Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Encéphalite – Modèles animaux'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 22 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Encéphalite – Modèles animaux.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Pagé, Julie. "Régulation et fonctions du récepteur GPR84 dans le cerveau dans des conditions inflamatoires." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20739.
Full textParé, Alexandre. "Rôles du système de l'interleukine-1β dans l'encéphalite auto-immune expérimentale, un modèle de sclérose en plaques." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29628.
Full textInterleukin-1b (IL-1b) is an inflammatory cytokine that actively participates in sterile and pathogen-dependant immune responses. Given its mighty inflammatory potential, regulatory defects in the IL-1b system may participate to the pathophysiology of some diseases and syndromes. One such plausible pathology is multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune disease characterised by the presence of demyelinating plaques in the central nervous system (CNS), neurodegeneration as well as motor and cognitive defects. The main objective of this thesis was to study the contribution of the IL-1b system in a mouse model of the disease, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which mimics several aspects of the human pathology. The results of these experiments were incorporated into two scientific studies included in this thesis. The first study allowed us to confirm the importance of IL-1b and its receptor, IL-1R1, in the development of paralysis in EAE. We were able to identify myeloid cells (neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages) as the principal sources of IL-1b in EAE. The study also allowed us to examine the ignificance of the effects of IL-1b on CNS endothelial cells. In the second study, we showed that the production of IL-1b by inflammatory monocytes was crucial for their migration into the CNS parenchyma. Once inside the CNS, monocytes acquire an antigen-presenting cell phenotype and activate CD4+ T lymphocytes in an IL-1b-dependant manner. This activation gives an highly inflammatory and neurotoxic phenotype to CD4+ T cells. Overall, the results presented in this thesis show that the IL-1b system regulates several cellular mechanisms implicated in the development and exacerbation of CNS autoimmunity. This work and the work of others justify a more exhaustive study of the molecular signals induced by IL-1b in CNS endothelial cells and T lymphocytes, both in EAE and multiple sclerosis. These studies could lead to the identification of therapeutic targets that would only impact the negative and pathogenic effects mediated by IL-1b.
Cordeau, Pierre Jr. "IMAGERIE IN VIVO DE LA RÉPONSE NEUROINFLAMMATOIRE : LA RÉPONSE ASTROCYTAIRE SUITE À UNE ISCHÉMIE CÉRÉBRALE." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25249/25249.pdf.
Full textMenasria, Rafik. "Caractérisation de la réponse immunitaire innée médiée par les monocytes/macrophages dans un modéle murin d'encéphalite herpétique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29754/29754.pdf.
Full textBoillot, Morgane. "Etude de la fonction de la protéine LGI1 impliquée dans les épilepsies du lobe temporal." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066408.
Full textMutations in the gene LGI1 (leucine-rich, glioma-inactivated 1) have been reported in families with autosomal dominant epilepsy with auditory features (ADEAF). ADEAF is a well-defined inherited condition consisting of adolescence/early adulthood-onset lateral temporal seizures. Moreover, LGI1 antibodies are involved in autoimmune limbic encephalitis, an acquired epileptic disorder of adulthood associated with memory loss and confusion. LGI1 loss-of-function caused by haploinsufficiency (ADEAF) or by autoimmunity (limbic encephalitis) triggers seizures in Human. LGI1 is a secreted neuronal protein. Its function in the brain is still uncertain and controversial, but there is evidence that LGI1 acts at the glutamatergic synapses and in the maturation of glutamatergic neurons during postnatal development. To mimic LGI1 loss-of-function in animal, a knockout mouse model has been previously generated. Germline Lgi1-deficient mice (Lgi1-/-) recapitulate several features of the human disease with early-onset spontaneous seizures.During the first part of my thesis project, I generated Lgi1 conditional knockout mice and characterized their phenotype. Selective deletion of Lgi1 in glutamatergic neurons during embryogenesis or adulthood is sufficient to generate spontaneous seizures. In contrast, neither spontaneous seizures nor increased seizure susceptibility to convulsant were observed when Lgi1 deletion was restricted to parvalbumin-positive GABAergic interneurons. Together, these data suggested that Lgi1 secreted from excitatory neurons makes a major contribution to the pathogenesis of LGI1-related epilepsies. We also demonstrated that Lgi1 is required from embryogenesis to adulthood to maintain normal circuit excitability. During the second part, we showed, using germline Lgi1-/- mice, that Lgi1 deficiency does not alter the dendritic or synaptic morphology of glutamatergic neurons. However, it induces an increased synaptic release of glutamate that leads to an increased glutamatergic transmission. This effect suggests a presynaptic role for Lgi1. By preceding seizure onset, it may underlie the epileptic phenotype. Next step will be to precise how LGI1 acts at the presynaptic side. Also, the recent identification of mutations in the gene RELN in ADEAF will certainly open new avenue, especially LGI1 and Reelin interaction studies
Rouger, Laurie. "Implication de la protéine Mitochondriale UCP2 dans la réponse immunitaire." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25244/25244.pdf.
Full textRafiki, Bassera Amina. "Les récepteurs au glutamate de type NMDA : étude de leur expression au cours du développement et dans deux modèles animaux d'épilepsie ; étude des relations structure/fonction et des interactions avec les protéines à domaines PDZ." Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA11T029.
Full textBoivin, Nicolas. "Le virus herpès simplex de type 1 et la réponse immunitaire cérébrale innée." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29711/29711.pdf.
Full textFournier, Antoine. "Imagerie par résonnance magnétique moléculaire et inflammation des barrières biologiques dans les modèles de sclérose en plaques." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC410/document.
Full textDeveloping new strategies to detect disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS) is essential to improve the diagnosis and follow-up of this pathology. To this aim, we used microparticles of iron oxide (MPIO) coupled to an antibody specific to the P-selectin or MAdCAM-1 protein. In this thesis, we establish that molecular MRI specific to P-selectin protein is able to detect the pathological events that take place in the spinal cord of chronic and relapsing-remitting models of MS in mice. Interestingly, we show here that this MRI technique can predict the apparition of relapses and recoveries in EAE. Moreover, we demonstrate that MRI specific to MAdCAM-1 protein is able to detect the gut inflammation that takes place in models of bowel diseases or MS. The innovative MRI techniques developed in this study could bring new advances in the diagnosis and prognosis of MS relapses by targeting gut inflammation. In the last part of this work, we report that the glymphatic system also exists in the spinal cord parenchyma of the mouse. In EAE, the activity of this system is reduced in the spinal cord but not in the brain or cerebellum. This alteration is associated to inflammatory cell accumulation within the perivascular space, AQP4 disorganization and leads to a large increase of ventricular volume. These disruptions could contribute to the MS pathophysiology. Our results hold significant promise for the development of new therapeutic strategies
Jeulin, Hélène. "Impact virologique et pharmacologique de la complexation de la ribavirine aux cyclodextrines sur un modèle animal d'encéphalite rougeoleuse." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NAN10117/document.
Full textThe objective of this work was to study the antiviral activity of ribavirin on measles encephalitis infection when using cyclodextrins as carriers. Ribavirin is a water-soluble synthetic nucleoside with broad spectrum antiviral properties, but it is ineffective against major viral encephalitis because of a failure to cross the blood brain barrier. The use of cyclic oligosaccharides can promote the activity of many drugs and the benefit of the association of ribavirin with alpha- or beta-cyclodextrine has already been demonstrated in vitro. The antiviral activity of the ribavirin/cyclodextrin complexes has been evaluated in vivo using an experimental model based on intracranial injection of the rodent adapted CAM/RB strain of measles virus in CBA/ca mice. Measles encephalitis development was monitored daily by viral load determination in mice brain. Intraperitoneal administration of the complex ribavirin/alpha-cyclodextrin (40 mg/kg of ribavirin) decreased the morbidity and the mortality of measles virus infected mice compared to free ribavirin treatment and the viral load in the brain is reduced at day 6 post-inoculation. At the opposite beta-cyclodextrin did not enhanced ribavirin in vivo antiviral activity. The role of alpha-cyclodextrin thus required to be defined and notably the hypothesis of ribavirin permeation enhancement through the blood brain barrier. Ribavirin specific extraction from brain tissue was developed, based on a solid phase extraction. It was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography at different time points after intraperitoneal injection of single or multiple doses of free ribavirin or of the complex ribavirin/alpha-cyclodextrin. Whatever the tested doses, quantity of ribavirin in the brain is significantly higher when the drug is injected as a complex with alpha-cyclodextrin, in healthy or measles virus-infected mice. So pharmacokinetic of ribavirin in brain tissue explains the advantage of the complex ribavirin/alpha-cyclodextrin over ribavirin in protecting mice from intracerebral infection with measles virus and confirms the interest of cyclodextrin complexes for human central nervous system diseases treatment
Reynaud, Joséphine. "Développement d'un modèle murin transgénique d'infection par l'herpèsvirus 6A et étude des mécanismes d'induction de la neuroinflammation." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00998378.
Full textAlata, Wael, and Wael Alata. "Étude de la barrière hématoencéphalique dans des modèles animaux de la maladie d'Alzheimer." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26149.
Full textTableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2015-2016
La barrière hématoencéphalique (BHE) est une barrière biologique qui protège le cerveau de molécules potentiellement toxiques pour le SNC. Plusieurs études laissent penser que des modifications de la BHE ont lieu au cours de la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA). Ainsi, la BHE demeure un grand défi dans le développement de médicaments pour les maladies cérébrales. Cependant, des systèmes de transport biologique au niveau de la BHE pourraient être ciblés par des anticorps afin d’améliorer la disponibilité cérébrale de différents médicaments. Notre objectif était d’évaluer la BHE dans la MA et de quantifier l’accumulation cérébrale d’un anticorps monoclonal ciblant le récepteur de la transferrine (RTf). Dans la première partie du projet, nous avons évalué la BHE chez deux modèles de souris de la MA, des souris doubles (APP/PS1) et triples (3xTg-AD) transgéniques. Une diminution du volume vasculaire a été observée dans l’hippocampe des souris 3xTg-AD âgées de 6 à 18 mois par rapport aux souris témoins. Ces souris ont démontré une diminution du transport cérébral du glucose et de l'expression de GLUT1 à l’âge de 18 mois. En revanche, aucune différence n’a été observée chez les souris APP/PS1. Dans la deuxième partie du projet, nous avons étudié l’effet de l’allèle ε4 de l’apolipoprotéine E, un facteur de risque génétique majeur de la MA, sur la BHE. Les souris APOE4 ont démontré une réduction de la vascularisation cérébrale et du transport cérébral du glucose de manière dépendante de l’âge. De plus, une réduction de l’épaisseur de la lame basale, une augmentation de l’expression de RAGE et une diminution du passage cérébral du DHA ont été observées chez les souris APOE4 par rapport aux souris APOE2 et APOE3. Finalement, nous avons développé la technique de la perfusion cérébrale in situ pour quantifier l’accumulation cérébrale d’un anticorps fluorescent (Ri7) ciblant le RTf. Ainsi, nous avons confirmé l’accumulation cérébrale de Ri7 au niveau des cellules endothéliales en utilisant un mécanisme saturable et sans affecter l’intégrité physique de la BHE. Cet anticorps pourrait donc être utilisé pour modifier l’expression capillaire de différents récepteurs/transporteurs, ce qui pourrait être efficace dans le traitement de la MA.
La barrière hématoencéphalique (BHE) est une barrière biologique qui protège le cerveau de molécules potentiellement toxiques pour le SNC. Plusieurs études laissent penser que des modifications de la BHE ont lieu au cours de la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA). Ainsi, la BHE demeure un grand défi dans le développement de médicaments pour les maladies cérébrales. Cependant, des systèmes de transport biologique au niveau de la BHE pourraient être ciblés par des anticorps afin d’améliorer la disponibilité cérébrale de différents médicaments. Notre objectif était d’évaluer la BHE dans la MA et de quantifier l’accumulation cérébrale d’un anticorps monoclonal ciblant le récepteur de la transferrine (RTf). Dans la première partie du projet, nous avons évalué la BHE chez deux modèles de souris de la MA, des souris doubles (APP/PS1) et triples (3xTg-AD) transgéniques. Une diminution du volume vasculaire a été observée dans l’hippocampe des souris 3xTg-AD âgées de 6 à 18 mois par rapport aux souris témoins. Ces souris ont démontré une diminution du transport cérébral du glucose et de l'expression de GLUT1 à l’âge de 18 mois. En revanche, aucune différence n’a été observée chez les souris APP/PS1. Dans la deuxième partie du projet, nous avons étudié l’effet de l’allèle ε4 de l’apolipoprotéine E, un facteur de risque génétique majeur de la MA, sur la BHE. Les souris APOE4 ont démontré une réduction de la vascularisation cérébrale et du transport cérébral du glucose de manière dépendante de l’âge. De plus, une réduction de l’épaisseur de la lame basale, une augmentation de l’expression de RAGE et une diminution du passage cérébral du DHA ont été observées chez les souris APOE4 par rapport aux souris APOE2 et APOE3. Finalement, nous avons développé la technique de la perfusion cérébrale in situ pour quantifier l’accumulation cérébrale d’un anticorps fluorescent (Ri7) ciblant le RTf. Ainsi, nous avons confirmé l’accumulation cérébrale de Ri7 au niveau des cellules endothéliales en utilisant un mécanisme saturable et sans affecter l’intégrité physique de la BHE. Cet anticorps pourrait donc être utilisé pour modifier l’expression capillaire de différents récepteurs/transporteurs, ce qui pourrait être efficace dans le traitement de la MA.
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a biological barrier which protects the brain from potential toxic molecules. Several studies suggest that changes in the BBB occur in Alzheimer's disease (AD). On the other hand, the BBB is a major challenge in the development of drugs for cerebral diseases. However, biological transport systems at the BBB, such as the transferrin receptor (TfR), could be targeted with monoclonal antibodies to develop the technology of Trojan horse and improve the brain availability of different drugs. The aim of my PhD project was to assess the BBB in AD and quantify the brain uptake of a monoclonal antibody targeting the TfR. In the first part of the project, we evaluated the BBB in two mouse models of AD, doubles (APP / PS1) and triple (3xTg-AD) transgenic mice. A reduction of the vascular volume was observed in the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice aged 6-18 months compared to control mice. These mice showed a decrease in glucose cerebral transport and expression of GLUT1 at the age of 18 months. However, no difference was observed in APP/PS1 mice. In the second part of the project, we studied the effect of the ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E, a major genetic risk factor of AD, on the BBB. The APOE4 mice showed a reduction of the cerebral vascularization and glucose cerebral transport in age dependent manner. Moreover, a reduction in the thickness of the basement membrane, an increase in the expression of RAGE and a decrease in cerebral passage of DHA were observed in APOE4 mice compared to APOE2 and APOE3 mice. Finally, we developed the in situ brain perfusion technique to quantify the brain uptake of a fluorescent antibody (RI7) targeting the TfR. In this section, we confirmed the cerebral accumulation of RI7 in the endothelial cells. This accumulation was made without affecting the physical integrity of the BBB and using a saturable mechanism. Hence, this antibody could be used to modify the expression of various receptors/transporters in the cerebral capillary, which may be effective in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a biological barrier which protects the brain from potential toxic molecules. Several studies suggest that changes in the BBB occur in Alzheimer's disease (AD). On the other hand, the BBB is a major challenge in the development of drugs for cerebral diseases. However, biological transport systems at the BBB, such as the transferrin receptor (TfR), could be targeted with monoclonal antibodies to develop the technology of Trojan horse and improve the brain availability of different drugs. The aim of my PhD project was to assess the BBB in AD and quantify the brain uptake of a monoclonal antibody targeting the TfR. In the first part of the project, we evaluated the BBB in two mouse models of AD, doubles (APP / PS1) and triple (3xTg-AD) transgenic mice. A reduction of the vascular volume was observed in the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice aged 6-18 months compared to control mice. These mice showed a decrease in glucose cerebral transport and expression of GLUT1 at the age of 18 months. However, no difference was observed in APP/PS1 mice. In the second part of the project, we studied the effect of the ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E, a major genetic risk factor of AD, on the BBB. The APOE4 mice showed a reduction of the cerebral vascularization and glucose cerebral transport in age dependent manner. Moreover, a reduction in the thickness of the basement membrane, an increase in the expression of RAGE and a decrease in cerebral passage of DHA were observed in APOE4 mice compared to APOE2 and APOE3 mice. Finally, we developed the in situ brain perfusion technique to quantify the brain uptake of a fluorescent antibody (RI7) targeting the TfR. In this section, we confirmed the cerebral accumulation of RI7 in the endothelial cells. This accumulation was made without affecting the physical integrity of the BBB and using a saturable mechanism. Hence, this antibody could be used to modify the expression of various receptors/transporters in the cerebral capillary, which may be effective in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
Ouellet, Mélissa. "La barrière hémato-encéphalique, les transporteurs ABC et la maladie d'Alzheimer." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25310/25310.pdf.
Full textPoittevin, Marine. "Implication des processus inflammatoires et de la microangiopathie diabétique dans la sévérité de l'infarctus cérébral et le retard de réparation dans des modèles d'ischémie cérébrale chez la souris." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077082.
Full textCerebral ischemia is the leading cause of acquired disability in adults and the second cause of death m developed countries. Currently, the only effective treatment is thrombolysis with rt-PA administration restricted to less than 5% of patients. The development of new therapies is therefore a crucial issue. The inflammatory process after cerebral ischemia is essential for clearance of injured brain tissue but also contributes to the worsening of brain damage and neurological deficit. In addition, inflammatory cytokines released after cerebral ischemia contribute to promote or block neurogenesis, a process essential for brain repair. The first part of this research has focused on the modulation of the inflammation to keep the beneficial component and decrease the deleterious one by the mean of an immunomodulatory drug, Glatiramer Acétate or Copaxone®. This drug was injected into two munne modeb of cerebral ischemia, which are permanent and transient Middle Cerebral Artery occlusion (pMCAo and tMCAO). Glatiramer Acetate did not diminish the infarct volume nor improve the neurological deficit despite an increase of neurogenesis in pMCAo model and reduced microglial pro-inflammatory cytokines in tMCAO. In parallel a follow-up in vivo study of microglial inflammation in stroke induced by pMCAo was conducted in MRI, particularly mteresting for the non-invasively validation of new anti-inflammatory therapeutics. As we obtained limited results in our study models, we decided to include diabetes, a strong risk factor for incidence and severity of cerebral ischemia. Diabetes is know in peripheral organs to induce an inflammatory and vascular response. It results in microangiopathy whose role in ischemic brain injury is poorly understood. The second part of this research has therefore focused on the characterization of this microangiopathy in a type I diabetic mouse model by injection of streptozotocin and the consequences of this microangiopathy in the severity of cerebral infarction. Our work has shown that after cerebral ischemia in diabetic mice, the inflammatory response was more intense and angiogenesis, the vascular repair process, was delayed. This allows targeting new therapeutic strategies following cerebral ischemia in the diabetic field
Molino, Yves. "Mise en place de modèles in vitro de barrière hémato‐encéphalique et étude du transfert transendothélial de vecteurs et conjugués ciblant le récepteur au LDL." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5076/document.
Full textThe blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the central nervous system (CNS) from plasma fluctuations of endogenous, but also exogenous molecules, including therapeutic molecules. The BBB’s restrictive properties are compensated by the presence of different mechanisms that provide transport of nutrients across the BBB, including transcytosis of endogenous ligands mediated by receptors. Our objective is to improve drug delivery across the BBB and we developed “vectors” that target different recpetors. During our thesis we developed and optimized cellular tools and approaches, in particular syngeneic in vitro models of the BBB and blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) from both rat and mouse, based on the co-culture of brain (BMECs) or spinal cord (SCMECs) microvascular endothelial cells (MECs) and astrocytes. Among the receptors we studied, we show that the LDL receptor (LDLR) is expressed at the apical plasma membrane of BMECs and confirmed that it is involved in transcytosis of LDL through the vesicular compartment, while avoiding the lysosomal compartment, further establishing its interest as a target receptor. We show that our vectors conjugated to an organic molecule or to a protein cargo are endocytosed by BMECs in a LDLR-dependent manner, avoid the lysosomal compartment and cross the BMEC monolayers. Finally, we developed BBB and BSCB in vitro models in inflammatory conditions, considering that MECs inflammation is associated with many CNS lesions and pathologies. These models will be useful to better understand the inflammatory processes of CNS endothelial cells and to evaluate vectorization strategies preferentially targeting CNS structures in pathological condition
Selek, Laurent. "Traitement intra-tumoral des gliomes malins par infusion convective de bevacizumab, développement d'un modèle de gliome chez le gros animal, étude anatomique de la diffusion convective dans un encéphale humain." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAS040/document.
Full textHigh grade gliomas are the most frequent primitive central nervous system tumor. The standard treatment is an association of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The mains issues with these treatments are the infiltrative properties of the tumour in a highly functional parenchyma, the blood-brain barrier limiting the transvascular transport of chemotherapy and the inherent radioresistance of glioma cells.Upon different strategy to overpass the blood-brain barrier, a direct injection in the brain was advocated. In order to maximize this delivery, the concept of convection enhanced delivery was developed; it consists in a direct injection in the parenchyma with a low flow-rate.Bevacizumab is an anti-VEGF A antibody, VEGF is one of the most important angiogenic factors. The goal of this treatment is to inhibit the angiogenesis and slow down the tumor growth.We propose to study the use of this antibody in a direct intra-cerebral infusion.First, we focalize on the pharmacokinetic properties of an intratumoral injection by convection –enhanced delivery compared to a systemic administration. This shows an equivalent intratumoral concentration with systemic concentrations significantly lower with the intra-tumoral injection. An important result is the similar concentration in the controlateral hemisphere with the two routes of infusion. Convection-enhanced delivery is suitable to carry far from the infusion site high molecular weight proteins. An intra-tumoral bevacizumab may theoretically provide similar efficiency with less systemic side-effect.Then, the efficiency of an intra-tumoral infusion of bevacizumab is compared to a systemic injection on a mouse glioma model. In terms of survival the intra-tumoral treatment is significantly more efficient with an important decrease of angiogenesis and tumoral proliferation.If convection-enhanced delivery rodent study were promising, clinical trials failed to show any efficiency of intra-tumoral injection mainly due to inadequate delivery secondary to backflows and leakages. One of the limits of the rodent model is the absence of cortical sulci, main leakage provider. The development of a model anatomically relevant could simulate real conditions of injection and develop implantable device of injection in realistic conditions. We have developed the first induced model of glioma in a large animal. We choose the pig for the similarity of its brain anatomy and its size. The animals have been treated with ciclosporin to induce an immunosuppression, human glioma cells have been implanted, leading to the development of brain tumor.We have studied the pressure on the infusion line and correlate it to backflow and leakage. We have identified a pattern of pressure for successful infusion. Different pressure pattern have systematically led to backflow or leakage. These pressures criteria could permit to us an early detection of inadequate infusion to replace the catheter and avoid the failure of precedent clinical trials.Next step have been the intra-tumoral injection via an implanted device on pig glioma model. No infectious complication has been related with a good local and neurologic tolerance. The injections have led to a relevant diffusion through the tumor with a rapid flow to the periphery due to the interstitial pressure gradient between the tumor and the periphery.Last step of this work have been the anatomical study of a dye distribution by convection-enhanced delivery in a human encephalon. Indeed if pig brain is similar to human brain, human white matter structure is unique. This work is focalized on the diffusion from the corona-radiata to the main white matter tracts. The distribution is anisotropic following white matter but the diffusion is different depending on the position of the catheter. The infusion seems to open low rheological impedance paths the position of the catheter have to be adapted to the white matter tract to target
Guedj, Fayçal. "Etude des altérations phénotypiques induites par la modification du dosage génique de DYRK1A et développement de stragégies thérapeutiques." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077222.
Full textDown syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic disorder affecting 1/800 newborns. It is characterized by several phenotypic signs with a variable penetrance including alteration of the brain morphogenesis, morphology of the face and members, brachycephaly, congenital heart diseases, digestive tract malformations, an early onset of Alzheimer disease histopathological signs and a constant mental retardation with variable severity (IQ = 20-55). Construction of genotype/phenotype correlation maps in patients with partial trisomy 21 enabled the identification of DCR-1, a region of 2. 5 Mb between CBR1 and ERG associated with the apparition of 13 clinical signs of DS among which mental retardation suggesting an important role of the genes contained in this region for the DS phenotype. DYRK1A gene, localized in this region, is a good candidate gene for mental retardation associated with DS. It encodes a dual-specificity serine/threonine kinase activated via autophosphorylation on the tyrosine 321 residu and phosphorylates a myriad of protein substrates including transcription and splicing factors, proteins playing important roles in synaptic plasticity and others proteins implicated in a variety of biological functions and pathological conditions. To understand DYRK1A role in the normal development and analyze the effects of its gene dosage alteration on the brain morphogenesis and synaptic plasticity, two mouse models bearing three copies (hYac-TgDYRKl A, mBac-TgDyrkl A) and an haploinsufficient model with only one copy of this gene (Dyrkl A+/-) have been used in this study. In the first part of this work, a new transgenic mouse line containing three copies of the mouse DyrklA gene with its endogenous promoter (mBac-TgDyrklA model) has been constructed in our laboratory. DyrklA transcript and protein expression analysis in the different brain parts of adult mBac-TgDyrklA, hYac-TgDYRKIA and DyrklA+A mice revealed a gene-dosage dependent expression of DyrklA validating the use of these models in the studies of mental retardation associated with free or partial trisomy and monosomy of the chromosome 21. The seconds part of our study focused on the DyrklA gene dosage alteration impact on brain morphogenesis and neuronal and glial cell density in the somatosensory cortex (SSC) and the ventrobasal (VPL/VPM) thalamic nucleus by combining in vivo imaging, seterology and western blotting techniques. Results obtained showed that DyrklA gène dosage modification induces heterogeneous alterations of the brain morphogenesis (increased brain volume in hYac-TgDYRKIA and mBac-TgDyrklA with a more pronounced action on the thalamus/hypothalamus region) and neuronal densities (a decreased neuronal density in the SSC and an increased density in the VPL/VPM) in the different investigated régions. These morphological changes are associated with MBP (neuronal morphology marker) overproduction, FKHR (important for the cell cycle regulation) hyperphosphorylation and MAPKs signaling pathway dysregulation suggesting an important role of DyrklA in the apoptosis/proliferation balance regulation but also in the axonal growth and myelinization. Behavioral studies performed in the third part of our work highlighted an impairment of the hippocampus-dependent spatial memory, the long-term memory and the motor function in the three studied mouse lines. These behavioral phenotypes are linked to a decreased activation of CamKII observed in the hippocampus of hYac-TgDYRKIA mice, but also to an increased AKT phosphorylation in this region at postnatal day P21. Taken together, these results indicate clearly that DyrklA plays a major role in synaptogenesis and synaptic transmission regulation. Finally, a corrective strategy of the phenotypes observed in hYac-TgDYRKIA and Ts65Dn (Partial MM 16 trisomy with 104 triplicated genes including DyrklA) mice has been developed ,using two EGCG (identified as spécifie DyrklA inhibitor in vitro) based diets. Morphometric, behavioral and molecular analysis showed that EGCG is able to strongly correct the phenotypic alterations observed in hYac-TgDYRKIA and Ts6Dn mice allowing us to propose the DyrklA gene as a potential target for a therapeutic approach of the DS associated mental retardation
Drapeau, Annie. "Effet d'un traitement au témozolomide par infusion intra-artérielle avec ou sans ouverture osmotique de la barrière hémato-encéphalique." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11311.
Full textAbstract : Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults. Its’ standard treatment, maximal surgical resection followed by an adjuvant treatment (radiotherapy and temozolomide [TMZ]) offers only a modest median survival benefit of 14.6 months (vs. 12.1 months with post-surgery radiotherapy alone) (Stupp et al., 2005). TMZ remains the therapeutic agent of choice for the treatment of GBM. Despite its bioavailability approaching 100% after a per os administration (Diez et al., 2009), its cerebrospinal fluid penetration is only of 20% (Ostermann et al., 2004). Thus, TMZ’s therapeutic limitations could be due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-tumor barrier (BTB). Alternative routes of drug delivery attempt to bypass these barriers. For example, intra-arterial (IA) administration with an osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption (OBBBD) allows greater drug distribution to the central nervous system (CNS). Its use with TMZ, with or without radiotherapy, has never been studied. We hypothesized that it will increase TMZ concentration in the CNS and that, when combined to radiotherapy, it will intensify its anti-neoplastic activity. The project was divided in three parts: (1) the evaluation of F98 cells’ in vitro sensitivity to TMZ; (2) the in vivo caracterization of TMZ’s neuropharmacokinetics, following different routes of administration; and (3) the in vivo evaluation of TMZ’s anti-tumoral effect, following different routes of administration. The syngenic glioma Fischer-F98 model was used in all in vivo experiments. Our results showed the F98 cells to be resistant to TMZ in vitro. The methodology developed showed that an IA infusion with and without OBBBD increased TMZ’s peak concentration and area under the curve in the brain tumor and ipsilateral brain parenchyma in the Fischer-F98 rat. All the while limiting systemic exposure. However, no survival benefit was observed with the use of these alternative strategies. More so, TMZ’s enhanced delivery to the CNS seemed toxic. A survival benefit was measured following the addition of radiotherapy. This was independent of the route of delivery of TMZ or normal saline. In summary, our results provide evidence that the method of TMZ administration does impact its CNS delivery. By bypassing the BBB, the judicious use of local delivery approaches combined with the appropriate therapeutic agent can have a great clinical potential in the treatment of glioblastomas.
Olivier, Paul. "Lésions cérébrales du prématuré et retard de croissance intra-utérin : des modèles chez le rat." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077175.
Full textBehavioural deficit secondary to white matter damage of preterm infant is a major public health issue. The risk-factors associated with prematurity play a role in the pathophysiology of these insults. Among these factors, the implication of intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) is still debated. The effect of IUGR on white matter development were studied in a model of prenatal growth restriction in rat. Similarly to preterm infants, severe growth restricted pups exhibit diffuse white matter damage associating glial reaction and protracted myelination defect. Moderate IUGR is associated with transcient white matter insult in rat pups. The myelination repair is concomitant with the enhancement of oligodendrocytes proliferation after the first week of life. Furthermore, hypoxic preconditionning associated with moderate IUGR is protective against a postnatal excitotoxic insult in a "double-hit" protocol. In another hand, the impact of IUGR on cortical development were investigated. In severely growth restricted adult rat, a decrease of neuronal density, and particularly of GABAergic sub-populations density, was detected in the somato-sensory cortex. This neuronal deficit was associated with behavioral and cognitive disorders. Thus, these animal models of IUGR in rat mimick the histologic and behavioural deficit of preterm infants with low birth-weight. This study provides new elements for a better comprehension of the role of factors (hypoxia, ischemia, trophic factors deprivation) associated with IUGR in the pathophysiology of immature brain damage
Cunin, Claude. "Greffes intracérébroventriculaires de noyaux hypothalamiques : Études histophysiologiques chez le rat brattleboro déficient génétique en vasopressine." Nancy 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NAN10009.
Full textBoulay, Denis. "Etude chez le rat des modifications comportementales et neurochimiques après administrations répétées d'agonistes dopaminergiques indirects : la cocaïne ou le GBR12783." Rouen, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ROUE5042.
Full textGiraud, Antoine. "Impact de l'inflammation périnatale sur le cerveau en développement : de la dimension neurodévéloppementale à l'échelle endothéliale." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSES029.
Full textThe perinatal period is critical in the development of the brain parenchyma. The impact of a pro-inflammatory stress during this period has been studied using epidemiological studies and preclinical experiments.Several aspects of the impact of perinatal inflammation on the developing brain have been studied, from neurodevelopmental outcomes to cerebral endothelium modifications. This thesis demonstrates that: (1) exposure to perinatal inflammation is independently associated with poorer social and motor abilities at 30 months of corrected age in premature infants without severe neonatal brain injury, (2) end-gestational treatment by ampicillin increases placental inflammation in our preclinical rat model of group B streptococcal (GBS) chorioamnionitis without maternal bacteremia, (3) perinatal inflammation is the only consistent independent risk factor of neonatal arterial ischemic stroke, (4) end-gestational inflammation leads to a diffuse decrease in the permeability of the fetal blood-brain barrier in our preclinical rat model of GBS chorioamnionitis.Exposure to perinatal inflammation can be considered as an early brain injury. This consideration paves the way to new perspectives of neuroprotection targeted on the interleukin-1 blockade and new perspectives of early evaluation