierung. Im Zusammenhang mit den Ergebnissen der genannten Arbeiten tauchte dabei immer wieder ein interessanter Effekt im Bereich der Partikelnukleierung auf. Dieses als JUMBO-Effekt bezeichnete Phänomen zeigte sich reproduzierbar in einem Anstieg der Transmission im Bereich der Teilchenbildung von emulgatorfreien Emulsionspolymerisationen von Styrol, MMA und VAc. Nach der Initiierung der Polymerisation in einer wässrigen Monomerlösung durch Kaliumperoxodisulfat steigt die Durchlässigkeit bei 546 nm auf über 100 % an. Für diese „Abnahme der optischen Dichte“ wurden verschiedene Erklärungsmöglichkeiten vorgeschlagen, jedoch blieb ein Nachweis der Ursache für den JUMBO-Effekt bisher aus. Dieser Mangel an Aufklärung eines offenbar grundlegenden Phänomens in der emulgatorfreien Emulsionspolymerisation bildet den „Nukleus“ für die vorlie¬gende Arbeit.<br><br>
Durch die vorliegende Dissertation konnte das Verständnis für Phänomene der Teilchenbildung in der emulgatorfreien Emulsionspolymerisation von Styrol mit KPS erweitert werden. In diesem Rahmen wurde das Online-Monitoring des Polymerisationsvorganges verbessert und um verschiedene Methoden erweitert:<br>
Zur simultanen Erfassung von Trübungsdaten bei verschiedenen Wellenlängen konnte ein modernes Spektrometer in Kombination mit einer Lichtleitersonde in die Reaktionsapparatur integriert werden.<br><br>
Es wurde ein verbesserter Algorithmus zur Datenbearbeitung für die Partikelgrößenbestimmung mittels faseroptischer dynamischer Lichtstreuung entwickelt.<br>
Es wurden Online-Partikelgrößenanalysen mittels statischer Vielwinkellichtstreuung bei Polymerisationen direkt in entsprechenden Lichtstreuküvetten durchgeführt.<br><br>
Diese zur Beschreibung des untersuchten Systems eingeführten Methoden sowie ein zeitlich vollständiges Monitoring des gesamten Polymerisationsverlaufes, beginnend mit der Zugabe von Monomer zu Wasser, führten zu neuen Erkenntnissen zur emulgatorfreien Emulsionspolymerisation.<br>
Es wurden große Monomeraggregate, die sog. Nanotröpfchen, in wässriger Lösung (emulgatorfrei) nachgewiesen. Diese Aggregate bilden sich spontan und treten verstärkt in entgastem Wasser auf.<br><br>
Die Existenz von Nanotröpfchen in Verbindung mit Trübungs- und gaschromatografischen Messungen lässt auf eine molekular gelöste „Wirkkonzentration“ von Styrol in Wasser schließen, die bedeutend geringer ist als die absolute Sättigungskonzentration.<br>
Es konnten Hinweise auf eine Reaktion höherer Ordnung im System Wasser/Styrol/KPS gefunden werden.<br><br>
Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine präzise Einstellung der Nukleierungsdauer über die Zeit der Equilibrierung von Wasser mit Styrol möglich ist.<br>
Der JUMBO-Effekt, dem in dieser Arbeit ein besonderes Interesse galt, konnte in gewisser Weise entmystifiziert werden. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Durchlässigkeit der Reaktionsmischung bereits beim Lösen von Styrol in Wasser durch Bildung von Styrolaggregaten abnimmt. Der darauf folgende kurzzeitige Transmissionsanstieg im Zusammenhang mit der Nukleierung erreicht dabei nicht mehr 100 % des Referenzwertes von reinem Wasser. Alle experimentellen Daten sprechen für die Nanotröpfchen als Ursache des JUMBO-Effekts.<br>
Wie die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen, ist selbst das relativ „einfache“ System der emulgatorfreien Emulsionspolymerisation komplizierter als angenommen. Die Existenz von großen Styrolaggregaten in wässriger Lösung erfordert eine neue Betrachtungsweise des Reaktionssystems, in die auch der Lösungszustand des Monomers mit einbezogen werden muss.<br>Polymers are doubtless the material of today.
Large amounts of industrially produced polymers are made via emulsion polymerization. Although emulsion polymerization is widely used commercially, the mechanisms of particle formation and -growth involved are still intensely controversial.<br><br>
A special case of the emulsion polymerization is the emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization. This apparently easier procedure is performed without addition of emulsifier.<br>
Particle formation is a fundamental event in the progression of emulsion polymerization because it leads to the formation of a polymeric latex phase. Explicit knowledge concerning the mechanism of nucleation facilitates better control of the reaction process and therefore of the properties of the final polymeric latex product.<br><br>
Other contributions in emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization of styrene could already proof that particle formation in the present system proceeds via aggregative nucleation. In the context of the results of these contributions, an interesting effect was always detected in the time range of particle nucleation. This so-called “JUMBO-effect” appeared highly reproducible as an increase of transmittance during nucleation period in the emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization of styrene. After initiation of the polymerization in an aqueous monomer solution with potassiumperoxodisulfate the transmittance at 546 nm increases to more than 100 %. For this “decrease in optical density” various possible explanations have been suggested, but a proof for any of them is still to be found. This lack of insight into an apparently fundamental phenomenon in emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization arises as the “nucleus” of the present thesis.<br><br>
Within this work the understanding of the phenomena of particle formation in emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization of styrene with potassiumperoxodisulfate could be enhanced. In this frame the online monitoring of the polymerization process could be improved and expanded to several methods:<br><br>
For the simultaneous recording of UV-spectra respectively turbidity data at various wavelengths a modern spectrometer in combination with a fibre optical probe could be integrated into the reaction vessel.<br>
An improved algorithm for data treatment of particle size determination via fibre optical dynamic light scattering was developed.<br>
We implemented online particle size determinations via multi angle laser light scattering directly in light scattering cuvettes.<br><br>
These newly introduced methods, in combination with temporally complete monitoring of the whole polymerization progression, starting with the addition of monomer to water, lead to novel insight into emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization of styrene:<br>
Big monomer aggregates, so called “nano droplets”, could be detected in an aqueous solution of styrene. These aggregates form spontaneously and appear especially in degassed water. Polymerisation as the origin of the nano droplets can be excluded.<br>
In context with turbidity and gas chromatographic measurements, the existence of nano droplets leads us to conclude that there is a molecularly dissolved “effective” concentration of styrene in water which is much lower than the absolute concentration reported in the literature.<br>
We could find some hints for a higher reaction order in the system water/styrene/potassiumpersulfate. The induced decomposition of the peroxodisulfate ion in the presence of styrene and ethylbenzene shows an additional reaction of the initiator with aromatic compounds besides the thermolytical cleavage.<br>
Furthermore it could be shown that it is possible to precisely adjust the duration of nucleation with the solubilisation time of styrene in water. This kind of control can be useful for other applications.<br>
The JUMBO-effect, which was a major topic of this thesis, could be partly de-mystified. It could be shown that the turbidity of the reaction mixture already increases during the dissolution process of styrene due to the formation of aggregates. The turbidity decrease which is depicted by the JUMBO-effect in the time range of nucleation never reaches 100 % of the reference water. An interference of the used measuring wavelength with the domain size of density fluctuations according to the theory of spinodal decomposition could not be verified. The experimental data suggest rather the nano droplets as origin of the JUMBO-effect.<br>
The results of the present thesis show clearly that the relatively “simple” system of the emulsifier-free emulsion polymerisation (water/styrene/potassiumpersulfate) is more complex than expected. The existence of big styrene aggregates in aqueous solution requires a new approach of the reaction system, which also includes the solution state of the monomer.
Books on the topic "Emulsion polymerization. Styrene. Butadiene"
1
Brons, Paula A. Emulsion polymerization of styrene and sulfur dioxide. Laurentian University, 1986.
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2
Commission, United States International Trade. Certain emulsion styrene-butadiene rubber from Brazil, Korea, and Mexico. U.S. International Trade Commission, 1998.
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3
United States International Trade Commission. Certain emulsion styrene-butadiene rubber from Brazil, Korea, and Mexico. U.S. International Trade Commission, 1998.
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4
United States International Trade Commission. Certain emulsion styrene-butadiene rubber from Brazil, Korea, and Mexico. U.S. International Trade Commission, 1998.
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5
United States International Trade Commission. Certain emulsion styrene-butadiene rubber from Brazil, Korea, and Mexico. U.S. International Trade Commission, 1998.
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6
Commission, United States International Trade. Certain emulsion styrene-butadiene rubber from Brazil, Korea, and Mexico. U.S. International Trade Commission, 1998.
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7
Certain emulsion styrene-butadiene rubber from Brazil, Korea, and Mexico. U.S. International Trade Commission, 1998.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Emulsion polymerization. Styrene. Butadiene"
1
Weerts, Pierre, Jos van der Loos, and Anton German. "Emulsion Polymerization of Butadiene." In Integration of Fundamental Polymer Science and Technology—4. Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0767-6_17.
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2
Hirao, Akira, and Katsuhiko Takenaka. "Nonpolar Monomers: Styrene and 1,3-Butadiene Derivatives." In Anionic Polymerization. Springer Japan, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54186-8_3.
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Ruckenstein, Eli, and Xiang Zheng Kong. "Control of Pore Generation and Pore Size in Nanoparticles of Poly(styrene-methyl methacrylate-acrylic acid) *." In Concentrated Emulsion Polymerization. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429026577-10.
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Kong, Xiang Zheng, and Eli Ruckenstein. "Core-Shell Latex Particles Consisting of Polysiloxane-Poly(styrene-methyl methacrylate-acrylic acid): Preparation and Pore Generation *." In Concentrated Emulsion Polymerization. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429026577-9.
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Ruckenstein, Eli, and Xiao-Bai Wang. "Production of Lignin Peroxidase by Phanerochaete chrysosporium Immobilized on Porous Poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) Carrier and Its Application to the Degrading of 2-Chlorophenol *." In Concentrated Emulsion Polymerization. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429026577-15.
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Laferty, Samuel, and Irja Piirma. "Two-Stage Emulsion Polymerization of Acrylonitrile and Butadiene." In ACS Symposium Series. American Chemical Society, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1992-0492.ch016.
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Caneba, Gerard, and Yadunandan Dar. "Control Experiments to Test Autopolymerization of styrene and n-butyl acrylate." In Emulsion-based Free-Radical Retrograde-Precipitation Polymerization. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19872-4_11.
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Cheong, I. W., M. Nomura, and J. H. Kim. "Kinetics of Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene in the Presence of Polyurethane Resins." In ACS Symposium Series. American Chemical Society, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2002-0801.ch010.
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Ammerdorffer, J. L., C. G. Pijls, A. A. Lemmens, and A. L. German. "Characterization of Ionic Oligomers Formed During the Emulsion Polymerization of Butadiene by Means of Isotachophoresis." In Integration of Fundamental Polymer Science and Technology—4. Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0767-6_21.
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Boonmahitthisud, Anyaporn. "Natural Rubber and Rubber Blend Nanocomposites." In Applied Environmental Materials Science for Sustainability. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1971-3.ch004.
Full textAbstract:
Natural rubber (NR) is representative biomass polymer and the effective uses are strongly contributed to sustainable society. This chapter presents the innovative and advanced rubber nanocomposites with polystyrene-encapsulated silica nanohybrids (PS-nSiO2) subsequently used as a nanofiller for NR and NR/styrene butadiene rubber (NR/SBR). The PS-nSiO2 were prepared via ‘in situ' differential microemulsion polymerization. The core-shell nanohybrids of PS-nSiO2 were achieved with an average diameter of 40 nm using a smaller amount of surfactant, compared to microemulsion polymerization method. Moreover, the effects of the NR and NR/SBR filled with PS-nSiO2 nanohybrids on the mechanical properties, thermal stability, flammability and morphology are also discussed. The results indicated that the encapsulation of nSiO2 with PS can provide not only the well-dispersion of nanoparticles in the rubber matrix but also the synergistic properties of two components from the polymer and the inorganic nanoparticles by improving mechanical properties, thermal stability and flammability of rubber nanocomposites.
Conference papers on the topic "Emulsion polymerization. Styrene. Butadiene"
1
Paulen, Radoslav, Brahim Benyahia, M. A. Latifi, and Miroslav Fikar. "Optimal feeding of emulsion polymerization reactor for styrene and butyl acrylate copolymerization." In 2013 International Conference on Process Control (PC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pc.2013.6581448.
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Hwang, Ho-Sang, Bum-Kyoung Seo, and Kune-Woo Lee. "Strippable Core-Shell Polymer Emulsion for Decontamination of Radioactive Surface Contamination." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40193.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, the core-shell composite polymer for decontamination from the surface contamination was synthesized by the method of emulsion polymerization and blends of polymers. The strippable polymer emulsion is composed of the poly(styrene-ethyl acrylate) [poly(St-EA)] composite polymer, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The morphology of the poly(St-EA) composite emulsion particle was core-shell structure, with polystyrene (PS) as the core and poly(ethyl acrylate) (PEA) as the shell. Core-shell polymers of styrene (St)/ethyl acrylate (EA) pair were prepared by sequential emulsion polymerization in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as an emulsifier using ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator. Related tests and analysis confirmed the success in synthesis of composite polymer. The products are characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, TGA that were used, respectively, to show the structure, the thermal stability of the prepared polymer. Two-phase particles with a core-shell structure were obtained in experiments where the estimated glass transition temperature and the morphologies of emulsion particles. Decontamination factors of the strippable polymeric emulsion were evaluated with the polymer blend contents.
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Kassim, Syara, Siti Balqis Zahari, Rabiatul Addawiyah Azwa Tahrin, and Noor Aniza Harun. "Co-polymerization of methyl methacrylate and styrene via surfactant-free emulsion polymerization, as a potential material for photonic crystal application." In 3RD ELECTRONIC AND GREEN MATERIALS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017 (EGM 2017). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5002212.
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Jinfeng Tian, Qinghua Wang, Jiazhu Dong, and Chong Hong. "Effect of glass fiber reinforced cement (GRC) and styrene-butadiene emulsion on the property of cement mortar." In 2011 International Conference on Multimedia Technology (ICMT). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmt.2011.6002841.
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