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Journal articles on the topic 'Enamel wire insulation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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M, Asiwe Uchechukwu, Edema Anthony, and Edeafeadhe Godspower. "Electrical Properties of Enamel Wire Insulation." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-2 (2019): 803–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd21450.

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Asiwe, Uchechukwu M., Anthony Edema, and Godspower Edeafeadhe. "Electrical Properties of Enamel Wire Insulation." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 3, no. 2 (2019): 803–6. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd21450.

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Adjustable speed drives for rotating machines have become increasingly popular as they provide possibilities of smooth and accurate process control as well as for energy savings. In such systems, due to the fact that the voltage applied at terminals of motor windings is no longer purely sinusoidal but characterized by a high content of harmonics, the appearing electrical and thermal stresses yield premature failures of the winding insulation, mainly because of an increased partial discharge PD activity. To tackle the problem effectively, PD resistant enamels have been developed, by introducing various inorganic fillers into the base polymer of the wire insulation, that exhibit an increased resistance to PD activity. The effect seems, in most of the cases, to be strongly dependent on the dielectric properties of the filler used and the degree of interactions with the host materials. To elucidate the effect of material properties on the PD behavior, the presented in this thesis study concentrates on electrical characterizations of the new enamel insulation by measuring and analyzing its electric conductivity and complex dielectric permittivity and comparing these parameters with of the properties of enamel without the filler. The performed analyses show that the addition of filler results in a highly conductive and dispersive material, as compared to the base enamel. As a consequence, the top coating layer of the enamel wire insulation activates suppression of PD activity, while the insulating properties of the bulk material are kept unchanged.. The material conductivity is increased because of enhancement of charge carrier mobility as well as a shift of the maximum of trap density distributions towards lower energy levels. Asiwe Uchechukwu M | Edema Anthony | Edeafeadhe Godspower "Electrical Properties of Enamel Wire Insulation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21450.pdf

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Leonov, Andrey, and Adelya Supueva. "The Comparison of Methods of Testing Enameled Wire to Mechanical Stress." Applied Mechanics and Materials 792 (September 2015): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.792.33.

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This work presents the test results of the enameled winding wires, characterizing an insulation mechanical strength. The standard and original test methods were used. It should be noted that the existing standard test methods do not estimate enamel insulation resistance to the mechanical loads authentically. Note that the estimation of wire mechanical resistance can be done by the determination of the number of defects in the enamel insulation. The results of tests for wires with various types of insulation are presented.

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Holyk, Oksana, Lesia Shchebeniuk, Oleksandr Kiessaiev, et al. "Statistical model of processing the results of technological control at testing enamel wire insulation by high voltage during the production process." Computational Problems of Electrical Engineering 12, no. 2 (2022): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jcpee2022.02.014.

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The results of non-destructive technological control of the number of defects in the enamel wire insulation based on polyetherimide polymer are presented. The application of statistical analysis of the measurement results of control indicators with the help of a mathematical trend model for the use in active technological control is considered. Recommendations for the practical use of the trend function parameters to control the probability of finding several parameters within the established limits are proposed. The main parameter of the trend is the flow parameter of the number of defects exceeding the established technological limit (the failure flow parameter) in short periods of the technological time, for example, for each spool of wire (several thousand meters of wire). The ability to quantitatively assess the tendency of enamel insulation defects for the wire with two-layer insulation with a nominal diameter of 0.63 mm during a continuous technological cycle has been theoretically explained and confirmed by measurements. Quantitative assessment of the tendency of changing the enamel insulation defectiveness allows using a model based on collating the information on a significant number of control parameters. At the same time, one parameter of the spectrum of interrelated ones is allowed to exceed a set technological limit, which ensures sensitivity to changes in this limit. Data on the sensitivity of this model to technological changes are presented

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Zhang, Changhai, Ziyang Liu, Chao Tang, et al. "Study of the Dielectric and Corona Resistance Properties of PI Films Modified with Fluorene Moiety/Aluminum Sec-Butoxide." Polymers 16, no. 6 (2024): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16060767.

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With the policy tilt and increased investment in research and development in the world, new energy vehicle technology continues to progress and the drive motor power density continues to improve, which puts forward higher requirements for the comprehensive performance of the core insulating material enameled wire enamel for drive motors. Polyimide (PI) has excellent electrical insulation properties, and heat resistance is often used to drive the motor winding insulation. To further improve the corona resistance and insulating properties of PI wire enamel varnish, in this paper, firstly, fluorene groups with a rigid conjugated structure were introduced into the molecular chain of the PI film by molecular structure modulation, and then uniformly dispersed alumina nanoclusters (AOCs) were introduced into the PI matrix by using an in situ growth process to inhibit the migration of high-energy electrons. The quantum size effect of the alumina nanoclusters was exploited to synergistically enhance the suppression and scattering of energetic moving electrons by PI-based composite films. The results show that the breakdown field strength of the PI-based composite film (MPI/1.0 vol% AOC) reaches 672.2 kV/mm, and the corona resistance life reaches 7.9 min, which are, respectively, 1.55 and 2.19 times higher than those of the initial PI film. A PI-based composite film with excellent insulating and corona resistance properties was obtained.

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Antonets, Stanislav, Lesia Shchebeniuk, Oksana Holyk, Yuliya Gontar, Andrii Oboznyi, and Oksana Vasylieva. "Statistical problems of dynamic control in high voltage non-destructive tests during manufacturing." Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice, no. 2 (8) (December 27, 2022): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2079-3944.2022.2.09.

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The article shows the results of non-destructive technological control of the defects number in the enamel insulated wire based on polyimide insulation. The application of statistical analysis of the control indicators measurement results with the help of a mathematical trend model for their use in insulation defects online control is considered. Recommendations for the practical use of the trend function parameters for processing the obtained measurement indicators are offered. The main parameters of the trend are run-in and the period of normal isolation during technological time. Theoretically shown and confirmed by measurements, the algorithm for quantitative assessment of the tendency of enamel insulation defects change for PEEIDH2-200 wire with two-layer polyimide insulation during the inline technological cycle. The algorithm allows for making technical decisions both in real time and remote analysis. Data on the sensitivity of this approach to technological changes are given.

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Saudin, N., L. Mohamed, CRC Norhasrol, MA Mohamed, and NAM Affendi. "Wireless power transfer for low power domestic loads: modelling and analysis." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2998, no. 1 (2025): 012011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2998/1/012011.

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Abstract This paper presents the modelling and analysis of a wireless power transfer (WPT) circuit designed for small-scale domestic loads. WPT is the transmission of electrical energy without using conductors, offering a cleaner and more organised solution for powering devices. The prototype focuses on efficient transfer distance to power low-energy loads such as LEDs. Key factors analysed include the coil insulation materials tested, specifically enamel copper wire and PVC insulated copper wire, as well as the number of coil turns. The experiments implement varying coil turns for the transmitting and receiving circuits to achieve the best results. The findings demonstrate that enamel copper wire delivers better performance, facilitating a transfer distance of up to 25 mm while maintaining minimal power loss.

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Szamel, Laszlo, and Jackson Oloo. "Monitoring of Stator Winding Insulation Degradation through Estimation of Stator Winding Temperature and Leakage Current." Machines 12, no. 4 (2024): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines12040220.

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Switched Reluctance Motors (SRMs), Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs), and induction motors may experience failures due to insulation-related breakdowns. The SRM rotor is of a non-salient nature and made of solid steel material. There are no windings on the rotor. However, the stator is composed of windings that are intricately insulated from each other using materials such as enamel wire, polymer films, mica tapes, epoxy resin, varnishes, or insulating tapes. The dielectric strength of the insulation may fail over time due to several environmental factors and processes. Dielectric breakdown of the winding insulation can be caused by rapid switching of the winding current, the presence of contaminants, and thermal aging. For reliable and efficient operation of the SRMs and other electrical machines, it is necessary to take into account the physics of the winding insulation and perform appropriate diagnostics and estimations that can monitor the integrity of the insulation. This article presents the estimation problem using a Genetic Algorithm (GA)-optimized Random Forest Regressor. Empirical properties and measurable quantities in the historical data are utilized to derive temperature and leakage current estimation. The developed model is then combined with a moving average function to increase the accuracy of prediction of the stator winding temperature and leakage current. The performance of the model is compared with that of the Feedforward Neural Network and Long Short-Term Memory over the same winding temperature and leakage current historical data. The performance metrics are based on computation of the Mean Square Error and Mean Absolute Error.

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Pereira dos Santos Lima, Giovana, Sonia Ait-Amar, Gabriel Velu, et al. "Performance Analysis Based on Thermal Aging Tests of Sol-Gel and Polymer Insulated Wires by Enameling and Extrusion Technology." Energies 15, no. 14 (2022): 5164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15145164.

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This research activity aims to evaluate electrical insulation system (EIS) intended for electrical machine winding wires. The evaluation is based on mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties tests following international standards for enameled wires. Dielectric parameters such as dissipation factor, partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV), parallel capacitance, and parallel resistance behavior of different insulator configurations on twisted-pair samples are observed during thermal aging tests. Those configurations are formed of different combinations of dielectric layers based on conventional polymers (polyester-imide (PEI), polyamide-imide (PAI), polyimide (PI)) used as coating wires. A study using two mineral varnishes (silica-based) obtained by the sol-gel process integrated on these classical enamels an outer layer of extrusion of thermoplastic polymer with and without mineral fillers. Given the high consummation of energy and the use of unsustainable materials involving the production of wires, the principal interest of this work is to exploit new configurations of coating wire produced, with less environmental impact than conventional ones. This work investigates the impact of filled resins on the performance of insulating samples and the influence of the use of sol-gel solutions (mineral varnishes) on the insulated wire to increase the thermal class.

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Ait-Amar, Sonia, Abdoulay Koita, and Gabriel Vélu. "Interpretation of Eccentricity of an Enameled Wire by Capacitance Measurements." Energies 15, no. 8 (2022): 2802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15082802.

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There are systems dedicated to measuring the eccentricity of enameled wires based on optical and electromagnetic phenomena. However, these methods are limited by the nature of the insulation and the conductor. The proposed solution consists of checking the wire eccentricity by an electrical measurement. Since it is a conductor on which an insulator is placed, the idea consists of forming a capacitor and measuring its capacitance in order to deduce the insulation thickness.

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Zhang, Zhongli, Zhensheng Wu, Huiyuan Zhang, Yibin Cheng, and Hao Ren. "Analysis of Influence of Insulating Resin Paint Film on Enameled Wire Properties Based on Molecular Simulation." Coatings 12, no. 9 (2022): 1352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12091352.

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As one of the varieties of magnet wire, the enameled wire has excellent mechanical properties, heat resistance, ageing resistance, dimensional stability and chemical stability. This is one of the keys affecting the development of the electrical industry, especially the development of new motors. Different varieties of enameled wire insulating varnishes have advantages and disadvantages, in addition to their general properties. In order to improve the service life and reliability of the electrical coil of the motor, it is necessary to select the appropriate enameled wire reasonably according to different purposes. Molecular simulation technology can play a guiding role in the relationship between the molecular structure and properties of resins, help to understand the microscopic mechanism, shorten the experimental period, improve efficiency and save costs. In this paper, based on density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD), the microscopic properties of four insulating resins, polyamide–imide (PAI), polyester (PET), polyesterimide (PEI), and polyimide (PI), were studied. We also studied the influence mechanism of the insulating resin microstructure on the macroscopic properties of enameled wires, including adhesion, insulating properties and flexibility. The calculation results show that the polyester insulating enameled wire paint has good insulation performance and flexibility, the polyamide–imide paint has the best adhesion, and the polyimide insulating paint has very reliable insulation performance and flexibility. The performance research in this paper lays a foundation for the preparation of insulating resin coatings with better comprehensive properties. The performance research in this paper lays a foundation for preparing insulating resin paint with excellent comprehensive performance.

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Khan, Ishtiaq, Francesco Guastavino, Laura Della Giovanna, and Eugenia Torello. "Partial Discharge Inception Voltage Monitoring of Enameled Wires under Thermal Stress over Time." Energies 17, no. 18 (2024): 4578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17184578.

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Electrical insulation is a critical component in electrical machines. The performance of the insulation system can be adversely affected by operating conditions that induce aging. Assessing the impact of environmental stresses is essential for predicting the failure of electrical insulation. Predicting maintenance to prevent service interruptions caused by insulation breakdown is a key objective. For type I insulating systems used in low-voltage and low-power rotating electrical machines, it has been demonstrated that partial discharges (PDs) are a contributing factor to electrical insulation breakdown. In fact, these insulating systems are not able to withstand the action of PD activity. The inception and evolution of PD activity is an indication of the poor conditions of the electrical insulating system, and this activity can be produced by the electronic power supply. The progressive reduction in partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) is attributed to the deterioration of insulation properties induced by operational stresses. This study aims to evaluate and compare the effects of thermal stress on various types of enameled wires by collecting the PDIV values over time. In this paper, the authors analyze some particular effects of thermal stress as an aging factor. During the tests, an electrical stress was applied, which acted as a conditioning stress rather than one capable of producing degradation phenomena, as it was not high enough to initiate PD activity. In this research study, twisted pairs prepared from copper wires were evaluated. These wires were coated with various types of enamel and belonged to the thermal class of 200 °C. The samples were subjected to thermal aging tests at different temperatures. An electrical conditioning stress was also applied during all the tests and pertained to the same voltage, amplitude and frequency. The PDIV value pertaining to each sample was regularly measured to monitor its evolution over time.

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Wang, Qing, Yihua Qian, Yifeng Zhao, Lei Peng, and Siwei Pan. "Study on the compatibility between natural ester and solid materials in liquid-filled transformer." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 3008, no. 1 (2025): 012014. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3008/1/012014.

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Abstract With the increasing emphasis on environmental protection and fire safety, the use of natural ester in transformers as a potential alternative insulating liquid to mineral oil is receiving increasing attention. The aim of this study is to investigate the compatibility of natural ester insulating liquid with thermally modified insulating papers and wire enamels, which are the construction materials of transformers. In this paper, the test temperature was set at 155°C according to IEC 60076-14. The mechanical properties, dielectric properties, and infrared spectroscopy analysis of the insulating paper and enameled wire before and after the compatibility test were tested. The physicochemical and dielectric properties of the insulating liquids were tested. After the compatibility test, the tensile strength and elongation at the break of the Denisone samples decreased by more than 50%. Cracks appeared in the enamel film of the enameled wire. The dielectric and physicochemical properties of the insulating liquid impregnated with the corresponding insulating materials also deteriorated to different degrees. The results show that Denison insulating paper and enameled wire have a compatibility risk with natural ester in this thermal class. The other two insulating papers are well compatible with natural Ester.

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Danikas, M., and S. Morsalin. "A Short Review on Polymer Nanocomposites for Enameled Wires: Possibilities and Perspectives." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 9, no. 3 (2019): 4079–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2678.

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Polymer nanocomposites constitute a new generation of insulating materials, capable of offering better electrical, thermal and mechanical properties. Past research indicated that such materials may replace conventional polymers for a variety of industrial high voltage applications. In the present paper, polymer nanocomposites are investigated regarding the insulation of enameled wires. Possible nanocomposite candidates are discussed.

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Danikas, M. G., and S. Morsalin. "A Short Review on Polymer Nanocomposites for Enameled Wires: Possibilities and Perspectives." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 9, no. 3 (2019): 4079–84. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3249008.

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Leonov, A. P., and A. Supueva. "PROVIDING A MINIMUM DEFECTIVENESS OF INTER-TURN INSULATION AT THE MANUFACTURING STAGE AND DURING THE EXPLOITATION." Resource-Efficient Technologies, no. 1 (October 12, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18799/24056529/2022/1/320.

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The reliability of a low-voltage asynchronous electric motor is primarily determined by the reliability of the stator winding insulation. Common reasons for the failure of the insulation system are the unsatisfactory quality of the enameled wires and electrical insulating materials used for imperfection and violation of the technological process of winding and insulating work, and the discrepancy between operating modes. In the vast majority of cases, failures occur due to damage to the inter-turn insulation as the weakest element. This causes the need to study the insulation system resistance to the formation of defects. The results of assessing the stability of the insulation of winding wires to defect formation are obtained, taking into account the features of the operational loads characteristic of frequency-controlled drives with pulse-width modulation of the output voltage and the influence of the inter-turn insulation defectiveness level on its reliability indicators is also studied. The authors have developed the measures to reduce the defectiveness of inter-turn insulation at the manufacturing stage and during operation. This will ensure a minimum level of insulation defects and increase the resource of asynchronous electric motors by reducing the number of failures.

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Guastavino, Francesco, Alessandro Ratto, Eugenia Torello, and Giovanna Biondi. "Aging Tests on Nanostructured Enamels for Winding Wire Insulation." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 61, no. 10 (2014): 5550–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2014.2301736.

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Chen, Junsheng, and Peng Wang. "Impacts of Bipolar Impulse Parameters on the PDIV of Random-Wound Inverted-Fed Motor Insulation." Energies 18, no. 11 (2025): 2932. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18112932.

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The detection of Partial Discharge Inception Voltage (PDIV) is vital for evaluating the insulation performance of random-wound inverter-fed motor stators. However, existing research on the impact of impulse parameters on PDIV patterns and their underlying mechanisms is limited, leading to inadequate guidelines for choosing suitable impulse parameters during PDIV tests of stator insulation under impulsive conditions. This lack of understanding significantly affects the precision of the accuracy of insulation test results for inverter-fed motors. To bridge this gap, this study systematically investigated the influence of key impulse parameters, such as pulse width, dead time, and impulse frequency, on the PDIV test outcomes in enameled wire samples (enameled twisted pairs and pig-tail wires) and random-wound inverter-fed motor stators. A differential bipolar repetitive impulse voltage and a sinusoidal voltage were applied to simulate the pulse-width modulation electrical stress typically experienced by these motors. Results reveal a negative correlation between PDIV test results and pulse width, a positive correlation with dead time, and a weak correlation with impulse frequency. Furthermore, the potential fundamental mechanisms are proposed for the influence of impulse voltage parameters on PDIV characteristics by analyzing the electric field distribution and discharge processes within insulating materials when subjected to impulsive voltages. Based on the experimental conclusion, this study proposes targeted recommendations for revising the current IEC testing standards. These improvements are anticipated to refine stator insulation testing methodologies for inverter-fed motors, ultimately contributing to enhanced insulation reliability in such electric motors.

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M A. Sasi Bhusan. "Influence of High Frequency Stress of Waveforms on Life of Polymeric Enamel Insulation." Power System Technology 48, no. 4 (2024): 3857–68. https://doi.org/10.52783/pst.1229.

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Insulation breakdown in electrical motors has been observed in recent years as a result of adjustable speed drives driven by power electronic converters. These converters generate impulse waveforms with a high slew rate as a result of IGBTs' high switching frequencies. This paper focuses on high switching frequency stress in low voltage electrical motors for adjustable speeds. To examine the motor winding insulation under such stress twisted-pair samples were developed from enameled wires. A single- coated Polyester of enamel with a thickness of 40 microns is used for this work. The test results show that the insulation fails earlier for the square waveform compared to the square- spike and square-rising waveforms. In this paper the Weibull distribution and the shape parameter is analyzed for life of enamel insulation at high-frequencies, high voltages of square, and square-rising, square-spike waveforms of 10 to 30kHz.

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Al-Zyoud, Khalaf Y. "A New Method of Insulation Wire for Power Transformers." International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE) 6, no. 1 (2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijape.v6.i1.pp31-34.

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This task go in order to developing a new way of enameled and polyester foil insulation of conductors used in building transformers thermal of class temperature about (150 C0), the production technology for two types of enameled and polyester foil-insulation conduction are presented. As will as the physical, mechanical and electrical characteristics of conductors in a normal climate N2, in a tropical climate T2 and after 28 cycle at ( 200 C0 ) are presented.

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Rao, S. Narasimha, and Elanseralathan Kasinathan. "Modeling of high frequency high voltage of waveforms on life of enamel insulation." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, no. 3 (2021): 1331–39. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i3.pp1331-1339.

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In recent years it has been observed that insulation failure in electrical motors is caused by adjustable speed drives fed by power electronic converters. These converters produce impulse waveforms having a high slew rate generated by the high switching frequency of IGBTs. This paper focuses on high switching frequency stress in low voltage electrical motors for adjustable speeds. To examine the motor winding insulation under such stress twisted-pair samples were developed from enameled wires. A singlecoated polyester of enamel with a thickness of 40 microns is used for this work. High-frequencies, high voltages of Square, and Square-rising, Squarespike waveforms of 10-30 kHz are used here. The test results show that the insulation fails earlier for the Square waveform compared to the Squarespike and Square-rising waveforms. In a nutshell, there is an analysis of PD formation in the insulation system at a higher switching frequency is analyzed. Electric field distributions between twisted pairs with various air gaps of the insulation system stressed by the Square and Square-rising waveforms up to 30 kHz are modeled using COMSOL software.

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Rao, S. Narasimha, and Elanseralathan Kasinathan. "Modeling of high frequency high voltage of waveforms on life of enamel insulation." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, no. 3 (2021): 1331. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i3.pp1331-1339.

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In recent years it has been observed that insulation failure in electrical motors is caused by adjustable speed drives fed by power electronic converters. These converters produce impulse waveforms having a high slew rate generated by the high switching frequency of IGBTs. This paper focuses on high switching frequency stress in low voltage electrical motors for adjustable speeds. To examine the motor winding insulation under such stress twisted-pair samples were developed from enameled wires. A single-coated polyester of enamel with a thickness of 40 microns is used for this work. High-frequencies, high voltages of Square, and Square-rising, Square-spike waveforms of 10-30 kHz are used here. The test results show that the insulation fails earlier for the Square waveform compared to the Square-spike and Square-rising waveforms. In a nutshell, there is an analysis of PD formation in the insulation system at a higher switching frequency is analyzed. Electric field distributions between twisted pairs with various air gaps of the insulation system stressed by the Square and Square-rising waveforms up to 30 kHz are modeled using COMSOL software.

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Yu, Yang, Siyuan Li, Ling Weng, Xiaorui Zhang, Laiweiqing Liu, and Qingguo Chen. "Optimization of Insulation Structure Design for Enameled Wires Based on Molecular Structure Design." Polymers 17, no. 8 (2025): 1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17081002.

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The performance of enameled wires has an important impact on new energy vehicle motors. The mainstream practice of existing technology is to improve partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) by doping powder to inhibit corona and increase varnish thickness, the limitations of which are also obvious. Powder doping has the problem of dispersion stability, and increasing the varnish thickness affects the size and power density of the motor. In this paper, a novel insulation structure design was given. The electronic field stress was controlled by using different dielectric constant materials, and the dielectric constants can be controlled by adjusting the free volume of the polymer. Finally, we specifically create a preparation scheme to increase the corona voltage and the PDIV, without a loss of the breakdown margin of the enameled wire, and the simulation results show that the outermost electric field strength of the enameled wire model decreases by 22.11% and the enameled wire breakdown margin increases by 26.85%.

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Y. Al-Zyoud, Khalaf. "A New Method of Insulation Wire for Power Transformers." International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE) 6, no. 1 (2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijape.v6.i1.pp31-35.

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This task go in order to developing a new way of enameled and polyester foil insulation of conductors used in building transformers thermal of class temperature about (150 C0 ), the production technology for two types of enameled and polyester foil-insulation conduction are presented. As will as the physical, mechanical and electrical characteristics of conductors in a normal climate N2, in a tropical climate T2 and after 28 cycle at ( 200 C0 )are presented.

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Kikuchi, H., and H. Hanawa. "Inverter surge resistant enameled wire with nanocomposite insulating material." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 19, no. 1 (2012): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2012.6148507.

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Zolotaryov, V. M., Y. A. Antonets, S. Yu Antonets, O. V. Golik, and L. A. Shchebeniuk. "ONLINE TECHNOLOGICAL MONITORING OF INSULATION DEFECTS IN ENAMELED WIRES." Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, no. 4 (August 16, 2017): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2074-272x.2017.4.09.

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Park, Jae-Jun, Seong-Sik Shin, Jae-Young Lee, Se-Won Han, and Dong-Pil Kang. "Effect of Conductor Radius of Polyesterimide- Polyamideimide Enameled Round Wire on Insulation Breakdown Voltage and Insulation Lifetime." Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials 16, no. 3 (2015): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4313/teem.2015.16.3.146.

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Ait-Amar, Sonia, Rania Saoudi, and Gabriel Vélu. "Thermal Aging Study of an Anodized Aluminum Strip Wire for Winding and High Temperature Use." Energies 15, no. 15 (2022): 5362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155362.

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Electrical machines are commonly used in industries and transport and are manufactured with enameled wire coils with polymer insulation. In extreme conditions, as in aeronautics and aerospace, where temperatures exceed 280 °C, the organic insulation deteriorates and it is necessary to find another way to insulate winding wires, in order to ensure a longer life duration of the insulation system and a better operating reliability of electric motors in these environments. Ceramics are more resistant to high temperatures than polymers and the proposed study focuses on the temperature dependence of the dielectric properties of anodized aluminum strips for use in high-temperature electrical machine windings. Different dielectric parameters are measured during thermal constraint. The purpose is to determine the temperature index of the anodized strip and propose a thermal stress life model.

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Г. В., Смирнов, та Замятин Н. В. "Нейронная сеть для контроля изоляции обмоток электротехнических изделий в процессе операции их намотки". Успехи кибернетики / Russian Journal of Cybernetics 5, № 3(19) (2024): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.51790/2712-9942-2024-5-3-02.

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провода с эмалевой изоляцией широко используются в различных электротехнических изделиях. Контроль эмалевой изоляции проводов крайне необходим в технологическом процессе их изготовления для повышения надежности. Существующие методы позволяют контролировать только дефекты, которые уже имеются до намотки. Поэтому описывается способ и устройство, позволяющие определять такие дефекты в процессе намотки, как их количество, так и размеры. Для принятия решения о дефекте применяется нейронная сеть с прямым распространением и подстройкой синаптических коэффициентов в ходе технологического процесса. Приведен пример реализации такого способа и устройства. the use of enamel-insulated wires is widespread in various electrical products, making insulation control crucial during the manufacturing process to ensure reliability. Current methods can only detect defects in the insulation prior to the winding process. This study presents a method and device that enable the detection of insulation defects during the winding process, identifying both the number and size of defects in real-time. A feedforward neural network with synaptic coefficient adjustment is employed to make decisions about defect presence during manufacturing. An example implementation of this method and device is also provided.

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Morikawa, Atsushi, Kazunori Suzuki, and Kenji Asano. "Enameled Wire Having Polyimide-silica Hybrid Insulation Layer Prepared by Sol-gel Process." Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology 28, no. 2 (2015): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.28.151.

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Smirnov, G. V., D. G. Smirnov, and I. A. Ekimova. "A technique for testing and repairing the insulation of enameled wires." Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing 53, no. 3 (2017): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s106183091703010x.

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Ait-Amar, Sonia, Daniel Roger, and Emmanuel Mateo. "An enameled wire with a semi-conductive layer: A solution for a better distibution of the voltage stresses in motor windings." Open Physics 17, no. 1 (2019): 652–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2019-0067.

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Abstract The paper analyzes a possible improvement of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) fed motor insulation according to a principle developed by the high voltages industry. The proposed principle consists in using a specific enameled wire made with an additional semi-conductive layer on its outer surface. Experimental study is realized in order to measure Partial Discharges (PDs) activity with three technologies: Classical enameled wire, enameled wire with an external conductive layer (silver paint) and enameled wire with an external semi-conductive layer (2% of carbon nanoparticles). Simulations are made in order to understand the behavior of the new semi-conductive wire.

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DOI, Takashi, Yoshihiro AMANO, and Akihiro UNNO. "Effect of Chemical Structure of Polyesterimide in Insulating Varnish on the Hardness of Enamel Wire Coating." BUNSEKI KAGAKU 69, no. 6 (2020): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/bunsekikagaku.69.279.

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Abe, Kazuki, Arata Naoumi, Hiroaki Miyake, Yasuhiro Tanaka, and Takashi Maeno. "Measurement of Space Charge Distribution Accumulated in Insulating Material of Enameled Wire." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 135, no. 2 (2015): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms.135.94.

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Pereira dos Santos Lima, Giovana, Sonia Ait-Amar, Gabriel Velu, et al. "Thermal Evaluation of Silica-Based Insulated Magnet Wires from the Sol–gel Process." Gels 9, no. 8 (2023): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9080619.

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The conventional enameling process used in the fabrication of magnet wires requires harmful processes and products. The target of the industry in the actual context of electrification is to increase the electrical machines’ efficiency. Indeed, the electrical insulation systems (EIS) of an electrical machine undergo various environmental constraints that can shorten their lifespans. Consequently, aspects of the insulation need to be improved, such as its thermal resistance. One of the challenges is to implement sustainable technology without losing performance. This work consists of the thermal performance evaluation of new magnet wires insulated by three types of composites of silica-based solution from the Sol–gel process and amorphous polyamide-imide (PAI). These composite coats are overcoated by an extruded thermoplastic resin with and without fillers. Different types of insulation are tested and compared to determine the better configuration. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, curing characteristics by tangent delta curve, and thermal-aging tests at three temperatures were carried out on the different EIS systems. Dielectric measurements were made between thermal-aging cycles. Their basic mechanical, electrical, and thermal characteristics are promising: the cut-through temperature is situated above 430 °C, their breakdown voltage values are between 5 kV and 9 kV (grade 3), and a good adhesion (overcoming more than 140 turns on a peel test). The thermal-aging results have been consistent with the TGA analysis results. The thermal index following the IEC standards was estimated for the selected EIS, which would have the main basic characteristics of a magnet wire of 200 class; moreover, it would be a greener enameled wire compared to the conventional one.

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Park, Jae-Jun, Seong-Sik Shin, Jae-Young Lee, Se-Won Han, and Dong-Pil Kang. "Insulation Breakdown Characteristics of Inverter Surge Resistant Enameled Wire Prepared with Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Nanocomposite." Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials 16, no. 4 (2015): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4313/teem.2015.16.4.190.

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Gui, Ting, Yun Zhao, Qing Ze Jiao, Han Sheng Li, and Qin Wu. "Preparation of Heat-Resistant Enameled Wire Coating of Fluorinated Poly (Ether Ether Ketone) and Properties." Advanced Materials Research 1035 (October 2014): 432–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1035.432.

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The soluble poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK) containing trifluoromethyl group (FPEEK) was prepared by nucleophilic polycondensation reaction of 4, 4'-difluorobenzophenone and 4, 4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphenol in the presence of an excess of anhydrous K2CO3 with tetramethylene sulfone as the solvent. The structure and thermal stability of FPEEK were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer and thermogravimetric analyzer. The solubility of FPEEK was also investigated using different organic solvents. Then the solution of FPEEK in N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was applied to prepare insulating coating. The mechanical properties of the coating were tested. The results show that FPEEK is soluble in common organic solvents such as chloroform, tetrahydrofuran and DMF. FPEEK shows high thermal stability with the initial degradation temperature of 536 °C in nitrogen. The insulating coatings of FPEEK exhibit the good adhesion, flexibility and impact resistance.

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Meier, Eric J., Fangzhao Alex An, Alexandre Dauphin, et al. "Observation of the topological Anderson insulator in disordered atomic wires." Science 362, no. 6417 (2018): 929–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aat3406.

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Topology and disorder have a rich combined influence on quantum transport. To probe their interplay, we synthesized one-dimensional chiral symmetric wires with controllable disorder via spectroscopic Hamiltonian engineering, based on the laser-driven coupling of discrete momentum states of ultracold atoms. Measuring the bulk evolution of a topological indicator after a sudden quench, we observed the topological Anderson insulator phase, in which added disorder drives the band structure of a wire from topologically trivial to nontrivial. In addition, we observed the robustness of topologically nontrivial wires to weak disorder and measured the transition to a trivial phase in the presence of strong disorder. Atomic interactions in this quantum simulation platform may enable realizations of strongly interacting topological fluids.

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Lu, T. J., A. G. Evans, and J. W. Hutchinson. "The Effects of Material Properties on Heat Dissipation in High Power Electronics." Journal of Electronic Packaging 120, no. 3 (1998): 280–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2792634.

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The role of the substrate in determining heat dissipation in high power electronics is calculated, subject to convective cooling in the small Biot number regime. Analytical models that exploit the large aspect ratio of the substrate to justify approximations are shown to predict the behavior with good accuracy over a wide range of configurations. The solutions distinguish heat spreading effects’ that enable high chip-level power densities from insulation effects that arise at large chip densities. In the former, the attributes of high thermal conductivity are apparent, especially when the substrate dimensions are optimized. Additional benefits that derive from a thin layer of a high thermal conductivity material (such as diamond) are demonstrated. In the insulating region, which arises at high overall power densities, the substrate thermal conductivity has essentially no effect on the heat dissipation. Similarly, for compact multichip module designs, with chips placed on both sides of the substrate, heat dissipation is insensitive to the choice of the substrate material, unless advanced cooling mechanisms are used to remove heat around the module perimeter.

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Gianoglio, Christian, Edoardo Ragusa, Paolo Gastaldo, Federico Gallesi, and Francesco Guastavino. "Online Predictive Maintenance Monitoring Adopting Convolutional Neural Networks." Energies 14, no. 15 (2021): 4711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154711.

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Thermal, electrical and mechanical stresses age the electrical insulation systems of high voltage (HV) apparatuses until the breakdown. The monitoring of the partial discharges (PDs) effectively assesses the insulation condition. PDs are both the symptoms and the causes of insulation aging and—in the long term—can lead to a breakdown, with a burdensome economic loss. This paper proposes the convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to investigate and analyze the aging process of enameled wires, thus predicting the life status of the insulation systems. The CNNs training does not require any kind of assumption of how the factors (e.g., voltage, frequency and temperature) contribute to the life model. The experiments confirm that the proposal obtains better estimations of the life status of twisted pair specimens concerning existing solutions, which are based on strong hypotheses about the life model dependency on the factors.

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Asgari, Arsham, Lucas Vincent Hanisch, Johanna Anspach, et al. "Reliability of Insulation Systems and Its Impact on Electric Machine Design for Automotive and Aviation Applications." Energies 18, no. 1 (2024): 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18010092.

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The growing use of electric machines in safety-critical applications, such as electromobility and electrified aviation, underscores the importance of ensuring their reliability. The reliability of electric machines will increasingly depend on the electrical insulation system (EIS), as they face higher voltage levels, faster switching semiconductors, and more demanding environmental conditions. The influence that the dimensioning of the enameled copper wire and the slot insulation material has on the reliability of the EIS and how different impregnation resins and novel high-thermal-conductivity (HTC) configurations of the slot insulation materials affect it will be demonstrated. This is because in addition to increased reliability, the performance of electrical machines is to be improved at the same time. A case study for an aviation application is used to show how the EIS influences the machine design. Depending on the EIS, the copper and iron losses and the conductor temperature have been investigated with the aim of keeping them as low as possible while simultaneously minimizing the risk of PD.

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Lakshmanan, Shanmugamurthy, Alokik Kanwal, Sheng Liu, et al. "Improved Electrophoretic Deposition of Vertical Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes with Nanoscopic Electrostatic Lenses." Micromachines 11, no. 3 (2020): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11030324.

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Under certain conditions, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) onto metal at the base of nanoscale insulating windows can result in a single SWCNT per window, bonded at one end to the metal. During EPD charge, buildup on the insulator creates electrostatic lenses at the windows that control the trajectory of the SWCNTs. The aim is to develop a reproducible process for deposition of individual vertically oriented SWCNTs into each window to enable novel devices. The length of the SWCNTs is shown to be the most critical parameter in achieving results that could be used for devices. In particular, single nanotube deposition in windows by EPD was achieved with SWCNTs with lengths on the order of the window depth. By performing current vs voltage (IV) measurements against a platinum wire in a phosphate buffer and by modeling the data, the presence of the nanotube can be detected, the contact interface can be studied, and the nanotube’s viability for device applications can be determined. These results provide a basis for process integration of vertical SWCNTs using EPD.

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Liu, Sichen, Guowen Zhao, and Huixin Zhang. "Intelligent Insulation Testing and Optimization Based on Machine Learning." Electronics 14, no. 1 (2024): 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14010109.

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To address the demand for high-precision insulation testing in modern complex cable networks, this study proposes and implements an intelligent insulation testing system based on FPGA technology. The system integrates decision tree (DT) models to enable efficient anomaly detection and process optimization. Utilizing the voltage-divider principle for insulation testing, the system extracts features such as maximum values, minimum values, and entropy to construct an explainable classification model capable of accurately monitoring different types of currents (leakage, absorption, and capacitive currents) during their decay processes. An adaptive post-processing filtering method is introduced to enhance classification accuracy and optimize testing efficiency by minimizing redundant range switching. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system achieves exceptional recognition accuracy and process stability across a wide range of resistances, significantly advancing the intelligence of insulation testing while improving measurement efficiency by 54.71%. This innovative solution provides a robust approach for high-demand electrical performance assessments.

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Dudkin, A. N., A. P. Leonov, and A. S. Supueva. "Estimating of the influence of defectiveness level of the enameled wires on reliability of interturn insulation." Proceedings of Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics 20, no. 2 (2017): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21293/1818-0442-2017-20-2-123-126.

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Park, Jae-Jun. "Effect of Ambient Temperature on Insulation Lifetime of Inverter Surge Resistant Enameled Wire Prepared with Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Nanocomposite." Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials 17, no. 3 (2016): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4313/teem.2016.17.3.163.

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Gurin, A. G., O. V. Golik, V. V. Zolotaryov, S. Yu Antonets, L. A. Shchebeniuk, and O. M. Grechko. "A STATISTICAL MODEL OF MONITORING OF INSULATION BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE STABILITY IN THE PROCESS OF ENAMELED WIRES PRODUCTION." Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, no. 1 (February 17, 2019): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2074-272x.2019.1.08.

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Farmehini, Vahid, Ali Rohani, Yi-Hsuan Su, and Nathan S. Swami. "A wide-bandwidth power amplifier for frequency-selective insulator-based dielectrophoresis." Lab Chip 14, no. 21 (2014): 4183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4lc00801d.

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To enable contact-less dielectrophoretic manipulation of biosystems in the MHz range, we present the design principles for a wideband power amplifier that eliminates parasitic DC and harmonic distortions.

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Zhang, Hai Peng, Jun Zhong Sun, and Xin Gang Chen. "Study on the Safety Design and Test Method of Ultrasonic Cleaning Device for the Motor Winding." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 7538–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.7538.

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When the dirt was cleaning away by the ultrasonic cleaning device, the insulating layer of the motor winding would be destroyed and the motor safety would be affect. The destructive effect mechanism is analyzed, a enameled wire-based destructive experiment method was designed. Finally the selection of cleaning power and time were realized. It was indicated by the motor experiments that the cleaning parameters selected in this way didn’t destroy the insulating layer of the motor winding, and was an excellent method to ensure the safety and reliability of the designed ultrasonic cleaning method.

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Black, Bryan J., Aswini Kanneganti, Alexandra Joshi-Imre, et al. "Chronic recording and electrochemical performance of Utah microelectrode arrays implanted in rat motor cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 4 (2018): 2083–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00181.2018.

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Multisite implantable electrode arrays serve as a tool to understand cortical network connectivity and plasticity. Furthermore, they enable electrical stimulation to drive plasticity, study motor/sensory mapping, or provide network input for controlling brain-computer interfaces. Neurobehavioral rodent models are prevalent in studies of motor cortex injury and recovery as well as restoration of auditory/visual cues due to their relatively low cost and ease of training. Therefore, it is important to understand the chronic performance of relevant electrode arrays in rodent models. In this report, we evaluate the chronic recording and electrochemical performance of 16-channel Utah electrode arrays, the current state-of-the-art in pre-/clinical cortical recording and stimulation, in rat motor cortex over a period of 6 mo. The single-unit active electrode yield decreased from 52.8 ± 10.0 ( week 1) to 13.4 ± 5.1% ( week 24). Similarly, the total number of single units recorded on all electrodes across all arrays decreased from 106 to 15 over the same time period. Parallel measurements of electrochemical impedance spectra and cathodic charge storage capacity exhibited significant changes in electrochemical characteristics consistent with development of electrolyte leakage pathways over time. Additionally, measurements of maximum cathodal potential excursion indicated that only a relatively small fraction of electrodes (10–35% at 1 and 24 wk postimplantation) were capable of delivering relevant currents (20 µA at 4 nC/ph) without exceeding negative or positive electrochemical potential limits. In total, our findings suggest mainly abiotic failure modes, including mechanical wire breakage as well as degradation of conducting and insulating substrates. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Multisite implantable electrode arrays serve as a tool to record cortical network activity and enable electrical stimulation to drive plasticity or provide network feedback. The use of rodent models in these fields is prevalent. We evaluated chronic recording and electrochemical performance of 16-channel Utah electrode arrays in rat motor cortex over a period of 6 mo. We primarily observed abiotic failure modes suggestive of mechanical wire breakage and/or degradation of insulation.

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Rahnama, Danial, Graziano Chila, and Sivakumar Narayanswamy. "A Feasibility Study on UV Nanosecond Laser Ablation for Removing Polyamide Insulation from Platinum Micro-Wires." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 9, no. 7 (2025): 208. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp9070208.

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This study presents the optimization of a laser ablation process designed to achieve the precise removal of polyamide coatings from ultra-thin platinum wires. Removing polymer coatings is a critical challenge in high-reliability manufacturing processes such as aerospace thermocouple fabrication. The ablation process must not only ensure the complete removal of the polyamide insulation but also maintain the tensile strength of the wire to withstand mechanical handling in subsequent manufacturing stages. Additionally, the exposed platinum surface must exhibit low surface roughness to enable effective soldering and be free of thermal damage or residual debris to pass strict visual inspections. The wires have a total diameter of 65 µm, consisting of a 50 µm platinum core encased in a 15 µm polyamide coating. By utilizing a UV laser with a wavelength of 355 nm, average power of 3 W, a repetition rate range of 20 to 200 kHz, and a high-speed marking system, the process parameters were systematically refined. Initial attempts to perform the ablation in an air medium were unsuccessful due to inadequate thermal control and incomplete removal of the polyamide coating. Hence, a water-assisted ablation technique was explored to address these limitations. Experimental results demonstrated that a scanning speed of 1200 mm/s, coupled with a line spacing of 1 µm and a single ablation pass, resulted in complete coating removal while ensuring the integrity of the platinum substrate. The incorporation of a water layer above the ablation region was considered crucial for effective heat dissipation, preventing substrate overheating and ensuring uniform ablation. The laser’s spot diameter of 20 µm in air and a focal length of 130 mm introduced challenges related to overlap control between successive passes, requiring precise calibration to maintain consistency in coating removal. This research demonstrates the feasibility and reliability of water-assisted laser ablation as a method for a high-precision, non-contact coating material.

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