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1
Murphy, K., H. Mytum, L. Austin, A. E. Caseldine, C. J. Griffiths, A. Gwilt, P. Webster, and T. P. Young. "Iron Age Enclosed Settlements in West Wales." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 78 (2012): 263–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00027171.
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This paper presents the results of several years' research on late Iron Age enclosed settlements in west Wales. Geophysical survey was conducted on 21 sites and three of these, Troedyrhiw, Ffynnonwen, and Berry Hill, were part-excavated. Most sites examined were heavily plough-damaged, but results of the surveys and excavations demonstrated that substantial archaeological remains survive. Approximately 60 enclosed settlements lay in the core study area of southern Ceredigion (Cardiganshire), half of which were oval in shape and half rectangular. Both types contain suites of buildings seen in much of the British Iron Age – round-houses and 4-/6-post structures. Evidence from the excavations supports data from elsewhere in the region indicating that small oval enclosures appear in the landscape in the 2nd–1st centuriesbc, with rectangular enclosures constructed right at the end of the Iron Age. Dating is based almost entirely on radiocarbon determinations as, in common with other similar-aged sites in west Wales, artefacts are almost completely absent. It was not possible during excavation at Troedyrhiw to conclusively demonstrate late prehistoric use of the rectangular enclosed settlement, but a Roman pottery assemblage in the upper fills of the enclosure ditch coupled with a two phase entrance is interpreted as indicating Late Iron Age construction. More complex remains were revealed during excavations at Ffynnonwen, a circular enclosed settlement within a larger oval enclosure. Here, three round-houses, a 4- and 6-post structure and other remains were investigated and radiocarbon dated to the 8th–6th centuriesbcthrough to the early Romano-British period. Berry Hill, an inland promontory fort, appeared to be unfinished and abandoned. Radiocarbon determinations indicated a Late Bronze Age construction (10th–8th centuriesbc). The paper concludes with a consideration of a number of interpretive issues regarding settlement, enclosure, identity, and ways of living.
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Kirby, Christopher J. "Preliminary Report of the Second Survey Season at Gebel El-Haridi, 1993." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 80, no. 1 (December 1994): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030751339408000103.
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The second survey season at Gebel el-Haridi concentrated on a series of mud-brick ruins and rock-cut features near the north end of Abu el-Nasr. The results of an extensive mapping project and pottery survey revealed an enclosed settlement and cemetery with surface material dating from the second and the sixth centuries AD. This settlement has been tentatively identified as a monastery. Preliminary analysis was also undertaken on building remains in front of Quarry E at the south end of Gebel Abu el-Nasr. Both architecture and surface material were distinctly different to those of the enclosed settlement on the lower slopes, with well-preserved terrace platforms and thicker mud-brick superstructures.
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Allen, Martyn, John Boothroyd, Leigh Allen, Kate Brady, Sharon Cook, Mike Donnelly, Robert Knight, et al. "A Late Iron Age/early Roman Enclosed Settlement at Basing View, Basingstoke." Hampshire Studies 75, no. 1 (November 1, 2020): 191–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.24202/hs2020014.
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Excavation in advance of housing development at Basing View, Basingstoke, revealed the remains of an Early Roman enclosed settlement that possibly originated in the Late Iron Age and was occupied to the early 2nd century. The settlement was fairly low status, focussed on mixed farming practices, but was notable for the presence of a possible sunken- featured building with a baby burial. The site adds to current knowledge of the Late Iron Age/Early Roman settlement archaeology of the area south of Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum).
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Massey, Richard, Matt Nichol, Dana Challinor, Sharon Clough, Matilda Holmes, E. R. McSloy, Katie Marsden, et al. "Iron Age and Roman Enclosed Settlement at Winchester Road, Basingstoke." Hampshire Studies 74, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 36–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24202/hs2019003.
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Excavation in Area 1 identified an enclosed settlement of Middle–Late Iron Age and Early Roman date, which included a roundhouse gully and deep storage pits with complex fills. A group of undated four-post structures, situated in the east of Area 1, appeared to represent a specialised area of storage or crop processing of probable Middle Iron Age date. A sequence of re-cutting and reorganisation of ditches and boundaries in the Late Iron Age/Early Roman period was followed, possibly after a considerable hiatus, by a phase of later Roman activity, Late Iron Age reorganisation appeared to be associated with the abandonment of a roundhouse, and a number of structured pit deposits may also relate to this period of change. Seven Late Iron Age cremation burials were associated with a contemporary boundary ditch which crossed Area 1. Two partly-exposed, L-shaped ditches may represent a later Roman phase of enclosed settlement and a slight shift in settlement focus. An isolated inhumation burial within the northern margins of Area 1 was tentatively dated by grave goods to the Early Saxon period.<br/> Area 2 contained a possible trackway and field boundary ditches, of which one was of confirmed Late Iron Age/Early Roman date. A short posthole alignment in Area 2 was undated, and may be an earlier prehistoric feature.
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Kalafatić, Hrvoje, Rajna Šošić Klindžić, and Bartul Šiljeg. "Being Enclosed as a Lifestyle: Complex Neolithic Settlements of Eastern Croatia Re-Evaluated through Aerial and Magnetic Survey." Geosciences 10, no. 10 (September 26, 2020): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10100384.
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Archeological excavations and field survey of Neolithic sites during the last 100 years have formed a certain framework within which we developed an interpretation of Neolithic life in this area. Even though researchers have stressed the importance of sites, region, or period in their publications, most of the results revealed very modest remains of Neolithic settlements, too small or too scarce to provide insight in settlement size, organization, and other aspects of life. A combination of non-destructive methods of research is proving to be a more effective means of Neolithic site detection and interpretation. Here, we present the sites Gorjani-Kremenjača, Koritna-Pašnik, Gat-Svetošnice, Ivanovac-Korođvar, Klisa-Groblje, and Brdo, whose size and shape were defined through a combination of the analysis of aerial and satellite imagery and geomagnetic survey. Experience in combined research strategies will help us in our efforts to define parameters in recognizing regularities in the remains of settlement organization visible only from the air. Our results showed a complex network of densely populated settlements with elaborate internal organization and infrastructure varying in size from 10 to 50 ha. All settlements were surrounded by at least one set of ditches. Their internal organization was complex and suggests dense habitation. Many sites have several ditched spaces organized in complex systems. Obtained data and results provide a comprehensive review in a wider European context.
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Fedič, Dušan. "Analysis of Huncokars’ Dialect." Ethnologia Actualis 14, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eas-2015-0006.
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ABSTRACT The study is an attempt to present the background and the first results of the current research, documentation of the language of German woodcutters known as Huncokars. We introduce the characteristic Huncokars’ dialect. Based on the record comparison of Huncokars’ dialect with dialects in Tyrol, Styria and Bavaria we have identified possible area from which Huncokars came to Slovakia. Huncokars have developed a languagespecific enclosed settlement, which lives either through several individual memories of their descendants or as a part of the collective memory of today's local communities living near the former settlements.
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Longley, David. "Bryn Eryr: An Enclosed Settlement of the Iron Age on Anglesey." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 64 (January 1998): 225–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00002231.
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Excavations on the site of a rectangular earthwork at Bryn Eryr, Angelsey, have identified a sequence of occupation. In the Middle Iron Age a single clay-walled round-house stood within a timber stockade. By the later Iron Age a second house had been added, adjacent to the first, and these two houses became the focus of a planned settlement. A rectangular bank and ditch enclosure was established of 0.3 ha internal area. A yard developed in front of the houses, at the head of a trackway leading from the entrance. Rectangular post-built structures, perhaps granaries, were built and pits were dug to provide clay flooring and, perhaps, wall plastering for the houses. By the early 1st millennium AD the perimeter ditch had become choked with silt and the bank was eroding badly. A third house, with stone footings, was added to the south of the original two, one of which was by now out of use. Romano-British pottery, in small quantities but of good quality, was in use on the site. The farm appears to have been abandoned, after perhaps 700 years of development, during the late 3rd or 4th century AD.
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Fitzpatrick, Elizabeth. "Native Enclosed Settlement and the Problem of the Irish 'Ring-fort'." Medieval Archaeology 53, no. 1 (November 2009): 271–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/007660909x12457506806360.
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Kardash, Oleg V., Nataliia M. Chairkina, Ekaterina N. Dubovtseva, and Henny Piezonka. "New Research on the Early Neolithic Enclosed Settlement Kayukovo-2 in the North of Western Siberia." Archaeology and Ethnography 19, no. 7 (2020): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-7-109-124.
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Purpose. The article presents results of new research at one of the most prominent Early Neolithic enclosed settlements in the North of Western Siberia – the stronghold of Kayukovo-2, which is characterized by a regular architectural plan with one central and five surrounding buildings, pottery of a specific shape and type, including flat as well as conical bases and complex ornamentation, and an original complex of stone artefacts. Results. In 2018, the investigation of building structure no. 4 was continued; for the reconstruction of the paleo-landscape, soil samples were investigated in the adjacent peatland, new radiocarbon dates were obtained, and analyses of the material complex represented by fragments of ceramics, products from clay-like raw materials and clay, stone artefacts, and clusters of small bone fragments was carried out. Building no. 4 was identified as a semi-sunken dwelling structure with a hearth in the centre, a small connecting corridor to building no. 7, and a link to the large central building no. 6. In 2019, new trenches confirmed the existence of a ditch circumscribing the settlement complex. Palaeoenvironmental research shows that during the period of use of the site, the closest water body was located c. 100 m from the terrace shore. The radiocarbon dates available up to now indicate a time of functioning of the ancient settlement in the first centuries of the 6th millennium cal BC. The ceramic material belongs to the complex of early flat-based hunter-gatherer pottery of Western Siberia, a tradition which probably spread from the Baraba forest-steppe and the Ishim region to the Northern Trans-Urals around 6000 cal BC. Conclusion. The reasons for the emergence of the northernmost fortified settlements in Eurasia among hunter-gatherer communities with complex architecture and specific ceramics, the role of internal socio-cultural mechanisms and external influences, and environmental factors in their formation continue to be under discussion and require further research.
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Cook, Murray. "Open or Enclosed: Settlement Patterns and Hillfort Construction in Strathdon, Aberdeenshire, 1800bc–ad1000." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 79 (October 14, 2013): 327–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2013.15.
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This article presents a synthetic précis of enclosed and unenclosed settlement in Aberdeenshire over an extended period of study encompassing the later prehistoric and early medieval periods (1800bc–ad1000) where the perceived boundary between prehistory and history is of limited significance. The results will then be placed in a wider Scottish context, with a brief discussion of the changing nature of enclosure within the study area.A recent upsurge in research, development, and survey work has, in particular, drawn renewed attention to a discrete cluster of around 20 hillforts in the Strathdon area, which lie well beyond Cunliffe's Hillfort Dominated Zones. In general, the settlement record is predominantly unenclosed but, in the first half of the 1st millenniumbcthe Strathdon area appears to reflect wider UK trends: there are relatively few hillforts and they appear to be aimed at communal gatherings. Their direct use in conflict appears to have been rare and their ‘defences’ perhaps marked a neutral zone rather than fortification. A putative increase in the volume of agricultural surplus may have led to increased social competition and eventually conflict. After c. 500bca variety of local factors influence hillfort design and there is an increase in their number and variability, before the emergence of a single dominant form from Northern Fife to Inverness, and then an abandonment of enclosure until the early medieval period. The current evidence indicates that hillforts were abandoned before the Roman incursions, perhaps by several hundred years and, while they may have been re-occupied, there is as yet no evidence for refortification. In contrast during the early medieval period hillforts appear to have been more actively used in both settlement and conflict. They may relate to a period of expansion amongst local competing polities and the cessation of their construction in the 7th centuryadmay be connected with the emergence of larger regional power structures.
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Szilágyi, Márton, Ludwig Husty, and Daniela Hofmann. "Between Worlds. The Enclosed Settlement of the Münchshöfen Culture at Riedling (Lower Bavaria)." Hungarian Archaeology 9, no. 1 (2020): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36338/ha.2020.1.5.
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Thomas, Roger. "Land, Kinship Relations and the Rise of Enclosed Settlement in First Millenium B.C. Britain." Oxford Journal of Archaeology 16, no. 2 (July 1997): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0092.00035.
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Borić, Dušan, Bryan Hanks, Duško Šljivar, Miroslav Kočić, Jelena Bulatović, Seren Griffiths, Roger Doonan, and Dragan Jacanović. "Enclosing the Neolithic World: A Vinča Culture Enclosed and Fortified Settlement in the Balkans." Current Anthropology 59, no. 3 (June 2018): 336–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/697534.
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Soldatkin, Nikolai V. "Configurations of Fortified Settlements of the Sintashta-Petrovka Type: Forms, Sizes, Transformations." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 462 (2021): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/462/20.
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The article aims to analyze the configurations of fortified settlements of the Sintashta-Petrovka type (SPT settlements). Sources of information about the configurations are the results of remote research (aerial photographs, geomagnetic maps, topographic maps) and data from archaeological excavations. The study of configurations is one of the aspects of settlement archaeology at the level of research of the structure of the whole settlement. The article summarizes and compares the characteristics of forms, layouts, sizes, variants of transformations. The forms of SPT settlements can be divided into two types: rounded, with a radial arrangement of rows of dwellings, and subrectangular, with a linear arrangement. Eight sites are classified as rounded, sixteen are subrectangular. In the forms of many settlements there are mixed signs that emphasize the common architectural tradition: rounded settlements have separate straightened segments and straight rows of buildings, and subrectangular ones have rounded bends of building lines and rounded corner sections. In summarizing the size indicators, small, medium and large settlements were identified. The small ones have an area from 6 to 13 m2; thousand nine sites – subrectangular, with two rows of dwellings, and rounded, with one ring of buildings – are small. The small m2. settlements have about 20 to 30 buildings. The number of medium settlements is also nine, their area is from 15 to 21 thousand Most medium-sized sites are either subrectangular, with four rows of buildings, or rounded, with two rings of buildings. The medium m2. sized settlements have about 40 to 60 buildings. There are six large settlements; their area is 23 to 32 thousand Two of the large settlements are oval, four subrectangular, with traces of significant rearrangements. Due to the small volume of field research, it is difficult to estimate the number of dwellings in large settlements. The generalization of the remote data and the results of the excavations allows the author to propose a scheme of transformations of the SPT settlements. The structural component of their configurations is a row of closely spaced dwellings, enclosed by a line of fortifications. Several rows, most often two or four, oriented linearly or radially, form the inner space of the closed fortified settlement. While the fortified settlements functioned, they were restructured, with preservation of the general principles of regularity and isolation of the living environment. There are three main scenarios for rebuilding: the completion of rows to the early section, the overlapping of fortified villages, the reduction of the area of a fortified settlement. The final stage of the life of settlements is associated with the gradual abandonment of the cramped and closed configurations. The Srubnaya-Alakul settlements, successors of the SPT settlements, use more spacious, dispersed layouts, with partial preservation of the tradition of building rows of closely spaced dwellings and with refusal to build fortifications.
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Gilbertson, D. D., and N. W. T. Chisholm. "ULVS XXVIII: Manipulating the Desert Environment: ancient walls, floodwater farming and territoriality in the Tripolitanian pre-desert of Libya." Libyan Studies 27 (1996): 17–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900002375.
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AbstractThis paper examines the intentions, successes and failures of remarkable Romano-Libyan floodwater farmers who settled the arid Libyan pre-desert and used complexes of walls to manage the occasional floodwater as well as the desert's soils, sediments and biota. The paper presents and analyses a near ‘total’ data-set on the determinable locational properties of these ancient walls within one wadi — the 10 km long Wadi Umm el-Kharab. The organisation of these wall systems is shown to alter along the wadi according to changes in topographic, geomorphic and hydrological factors, as well as in relation to what are regarded in this paper as design and settlement factors. The organisation of the walls changes at confluences and distinctive topographic features. An analysis of the shape of enclosed areas indicates that the wadi can be divided into three broad sectors, each of which can be identified by differences in the shapes of the areas enclosed by walls. The enclosed shapes, as well as the general properties of the walls themselves do not vary in any simple linear manner along the wadi. Precise field mapping, as well as statistical displays of wall-related data, indicate the presence of similar ‘gaps’ in both the frequencies of settlement and of walls along the wadi. These gaps are, in part, explicable as the secondary consequences of hypothesised past flood-management problems associated with the confluences within the wadi system. They are also interpreted in this paper as some type of land use or other territorial ‘break’ created between the ancient community groups who occupied the wadi. This study has demonstrated the existence of distinct ‘preferences’ in the distances between walls, the areas enclosed between walls, and the thicknesses of walls. Overall, the types of organisation, and presumed functions of walls in this wadi are similar to those established from elsewhere in the Libyan pre-desert, but the balance is different in the Wadi Umm el-Kharab. The emphasis of wall-design in the Wadi Umm el-Kharab appeared to be upon the containment and management of floodwater, rather than the maximisation of the input of waters to the wadi floor, as deduced elsewhere. The long-term robustness and the environmental sophistication of these wall-systems are evident.
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McMahon, Mary. "Early Medieval Settlement and Burial Outside the Enclosed Town: Evidence from Archaeological Excavations at Bride Street, Dublin." Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Section C 102C, no. -1 (January 1, 2002): 67–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3318/pric.2002.102.1.67.
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Graves, William M., and Scott Van Keuren. "Ancestral Pueblo Villages and the Panoptic Gaze of the Commune." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 21, no. 2 (June 2011): 263–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774311000278.
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Aggregated villages with large, central plazas appeared across the Western Pueblo region of the US Southwest by the fourteenth century AD. We view the adoption of this settlement form not strictly as an adaptive response to economic and social circumstances, but rather as a reflection of changes in the social relations of power and conceptualizations of community in the Pueblo world. Enclosed plazas became a form of panoptic architecture, structuring what were intrinsically unequal social relations between individuals or groups and the entire communities of which they were a part. This process has implications for the emergence of new power relations in pre-state societies.
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Leung, Priscilla T. Y., Brian Morton, and W. C. Ng. "Meso-scale genetic structure of the intertidal, crevice-dwelling, stalked barnacleIbla cumingi(Crustacea: Cirripedia): an interplay of life history and local hydrographic conditions." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91, no. 1 (July 13, 2010): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315410000937.
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Variation in life history characteristics is believed to play an important role in dispersal and thus shaping the population and genetic structure of marine invertebrates. The genetic structure ofIbla cumingi, a small intertidal stalked barnacle that broods lecithotrophic larvae, was evaluated using 145 random amplified polymorphic DNA markers on 100 individuals from five locations across Hong Kong waters. Shallow genetic structure was observed along open-coast shores, and there was no indication of isolation by geographical distance. A significant genetic divergence, however, was observed between samples inside and outside Tolo Harbour, a semi-enclosed, sheltered and estuarine bay located in the north-eastern quadrant of Hong Kong, indicating the presence of a genetic sub-structuring pattern. In addition, relatively lower genetic diversities were described for samples inside Tolo Harbour than those from open-coast shores. This could be associated with an increase in inbreeding events attributed to local settlement caused by larval retention. This study provides an insight into how the interaction of life history and local, enclosed, hydrographic conditions could result in a substantial genetic structuring ofI. cumingiover a meso-scale geographical distance.
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Kuzovic, Dusko. "Architecture of public buildings for storing corn in Southwestern Serbia in the 19th century." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 168 (2018): 725–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1868725k.
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Public buildings for storing corn in grain were used to store food for the needs of the population during wars or drought years. The buildings were built in the period from 1816-1859 and 1862-1899, according to the order of the state administration. The location of the buildings was always close to the central building of the municipal administration. One or more buildings were enclosed with a solid fence for protection. Constructive and functional buildings were built on the paragon from rural households. The chosen architectural solution was verified in practice with construction familiar to the population. This paper analyzes the circumstances under which the aforementioned buildings were built, the architectural concept and the urban position in the settlement.
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Kinsella, Jonathan. "A new Irish early medieval site type? Exploring the 'recent' archaeological evidence for non-circular enclosed settlement and burial sites." Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Section C 110, no. -1 (January 1, 2010): 89–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3318/priac.2010.110.89.
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Panecki, Tomasz. "The comparison of the scope of the content and classification methods on topographical maps of Polish territory annexed by Russia issued at the turn of 19th and 20th century." Polish Cartographical Review 47, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pcr-2015-0004.
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Abstract The aim of the article was a comparison of the content’s scope, classification and presentation methods on topographical maps issued at the turn of 19th and 20th century covering the territory of former Russian partition. Three of such maps were chosen for the analysis, namely: Russian (scale 1:84,000), Austrian (scale 1:75,000) and German (scale 1:100,000). As a starting point of the study served an attempt at reconstruction of map legends, as, a coherent symbology key (i.e. map legend) can be found neither for Russian nor German map. It was conducted by employing the symbology keys prepared in the Interwar Period, as for the Russian map there was no legend enclosed, while in the case of German the legend enclosed featured only the road network. Apart from the legends, an analysis of the map sheets covering four areas was conducted. Those areas were, as follow: Brest, Dęblin, Pinsk and Pułtusk vicinites. The next stage was to elaborate a legend comparison with summary in the form of a table for particular thematic layers: settlement and built-up area, transport network, sacral buildings facilities and other buildings, land cover, hydrography, relief, and borders. An assumption was made that despite the apparent similarity of the scales (1:75,000, 1:84,000, 1:100,000) and source materials the maps analysed are distinct in terms of presentation of the geohistorical landscape. The settlements on the Russian map were illustrated in a schematic manner, while the other maps approached the subject more meticulously. The discrepancies involve also such areas as: road network, land cover, and waters, which were categorised along different sets of criterion. It happened that some categories present on the Russian map were absent from the Austrian and German. It involved such objects as: fascine roads, wooden churches or radiostations. Those differences stem from not only the “military mode” of elaboration of the German and Austrian map, but also conscious interference in the scope of content and classification methods.
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Barbour, Terry E., Kenneth E. Sassaman, Angelica Maria Almeyda Zambrano, Eben North Broadbent, Ben Wilkinson, and Richard Kanaski. "Rare pre-Columbian settlement on the Florida Gulf Coast revealed through high-resolution drone LiDAR." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 47 (November 4, 2019): 23493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1911285116.
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Drone-mounted, high-resolution light detection and ranging reveals the architectural details of an ancient settlement on the Gulf Coast of Florida without parallel in the Southeastern United States. The Raleigh Island shell-ring complex (8LV293) of ca. 900 to 1200 CE consists of at least 37 residential spaces enclosed by ridges of oyster shell up to 4 m tall. Test excavations in 10 of these residential spaces yielded abundant evidence for the production of beads from the shells of marine gastropods. Beads and other objects made from gulf coastal shell were integral to the political economies of second-millennium CE chiefdoms across eastern North America. At places as distant from the coast as the lower Midwest, marine gastropods were imported in raw form and converted into beads and other objects by craftspeople at the behest of chiefs. Bead making at Raleigh Island is exceptional not only for its level of production at the supply end of regional demand but also for being outside the purview of chiefly control. Here we introduce the newly discovered above-ground architecture of Raleigh Island and outline its analytical value for investigating the organization of shell bead production in the context of ancient political economies. The details of shell-ring architecture achieved with drone-mounted LiDAR make it possible to compare the bead making of persons distributed across residential spaces with unprecedented resolution.
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Guttmann, E. B. A., J. Last, R. Gale, E. Harrison, T. McDonald, R. I. Macphail, R. Scaife, and T. Waldron. "A Late Bronze Age Landscape at South Hornchurch, Essex." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 66 (2000): 319–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00001845.
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A 2.5 ha open area excavation at South Hornchurch, Essex (London Borough of Havering) has revealed an extensive Late Bronze Age settlement on the Thames terrace gravels. The site is particularly significant because of the association of a circular ditched enclosure or ringwork with a contemporary field system, as well as clusters of enclosed and unenclosed circular structures. Two enclosures were formed by rings of pits or large post-holes. Placed pottery deposits and unurned cremation burials were found, mostly associated with structures and entranceways. Other finds include both plain and decorated Post Deverel-Rinibury pottery, burnt flint, spindle whorls, possible loomweights, perforated clay slabs, and a bivalve clay sword mould. The entire site was subsequently sealed by a buried colluvial ploughsoil which almost certainly represents the final phase of Late Bronze Age activity. The site's spatial structure, environmental context, and regional significance are discussed.
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Hudec, Jozef, Veronica Dubcova, Lucia Hulkova, and Anna Wodzińska. "Tell el-Retaba (West): season 2019." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, no. 29/2 (December 31, 2020): 117–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.2083-537x.pam29.2.04.
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Area 4 north of the Migdol was the focus of the 2019 season excavations. An apparent well from Phase G3 was discovered with some pottery sherds inside dating from the end of the Middle Kingdom. In the early Eighteenth Dynasty it was turned into a cemetery; seven tombs discovered this season provided the first evidence of suprapositioning of grave structures in this part of the burial ground. The outskirts of the Phase G settlement and cemetery may have been reached in the excavation. Mud-brick structures from Phase F3 were used for domestic and crafting activities. A battery of ovens continued to be excavated. Parts of Phase F2 architecture were excavated beside the Migdol and below the platform of Wall 2. Artifacts and raw materials indicated long-distance contacts. Metal objects (rings, needles) and arrowheads were also discovered. Phase D4 was represented by the remains of a transport route/walkway. Two silos and a fireplace enclosed by a wall dated to phase C.
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Gilmour, Simon, and Jon Henderson. "Brochs and beyond: excavations at Old Scatness, Shetland." Antiquity 94, no. 375 (June 2020): 797–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2020.64.
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Completely unknown until 1975, when it was revealed during the construction of a new road, Old Scatness is a multi-period site that has provided unequivocal evidence dating broch construction to the mid first millennium cal BC, alongside a firmly dated sequence that is crucial to understanding the long Iron Age in Atlantic Scotland. Excavations were carried out at the site between 1995 and 2006 by local volunteers and staff and students from the University of Bradford in a collaborative project led by Bradford and Shetland Amenity Trust. The first volume, The Pictish village and Viking settlement, covering around 1000 years from 400 cal AD–1400 cal AD, appeared in 2010. It was followed by The broch and Iron Age village in 2015, which considered pre-broch occupation from the Neolithic, but focused on the construction of the broch village from the mid first millennium cal BC. The third and final volume, The post-medieval township, published in 2019, examines the settlement evidence from the late fifteenth century AD to the end of the twentieth century AD, placing it within the historic context of the documentary evidence for the period. Given the complexity of the excavations, the range of scientific methods employed and the comprehensive nature of the published volumes, this is an impressive turnaround. As a set, these three volumes represent the full publication of an extraordinary occupation sequence spanning over 2500 years, allowing a detailed reconstruction of the changing social and economic role of a location in Shetland from the development of an enclosed broch, through a period of Norse occupation to a final phase as a nineteenth-century AD croft.
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Ouyang, Fang, Jun Wei Bi, Jian Wei Han, and Wei Ming Liao. "A Study on the Effect of a Dyke Reinforced by Geotextile-Encased Sand Columns." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.7.
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A dyke construction was dealed with geotextile-encased sand columns. The dyke was used to enclose a polder in Hamburg-Finkenwerder, Germany. With the help of geotextile, the columns can be used in very soft soils , even undrained shear strength cu < 15 kN/m2, without excessive bulging. After the system is installed, the dike can be filled immediately. To analysis observed data of the long-term settlements in the dyke, three stages can be gotten i.e. "Primary settlements" - "Secondary settlements" - "Creep settlements". Most settlements occurred during the primary filling, while, only little settlements appeared after that construction was accomplished. The settlement rate decreases from the first settlement stage to the last one. No jump takes place when unloading soft soil. Furthermore, the method shorten time and saved a lot of money.
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Podėnas, Vytenis, and Agnė Čivilytė. "BRONZE CASTING AND COMMUNICATION IN THE SOUTHEASTERN BALTIC BRONZE AGE." Lietuvos archeologija Lietuvos archeologija, T. 45 (November 22, 2019): 169–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33918/25386514-045005.
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The SE Baltic Bronze Age is characterized by a lack of indigenous metalwork traditions as it had been a time when metal finds were predominantly imported or were cast locally, but in foreign styles. This paper analyses the bronze casting remains found in the SE Baltic and discusses the role of these production sites within a wider European network. Through typological identification of the negatives in casting moulds, we assess predominantly Nordic artefact casts, in which the production of KAM (Kel’ty Akozinsko-Melarskie) axes was distinguished at a higher frequency. We hypothesize that several coastal regions were temporarily settled by people of Nordic origin who participated in an exchange with local SE Baltic communities via itinerant bronze production. Foreign settlement areas as indicated by stone ship burials are known in Courland and S Saaremaa as well as in N Estonia and the Sambian Peninsula. From these territories, further communication was developed with local communities settled mostly in enclosed sites in coastal areas and inland, in the vicinity of the River Daugava, the SE Latvian and NE Lithuanian uplands, and the Masurian Lakeland. Keywords: bronze casting, communication networks, exchange, Southeastern Baltic, Bronze Age.
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Bellina, Bérénice. "Maritime Silk Roads’ Ornament Industries: Socio-political Practices and Cultural Transfers in the South China Sea." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 24, no. 3 (October 2014): 345–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774314000547.
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The interlocking of the maritime basin network that took place with the development of the Maritime Silk Roads by the late first millennium bc led to major cultural transfers. This research investigates Southeast Asia's cultural integration and takes into consideration what I call a South China Sea network culture, a result of long-established and extensive connectivity of its populations. The assumption is that this cultural matrix also laid the ground for socio-political practices hypothesized to be at the core of identity building and cultural transfers. These issues are investigated through the technological analysis of hybrid ornament industries in a recently excavated early city-port of the South China Sea which developed with the Maritime Silk Roads that thrived from the fourth to the first centuries bc. This enclosed cosmopolitan settlement hosting populations from various Asian horizons was structured by socio-professional quarters. This node concentrated various craft centres where artisans of different origins made culturally hybrid products with what were then the most advanced technologies. The chronological sequence allows characterization of the evolution of these industries along with the socio-political strategies which they may have served and how otherness was handled in the construction of social identity.
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Lobo-Arteaga, Jorge, Miriam Tuaty-Guerra, and Maria José Gaudêncio. "Integrative Taxonomy Reveals That the Marine Brachyuran Crab Pyromaia tuberculata (Lockington, 1877) Reached Eastern Atlantic." Diversity 13, no. 6 (May 23, 2021): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13060225.
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Pyromaia tuberculata is native to the north-eastern Pacific Ocean and currently established in distant regions in the Pacific Ocean and southwest Atlantic. Outside its native range, this species has become established in organically polluted enclosed waters, such as bays. The Tagus estuary, with a broad shallow bay, is one of the largest estuaries in the west coast of Europe, located in western mainland Portugal, bordering the city of Lisbon. In this study, sediment samples were collected in the estuary between 2016 and 2017. Several adult specimens of P. tuberculata, including one ovigerous female, were morphologically and genetically identified, resulting in accurate identification of the species. The constant presence of adults over a 16-month sampling period suggests that the species has become established in the Tagus estuary. Moreover, their short life cycle, which allows for the production of at least two generations per year, with females reaching maturity within six months after settlement, favours population establishment. Despite being referred to as invasive, there are no records of adverse effects of P. tuberculata to the environment and socio-economy in regions outside its native range. However, due to its expanding ability, its inclusion in European monitoring programmes would indeed be desirable.
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Mills, Barbara J. "Performing the Feast: Visual Display and Suprahousehold Commensalism in the Puebloan Southwest." American Antiquity 72, no. 2 (April 2007): 210–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40035812.
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Ceramic bowls from the Greater Southwest are used to show how changes in the exterior decoration of serving vessels are associated with the proxemics of ritual performances. Across the northern Southwest the first use of exterior designs and polychrome ceramics is during the Pueblo III period, which corresponds to a shift in settlement aggregation and the use of open plaza spaces. With the transition to the more enclosed plazas of the Early Pueblo IV period, smaller and less visible exterior designs were used. The trend reversed itself with the use of larger plazas at later Pueblo IV period sites, where serving bowls with greater visual impact were used. Panregional trends are bolstered by a case study from the Mogollon Rim region of Arizona to show how changes in the visual performance characteristics of bowls are associated with the spatial and social proxemics of suprahousehold feasting rituals. I use several characteristics of serving bowls including their size, slip colors, paint and slip contrasts, and the size of exterior designs. These are related to the size and diversity of performance spaces, including plazas, and to other evidence for changes in feasting practices, such as roasting features and faunal remains. I conclude that the changes seen in serving vessels are important for looking at shifts in the scale, visibility, and diversity of public gatherings within Ancestral Pueblo social and ritual trajectories.
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Britnell, William, Jenny Britnell, Timothy C. Darvill, Stephen Greep, Elizabeth Healey, Hilary Howard, Gillian Jones, et al. "The Collfryn Hillslope Enclosure, Llansantffraid Deuddwr, Powys: Excavations 1980–1982." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 55, no. 1 (1989): 89–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00005351.
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The report on partial rescue excavations of the Collfryn enclosure between 1980–82 presents a summary of the first large-scale investigation of one of the numerous semi-defensive cropmark and earthwork enclosure sites in the upper Severn valley in mid-Wales. Earlier prehistoric activity of an ephemeral nature is represented by a scattering of Mesolithic and Late Neolithic or early Bronze Age flintwork, and by a pit containing sherds of several different Beaker vessels. The first enclosed settlement, constructed in about the 3rd century bc probably consisted of three widely-spaced concentric ditches, associated with banks of simple dump construction, having a single gated entranceway on the downhill side. It covered an area of about 2.5 ha and appears to have been of a relatively high social status, and appropriate in size for a single extended-family group. This was subsequently reduced in about the 1st century bc to a double-ditched enclosure, by the recutting of the original inner ditch and the cutting of a new ditch immediately outside it. The habitation area between the 3rd and 1st centuries bc probably focused on timber buildings in the central enclosure of about 0.4 ha, whose gradually evolving pattern appears to have comprised between 3–4 roundhouses and 4–5 four-posters at any one time. Little excavation was undertaken between the outer ditches of the first phase settlement, but these are assumed to have been used as stock enclosures. A mixed farming economy is suggested by cattle, sheep/goat and pig remains, and remains of glume wheats, barley and oats. Industries included small-scale iron and bronze-working. The Iron Age settlement was essentially aceramic, although there are significant quantities of a coarse, oxidized ceramic probably representing salt traded from production centres in the Cheshire Plain. The entranceway was remodelled in about the late 1st or early 2nd, century AD by means of a timber-lined passage linked to a new gate on the line of the inner bank. There is equivocal evidence of continued occupation within the inner enclosure continuing until at least the mid-4th century AD, possibly at a comparatively low social level, associated with domestic structures of uncertain form sited on earlier roundhouse platforms, and including some four-posters and possible six-posters. Drainage ditches were dug across parts of the site during the Medieval and post-Medieval periods, which were associated with various structures, including a corn-drying kiln inserted into the inner enclosure bank in the 15th century.
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Jones, Samantha E., Nick Evans, Antonio Martínez Cortizas, Tim M. Mighall, and Gordon Noble. "Settlement, landscape and land-use change at a Pictish Elite Centre: Assessing the palaeoecological record for economic continuity and social change at Rhynie in NE Scotland." Holocene 31, no. 6 (February 17, 2021): 897–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683621994643.
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The first millennium AD was a transformative period when many of the medieval kingdoms of Europe began to take shape, but despite recent advances in palaeoecological and archaeological research there remains a shortage of interdisciplinary collaborative research targeting this period. For some regions we know relatively little about the societies who lived during this formative period. This current investigation focusses on an early medieval elite centre near to Rhynie in NE Scotland; an important power-centre during the fourth–seventh centuries AD as evidenced by a remarkable series of Class I Pictish symbol stones, fortified enclosures at Cairn more, Tap o’ Noth and the Craw-Stane, as well as high status metal-working and a range of continental imports from the Craw-Stane enclosure. However, by the end of the seventh century AD, elite focus appears to have shifted elsewhere with the Craw-Stane and Cairn More enclosures all being abandoned. By combining paleoenvironmental analysis with available historical and archaeological archives this paper provides new insights into societal change during the first Millennium AD, with focus on the economic, social and environmental impacts caused by the rise and subsequent abandonment of elite nodes of power. A calibrated age of AD 260–415, near the base of the core, coincides with the earliest dates for the Craw-Stane complex and pre-dates the construction of the nearby Cairn More enclosure. The results provide a rare snapshot of the Late Roman Iron Age to Medieval environment of Northeast Scotland. This centre appears to have been supported by a rich agricultural landscape, with evidence of pastoral and arable farming, and potential metal working. One of the most significant findings of this study has revealed that despite abandonment of these elite enclosed sites by the seventh century AD, people continued to utilise the surrounding landscape and available resources right through until modern times.
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Amoroso, Ricardo O., Ana M. Parma, J. M. (Lobo) Orensanz, and Domingo A. Gagliardini. "Zooming the macroscope: medium-resolution remote sensing as a framework for the assessment of a small-scale fishery." ICES Journal of Marine Science 68, no. 4 (November 12, 2010): 696–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsq162.
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Abstract Amoroso, R. O., Parma, A. M., Orensanz, J. M., and Gagliardini, D. A. 2011. Zooming the macroscope: medium-resolution remote sensing as a framework for the assessment of a small-scale fishery. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 696–706. Management of small-scale fisheries targeting sedentary stocks requires integration of information about processes operating and observable at different spatial and temporal scales. An integrated approach was developed with a scallop (Aequipecten tehuelchus) fishery in a small, semi-enclosed Patagonian basin as a demonstration case. Medium-resolution (30 m2) satellite (Landsat) data, used to identify circulation patterns, were combined with information from fishery surveys and recruitment experiments to link oceanographic processes with population dynamics. A frontal system splits San José Gulf (northern Argentine Patagonia) into two oceanographic domains (East and West) with distinct hydrographic regimes. In the West Domain, where circulation is highly advective and governed by turbulent vorticial fluxes, larval settlement on artificial collectors was insignificant over five reproductive seasons and no important scallop grounds were ever found. In the East Domain, where the main fishing grounds are, spat abundance varied between sites and years, but was always significant. Growth rates displayed strong clinal variation within the East Domain, decreasing clockwise away from the entrance to the Gulf and reflecting inferred circulation and gradual nutrient extinction. A physical mechanism capable of dispersing larvae over long distances towards the north, into the adjacent San Matias Gulf, was identified from Landsat images. The large-scale patterns of variation in growth, distribution, and recruitment of the Tehuelche scallop stock could not have been interpreted without an integrative approach to data assemblage and analysis, including satellite remote sensing.
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Korusenko, S. N., and V. V. Podolko. "Landowing forms of the Tatars and Bokharioans in the early XVIII century (based on inventory revision books data)." Ethnography of Altai and Adjacent Territories 10 (2020): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37386/2687-0592-2020-10-107-114.
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The paper based on the analysis of two sources — Inventory revision book of the Tara uezd (parish) and Tara Inventory Revision book of 1701 — deals with the landowing forms typical to the Tatars and Bokharians in the early XVIII centuries. Cropland and noncropland were included in the descriptions together with hayfield meadows, enclosed pasture and partially fishing spots. They had specific peculiarities in different ethno-social groups of taxed estate. The main landowing form for the Tatar servicemen was household land consolidation. Small settlements and own mowings were also typical. Landowing of the Tatars who were imposed a tribute in furs was collective. Among Bokhariansland owners and lackland people were distinguished, the lands were primarily used by families or clans. Tatar servicemen and those imposed a tribute in furs and Bokharians also collectively used mowing, noncropland and enclosed pasturesbecause of cohabitation in neighbouring or the same settlements.
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Noble, Gordon, James O'Driscoll, Cathy MacIver, Edouard Masson-MacLean, and Oskar Sveinbjarnarson. "New dates for enclosed sites in north-east Scotland." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 149 (November 16, 2020): 165–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/psas.149.1290.
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This article presents the results of a programme of investigation into the enclosed settlements/forts and promontory forts of north-east Scotland, undertaken as part of the Northern Picts project. Reconnaissance excavations are reported on for nine sites: Crathie Point and Durn Hill, northern Aberdeenshire (Banffshire); Barmkyn of North Keig, Hill of Keir, Hill of Christ’s Kirk and Cnoc Cailliche (Wheedlemont), central Aberdeenshire; and Doune of Relugas, Knock of Alves and Wester Tulloch, Moray. Targeted excavation was undertaken at all examples and in the majority of cases produced a basic chronology for key phases of occupation/enclosure at the sites in question. Thirty-two new radiocarbon dates are presented, with a number of sites producing Iron Age dates, but a smaller number also revealing early medieval phases of occupation and use.
Canmore ID 17947
Canmore ID 17973
Canmore ID 17701
Canmore ID 19341
Canmore ID 18141
Canmore ID 17215
Canmore ID 15755
Canmore ID 16214
Canmore ID 15766
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Bemmann, Jan, Eva Lehndorff, Riccardo Klinger, Sven Linzen, Lkhagvardorj Munkhbayar, Martin Oczipka, Henny Piezonka, and Susanne Reichert. "Biomarkers in archaeology – Land use around the Uyghur capital Karabalgasun, Orkhon Valley, Mongolia." Praehistorische Zeitschrift 89, no. 2 (June 30, 2014): 337–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pz-2014-0022.
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Zusammenfassung: Zur Nutzungsanalyse großer ovaler, erstmalig entdeckter und dokumentierter von einem niedrigen Graben-Wall-System umgebener Anlagen wurden Bodenproben auf spezifische Lipide untersucht, die Hinweise auf die Anwesenheit – hinterlassene Verdauungsreste – bestimmter Nutztierarten und Menschen in den beprobten Bereichen geben könnten. Wahrscheinlich dienten die Anlagen dem Gartenbau, sicherlich nicht der Viehhaltung; in den angrenzenden Dachziegel und Keramikscherben aufweisenden viereckigen, deutlich kleineren umwallten Anlagen siedelten Menschen. Solche ovalen Anlagen sind in der Mongolei bisher nur aus dem Umfeld der uighurischen Hauptstadt Karabalgasun bekannt geworden, deren Stadtgebiet eine deutlich größere Fläche einnimmt als bisher angenommen wurde und vielteiliger sowie funktional gegliedert ist. Dieses erste stichpunktartige Ergebnis zeigt das Potential der Lipidanalysen, frühere Landnutzung zu rekonstruieren, beispielsweise Viehhaltung von acker- oder gartenbaulicher Nutzung zu unterscheiden. Gerade dieser viel zu wenig erforschte Aspekt ist für die Einschätzung der häufig postulierten ‚Abhängigkeit‘ der Nomaden von ackerbautreibenden Gesellschaften von zentraler Bedeutung. Résumé: Un échantillonnage du sol à peu de profondeur de la surface du terrain actuel a été effectué afin de déterminer à quoi servaient les grandes enceintes ovales, cernées d’un mur bas et d’un fossé, découvertes et relevées récemment en Mongolie. L’échantillonnage avait pour but l’analyse de lipides spécifiques à certaines espèces; en effet les données provenant de résidus de digestion fournissent de précieuses indications sur les concentrations d’animaux d’élevage spécifiques dans les zones étudiées. Les enceintes ont fort probablement été utilisées à des fins horticoles, et certainement pas pour le bétail. L’habitat humain, documenté par des trouvailles de tuiles et de céramique, se situait dans des enclos carrés et bien plus petits à proximité de ces enceintes. Les enceintes ovales n’ont été repérées en Mongolie que dans les environs de la capitale Ouïghoure de Karabalghasun. L’étendue de cette capitale est de toute évidence bien plus grande que l’on ne l’avait pensé jusqu’à présent, et la zone d’occupation avait été subdivisée en divers secteurs d’activité. Les premiers résultats de notre échantillonnage démontrent que l’analyse des lipides donne l’occasion d’aborder l’étude de la culture des céréales et des légumes sous un nouvel angle. Etant donné le peu de recherches conduites dans ce domaine, cet aspect est particulièrement important pour l’évaluation d’une ‘dépendance’ des nomades envers les sociétés agraires si souvent invoquée. Abstract: In order to investigate the use to which recently discovered and recorded large oval enclosures surrounded by a low wall and ditch were put, a series of topsoil samples were taken and subjected to an analysis of specific lipids; such soil chemical evidence from human and domesticated animal faeces can provide significant insights into the land use history of the areas sampled. The enclosures are likely to have been used for horticulture, and certainly not for keeping livestock. Human settlement, as attested by the presence of roof tiles and ceramic sherds, was in square, enclosed compounds nearby, and these were clearly smaller. Oval complexes have so far only been documented in Mongolia in the vicinity of the Uyghur capital of Karabalgasun. Karabalgasun was evidently much greater in extent than had hitherto been assumed and it was divided into a number of functional areas. Initial results from our targeted samples show that the analysis of lipids has much potential, offering new opportunities to elucidate land use, e.g. the cultivation of cereals and vegetables in contrast to livestock keeping. It is precisely this aspect, so far largely neglected by research, which will allow us to assess the oft-claimed ‘dependence’ of the nomads on agricultural communities.
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Moeller, Nadine. "Evidence for Urban Walling in the Third Millennium bc." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 14, no. 2 (October 2004): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774304220169.
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A tradition of enclosure walls developed in Egypt very early on. Until recently the evidence was primarily artistic, in the shape of depictions on several late prehistoric palettes of symbols representing enclosed areas of square layout with rounded corners and numerous external buttresses. These images seem to depict walled inhabited settlements, and they belong to artistic compositions that also portray fighting and other violence; and together such scenes are often seen as reflecting local struggles along the road of state formation.
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Dunichkin, Ilya, Clarice Bleil de Souza, Konstantin Bogachev, Anna Korobeynikova, and Natalia Shchekaturova. "Perspective Trends in the Design of Multifunctional Residential Units (MRUs) in the Russian Arctic: A discussion of potentials and challenges to their implementation." E3S Web of Conferences 97 (2019): 01036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199701036.
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Intensive development is carried out in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF) with complex modernization of transport networks and infrastructure of various types through the design, construction of Multifunctional Residential Unit (MRU) and the reconstruction of existing terminals and stations. The problem of developing new and reconstructing existing infrastructure in the Arctic has not only socio-economic, technological and planning components but fundamentally any development needs to account for extreme climatic conditions which affect urban conception and operation. This paper focuses on discussing important features of MRU developments. It shows examples of two case studies of MRU settlements considering the challenges involved in their design, further expanding the discussion in relation to the inclusion of green spaces in these settlements as well as in relation to safety and protection of pedestrians, moving between different buildings in ‘enclosed’ roads.
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Podėnas, Vytenis. "Emergence of Hilltop Settlements in the Southeastern Baltic: New AMS 14C Dates from Lithuania and Revised Chronology." Radiocarbon 62, no. 2 (December 23, 2019): 361–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2019.152.
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ABSTRACTThe emergence of hilltop settlements presents a pattern of the first enclosed sites that reflect economic development in several regions within the Southeastern Baltic Bronze Age. This novelty reflects increasing social complexity, differentiating economic relations, as well as rising tension in the region. The phenomenon has received a great deal of interpretation, but chronological problems still remain understudied. Researchers tend to seek the start of hilltop settling practice from early to late II millennium BC. This paper presents 14C dates from 7 sites in inland Lithuania, where hitherto no absolute dates were published. The majority of absolute dates has been calibrated to the Hallstatt radiocarbon calibration plateau (ca. 800–400 cal BC) which is significantly later than previously presumed based on dates from Belarusian sites. However, several dates from previously dated hilltop settlements in the region predate the effect. These results indicate the start of hilltop settling practice around 11th–9th centuries cal BC. Review of new and previously published radiocarbon dates suggests a different internal development between SE Baltic coastal and inland regions, likely locating zones, where economic outside stimulus preconditioning emergence of hilltop settlements occurred earlier.
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Smyth, David M., Nicholas S. Horne, Elli Ronayne, Rachel V. Millar, Patrick W. S. Joyce, Maria Hayden‐Hughes, and Louise Kregting. "Wild gregarious settlements of Ostrea edulis in a semi‐enclosed sea lough: a case study for unassisted restoration." Restoration Ecology 28, no. 3 (February 23, 2020): 645–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rec.13124.
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Brown, Michael, Peter Miglus, Kamal Rasheed, and Mustafa Ahmad. "PORTRAITS OF A PARTHIAN KING: ROCK-RELIEFS AND THE MOUNTAIN FORTRESSES OF RABANA-MERQULY IN IRAQI KURDISTAN." Iraq 80 (September 6, 2018): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/irq.2018.5.
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This article presents detailed illustrations of two rock-reliefs from the neighbouring sites Rabana and Merquly, located on the flanks of Mt. Piramagrun in Iraqi Kurdistan. Both matching sculptures are aligned with perimeter fortifications that enclose substantial architectural remains. Based on numismatic parallels, supported by archaeological evidence, it is proposed that these depictions of near life-size figures represent an anonymous Arsacid King of Kings from the early first millennium (c.a.d.50-150), who was credited with construction of the mountain fortresses. Rabana and Merquly together form an important landscape of settlement on the north-western frontier of the Parthian Empire.
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Douveas, N., D. Kavadia, and P. Papadopoulou. "Geotechnical foundation conditions of Mesologion swimming pool center." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 40, no. 4 (January 1, 2007): 1644. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.17068.
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Although geotechnical tests are standard and commonly used in determining the foundation type to be applied, in some cases the use ofin-situ tests are essential in order to obtain the correct values needed in the geotechnical calculations. In the case of the foundation of Mesologi Swimming-pool Center, an attempt was made to propose a foundation type, suitable from geotechnical point of view, for sediments that lie very close to the sea! The selection of the most suitable foundation type encloses the examination of several parameters. The subsoil there, consists of soft, fine grained, low plasticity materials, CL to SL with alternations of high plasticity clay layers CH. Additionally, the groundwater level is 0,8 meters under the soil surface, demonstrating constant saturation conditions. The combination of soft subsoil layers quality and the high level of groundwater leads to difficult foundation conditions in relation to immediate and secondary consolidation settlement. Geotechnical calculations and calculations of settlement were performed and the most suitable foundation type was semi-compensated mat foundation.
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Crow, James, and Stephen Hill. "The Byzantine Fortifications of Amastris in Paphlagonia." Anatolian Studies 45 (December 1995): 251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642924.
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This article is chiefly concerned with the chronology of the Byzantine fortifications of Amastris, which are the subject of current research by the authors, but, in order to set the settlement at Amasra and its fortifications into their context in the Black Sea area, the present study must commence with a brief account of some aspects of the monuments and history of the city in the Hellenistic and Classical periods.The present Turkish town of Amasra on the south coast of the Black Sea (Fig. 1; Pl. XXXVII a) occupies the site of the ancient city of Amastris which has a long history extending as least as far back as the period of Milesian colonisation in the Black Sea zone from the seventh century B.C. Like the more famous city of Sinope to the east, the settlement at Amasra stood on the isthmus of a peninsula projecting into the Black Sea. At Amasra the isthmus leads to the upstanding promontory rock, Zindan Kalesi (Dungeon Castle) on which part of the Byzantine fortification stands, and which protects the east harbour. The whole site is further protected by the closely adjacent island of Boz Tepe which encloses the northern side of the west harbour. The site was doubtless chosen for settlement because of its good natural harbours which, as will be seen, have been of central importance throughout the history of Amasra.
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Kleszcz, Justyna. "A Transgressive Approach Towards Agritectural Space – The Idea of Agricultural-Urban Use Settlements." Urban Development Issues 54, no. 2 (January 20, 2018): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/udi-2017-0008.
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Abstract The article aims at presenting the phenomenon of transgression of the modern urban space through the formation of new spatial units defining the city in relation to its productive sphere. Due to the gradual departure from the notion of an enclosed city to one that is open and connected to the form of the surrounding countryside, the problem of defining a new notion of modern urban-rural space emerged. One of the first manifestations of this phenomenon is the emergence of new forms of housing that combine urban features with food production. Analysis of examples such as EVA-Laxmeer in Culemborg, Agromere in Almere, Cannery in Davis, Detroit and Philadelphia allowed for the verification of architectural and planning concepts related to urban values as a form of urban development of new agricultural forms. These phenomena can be understood both as a process of tearing the compact tissue of a city or, in the case of a less orthodox approach towards the built environment, as a process of network layering towards self-sufficiency of various structural, functional, energy-related and food production related characters within the unfavourable external conditions.
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He, Li. "Analysis on Derivative Mechanism of Liuzhou Urban Architecture, Qing~Minguo." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.3.
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This paper figures out that during Qing ~Minguo, defensive settlements including Hakka enclosed dwelling and castle-type building were taken as the fundamental units, which plays an important role in Liuzhou urban morphological evolution. Compared with the instances in the different histories, this paper illustrates the derivative processes wherein the defensive type of architecture was gradually geared to the local culture and constructed requirement. According to the comparisons of space patterns, this paper comprehensively analyzed the urban architecture features of Liuzhou. This paper further explores some historical phenomena, taking watchtower as the basic code of typological selection which gained afresh its cultural connotations in different historical periods accordingly. Lastly it generalizes two internal principles on the derivative mechanism of the urban architecure in this period.
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Tedeschi, S. "The Treatment and Disposal of Wastewaters from Settlements and Tourist Resorts on the Mediterranean Coast–State of the Art Review." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 9 (September 1, 1986): 13–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0074.
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The Mediterranean Sea is in comparison to the Oceans a semi-enclosed sea and represents a concentration basin as the annual water mass brought in by rivers and rainfall is smaller than evaporation. Wastewaters from settlements and tourist resorts contribute comparatively little to the total pollution of the Mediterranean and thus cannot be considered as decisive sources of the waste matter in the sea. The harmful effect of wastewaters from settlements and tourist resorts is noticeable in special local conditions, especially in areas with a poor exchange of the sea water. The most frequent manner of wastewater disposal into the Mediterranean is through its coastal discharge without any previous treatment. In the reconstruction of the existing sewerage systems and in the construction of the new systems, marine outfalls with mechanical treatment as well as short outfalls with biological treatment are applied. In some cases land treatment is applied and wastewater is used for agricultural purposes. Although the sanitation of tne existing discharge and generally the control of the waste matter both require considerable financial means, all the Mediterranean countries are now making an effort to stop the further pollution of the coastal sea.
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South, Nigel. "Arcologies, Eco-shelters and Environmental Exemption: Constructing New Divisions and Inequalities in the Anthropocene." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 9, no. 2 (September 17, 2019): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v9i2.1007.
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This article reviews some trends in the sociotechnical development of urban spaces and controlled environments. It provides past and present examples of spatial, volumetric and symbolic constructions that have functioned to enclose or divide before describing a new context of markets that promise to provide habitats or settlements offering ‘environmental exemption’. In other words, this is the ability to pay for access to ‘clean’, ‘green’, ‘pure’ and ‘politically free’ environments. Examples of existing and proposed eco-enclaves of various kinds are given and discussed. The conclusion considers some implications of these possible projects of ‘salvation’ or ‘segregation’.
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Barrett, John C. "Different perceptions of organizing life." Archaeological Dialogues 4, no. 1 (May 1997): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203800000891.
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The transformation between the two landscapes of Cranborne Chase, the earlier characterized by ritual and ceremonial monuments the later by an agricultural landscape, encapsulates the most significant transformation in the later prehistory of Britain. Indeed, the emergence of intensive agricultural practices which employ a wider range of crops, achieve increasing levels of crop purity, enclose and manage the land according to new patterns of territoriality, and establish long-lived nucleated settlements, is a more general feature of the European Bronze Age. It was upon this foundation that the agricultural practices of the Iron Age were embedded.
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Müller, Frank I. "Urban informality as a signifier: Performing urban reordering in suburban Rio de Janeiro." International Sociology 32, no. 4 (April 3, 2017): 493–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268580917701585.
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Urban informality is typically ascribed to the urban poor in cities of the Global South. Drawing on Judith Butler’s concept of performativity and taking the case of Rio de Janeiro in the context of the 2016 Olympic Games, this article conceptualizes informality as a signifier and a procedural, relational category. Specifically, it shows how different class actors have employed the signifier informality (1) to legitimize the confinement of marginalized populations; (2) to justify the organized efforts of the upper middle class to protect their ‘self-enclosed’ gated communities; and (3) to warrant the formation of opposition and alliances between inhabitants, activists, and researchers on the edges of the urban order. This article offers new perspectives to better understand the relationship between informality and confinement by examining the active role that inhabitants of marginalized settlements assume in the Olympic City.
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King, Geoffrey, and Geoffrey Bailey. "The Palaeoenvironment of Some Archaeological Sites in Greece: The Influence of Accumulated Uplift in a Seismically Active Region." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 51, no. 1 (December 1985): 273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x0000712x.
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Observations made soon after recent major earthquakes in Algeria, California and Japan have shown that repeated motions on buried fault planes in seismically active areas cause incremental folding of the overlying rocks and sediments. The deformation causes characteristic changes to river profiles and is therefore a factor which must be considered when applying techniques of site catchment analysis in areas of tectonic uplift. Here we examine the relationship between tectonic uplift and the palaeoenvironments of palaeolithic sites in North-west Greece, which is one of the most seismically active areas of Europe. Uplift can substantially alter local topography and sediment distributions and therefore undermine the economic viability of human settlements. Paradoxically uplift can also create stable conditions highly favourable to long-term habitation in two ways: by maintaining well-watered sediment traps which provide a climatically insensitive environment; by accentuating enclosed topography, which facilitates the control of mobile prey species.