Academic literature on the topic 'En-Route charging'

We introduce the electric vehicle routing problem with public-private recharging strategy in which vehicles may recharge en route at public charging infrastructure as well as at a privately-owned depot. To hedge against uncertain demand at public charging stations, we design routing policies that anticipate station queue dynamics. We leverage a decomposition to identify good routing policies, including the optimal static policy and fixed-route-based rollout policies that dynamically respond to observed queues. The decomposition also enables us to establish dual bounds, providing a measure of goodness for our routing policies. In computational experiments using real instances from industry, we show the value of our policies to be within 10% of a dual bound. Furthermore, we demonstrate that our policies significantly outperform the industry-standard routing strategy in which vehicle recharging generally occurs at a central depot. Our methods stand to reduce the operating costs associated with electric vehicles, facilitating the transition from internal-combustion engine vehicles.

A comparative study is carried out to investigate the differences among conventional vehicles (CVs), battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) in the maximum acceptable time of diverting to a refuelling station, maximum acceptable time of queueing at a refuelling station, refuelling modes and desirable electric driving ranges, using Beijing, China, as a case study. Here, several multinomial logit (MNL) models are developed to relate the diverting and waiting times to individual attributes. The results suggest that, (1) the diverting time roughly follows a normal distribution for both CVs and electric vehicles (EVs), but the difference between them is slight; (2) EVs tend to bear longer waiting time above 10 min; (3) the MNL models indicate that income and the level of education tend to be more statistically significant to both the diverting and waiting times; (4) the most preferred driving ranges obtained for BEVs and PHEVs are both around 50 km, indicating that EV drivers may just prefer to charge for a specific time ranging from 8 to 10 min. Finally, ways to apply the empirical findings in planning refuelling and charging stations are discussed with specific examples.

An evaluation was made of the application of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and GenSet plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) to Class-7 local delivery trucks and GenSet PHEV for Class-8 utility bucket trucks over widely real-world driving data performed by conventional heavy-duty trucks. GenSet refers to a PHEV range extension mode in which the PHEV engine is used only to generate electricity and charge the battery if the PHEV battery is out of electrical energy. A simulation tool based on vehicle tractive energy methodology and component efficiency for addressing component and system performance was developed to evaluate the energy consumption and performance of the trucks. As part of this analysis, various battery sizes combined with different charging powers on the e-trucks for local delivery, and utility bucket applications were investigated. The results show that the e-truck applications not only reduce energy consumption but also achieve significant energy cost savings. For delivery e-trucks, periodic stops at delivery sites provide sufficient time for battery charging, and for this reason, a high-power charger is not necessary. For utility bucket PHEV trucks, energy consumption per mile of bucket truck operation is typically higher because of longer idling times and extra high idling load associated with heavy utility work. The availability of en route charging is typically lacking at the worksites of bucket trucks; thus, the battery size of these trucks is somewhat larger than that of the delivery trucks studied.

Electric vehicles (EVs) have been widely used in urban cold chain logistic distribution and transportation of fresh products. In this paper, an electric vehicle routing problem (EVRP) model under time-varying traffic conditions is designed for planning the itinerary for fresh products in the urban cold chain. The object of the EVRP model is to minimize the total cost of logistic distribution that includes economic cost and fresh value loss cost. To reflect the real situation, the EVRP model considers several influencing factors, including time-varying road network traffic, road type, client’s time-window requirement, freshness of fresh products, and en route queuing for charging. Furthermore, to address the EVRP, an improved adaptive ant colony algorithm is designed. Simulation test results show that the proposed method can allow EVs to effectively avoid traffic congestion during the distribution process, reduce the total distribution cost, and improve the performance of the cold chain logistic distribution process for fresh products.

Despite the fact that the illegal migration experiences of the returnees are important to design effective programs to reintegrate them into the community, there is scanty of information for the returnees to Omo Nada district. The purpose of this study is to investigate the physical, economic and social abuse and exploitation faced by the returnees en route and in the place of destination. To this end, in-depth interviews, key informant interviews and focus group discussions were undertaken to collect qualitative data required for the study. The data was transcribed and analyzed thematically. The results of the findings showed that the migrants were physically exhausted en route with hunger and thirst, subjected to physical abuse such as insults, beating, slapping, kicking, and bodily burn from the smugglers. Injuries inflicted included bodily wounds, broken limbs and ribs. In addition to the physical abuse, the smugglers and traffickers robbed, and exploited migrants economically charging them for extra services at different transit points. This in turn made the migrants ended in debt bondage. Women became subject to sexual abuse by smugglers and by employers. The abuse continued in the country of destination by employers themselves. Economic exploitation took the form of long working hours with little rest, difficult workloads, reduced pay or wages withheld altogether. Punishment was particularly harsh for those with few or no skills. In addition, the situation deprived the study participants from getting sufficient or healthy food and theircommunication with their families left behind in the home country was restricted. Women, usually domestic workers, had been subject to sexual abuse by employers and their families.

This paper aims to assess the progress made towards the implementation of a Single European Sky (SES). It examines the program’s four main key performance indicators - environmental impact, safety, cost efficiency and capacity - and depicts in more detail the sequence of changes in each problematic area, thereby providing a better visualization of the main milestones and the issues hindering proposed reforms. The paper concludes that the overall process of reforming European airspace within SES has been slow and delayed, partly due to a lack of cooperation and commitment from air navigation service providers and states to deliver the information needed and apply desired amendments. The paper recommends several actions, which could improve the SES performance, including among others the implementation of incentives to meet the program’s objectives, as well as penalties for lack of cooperation, and the introduction of a common en-route charging rate at the European level.

AbstractA regional 2D conceptual model was constructed to study the hydrocarbon systems associated with the Middle Sarvak source rock (Cenomanian) in the southeastern Persian Gulf basin. The 2D cross section used for this purpose was 135 km long and encompassed a total of 17 depositional units with the Late Jurassic Surmeh Formation at the base and the Aghajari/Mishan sequences at the top. Compositional type II-S kinetics was considered for the Middle Sarvak source rock, and the model predictions were calibrated against observe data (corrected bottom hole temperatures and vitrinite reflectance data) coming from 4 wells located on the studied cross section. Our results indicate that hydrocarbons predominantly migrate laterally from east to the west of the study area, thereby sequentially charging potential traps en-route. The interaction between facies patterns and geodynamic evolution controls both the distribution and quality of hydrocarbon accumulations in the study area. The calibrated 2D model reliably predicts most of the present-day hydrocarbon occurrences in the study area and explains the present-day variations in their bulk properties. Our findings provide new insights about the unconventional plays associate with the Middle Sarvak source rock especially in the central parts of the southeastern Persian Gulf basin.

La distribution urbaine désigne les activités de distribution de marchandises desservant les zones urbaines et les banlieues. Les progrès technologiques récents dans le domaine de la distribution sans personnel, ainsi que les nouvelles réglementations limitant l’utilisation des véhicules à moteur à combustion, vont modifier de manière significative la distribution urbaine de marchandises. En outre, le nouveau modèle commercial du commerce électronique apporte également de nouvelles opportunités et de nouveaux défis à la distribution urbaine de marchandises. Cette thèse se concentre sur un nouveau système de distribution visant à fournir de meilleurs services pour la distribution logistique urbaine. Nous allons tout d’abord étudier un système de livraison urbaine robotisé basé sur un fourgon qui peut transporter plusieurs robots, ce qui rend le système de distribution plus flexible et efficace. Ensuite, nous proposons d’intégrer la technologie de recharge en route et de recharge inverse dans le système de livraison urbaine robotisée par camionnette dans les opérations logistiques, afin d’économiser le temps pendant lequel les camionnettes électriques transportent les robots pour les recharger, ce qui augmente l’efficacité des systèmes de distribution. Enfin, nous incorporons les ramassages hybrides et les opérations de livraison dans le système de distribution urbaine robotisée basés sur des fourgons pour nous adapter au nouveau modèle commercial des entreprises de commerce électronique<br>Urban distribution refers to the distribution activities of goods serving urban areas and suburbs. Recent technological advances in unmanned distribution field, as well as new regulations limiting the use of combustion engine vehicles, will significantly change urban goods distribution. Besides, the new ecommerce business model also brings new opportunities and challenges to urban goods distribution. This thesis focuses on a novel distribution system to provide better services for urban logistics distribution. We first study a van-based robot urban delivery system and allow a van can carry multiple robot to make the distribution system more flexible. Then we incorporate en-route charging, and reverse charging technology into the van-based robot urban delivery system in logistics operations, to effectively use the time during which electric vans are carrying robots to recharge the robots, thereby increasing distribution systems’ efficiency. Finally, we incorporate hybrid pickup and delivery operations into the van-based robot urban distribution system to adapt to the new business model of e-commerce enterprises

Étant donné leur faible impact environnemental, l’utilisation des véhicules électriques dans les activités de service a beaucoup augmenté depuis quelques années. Cependant, leur déploiement est freiné par des contraintes techniques telles qu’une autonomie limitée et de longs temps de charge des batteries. La prise en compte de ces contraintes a mené à l’apparition de nouveaux problèmes de tournées de véhicules pour lesquels, en plus d’organiser les tournées,il faut décider où et de combien charger les batteries. Dans cette thèse nous nous intéressons à ces problèmes au travers de quatre études. La première concerne le développement d’une métaheuristique en deux phases simple mais performante pour résoudre un problème particulier appelé "Green VRP”. Dans la seconde, nous nous concentrons sur la modélisation d’un aspect essentiel dans ces problèmes : le processus de chargement des batteries. Nous étudions différentes stratégies pour modéliser ce processus et montrons l’importance de considérer la nature non linéaire des fonctions de chargement. Dans la troisième étude nous proposons une recherche locale itérative pour résoudre des problèmes avec des fonctions de chargement non linéaires. Nous introduisons un voisinage dédié aux décisions de chargement basé sur un nouveau problème de chargement sur une tournée fixée. Dans la dernière étude, nous traitons un problème réel de tournées de techniciens avec des véhicules classiques et électriques. Ce problème est résolu par une métaheuristique qui décompose le problème en plusieurs sous-problèmes plus simples résolus en parallèle, puis qui assemble des parties des solutions trouvées pour construire la solution finale<br>Electric vehicles (evs) are one of the most promising technologies to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. For this reason, the use of evs in service operations has dramatically increased in recent years. Despite their environmental benefits, evs still face technical constraints such as short autonomy and long charging times. Taking into account these constraints when planning ev operations leads to a new breed of vehicle routing problems (vrps), known as electricVrps (evrps). In addition, to the standard routing decisions, evrps are concerned with charging decisions: where and how much to charge. In this ph. D thesis, we address evrps through 4 different studies. In the first study, we tackle the green vehicle routing problem. To solve the problem, we propose a simple, yet effective, two-phase matheuristic. In the second study, we focus a key modelling aspects in evrps: the battery charging process. We study different strategies to model this process and show the importance of considering the nonlinear nature of the battery charging functions. InThe third study, we propose an iterated local search to tackle evrp with non-linear charging functions. We introduce a particular local search operator for the charging decisions based on a new fixedroute charging problem. The fourth and last study considers a real technician routing problem with conventional and electric vehicles (trp-cev). To tackle this problem, we propose a parallel matheuristic that decomposes the problem into a set of easier-to-solve subproblemsThat are solved in parallel processors. Then the approach uses parts of the solutions found to the subproblems to assemble final solution to the trp-cev

The work analyzes and finds out the difference in the charging systems of air navigation service providers in selected countries of the world regions, which is the main financial and economical factor to cover the costs of providing air navigation services. It deals with various charging systems in selected regions of the world by specific air navigation service providers of countries (China, Mexico and the Eurocontrol area), and identifies howindividual differences in charging systems act in total amount of en-route charges. In general, the key factor for considering air navigation service providers is the price of services, but in our work we also deal with the influence of the distance factor on the total amount of the charge and the weight factor, which can be determined in different regions of the world by various approaches. These are two ways determining the number of providers' services which are subsequently subject to a price per unit of that service. The finding of the work is that charging systems for air navigation services which use categorization methods of maximum take-off weight (wingspan), which have the ability to influence the total amount of charges by two factors, first is a unit rate (price) of individual categories, and the second is a change in size of category. Unlike charging systems, where the uniform formula is used to calculate the weighting factor, only changes in the value of the unit rate can be used to change charges.