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Journal articles on the topic 'Emulsion solvent evaporation technique'

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Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 17 July 2025

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Xiao, Zuo Bing, Wei Li, Guang Yong Zhu, Ru Jun Zhou, and Yun Wei Niu. "The Nanocapsulation Research Progress in Food Industry." Applied Mechanics and Materials 395-396 (September 2013): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.395-396.144.

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The application of nanocapsules in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries has attracted great attention from scientific research. In the food field, nanocapsules of aroma, bioactive components have been gradually widely used in food additives, beverage and nutrition and nutraceuticals, owing to their excellent sustained-release, stability and resistance to oxidation. This concise review focus on several kinds of nanocapsulation techniques, such as emulsion technique, emulsification-solvent evaporation technique, complex coacervation, inclusion complexation, supercritical fluid technique, solvent diaplacement for food ingredients, and then forwards the further development of the nanocapsulation techniques in the food industry.

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Palmieri, Giovanni Filippo, Roberta Grifantini, Piera Di Martino, and Sante Martelli. "Emulsion/Solvent Evaporation as an Alternative Technique in Pellet Preparation." Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 26, no. 11 (2000): 1151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ddc-100100986.

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D. Vaghela, Pooja. "Effect of Polymers in the Design and Characterization of Sustained Release Aceclofenac Microspheres." Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 12 (2022): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35652/igjps.2022.12020.

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Purpose:Theaim of present work was to design and characterize sustained release Aceclofenac, model drug, microspheres by emulsion solvent evaporation technique.Methods:Aceclofenac microspheres were prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation process by using Ethyl cellulose and Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose as polymers. The microspheres were evaluated by drug release study, drug content, drug loading and encapsulation efficiency, and determination of percentage yield.Results:The present study shows that as the polymer concentration increases the percentage encapsulation efficiency, and drug content in the microsphere formulation also increases. The microspheres of all the formulated batches were spherical, discrete and free flowing. Increasing the polymer concentration in microsphere formulation decreases the rate of drug release dramatically.Conclusions:It might be concluded that drug loaded microspheres appear to be a suitable delivery system for a model drug, Aceclofenac, and may help to reduce dose of drug andfrequency of administration. Sustained release of Aceclofenac microspheres could be formulated by using ethyl cellulose and HPMC as a release retardant by emulsion solvent evaporation technique.©2022iGlobal Research and PublishingFoundation. All rights reserved

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Kumar, Balagani Pavan, Irisappan Sarath Chandiran, and Korlakunta Narasimha Jayaveera. "Formulation development and evaluation of Glibenclamide loaded Eudragit RLPO microparticles." International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 2, no. 12 (2013): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v2i12.17016.

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The objective of the present investigation was to formulate and evaluate microencapsulated Glibenclamide produced by the emulsion solvent evaporation method. Microparticles were prepared using Eudragit RLPO by emulsion solvent evaporation method and characterized for their micromeritic properties, encapsulation efficiency, particle size, drug loading, FTIR, DSC, SEM analysis. In vitro release studies were performed in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Stability studies were conducted as per ICH guidelines. The resulting microparticles obtained by solvent evaporation method were free flowing in nature. The mean particle size of microparticles ranges from 134.49 179.72 µm and encapsulation efficiency ranges from 92.30-98.32%. The infrared spectra and differential scanning calorimetry thermographs confirmed the stable character of Glibenclamide in the drug-loaded microparticles. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the microparticles were spherical in nature. In vitro release studies revealed that the drug release was sustained up to 12 hrs. The release kinetics of Glibenclamide from optimized formulation followed zero-order and peppas mechanism. The mechanism of drug release from the microparticles was found to be non-Fickian type. Eudragit RLPO microparticles containing Glibenclamide could be prepared successfully by using an emulsion solvent evaporation technique, which will not only sustain the release of drug but also manage complicacy of the diabetes in a better manner.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v2i12.17016 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, November 2013, 2(12): 196-201

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Patel, Ayushi, Rupesh Kumar Jain, Vivek Jain, and Pushpendra Kumar Khangar. "Formulation and Evaluation of Sustained Release Solid Dispersed Nifedipine Microcapsules." Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences 2, no. 3 (2022): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v2i3.21.

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Conventional drug delivery system for treating the angina and hypertension are not much effective as the drug do not reach the site of action in appropriate amounts. Thus potent and guarded therapy of this angina and hypertension disorder using specific drug delivery system is a challenging task to the pharmaceutical professionals. The study was aimed at increase the solubility of poorly soluble drug nifedipine and formulating it in sustained release dosage form. Solid dispersion of drug was prepared using Poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as inert hydrophilic carriers by solvent evaporation technique. A 17-fold increase in dissolution rate of nifedipine was observed with solid dispersion prepared with PVP (K30). Sustained release microcapsules of nifedipine were formulated using Eudragit RS 100 as a polymer, acetone as polymer solvent for Eudragit RS100, N-hexane as a non-solvent, liquid paraffin vehicle, with solid dispersion of nifedipine as core by emulsion solvent evaporation method and modified emulsion solvent evaporation method. Microcapsules from all the batches were found to discrete, spherical and free flowing and % entrapment efficiency was found to be in range of 96.01% to 97.87%. All the batches of microcapsules showed sustained release curve in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer up to 12hours with maximum release up to 97.22% after 12hrs was found to be in B2. SEM studies of the microcapsules showed the surface topography states that prepared microspheres were spherical in shape. Shiny and uniform covered surface with polymer. Keywords: Nifedipine, Poly vinyl pyrrolidone, Solid dispersion, Microcapsules, Emulsion solvent evaporation method

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Sutthapitaksakul, Lalinthip, and Pornsak Sriamornsak. "Influence of Process Parameters on the Characteristics of Hydrophilic Drug-Loaded Microparticles through Double Emulsion Solvent Evaporation Technique." Key Engineering Materials 819 (August 2019): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.819.252.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of process parameters on the characteristics of microparticles using double emulsion solvent evaporation method for encapsulation of hydrophilic drug. Donepezil hydrochloride (DPH), a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor, was selected as a model hydrophilic drug. Prior to conducting an experiment, the target particle size of microparticles was set at approximately 200 μm. The investigated process parameters include pH of outer water phase, stirring time, polymer amount, and volume of outer water phase. The results showed that DPH-loaded microparticles was successfully prepared in two steps. In the first step, the primary emulsion was prepared by dissolving DPH in distilled water before emulsifying in dichloromethane (DCM) containing different amounts of poly(butylmethacrylate-co-2-dimethylaminoethyl-methacrylate-co-methyl-methacrylate) (PBM-DM-MM) using ultrasonic probe. In the second step, the primary emulsion was emulsified in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution by overhead stirrer to prepare double emulsion. After solvent evaporation, the microparticles were collected by centrifugation and washed with distilled water. Based on the statistical analysis, stirring time, polymer amount and volume of outer water phase were the main significant parameters influencing particle size of microparticles.

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Pinon-Segundo, Elizabeth, Maria G. Nava-Arzaluz, and David Lechuga-Ballesteros. "Pharmaceutical Polymeric Nanoparticles Prepared by the Double Emulsion- Solvent Evaporation Technique." Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation 6, no. 3 (2012): 224–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187221112802652606.

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Sriamornsak, Pornsak, S. Konthong, K. Burapapadh, and Srisagul Sungthongjeen. "Drug-Loaded Pectin Microparticles Prepared by Emulsion-Solvent Evaporation." Advanced Materials Research 506 (April 2012): 282–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.506.282.

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The aim of this study was to develop the pectin-based microparticles by emulsion-solvent evaporation technique. The effects of concentration and type of pectin and addition of glutaraldehyde on size, size distribution, drug crystalline state and drug dissolution from microparticles were investigated. The results showed that a model drug, indomethacin, could be encapsulated in microparticles. Higher molecular weight of pectin caused a larger in size of microparticles than the lower one. A high degree of esterification is preferred to stabilize the pectin microparticles. The powder x-ray diffractograms showed that all microparticles led to amorphous products while their physical mixture still showed the crystalline state of drug. Drug dissolution from the microparticles containing indomethacin and pectin was increased, resulting from the formation of an amorphous solid dispersion. Addition of glutaraldehyde, however, resulted in slower drug dissolution, compared to the formulations without glutaraldehyde or drug alone.

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Biru, Kumar Thakur, Kumar Sahu Rakesh, Kumar Rupak, et al. "A Review on In-Vitro Characterization of Remipril Microsphere." Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal 12, no. 2 (2025): 168–79. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15606926.

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Ramipril is a second-generation antihypertensive drug useful in the treatment of hypertention mainly in myocardial infraction which has short plasma half-life of 2-4 hours in adults along with bitter taste and faint odor. Microspheres are suitable drug delivery system for such drug candidate. In the present article endeavor, ramipril microspheres were attempted with a view to reduce the frequency of dosing and to attain steady state drug levels in addition to masking the bitter taste and faint odor of drug. Different batches of ramipril microsphere formulations F1 to F10 were developed using different polymers like eudragit RS-100, eudragit RL-100 and hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) at various ratios. The microspheres were prepared by non-aqueous emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Based on the results of the physicochemical characterization and in vitro drug release studies of all the batches of the formulated microspheres from F1 to F10 formulation F4 was chosen as the most satisfactory formulation as it possessed all the required physicochemical characters and prolonged duration of the drug release up to 24 hours. Scanning electron microscopy studies were showed microspheres are spherical and porous in nature and the drug release was found to be diffusion controlled.

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Bhausaheb, Vidhate Samiksha, and Pagire D.M. "Review on Microspheres: A Novel Approach in Drug Delivery System." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 07, no. 12 (2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem27475.

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A well-designed controlled drug delivery system has the potential to address the limitations of conventional drug therapy and enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of a drug. Microspheres, which are characterized by their particle size being 1-1000 μm, are considered a novel and controlled drug delivery system. The spherical shape of microspheres contributes to their advantageous properties. This review focuses on the utilization of microspheres as a novel drug delivery system. These characteristics can be modified by altering the materials, methods, polymers, or techniques used in the production of microspheres. Microspheres are composed of natural or synthetic polymers. They are utilized in drug delivery systems to achieve prolonged or controlled drug release, enhancing bioavailability, stability, and action at specific sites at predetermined rates. Microspheres can be manufactured using various natural or synthetic materials. Different types of microspheres include bio adhesive, magnetic, floating, radioactive, polymeric, biodegradable polymeric, and synthetic polymeric microspheres. These microspheres are prepared using methods such as spray drying, solvent evaporation, single emulsion technique, double emulsion technique, phase separation coacervation technique, spray drying and spray congealing, solvent extraction, and quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion. Microspheres have a wide range of applications and evaluation parameters. Keywords: Microsphere, Novel Drug Delivery, Types of Microspheres, Methods of preparation Microspheres, Biodegradable.

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Nguyen, Thuy Chinh, and Hoang Thai. "Review: emulsion techniques for producing polymer based drug delivery systems." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 61, no. 1 (2023): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/17666.

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Emulsification method is one of the popular methods for producing materials used inbiosensing, bioimaging and others, especially, drug delivery polymer systems in microsize andnanosize. The concrete techniques related to this method are emulsification, self-emulsification,in a combination with solvent evaporation process, homogenization, or ultranosication. Thestructure of emulsion formulation consists of two phases: an internal phase and an externalphase. Based on the structure and nature of the phases, emulsions can be classified into differenttypes such as two-phase systems (oil in water emulsion (O/W) or water in oil emulsion (W/O))or three-phase systems (water in oil in water triple emulsion (W/O/W) or oil in water in oil tripleemulsion (O/W/O)). The droplet sizes in micro-emulsion systems are often higher than 1 mwhile those in nano-emulsions or mini-emulsions are in the range of 100-500 nm. Some specialnano-emulsion systems can contain droplets with a size of few nanometers. Factors includingsolvents, oil/water phase ratio, droplet oil size, composition ratio, nature of raw materials,emulsifiers, etc. can affect the morphology, properties, and size of the obtained products. Thispaper reviews emulsion techniques which have been applied for producing polymeric drugdelivery systems. The components, properties, characteristics, encapsulation efficiency as wellas drug release rate, water solubility, toxicity and administration efficacy of drug emulsionformulations will be mentioned. Advantages and limitations of emulsion techniques are alsodiscussed.

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Iqbal, Muhammad, Nadiah Zafar, Hatem Fessi, and Abdelhamid Elaissari. "Double emulsion solvent evaporation techniques used for drug encapsulation." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 496, no. 2 (2015): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.10.057.

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Shao, Ting, Lin Bai, Binhang Yan, Yong Jin, and Yi Cheng. "Modeling the solidification of O/W-emulsion droplet in solvent evaporation technique." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 122 (June 2017): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2017.04.022.

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Tatielle, do Nascimento, and Ricci-Júnior Eduardo. "Preparation of Microparticles of Polycaprolactone Containing Piroxicam to use in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases." Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal 4, no. 5 (2017): 154–63. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13853956.

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The microparticles containing piroxicam were produced by the oil-in-water emulsion-solvent evaporation technique, and characterized by microscopy, loading efficiency, size distribution and polydispersity index, in vitro drug release and release kinetics. A total of 20 formulations were prepared and characterized. Microparticles presented micrometric size of 1.026µm to 3.541µm, distribution homogeneous with PDI below 0.35 with spherical and regular shape. The piroxicam loading efficiency varied from 47.9 to 91.0% (w/w). In the release study, between 10.66 to 36.36% of piroxicam was released to the dissolution medium after 6 hours. The most appropriate formulation was F3 containing 10mg of the drug because of the high encapsulation efficiency, high encapsulated drug content and sustained release. The results demonstrated that it is possible to obtain microparticles with good morphological and release characteristics using the method oil-in-water emulsion-solvent evaporation.

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Dr., C. S. Parameswari* B. Manasa K. Mounika N. Navya Sree M. Rajeswari E. Anusha. "Microspheres." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, no. 12 (December 4, 2024): 502–19. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14276500.

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Microspheres are multiparticulate drug delivery systems which are prepared to obtain prolonged the controlled drug delivery to improve bioavailability, stability and to target the drug to specific site at a predetermined rate. They are made from polymeric waxy or other protective materials such as natural, semi synthetic and synthetic polymers. Microspheres are characteristically free flowing powders having particle size ranging from 1-1000 μm consisting of proteins or synthetic polymers. The range of techniques for the preparation of microspheres provides multiple options to control as drug administration aspects and to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of a given the drug. These delivery systems offer numerous advantages compared to conventional dosage forms, which include improved efficacy, reduced toxicity, improved patient compliance and convenience. Such systems often use macromolecules as carriers for the drugs. The present review highlights various types of microspheres, different methods of preparation, its applications and also various parameters to evaluate their efficiency. Microspheres are various types like Bioadhesive microspheres, Magnetic microspheres, Floating microspheres, Radioactive microspheres, Polymeric microspheres, Biodegradable polymeric microspheres, Synthetic polymeric microspheres and are prepared by methods like Spray Drying, Solvent Evaporation, Single emulsion technique, Double emulsion technique, Phase separation coacervation technique, Spray drying and spray congealing, Solvent extraction, Quassi emulsion solvent diffusion. Microspheres have wide range of applications because of controlled and sustained release.

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Partba, Sarathi Pal, Ghosh Dipankar, Sarkar Debanjan, Mukherjee Narayan, and Sarkar Priyabrata. "Microencapsulation of bovine serum albumin by solvent evaporation and in situ polymerization techniques." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 79, May 2002 (2002): 455–57. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5843146.

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Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata-700 009, India E-mail : psarkar@cubmb.ernet.in               Fax : 91-33-4852976 Manuscript received 28 June 2001, accepted 5 November 2001 This paper presents two techniques for microencapsulation of bovine serum albumin (BSA), namely, solvent evaporation and in situ polymerization. Both these processes have been designed to give improved loading and release rates. We achieved high encapsulation efficiency with high microcapsule yield using high power ultrasonication for formation of microemulsion and an efficient microsprayer for the formation of double emulsion. In situ polymerization in the organic (methyl methacrylate, MMA) liquid membrane of the microemulsion was conducted in inert atmosphere. Both the methods are cost-effective and may be designed for predetermined release of the biomaterials.

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Hayatunnufus, Rahmi, Galuh Putri Erika Wati та Emil Budianto. "Preparation, Characterization, and Encapsulation Efficiency Test of Simvastatin Microencapsulation Using Polyblend of Poly(Lactic Acid)and Poly(ɛ-Caprolactone)". Materials Science Forum 947 (березень 2019): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.947.21.

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Simvastatin is one of the most extensively used drugs to reduce blood cholesterol levels, which practically insoluble in water and not well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, simvastatin was encapsulated using polyblend of PLA and PCL in the composition of 60:40 by solvent evaporation technique (oil-in-water). The optimization of agitation rate, solvent removal time, emulsion time, and emulsifier concentration have been conducted to obtain the maximum efficiency to encapsulate simvastatin in the matrix polymer. The result showed that the optimum conditions to increase the encapsulation efficiency of simvastatin in the microcapsule using polyblend of PLA and PCL were obtained in the agitation rate, solvent removal time, emulsion time, and Tween 80 concentration as an emulsifier at 700 rpm, 1 hour, 1 hour, and 0.5% (v/v), respectively.

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Hawari, A. A., C. Y. Tham, and Zuratul Ain Abdul Hamid. "Effect of Synthesis Parameters on Size of the Biodegradable Poly (L-Lactide) (PLLA) Microspheres." Advanced Materials Research 858 (November 2013): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.858.60.

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In this work, PLLA microspheres were prepared via emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Several synthesis parameters were studied to evaluate their effect on the size of PLLA microspheres. PLLA pallets before emulsion and PLLA microspheres surface chemistry after emulsion were determined using Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR). Results showed that PLLA pallets and microspheres FTIR obtained an identical spectrum. Microspheres size and surface morphology were determined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In conclusion, the parameters that significantly affect the size of PLLA microspheres were PLLA concentration, DCM to water volume ratio, PVA concentration and stirring speed. PVA molecular weight variation showed no significant change in microspheres size.

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Demina, Tatiana S., Liubov A. Kilyashova, Tatiana N. Popyrina, et al. "Polysaccharides as Stabilizers for Polymeric Microcarriers Fabrication." Polymers 13, no. 18 (2021): 3045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13183045.

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Biodegradable polymeric microparticles are widely used in drug delivery systems with prolonged-release profiles and/or cell microcarriers. Their fabrication via the oil/water emulsion solvent evaporation technique has normally required emulsifiers in the aqueous phase. The present work aims to evaluate the effectiveness of various polysaccharides, such as chitosan, hyaluronic acid, cellulose, arabinogalactan, guar and their derivatives, as an alternative to synthetic surfactants for polylactide microparticle stabilization during their fabrication. Targeted modification of the biopolymer’s chemical structure was also tested as a tool to enhance polysaccharides’ emulsifying ability. The transformation of biomacromolecules into a form of nanoparticle via bottom-up or top-down methods and their subsequent application for microparticle fabrication via the Pickering emulsion solvent evaporation technique was useful as a one-step approach towards the preparation of core/shell microparticles. The effect of polysaccharides’ chemical structure and the form of their application on the polylactide microparticles’ total yield, size distribution and morphology was evaluated. The application of polysaccharides has great potential in terms of the development of green chemistry and the biocompatibility of the formed microparticles, which is especially important in biomedicine application.

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Urbaniak, Tomasz, та Witold Musiał. "Influence of Solvent Evaporation Technique Parameters on Diameter of Submicron Lamivudine-Poly-ε-Caprolactone Conjugate Particles". Nanomaterials 9, № 9 (2019): 1240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9091240.

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The size of active pharmaceutical ingredient carrier is one of the key properties considered during design of submicron drug delivery systems. Particle diameter may determine drug biodistribution, cellular uptake, and elimination path. Solvent evaporation technique is a flexible method of particle preparation, in which various macromolecules and drugs may be employed. Parameters of emulsion obtained as first step of particle preparation are crucial in terms of particle size, drug loading, and morphology. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of emulsion preparation parameters on diameter of resulting particles. Impact of surfactant type and concentration, homogenization time, homogenization rate, phase ratio, and conjugate concentration were evaluated. Model drug lamivudine was covalently bound to polymer and applied in solvent evaporation method in order to overcome issues related to drug loading and provide method-independent incorporation. Synthesized drug–polymer conjugate and obtained particles were evaluated via dynamic light scattering, chromatography, scanning electron microscopy, and spectroscopic methods. Covalent bonding between drug and polymeric chain was confirmed, estimated drug content per milligram of conjugate was 19 μg. Among employed colloid stabilizer, poly(vinyl alcohol) was proven to be most effective. Homogenization rate and surfactant concentration were identified as crucial parameters in terms of particle diameter control.

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Yadav, A., and Shanthi Vadali. "Preparation of Water-Soluble Albumin Loaded Paclitaxil Nanoparticles Using Emulsion-Solvent Evaporation Technique." Current Bioactive Compounds 4, no. 1 (2008): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157340708784533410.

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Sprockel, Omar L., and James C. Price. "Development of an Emulsion-Solvent Evaporation Technique for Microencapsulation of Drus-Resin complexes." Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 16, no. 2 (1990): 361–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03639049009114891.

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Zydowicz, N., E. Nzimba-Ganyanad, and N. Zydowicz. "PMMA microcapsules containing water-soluble dyes obtained by double emulsion/solvent evaporation technique." Polymer Bulletin 47, no. 5 (2002): 457–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890200009.

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Loureiro, Mónica V., António Aguiar, Rui G. dos Santos, João C. Bordado, Isabel Pinho, and Ana C. Marques. "Design of Experiment for Optimizing Microencapsulation by the Solvent Evaporation Technique." Polymers 16, no. 1 (2023): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16010111.

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We employed microemulsion combined with the solvent evaporation technique to produce biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) MCs, containing encapsulated isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), to act as crosslinkers in high-performance adhesive formulations. The MC production process was optimized by applying a design of experiment (DoE) statistical approach, aimed at decreasing the MCs’ average size. For that, three different factors were considered, namely the concentration of two emulsifiers, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and gum arabic (GA); and the oil-to-water phase ratio of the emulsion. The significance of each factor was evaluated, and a predictive model was developed. We were able to decrease the average MC size from 326 μm to 70 µm, maintaining a high encapsulation yield of approximately 60% of the MCs’ weight, and a very satisfactory shelf life. The MCs’ average size optimization enabled us to obtain an improved distributive and dispersive mixture of isocyanate-loaded MCs at the adhesive bond. The MCs’ suitability as crosslinkers for footwear adhesives was assessed following industry standards. Peel tests revealed peel strength values above the minimum required for casual footwear, while the creep test results indicated an effective crosslinking of the adhesive. These results confirm the ability of the MCs to release IPDI during the adhesion process and act as crosslinkers for new adhesive formulations.

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Winkler, Jennifer S., Mayur Barai, and Maria S. Tomassone. "Dual drug-loaded biodegradable Janus particles for simultaneous co-delivery of hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds." Experimental Biology and Medicine 244, no. 14 (2019): 1162–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370219876554.

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Bicompartmental Janus particles have many advantages in drug delivery, including co-delivery of two compounds with varying solubilities, differential release kinetics, and two surfaces available for targeting ligands. We present a novel strategy using the double emulsion method for the coencapsulation and staggered release of a hydrophobic and hydrophilic drug from anisotropic PLGA/PCL Janus particles, as well as a UV detection method to measure the release of two different compounds from Janus particles. Curcumin and quercetin were chosen as the model hydrophobic compounds for drug loading studies, while acetaminophen (APAP) and naproxen were chosen as the model hydrophilic–hydrophobic drug pair for encapsulation methods and drug loading. Also, a similar double emulsion method was also applied for PLGA/Preicrol® Janus particles containing Doxorubicin and Curcumin. Hydrophobic drugs were encapsulated by the single O/W emulsion technique. Hydrophilic compounds required special modifications due to their poor oil solubility and tendency to escape to the outer aqueous phase during the emulsification and solvent evaporation steps. In total, three different strategies for incorporating hydrophilic drugs were employed: (1) O/W emulsion with partially water miscible solvent, (2) O/W emulsion with co-solvent (i.e. acetone, methanol, ethanol), or (3) W/O/W double emulsion. The encapsulation efficiencies and drug loading percentages were measured using UV/Vis spectroscopy and compared for the different synthesis methods. It was found that the double emulsion method resulted in the highest encapsulation efficiency and drug loading of the hydrophilic drug.

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Khlystun, S. O., та O. V. Myronyuk. "Сurrent state of the art in polylactide polymer water emulsions development". Вісник Східноукраїнського національного університету імені Володимира Даля, № 4 (290) (17 травня 2025): 63–71. https://doi.org/10.33216/1998-7927-2025-290-4-63-71.

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The current trend towards green and sustainable development has prompted researchers and scientists to devote more and more of their time to studying and improving potential biopolymers as alternatives to traditional polymers. While renewable resource-based polymers are already widely used in medicine and packaging, they still need further research to meet certain requirements on par with conventional polymers for a wider range of applications. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) emulsions have gained significant attention in the coatings industry due to their biodegradability, sustainability, and potential to replace conventional solvent-based systems and fossil-based polymers. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research and advancements in PLA emulsion preparation, focusing on fundamental properties of the emulsions, different synthesis methods, including solvent evaporation, emulsification-solvent diffusion, and high-pressure homogenization. The role of stabilizers and solvents in ensuring emulsion stability and performance is analyzed, and their ability to influence the final coating properties are analyzed. Widely used surfactants and bio-based stabilizers are highlighted. Despite their advantages, PLA emulsions face key challenges such as hydrophobicity, phase separation, and limited mechanical properties, which hinder their broader industrial application. This review identifies these challenges and explores potential solutions, including the use of nanotechnology, bio-based stabilizers, and optimized processing techniques. Additionally, strategies for improving scalability, reducing the environmental impact of PLA emulsions and promising applications are discussed. By addressing these limitations, PLA-based coatings could become a viable alternative in the development of sustainable materials. The current literature remains largely fragmented, and this review aims to synthesize existing findings into a structured, comparative analysis. In doing so, it lays the groundwork for future research and innovation in the field of environmentally friendly coating technologies.

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Zhou, Yu Yan, Gui Yu Li, Hong Xia Wang, Lei Tao, and Jian Ping Liang. "Preparation and Properties of PLA Microspheres Containing ENRO by an S/O/W Emulsion Technique." Advanced Materials Research 335-336 (September 2011): 1439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.335-336.1439.

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In the present paper, monodisperse poly(lactic acid) (PLA) microspheres (MS) containing the enrofloxacin (ENRO), were manufactured by using a modified solid in oil in water (S/O/W) emulsion solvent evaporation method. In order to prepare PLA microspheres with a higher drug loading efficiency by this modified technique, the test of stability and productivity of the primary emulsion was preliminary examined by change species or concentration of the oil-soluble surfactant and the ratio of water and organic solvent. Firstly, enrofloxacin polylactic acid microspheres (ENRO-PLA-MS) were producted, then the morphology and particle size distribution were estimated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), its encapsulation efficiency and drug loading efficiency were assessed by High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vivo conditions were simulated by an stable release buffer to obtain a detailed release and polymer degradation profile. Consequently, the ENRO-PLA-MS had a denser structure with a smooth, pore-free surface, the preparation of microspheres was simple, the prepared microspheres had excellent controlled drug release characteristics in vitro.

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G. Nava-Arzaluz, Maria, Elizabeth Pinon-Segundo, Adriana Ganem-Rondero, and David Lechuga-Ballesteros. "Single Emulsion-Solvent Evaporation Technique and Modifications for the Preparation of Pharmaceutical Polymeric Nanoparticles." Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation 6, no. 3 (2012): 209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187221112802652633.

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Amperiadou, A., and M. Georgarakis. "Preparation and Characterization of Ethylcellulose-Walled Theophylline Microcapsules Using the Emulsion-Solvent Evaporation Technique." Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 21, no. 11 (1995): 1339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03639049509063022.

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Govindasamy, Sharumathiy, Ishak Muhammad Syafiq, Al-Ashraf Abdullah Amirul, Roswati Md Amin, and Kesaven Bhubalan. "Dataset on controlled production of polyhydroxyalkanoate-based microbead using double emulsion solvent evaporation technique." Data in Brief 23 (April 2019): 103675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.01.023.

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Pulingam, Thiruchelvi, Parisa Foroozandeh, Jo-Ann Chuah, and Kumar Sudesh. "Exploring Various Techniques for the Chemical and Biological Synthesis of Polymeric Nanoparticles." Nanomaterials 12, no. 3 (2022): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12030576.

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Nanoparticles (NPs) have remarkable properties for delivering therapeutic drugs to the body’s targeted cells. NPs have shown to be significantly more efficient as drug delivery carriers than micron-sized particles, which are quickly eliminated by the immune system. Biopolymer-based polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) are colloidal systems composed of either natural or synthetic polymers and can be synthesized by the direct polymerization of monomers (e.g., emulsion polymerization, surfactant-free emulsion polymerization, mini-emulsion polymerization, micro-emulsion polymerization, and microbial polymerization) or by the dispersion of preformed polymers (e.g., nanoprecipitation, emulsification solvent evaporation, emulsification solvent diffusion, and salting-out). The desired characteristics of NPs and their target applications are determining factors in the choice of method used for their production. This review article aims to shed light on the different methods employed for the production of PNPs and to discuss the effect of experimental parameters on the physicochemical properties of PNPs. Thus, this review highlights specific properties of PNPs that can be tailored to be employed as drug carriers, especially in hospitals for point-of-care diagnostics for targeted therapies.

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C.-Y. Yang, S.-Y. Tsay, R. C.-C. Ts. "Encapsulating aspirin into a surfactant-free ethyl cellulose microsphere using non-toxic solvents by emulsion solvent-evaporation technique." Journal of Microencapsulation 18, no. 2 (2001): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026520401750063937.

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Alam, Md Shamsul, Jakir Ahmed Chowdhury, Sams Mohammad Anowar Sadat, and Md Selim Reza. "Development and Evaluation of Salbutamol Sulphate Loaded Ethyl Cellulose Microcapsules using Emulsion Solvent Evaporation Technique." Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 18, no. 2 (2015): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v18i2.24311.

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Ethyl cellulose (EC) microcapsules containing Salbutamol sulphate (SS) were prepared through emulsion-solvent evaporation technique. Microcapsules were compressed and in-vitro release profiles were studied from both microcapsules and their compressed matrix tablets. Different amounts of drug were added in order to obtain various drugs to polymer ratios and it was found that the size of microcapsules reduced with the increase in core loading. In the preparation of formulations, Tween 80 was used as an emulsifying or dispersing agent and light liquid paraffin (LLP) was used as oil phase. The in-vitro release of EC microcapsules was studied in distilled water at 37º ± 0.5°C. A biphasic release behavior of SS from microcapsules was observed. In case of microcapsules, an immediate release was observed but for their compressed tablet form, initially a burst effect and then slow release were observed which was extended for 8 hours. In order to further investigate the type of drug release mechanism, the dissolution data were plotted according to the different kinetic models. In-vitro dissolution studies showed that zero-order and square-root of time (Higuchi model) release characteristics were exhibited.Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 18(2): 132-136, 2015

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Babu, GovadaKishore, PuttaguntaSrinivasa Babu, and Mukkanti Khagga. "Preparation, characterization, and in vivo evaluation of valsartan porous matrices using emulsion solvent evaporation technique." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation 6, no. 3 (2016): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2230-973x.187345.

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Gayke, Amol U* Aglawe Sachin B. Thakare Girish Kale Nitin Gujarathi Tanmay jagdale Ashok Khandagle Sandip. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF SUSTAINED RELEASE MICROSPHERES OF ROSIN CONTAINING ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM." Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 04, no. 10 (2017): 3503–9. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1002943.

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Atorvastatin Calcium was microencapsulated using rosin by o/w emulsion solvent evaporation technique. The effect of three formulation variables including the drug:polymer ratio, emulsifier (polyvinyl alcohol) concentration and organic solvent (dichloromethane) volume were examined. The prepared batches were characterized for microspheres particle size distribution, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release behavior. The study reveals that drug:polymer ratio had a considerable effect on the entrapment efficiency, however particle size distribution of microspheres was more dependent on the volume of dichloromethane and polyvinyl alcohol concentration rather than on the drug: polymer ratio. Drug, polymer concentrations were varied to obtain optimum release profile for sustaining the action of the drug. Keywords: Atorvastatin Calcium. Rosin. Microspheres. Sustained release

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Badaoui, Fatima Z., Slimane M. Feliachi, Fares Boukehil, and Lamine Gacem. "Statistically Optimized Repaglinide-loaded Floating Microspheres for the Gastric Sustained Delivery via Central Composite Design." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY TECHNOLOGY 12, no. 03 (2022): 1406–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.12.3.79.

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Repaglinide (RPD) is a short-acting insulin secretagogue widely prescribed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In this study, RPD loaded ethyl cellulose/hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (EC/HPMC) floating microspheres (FM) have been formulated for gastric sustained release and improved bioavailability of RPD. Floating microspheres were prepared by oil in water emulsion solvent evaporation technique. A three levels Central-composite design (CCD) was applied to investigate the influence of different formulation components and process variables on the formulation responses and indicate the optimum using the numeric approach through the Minitab® software.

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M, Odonchimeg, S. C. Kim, Y. K. Shim, and W. K. Lee. "Preparation of “Open/closed” pores of PLGA-microsphere for controlled release of protein drug." Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 18, no. 44 (2018): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v18i44.936.

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Poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) has been extensively used as a controlled release carrier for drug delivery due to its good biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical strength. In this study, porous PLGA microspheres were fabricated by an emulsion-solvent evaporation technique using poly ethylene glycol (PEG) as an extractable porogen and loaded with protein (lysozyme) by suspending them in protein solution. For controlled release of protein, porous microspheres containing lysozyme were treated with water-miscible solvents in aqueous phase for production of pore-closed microspheres. The surface morphology of microspheres were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for confirmation of its porous microstructure structure. Protein property after release was observed by enzymatic activity assay. The pore-closing process resulted in nonporous microspheres which exhibited sustained release patterns over an extended period.

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Agrawal, Ankit, Parool Jadhav, Honey Shukla, Sourabh D. Jain, and Arun Kumar Gupta. "Formulation and evaluation of herbal microsphere gel." Current Trends in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry 6, no. 3 (2024): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ctppc.2024.026.

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Formulation and evaluation of herbal microsphere gel involves designing a gel-based delivery system for herbal active ingredients encapsulated within microspheres. The process typically includes selecting suitable herbal extracts, encapsulating them into microspheres using techniques like solvent evaporation or emulsion-solvent evaporation, and then incorporating these microspheres into a gel base. Evaluation criteria may include physical characteristics (particle size, morphology), drug release kinetics, rheological properties, stability, and efficacy of the herbal ingredients. This approach aims to enhance the stability, controlled release, and therapeutic efficacy of herbal compounds, offering potential applications in various fields including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and personal care products. This present study demonstrated the effectiveness of carbopol based herbal gel containing extracts of tamarind possessing antibacterial activity. Thus, the formulated herbal gel incorporated with tamarind extracts show great promises in the management of antibacterial activity. Gel loaded with microspheres of tamarind was prepared with aim to deliver the drug which passes through transdermal route as it provides quick onset of action when compared to oral route. This gel loaded with microspheres of tamarind was successfully prepared using solvent evaporation method.

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Gaurav, Mundhe* Dr. V. M. satpute S. R. Ghodake. "Nanosuspensions In Pharmaceutical Sciences: A Review." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 11 (2024): 856–66. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14191654.

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Regardless of the method of administration, the solubility of drugs is essential to their efficiency. However, many newly discovered drugs suffer from poor water solubility and low bioavailability, leading to limited development efforts. Nanosuspension technology offers a solution for these "Brickellia" candidates by enhancing their solubility and bioavailability. Nanosuspensions improve medication stability and can be easily prepared for water-insoluble drugs using techniques such as highpressure homogenizers, wet mills and emulsion solvent evaporation. Additives like stabilizers, solvents, buffers, salts, and cryoprotectants can be used. Nanosuspensions can be administered orally, parenterally, intravenously, and can be combined with ocular inserts and mucoadhesive hydrogels for targeted drug delivery.

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Tham, C. Y., Zuratul Ain Abdul Hamid, Hanafi Ismail, and Zulkifli Ahmad. "Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) in Fabrication of PLA Micro- and Nanoparticles Using Emulsion and Solvent Evaporation Technique." Advanced Materials Research 1024 (August 2014): 296–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1024.296.

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Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVAL) was a common stabilizing agent used in formulate polymeric drug encapsulated micro-/nanoparticles. In preparing poly (lactic acid) (PLA) micro-/nanoparticles by emulsion and solvent evaporation (ESE) technique, the particle size and distribution have shown dependent on PVAL concentration. The focused of this project was to investigate the PVAL function in relation to significant changes in particle size. These studies were relatively important, as it was the basic studies of material usage in ESE fabricating process. The function of PVAL as, either surfactant that able to reduce interfacial tension or stabilizer to provide steric stability was further investigated by measuring the interfacial tension (IFT) of two liquids and zeta potential of the particles. As PVAL concentration increased, the reduction of IFT was only pronounced at the early stage of PVAL incorporation from 16.02 m N/m (absence of PVAL) to 2.0 m N/m (presence of 1 % PVAL), while zeta potential of particles was gradually decreased from-25 mV to-10.2 mV. As conclusion, the presence of PVAL could reduce the interfacial tension. However, to further stabilize the particle (e.g. reduce size and narrow size distribution) in the fabrication process, the steric stabilization provided by PVAL give more significant advantages.

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ÖZTÜRK, Naile, Aslı KARA, and İmran VURAL. "Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of Telmisartan Nanoparticles Prepared by Emulsion-Solvent Evaporation Technique." Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 17, no. 5 (2020): 492–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4274/tjps.galenos.2019.76402.

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Varma, M. Vimal Kumar, P. Amareshwar, and Raj Kumar Devara. "Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Methyl Methacrylate Microspheres Loaded with Indomethacin by Emulsion Solvent Evaporation Technique." International Journal of Drug Delivery 3, no. 1 (2011): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5138/ijdd.2010.0975.0215.03059.

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Lai, M. K., and R. C. C. Tsiang. "Encapsulating acetaminophen into poly(l-lactide) microcapsules by solvent-evaporation technique in an O/W emulsion." Journal of Microencapsulation 21, no. 3 (2004): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652040410001673928.

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Sutthapitaksakul, Lalinthip, and Pornsak Sriamornsak. "Effect of Processing Parameters on Release Profiles of Donepezil Hydrochloride-Loaded Microparticles." Key Engineering Materials 859 (August 2020): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.859.283.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of processing parameters on drug release profiles of microparticles. Double emulsion solvent evaporation technique was utilized to encapsulate donepezil hydrochloride which is a hydrophilic drug. The processing parameters examined were polymer amount, stirring time and volume of external aqueous phase. The morphology of microparticles was observed under light microscope and scanning electron microscope. After that, in vitro drug release testing was conducted in simulated salivary fluid (pH6.75) and simulated gastric fluid (pH1.2). The results showed that these three parameters were the significant parameter affecting drug release profiles of the microparticles.

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Ajay, Yadav, Shrivastav Akash, Kumar Singh Alok, et al. "Preparation and Development of Diclofenac Loaded Aloevera Gel Nanoparticles for Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 7, no. 11 (2022): 877–80. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7407326.

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The objective of this study was to preparation and development of Diclofenac loaded aloevera gel nanoparticles for transdermal drug delivery system. The application of CCD is a useful tool for optimizing DCloaded alovera gel nanoparticles prepared by the emulsion solvent evaporation technique. The optimized nanoparticles obtained displayed an average particle size of 226.83 nm with a norrow polydispersity index (0.271), an EE of 49.9 % and a slow and prolonged drug release over a period of 24 hours. Ethylcellulose nanoparticles of Diclofenac sodium can be of significant practical use for a sustaining drug release and decreasing side effects.

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Urban, Markus, Anna Musyanovych, and Katharina Landfester. "Fluorescent Superparamagnetic Polylactide Nanoparticles by Combination of Miniemulsion and Emulsion/Solvent Evaporation Techniques." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 210, no. 11 (2009): 961–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.200900071.

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Rakesh, Bhute*1 Twinkal Revatkar2 Ashish Lande3 Vijay Chaudhari4 Aadeshkumar Meshram5. "A Review on Techniques Use in Microencapsulation of Drug Molecules." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 3, no. 2 (2025): 327–36. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14811012.

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Microencapsulation is a process by which very tiny droplets or particles of liquid or solid material are surrounded or coated with a continuous film of polymeric material. In order to improve bioa-vailability, stability, control release, and target delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), as well as to mask their bitter taste, to increase their efficacy, and to minimize their side ef-fects, a variety of microencapsulation technologies have been widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. Commonly used microencapsulation technologies are emulsion, coacervation, centrifugal extrusion, spray drying, sol-gel encapsulation, solvent evaporation, pan coating, supercritical fluid encapsulation and polymerization. The main objective of this article is taking a look at microencap-sulation as a novel drug delivery system. This approach has been used in amazing fields like phar-maceutical, agriculture, textile, food, printing and defence.

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Barba, Anna Angela, Annalisa Dalmoro, Matteo d’Amore, Clara Vascello, and Gaetano Lamberti. "Biocompatible nano-micro-particles by solvent evaporation from multiple emulsions technique." Journal of Materials Science 49, no. 14 (2014): 5160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8224-1.

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Noviendri, Dedi. "Microencapsulation of Fucoxanthin by Water-in-Oil-in-Water (W/O/W) Double Emulsion Solvent Evaporation Method: A Review." Squalen Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology 9, no. 3 (2014): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/squalen.v9i3.114.

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Fucoxanthin is a major xanthophyll present in brown seaweeds such as Sargassum binderi, S. duplicatum, Turbinaria turbinata, Padina australis, Undaria pinnatifida and Hijkia fusiformis. This carotenoid has a unique structure including oxygenic functional group such as, two hydroxy, keto, epoxy (5,6-monoepoxide), and an allenic bond. Fucoxanthin has some anticancer activities such as, exhibits inhibitory property on colon cancer cells and human hepatic carcinoma HepG2 cell line. This xanthophyll also induces apoptosis of human leukemia cancer HL-60 cells, human prostate cancer PC-3 cell, human lung cancer H1299 cell line etc. Unfortunately, the poor solubility of this carotenoid in water hinders it to be a drug candidate. Fucoxanthin is also a pigment that is sensitive to temperature and light. One of the possible ways to circumvent the problem with light and temperature is by microencapsulating it. Microencapsulation (ME) in biodegradable polymers, e.g. poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is a promising approach to protect any potential drug from rapid degradation. Solvent evaporation method is the most popular technique of preparing PLGA microsphere (MS) and this technique has been extensively studied in recent years for the preparation of MS. In the water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) double emulsion solvent evaporation method, stability of the primary emulsion (PE) is a critical factor. When the PE is unstable, encapsulation efficiency (EE) is low. Stability of PE can be enhanced by including emulsifying agent or stabilizers such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The presence of a stabilizer/ emulsifier plays a significant role in influencing particle size (PS), external morphology of microsphere and colloidal stability.

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Jalil, Reza-Ul, Jakir Ahmed Chowdhury, and Fuad M. Laman. "Design and In-Vitro Evaluation of Compressed Kollidon® SR Based Naproxen Sodium Microcapsule: Effect of Talc." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 13, no. 3 (2023): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v13i3.5752.

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Naproxen sodium is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic antipyretic properties. In this research work, naproxen sodium was encapsulated by solvent-evaporation technique using kollidon® SR as coating polymeric material to prolong the therapeutic duration of the drug. Four different concentrations of talc were used as additives to see the changes in drug release pattern from the compressed microcapsules. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was applied to study size and surface morphology of prepared microcapsules. UV-spectrophotometric method was applied to calculate the drug loading efficiency and the performance of the prepared dosage form was evaluated in terms of in-vitro dissolution studies according to USP paddle method (type 2) in 400 ml in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) for 8 hours at 370 ± 50 C temperature at 50 rpm. Release of naproxen sodium from the compressed microcapsules was found to follow hixon crowell mechanism (R2=0.99). Hixon equation was used to calculate the release exponent value (n) which indicates the drug release behavior and the mean dissolution time T50% (MDT) for release rate. The surfaces of the microcapsules became smoother with the increase in talc amount and simultaneously decrease in drug release rate. Keywords: Naproxen sodium, Kollidon® SR, microcapsule, emulsion solvent evaporation technique, MDT (Mean Dissolution Time)

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