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1
Batic, Gian Claudio. "Verb Plurality in Kushi: A First Appraisal." Annali Sezione Orientale 79, no. 1-2 (2019): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24685631-12340069.
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Abstract It is a well-known fact that in Chadic languages the notion of verbal plurality falls into two categories: agreement plurality, where a plural subject requires a plural verbal form, and pluractionality, a form used to encode the iterativity (i.e. repetitiveness) or multiplicity (i.e. multiple effects on arguments) of an action. Kushi, a West Chadic language spoken in north-eastern Nigeria, presents both types of plural. In this article, I will illustrate the derivational strategies employed to encode verbal plurality in Kushi—suffixation, infixation, and gemination—showing the existing correlation between plural form and root shape (i.e. verb class). Interesting features of Kushi plurals are the existence of two plurality morphemes (one for non-subjunctive TAM paradigms and one for the subjunctive) and the quality of the final vowel in subjunctive plural verbal forms. All the data used in this paper have been collected in the framework of an on-going project of documentation and description of Kushi.
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Hyslop, Gwendolyn. "Grammaticalized sources of Kurtöp verbal morphology." Studies in Language 44, no. 1 (2020): 132–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.17044.hys.
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Abstract Kurtöp (Tibeto-Burman; Bhutan) has a rich set of finite verbal suffixes which encode evidentiality, mirativity, and egophoricity. This article examines the origins of these suffixes in a typological context, showing how many of them have developed via recent grammaticalizations. Synchronic processes of nominalization and clause-chaining have provided the ideal syntactic contexts for these grammaticalizations to take place. Many of the grammaticalization pathways found here are shown to be typologically common, such as ‘give’ becoming an applicative. We find one suffix, the egophoric, which is an obvious borrowing. Based on the data presented here, this article puts forth the tentative hypothesis that due to principles of iconicity, miratives will tend to be recent grammaticalizations. Similarly, the fact that the Kurtöp egophoric has been borrowed is also, arguably, iconic.
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Bernabeu, Pablo, and Richard Tillman. "More refined typology and design in linguistic relativity." Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics 8, no. 2 (2019): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dujal.15019.ber.
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Abstract Linguistic relativity is the influence of language on other realms of cognition. For instance, the way movement is expressed in a person’s native language may influence how they perceive movement. Motion event encoding (MEE) is usually framed as a typological dichotomy. Path-in-verb languages tend to encode path information within the verb (e.g., ‘leave’), whereas manner-in-verb languages encode manner (e.g., ‘jump’). The results of MEE-based linguistic relativity experiments range from no effect to effects on verbal and nonverbal cognition. Seeking a more definitive conclusion, we propose linguistic and experimental enhancements. First, we examine state-of-the-art typology, suggesting how a recent MEE classification across twenty languages (Verkerk, 2014) may enable more powerful analyses. Second, we review procedural challenges such as the influence of verbal thought and second-guessing in experiments. To tackle these challenges, we propose distinguishing verbal and nonverbal subgroups, and having enough filler items. Finally we exemplify this in an experimental design.
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Hu, Yong, and Qing Qiu. "A Social Semiotic Approach to the Attitudinal Meanings in Multimodal Texts." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 9, no. 9 (2019): 1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0909.12.
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As a special type of multimodal text, picture books for children are highly valued in the creation of meaning by the integrative use of verbal and visual semiotic resources. Informed by Painter and Martin’s framework of visual narratives, this paper primarily deals with the interpersonal meanings encoded and expressed by the two semiotics (image and verbiage) within the Chinese picture books. It aims to analyse the visual and verbal choices available for writers to establish engagement between various participants. In the hope of investigating the collaboration and interplay of verbal and visual semiotics to construe interpersonal meanings, it examines the attitudinal meanings inscribed or invoked in picture books, exploring the ways in which visual and verbal resources are co-instantiated to encode attitudinal convergence and also divergence.
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Nurse, Derek. "Focus in Bantu: verbal morphology and function." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 43 (January 1, 2006): 189–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.43.2006.291.
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Although verb forms encoding focus were recorded in various Bantu languages during the twentieth century it was not until the late 1970's that they became the centre of serious attention, starting with the work of Hyman and Watters. In the last decade this attention has grown. While focus can be expressed variously, this paper concentrates largely on its morphological, partly on its tonal expression. On the basis of morphological and tonal behaviour, it identifies four blocks of languages, representing less than a third of all Bantu languages: those with metatony, those with a binary constituent contrast between verb ("disjunctive") and post-verbal ("conjunctive") focus, those with a three-way contrast, and those with verb initial /ni-/. Following Güldemann's lead, it is shown there is a fairly widespread grammaticalisation path whereby focus markers may come to encode progressive aspect, then present tense. Many Bantu languages today have a pre-stem morpheme /a/ 'non-past' and it is hypothesized that many of these /a/, which are otherwise hard to explain historically, may derive from an older focus marker.
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Stephane, Massoud, Nuri F. Ince, Arthur Leuthold, et al. "Temporospatial Characterization of Brain Oscillations (TSCBO) Associated with Subprocesses of Verbal Working Memory in Schizophrenia." Clinical EEG and Neuroscience 39, no. 4 (2008): 194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155005940803900409.
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The studies of the neural correlates of verbal working memory in schizophrenia are somewhat inconsistent. This could be related to experimental paradigms that engage differentially working memory components or methodological limitations in terms of characterization of brain activity. Magnetoencephalographic recordings were obtained on 10 schizophrenia patients and 11 healthy controls while performing a modified Sternberg paradigm to investigate subprocesses of verbal working memory. A new method for temporospatial characterization of brain oscillations was applied to whole head recordings and a 1–48 Hz frequency range. Patients differed from controls in event-related synchronization/desynchronization (ERS/ERD) patterns during the encode phase, the mid-maintain phase, and the end of the maintain phase. During the encode phase, patients did not show 1–4 Hz ERS in the left anterior frontal and left parietal lobes. In the mid-maintain phase, the left anterior frontal and left parietal lobes 1–4 Hz ERS, and the bilateral occipital lobes 8–32 Hz ERS were not observed in patients. At the end of the maintain phase, patients did not exhibit 12–48 Hz ERD in the left frontal and parietal lobes. The behavioral data showed reduced primacy effect In schizophrenia, the encode and maintain subprocesses were associated with less ERS and less ERD, respectively. These ERS/ERD abnormalities had specificity in terms of frequency and spatial location. Less ERD reflects reduced complexity of the neural activity, while reduced ERS reflects failure of the neural systems to resume idle state. The impaired primacy effect appears related to specific ERS/ERD patterns in the encode and maintain phases.
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Reese, Elaine. "What Children Say When They Talk About the Past." Narrative Inquiry 9, no. 2 (1999): 215–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.9.2.02ree.
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The study of children's spontaneous talk about the past is critical to understanding narrative and autobiographical memory development. Mothers of 59 New Zealand children recorded their spontaneous talk about past events. In Study 1, mothers recorded children's verbal memories at 25 and 32 months. Study 2 consisted of one child's verbal memories from 14.5 to 19.5 months of age. The results from both studies revealed that children progressed from talking about absent objects and locations to mentioning more complex aspects of events. At first, children's verbal memories were largely cued by the environment, but children were capable of internally cued memories from a very young age. Children's verbal memory development was not completely dependent on their language skill. Children's spontaneous memories focused on much more mundane events than those adults chose to discuss with their young children. The shift in what children find interesting to encode and discuss, along with their skill in narrating events to others, may contribute to the beginning of autobiographical memory.
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Beavers, John, and Andrew Koontz-Garboden. "Manner and Result in the Roots of Verbal Meaning." Linguistic Inquiry 43, no. 3 (2012): 331–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00093.
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Rappaport Hovav and Levin (2010) argue that verbs fall into (at least) two classes: result verbs (e.g., break) and manner verbs (e.g., run). No verb encodes both manner and result simultaneously, a truth-conditional fact that Rappaport Hovav and Levin argue follows from how verb meanings are composed at the level of event structure. However, a key issue in verifying this claim is isolating truth-conditional diagnostics for manner and result. We develop and review a number of such diagnostics and show that there are verbs that encode both meanings together, counterexemplifying their truth-conditional complementarity. However, using evidence from scopal adverbs, we argue that when the meanings occur together, they are encoded in a single, undecomposable manner+result root at event structure. This fact validates complementarity as a fact about how many and what types of roots may occur in an event structure, though it also argues for a richer typology of roots than is typically assumed, including those encoding manner and result simultaneously.
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York, Fanny, Vincent Collette, and Kevin Brousseau. "Les verbes de parole en cri de l’Est." Création orale et littérature 46, no. 2-3 (2017): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1040433ar.
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Cet article traite des verbes de parole en cri de l’Est. S’inspirant du cadre théorique développé par Fillmore (1977, 1982) et par Johnson et Fillmore (2000), les auteurs analysent ici les éléments sémantiques du cadre de communication verbale qui sont représentés dans les verbes de parole de cette langue et montrent que la morphologie grammaticale encode le Locuteur et l’Interlocuteur de même que le Message et le Topique. Dans les verbes complexes, un suffixe lexical (appelé finale concrète) réfère à l’événement de communication tandis que la racine verbale encode le Code, l’état de l’Interlocuteur, le Message et la Manière.
10
Viti, Carlotta. "The morphosyntax of experience predicates in Tocharian." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 45, no. 1 (2016): 26–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-00451p02.
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This paper discusses the morphosyntactic strategies used in Tocharian to encode argument functions in simple clauses, with focus on experience predicates. This may be relevant to fill a lacuna in the literature on experience predicates, which have not been investigated in Tocharian. We shall see that experience predicates in Tocharian typically require a nominative experiencer, rather than an oblique experiencer, and that the low transitivity of the predicate is expressed by the middle voice. All this may also be of more general relevance to illustrate the interaction between case marking and verbal voice to express argument functions in languages. Cet article analyse les stratégies morphosyntaxiques employées en tokharien pour codifier les prédicats dits d’« expérience », par le biais de parallèles issus d’autres langues indo-européennes. Cela peut être important pour remplir un vide dans la littérature concernant ce type de verbes, qui jusqu’ici n’ont pas été analysés par rapport au tokharien. On montrera que ces prédicats demandent le cas nominatif pour le sujet qui réalise l’expérience, au lieu d’un cas oblique, et que la faible transitivité de ces prédicats est exprimée par la diathèse moyenne. De manière plus générale, tout cela pourra aussi mettre en lumière l’interaction entre les cas de la déclinaison et la diathèse verbale dans l’expression de fonctions argumentales dans les langues.
11
Fretheim, Thorstein. "A relevance-theoretic account of the way we use and understand the English temporal adverb again and its Norwegian counterpart igjen." Languages in Contrast 3, no. 1 (2001): 41–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.3.1.04fre.
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The English temporal adverb again and the corresponding adverb igjen in Norwegian are words which do not encode a concept but rather an instruction to the audience to let the inferential phase of their comprehension process be guided by a specific contextual assumption. These adverbs have a procedural semantics in the sense of Relevance Theory, which distinguishes them semantically from an expression like once more or the prefix re-, both of which encode a conceptual meaning. English has a single lexical entry again whose encoded meaning is temporal yet not truth-conditional, and there is an exact correspondent igjen in the Norwegian lexicon, though Norwegian igjen in addition appears as two distinct non-temporal words encoding a concept and as a verbal particle forming a lexical entry together with a preceding verb. The full use range of the form igjen is found to be very similar to that of the Latin(ate) prefix re- as well as to the complex meaning of the verbal prefix ga- in the Niger-Congo language Ewe.
12
Klaiman, M. H. "The Relationship of Inverse Voice and Head-Marking in Arizona Tewa and Other Tanoan Languages." Studies in Language 17, no. 2 (1993): 343–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.17.2.04kla.
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The term 'inverse' has traditionally referred to voice systems characterized by alternations of verbal voice marking, alternations that depend on the relative ontologicai salience of the two core arguments of a transitive animate verb, the logical subject and logical object. In typical inverse languages, speech-act participant (SAP) arguments (1,2 person) ontologically outrank non-SAP arguments (3d person), a fact that is grammatically encoded by 1:3 and 2:3 predications assigning one verbal voice ('direct') while 3:1 and 3:2 predications assign the other voice ('inverse'). 3:3 predications are potentially ambiguous, a problem addressed in some inverse systems by 3d person arguments with relatively low ontologicai salience being assigned a special case, the obviative (4th person). The present work addresses the question whether inverseness may be evinced through formal means other than alternations in verbal voice marking. It is argued that this occurs in a Tanoan (Kiowa-Tanoan) language, Arizona Tewa (AT). In AT transitive animate predications, an opposition in paradigms of person-marking verbal prefixes occurs such that one pronominal paradigm is assigned in case of a direct predication (logical subject ontologically outranks logical object), while the other paradigm is assigned in case of an inverse predication (logical object ontologically outranks logical subject). In effect, then, AT has separate direct and inverse pronominal paradigms; these encode the voice alternations, rather than oppositions of verbal voice marking per se. It is argued that an inverse analysis is both appropriate for AT and, in addition, applicable to at least some other Tanoan languages, such as Picurís and Southern Tiwa.
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Gamliel, Ophira, and Abed al-Rahman Mar’i. "Bleached Verbs as Aspectual Auxiliaries in Colloquial Modern Hebrew and Arabic Dialects." Journal of Jewish Languages 3, no. 1-2 (2015): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134638-12340039.
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Verbal inflections in Classical Hebrew and Arabic encode aspectual information such as perfective and imperfective. In modern Arabic dialects, an aspectual system has evolved through the auxiliary usage of bleached verbs, replacing the older system of aspectual inflections. Arguably, a similar process in which bleached verbs acquire aspectual use is now evolving in Colloquial Modern Hebrew. The article discusses the functions of the bleached verbs ‘sit’ and ‘come’ in Colloquial Modern Hebrew and Arabic.
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LOWNDES, G. J., M. M. SALING, D. AMES, E. CHIU, L. M. GONZALEZ, and G. R. SAVAGE. "Recall and recognition of verbal paired associates in early Alzheimer's disease." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 14, no. 4 (2008): 591–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617708080806.
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The primary impairment in early Alzheimer's disease (AD) is encoding/consolidation, resulting from medial temporal lobe (MTL) pathology. AD patients perform poorly on cued-recall paired associate learning (PAL) tasks, which assess the ability of the MTLs to encode relational memory. Since encoding and retrieval processes are confounded within performance indexes on cued-recall PAL, its specificity for AD is limited. Recognition paradigms tend to show good specificity for AD, and are well tolerated, but are typically less sensitive than recall tasks. Associate-recognition is a novel PAL task requiring a combination of recall and recognition processes. We administered a verbal associate-recognition test and cued-recall analogue to 22 early AD patients and 55 elderly controls to compare their ability to discriminate these groups. Both paradigms used eight arbitrarily related word pairs (e.g., pool-teeth) with varying degrees of imageability. Associate-recognition was equally effective as the cued-recall analogue in discriminating the groups, and logistic regression demonstrated classification rates by both tasks were equivalent. These preliminary findings provide support for the clinical value of this recognition tool. Conceptually it has potential for greater specificity in informing neuropsychological diagnosis of AD in clinical samples but this requires further empirical support. (JINS, 2008, 14, 591–600.)
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Weusthoff, Sarah, Garren Gaut, Mark Steyvers, et al. "The language of interpersonal interaction: An interdisciplinary approach to assessing and processing vocal and speech data." European Journal of Counselling Psychology 7, no. 1 (2018): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejcop.v7i1.82.
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Verbal and non-verbal information is central to social interaction between humans and has been studied intensively in psychology. Especially, dyadic interactions (e.g. between romantic partners or between psychotherapist and patient) are relevant for a number of psychological research areas. However, psychological methods applied so far have not been able to handle the vast amount of data resulting from human interactions, impeding scientific discovery and progress. This paper presents an interdisciplinary approach using technology from engineering and computer science to work with continuous data from human communication and interaction on the verbal (e.g. use of words, content) and non-verbal (e.g. vocal features of the human voice) level. Text-mining techniques such as topic models take into account the semantic and syntactic information of written text (such as therapy session transcripts) and its structure and intercorrelations. Speech signal processing focuses on the vocal information in a speaker’s voice (e.g. based on audio- or videotaped interactions). For both areas, an introduction defining the respective method and related procedures, and sample applications from psychological publications complementing or generating behavioral codes (e.g. in addition to cardiovascular indices of arousal or as a form to encode empathy) are provided. We close with a summary on the opportunities and challenges of learning and applying tools from the novel approaches described in this manuscript to different areas of psychological research and provide the interested reader with a list of additional readings on the technical aspects of topic modeling and speech signal processing.
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Wolff, H. Ekkehard, and Doris Löhr. "Encoding focus in Kanuri verbal morphology: predication focus and the "Kanuri focus shift"." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 46 (January 1, 2006): 185–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.46.2006.342.
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Focus on verbal operators such as aspect or tense ("predication focus", lucidly described by Hyman & Watters (1984) under the label "auxiliary focus") has been noticed to exist in African languages of Afroasiatic and Niger-Congo affiliation, but not so far in Saharan. The Saharan language Kanuri is assumed to have substantially reorganized its TAM system, particularly in the perfective aspect domain (Cyffer [2006] dates major changes between the years 1820 and 1900). The paper discusses, for the first time in Kanuri scholarship, the existence of a neat subsystem of predication focus marking by suffix in the perfective aspect which is made up of a total of six conjugational paradigms that uniformly encode predication focus by suffix {-ò}. Kanuri dialects differ in strategies and scope of focus marking encoded in verb morphology. In the light of data from the Yerwa (Nigeria) and Manga (Niger) dialects the paper discusses some "anomalies" with regard to general focus theory which we account for by describing the "Kanuri Focus Shift" as a diachronic process which is responsible for leftward displacement of scope of focus.
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Harris, Paul L., Deborah T. Bartz, and Meredith L. Rowe. "Young children communicate their ignorance and ask questions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 30 (2017): 7884–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620745114.
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Children acquire information, especially about the culture in which they are being raised, by listening to other people. Recent evidence has shown that young children are selective learners who preferentially accept information, especially from informants who are likely to be representative of the surrounding culture. However, the extent to which children understand this process of information transmission and actively exploit it to fill gaps in their knowledge has not been systematically investigated. We review evidence that toddlers exhibit various expressive behaviors when faced with knowledge gaps. They look toward an available adult, convey ignorance via nonverbal gestures (flips/shrugs), and increasingly produce verbal acknowledgments of ignorance (“I don’t know”). They also produce comments and questions about what their interlocutors might know and adopt an interrogative stance toward them. Thus, in the second and third years, children actively seek information from interlocutors via nonverbal gestures or verbal questions and display a heightened tendency to encode and retain such sought-after information.
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McPherson, Sue L., and Clare MacMahon. "How Baseball Players Prepare to Bat: Tactical Knowledge as a Mediator of Expert Performance in Baseball." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 30, no. 6 (2008): 755–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.30.6.755.
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Our understanding of the role of tactical knowledge in baseball batting preparation is scarce, thereby limiting training guidelines. We examined the verbal reports of baseball players and nonplayers when told to view different edited video sequences of a half-inning of baseball competition under different task conditions: to prepare to bat (problem solve); recall as much information as possible (intentional recall); or prepare to bat, with an unexpected recall (incidental recall). Separate mixed-model ANOVAs (Expertise X Instruction conditions) on verbal report measures indicated that nonplayers used general strategies for recalling baseball events and lacked the tactical skills to use such information for their upcoming times at bat. In contrast, players used baseball-specific strategies to encode and retrieve pertinent game events from long-term memory (LTM) to develop tactics for their upcoming times at bat and to recall as much information as possible. Recommendations for training tactical skills are presented as some players exhibited defciencies in the LTM structures that mediate batting decisions.
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Kotin, Michail L. "Einige Fragen der Aktionsart- und Aspektfunktion im Sprachvergleich." Studia Germanica Posnaniensia, no. 38 (June 25, 2018): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sgp.2017.38.08.
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The contribution deals with selected questions of the interaction between the so called “lexical aspect” (the opposition between telicity and atelicity) and the grammatical aspect (or so called “viewpoint”- aspect, i.e. the opposition between perfectivity and imperfectivity) in the languages with and without the overtly encoded aspect. The striking point of the analysis is the “complexive” meaning of aspectual forms and constructions involving lexical atelicity by indicating durativity or iterativity, on the one hand, and grammatical perfectivity by indicating the complexive perspective of the verbal action on the other. This type of aspectuality was a special feature of verbal systems with the aorist category. My claim is, thus, that the contemporary English has a special grammatical form of the “complexive aorist”, i.e. the form of Present Perfect Progressive. The Slavic languages encode this function by using the – unmarked – imperfective forms of the verbs, whereas German uses special means of encoding the very same function on the whole-clause level, such as adverbials or definite vs. indefinite or zero article.
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Abukari Kwame. "The Syntax of Dagbani personal pronouns: an analysis." Legon Journal of the Humanities 30, no. 2 (2019): 109–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ljh.v30i2.6.
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Cross-linguistically, personal pronouns are noted as being deficient in relation to some morphosyntactic and phonological properties. Some striking asymmetries have been identified between strong and weak personal pronouns in relation to modification, coordination/conjunction, whether they have a semantic referent, and can encode focus. This study explores the personal pronominal system of Dagbani along Cardinaletti and Starke’s (1994) typology and observed asymmetries. Using insights from published literature on Dagbani pronouns as well as my understanding as a native speaker, I argue that, unlike personal pronouns in Romance/Germanic languages, Dagbani personal pronouns can be modified by quantifiers, can be coordinated, and can occur in conjunction constructions, as well as encode topic and focus as salient semantic discourse properties. Furthermore, the pre/post verbal distinctions among nonemphatic pronominal forms in Dagbani still hold, even as these occur in coordinated and modified constructions, due to structural constraints imposed on them by coordinating conjuctions and quantifiers.
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Agbo, Isaiah I., Festus U. Ngwoke, and Blessing U. Ijem. "Transitivity Processes in President Buhari’s ‘My Covenant With Nigerians’." English Language Teaching 12, no. 4 (2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v12n4p7.
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Politics and politicking in Nigeria has assumed a considerably new dimension. Actors articulate their ideology and programmes, and construct their subjects and experiences in diverse linguistic processes with a view to achieving political victory. This paper examines clause structures of President Buhari’s My Covenant with Nigerians to reveal the transitivity processes employed by the President in this famous campaign speech in 2015 presidential election. This study utilized Transitivity Processes, which is rooted in Halliday’s (1985) Systemic Functional Grammar, in order to uncover different process types and main participants in the speech, and to explain the functions which these processes perform in the speech in helping the speaker to convey his ideology to Nigerians and convince them to rally support for him. Specifically, objective of this study is the uncover transitivity process types in the speech, their frequency, function and ideological underpinnings. The study reveals that President Muhammadu Buhari utilized mental and verbal processes perception, affection, cognition and volition, and verbal process of saying to appeal to the masses, and to commit himself to serve Nigerians. He equally used material and relational processes to encode his ideology, persuade the people and achieve political victory.
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Kalm, Kristjan, Matthew H. Davis, and Dennis Norris. "Individual Sequence Representations in the Medial Temporal Lobe." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, no. 7 (2013): 1111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00378.
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Much of what we need to remember consists of sequences of stimuli, experiences, or events. Repeated presentation of a specific sequence establishes a more stable long-term memory, as shown by increased recall accuracy over successive trials of an STM task. Here we used fMRI to study the neural mechanisms that underlie sequence learning in the auditory–verbal domain. Specifically, we track the emergence of neural representations of sequences over the course of learning using multivariate pattern analysis. For this purpose, we use a serial recall task, in which participants have to recall overlapping sequences of letter names, with some of those sequences being repeated and hence learned over the course of the experiment. We show that voxels in the hippocampus come to encode the identity of specific repeated sequences although the letter names were common to all sequences in the experiment. These changes could have not been caused by changes in overall level of activity or to fMRI signal-to-noise ratios. Hence, the present results go beyond conventional univariate fMRI methods in showing a critical contribution of medial-temporal lobe memory systems to establishing long-term representations of verbal sequences.
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Ferreri, Laura, Emmanuel Bigand, Patrick Bard, and Aurélia Bugaiska. "The Influence of Music on Prefrontal Cortex during Episodic Encoding and Retrieval of Verbal Information: A Multichannel fNIRS Study." Behavioural Neurology 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/707625.
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Music can be thought of as a complex stimulus able to enrich the encoding of an event thus boosting its subsequent retrieval. However, several findings suggest that music can also interfere with memory performance. A better understanding of the behavioral and neural processes involved can substantially improve knowledge and shed new light on the most efficient music-based interventions. Based on fNIRS studies on music, episodic encoding, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), this work aims to extend previous findings by monitoring the entire lateral PFC during both encoding and retrieval of verbal material. Nineteen participants were asked to encode lists of words presented with either background music or silence and subsequently tested during a free recall task. Meanwhile, their PFC was monitored using a 48-channel fNIRS system. Behavioral results showed greater chunking of words under the music condition, suggesting the employment of associative strategies for items encoded with music. fNIRS results showed that music provided a less demanding way of modulating both episodic encoding and retrieval, with a general prefrontal decreased activity under the music versus silence condition. This suggests that music-related memory processes rely on specific neural mechanisms and that music can positively influence both episodic encoding and retrieval of verbal information.
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Santoro, Ilaria, Mauro Murgia, Fabrizio Sors, and Tiziano Agostini. "The Influence of the Encoding Modality on Spatial Navigation for Sighted and Late-Blind People." Multisensory Research 33, no. 4-5 (2020): 505–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-20191431.
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Abstract People usually rely on sight to encode spatial information, becoming aware of other sensory cues when deprived of vision. In the absence of vision, it has been demonstrated that physical movements and spatial descriptions can effectively provide the spatial information that is necessary for the construction of an adequate spatial mental model. However, no study has previously compared the influence of these encoding modalities on complex movements such as human spatial navigation within real room-size environments. Thus, we investigated whether the encoding of a spatial layout through verbal cues — that is, spatial description — and motor cues — that is, physical exploration of the environment — differently affect spatial navigation within a real room-size environment, by testing blindfolded sighted (Experiment 1) and late-blind (Experiment 2) participants. Our results reveal that encoding the environment through physical movement is more effective than through verbal descriptions in supporting active navigation. Thus, our findings are in line with the studies claiming that the physical exploration of an environment enhances the development of a global spatial representation and improves spatial updating. From an applied perspective, the present results suggest that it might be possible to improve the experience for visually impaired people within a new environment by allowing them to explore it.
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Crane, Thera Marie, and Bastian Persohn. "Notes on actionality in two Nguni languages of South Africa." Studies in African Linguistics 50, no. 2 (2021): 227–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v50i2.123680.
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This paper presents some key findings of studies of actionality and the verbal grammar–lexicon interface in two Nguni Bantu languages of South Africa, Xhosa and Southern Ndebele. We describe interactions between grammatical tense marking (and other sentential bounding elements) and lexical verb types, arguing for the salience of inchoative verbs, which lexically encode a resultant state, and, in particular, a sub-class of inchoative verbs, biphasal verbs, which encode both a resultant state and the “coming-to-be” phase leading up to that state. We further discuss other important features of actional classes in Xhosa and Southern Ndebele, including topics such as the role of participant structure and the relative importance of cross-linguistically prominent distinctions such as that between Vendlerian activities and accomplishments. Although differences between Xhosa and Southern Ndebele are evident both in the behaviour of individual tense-aspect forms and in the interpretive possibilities of specific verbs, the general patterns are quite similar. This similarity suggests that the patterns are likely to extend to other Nguni languages, as well, and that cross-linguistic comparison of particular lexical items across these languages are both feasible and likely to bear fruit.
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Zeman, А. "THE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN CONDUCTOR AND CHOIR IN THE PROCESS OF CREATING A MUSICAL WORK OF ART." Musical art in the educological discourse, no. 2 (2017): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2518-766x.20172.6267.
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The work of a conductor requires the ability of effective communication in order for a unique musical work to come alive. This communication is not a matter of dictionary definitions but a complex process requiring the ability to encode and decode messages. Starting from reading musical score, which still has a lot of hidden information, through the art of carrying out the thoughtful interpretation of the piece, ending up with the communication between the conductor and the listener via the choir, the artist, including the conductor, can explore the space in which they act, identify it and thus verify and enrich it. Three links may be distinguished in the process of communication between the conductor and the choir: the sender — the conductor who sends a verbal and non-verbal message, the receiver — the ensemble and the code by the means of which the information transfer takes place. What determines effective communication between the conductor and the choir? Undoubtedly, an important if not a crucial role is played by the conductor’s attitude. The communication between the conductor and the choir in the process of creating a musical work depends on the conductor’s abilities, skills and personality, the choir singers’ vocal skills as well as on the regular, relentless work on the conductor’s own and the choir’s development.
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O’Shannessy, Carmel, and Connor Brown. "Reflexive and Reciprocal Encoding in the Australian Mixed Language, Light Warlpiri." Languages 6, no. 2 (2021): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6020105.
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Mixed languages combine significant amounts of grammatical and lexical material from more than one source language in systematic ways. The Australian mixed language, Light Warlpiri, combines nominal morphology from Warlpiri with verbal morphology from Kriol (an English-lexified Creole) and English, with innovations. The source languages of Light Warlpiri differ in how they encode reflexives and reciprocals—Warlpiri uses an auxiliary clitic for both reflexive and reciprocal expression, while English and Kriol both use pronominal forms, and largely have separate forms for reflexives and reciprocals. English distinguishes person and number in reflexives, but not in reciprocals; the other source languages do not distinguish person or number. This study draws on naturalistic and elicited production data to examine how reflexive and reciprocal events are encoded in Light Warlpiri. The study finds that Light Warlpiri combines near-maximal distinctions from the source languages, but in a way that is not a mirror of any. It retains the person and number distinctions of English reflexives and extends them to reciprocals, using the same forms for reflexives and reciprocals (like Warlpiri). Reflexives and reciprocals occur within a verbal structure (perhaps under influence from Warlpiri). The results show that a mixed language can have discrete contributions from three languages, that the source languages can influence different subsystems to different extents, and that near-maximal distinctions from the source languages can be maintained.
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Anshel, Mark H., and Melchor Ortiz. "Effect of Coding Strategies on Movement Extent as a Function of Cognitive Style." Perceptual and Motor Skills 63, no. 3 (1986): 1311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.63.3.1311.
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Learners differ as to the manner in which they perceive, encode, and store information. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of subjects' predetermined learning (cognitive) style on ability to replicate target locations in a task requiring extent of movement. Subjects were assessed as having one of three cognitive styles, verbal, visual, and tactual. They used three different coding strategies prior to reproducing three sets of three targets and a control (no coding) condition. One coding technique was designed to be compatible with the subject's cognitive style. Multiple regression analyses for absolute error indicated moderate to high prediction of performance using a covert rehearsal technique in a manner similar to each subject's perferred learning style for both immediate and delayed recall. However, predicting performance for the direction of error (CE) was relatively low.
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Holanda Júnior, Francisco Wilson Nogueira, Katie Moraes de Almondes, and Rodrigo Alencar e. Silva. "Severe episodic memory impairment after strategic infarct: A case report." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 11, no. 4 (2017): 454–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642016dn11-040017.
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ABSTRACT. Brain infarcts located in strategic regions often result in cognitive impairment. Based on a case study, this paper describes unusual and specific clinical and neuropsychological features of a strategic ischemic lesion in the left medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures. Taken together with the literature data, the case illustrates that a unilateral strategic infarct in MTL structures may result in severe impairment of episodic memory (EM), which refers to the ability to encode and retrieve personal experiences, including information about the time and place of an event and detailed description of the event itself. The preservation of other cognitive functions, the severe functional impairment, and the type of visual-verbal deficit in a left-sided lesion were identified as singular features of the case. The current case supports the critical role of the MTL structures in EM formation.
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Luongo, Dario. "La metodologia del Commento nei trattati sull’interpretatio iuris di età umanistica." AION (filol.) Annali dell’Università degli Studi di Napoli “L’Orientale” 40, no. 1 (2018): 197–239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17246172-40010010.
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Abstract In this paper we examine some treatises about interpretatio iuris that encode the methodology of the Italian ‘scuola del commento’, from the end of the Middle Ages onwards. Those writings reaffirm the primacy of the mens or sensus over the verba of the law. In all these treatises, the law is considered the expression of ratio rather than of the voluntas principis: therefore, its efficacy must be addressed by means of specific and different jurisprudential work. We illustrate this methodology through a detailed analysis of the treatises by C. Rogerio, B. Cepolla, S. Federici, P. A. Gammaro.
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V, Jessie, and Bender-Pape T. "A-121 Verbal Learning in Veterans with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Co-occurring Conditions." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 35, no. 6 (2020): 914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa068.121.
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Abstract Objective The study examined how veterans with PTSD only, mTBI only, and co-occurring mTBI and PTSD acquire, encode, and consolidate verbal information at least three months post mTBI. Method This retrospective study examined 57 veterans (15 mTBI only, 6 PTSD only, 19 mTBI + PTSD, and 17 veteran controls) from a VA setting who were recruited through: polytrauma clinic referrals, introductory letters, and study flyers. The sample included male and female OIF/OEF veterans aged 18 to 70. Inclusion and exclusion criteria of participants were determined by the following measures: (a) Structured Interview for TBI Diagnosis, (b) Clinician-administered PTSD Scale, and (c) Letter Memory Test. One-way ANOVA evaluated group differences between the mTBI only, PTSD only, and mTBI + PTSD groups. A two-way ANOVA evaluated group differences between veterans with and without PTSD. Results The two-way ANOVA revealed that veterans with PTSD perform below the mTBI only and veteran control groups (F = 6.59, p = 0.01) on serial clustering forward strategy. The one-way ANOVA demonstrated that the mTBI + PTSD group performed below the mTBI only group on Trial 1 (F = 3.61, p = 0.04). Conclusions The mTBI + PTSD group performed worse than the mTBI only group on their ability to acquire verbal information. This result may suggest that the co-occurring effects of mTBI and PTSD negatively attribute to a veteran’s ability to focus and attend to new information. Veterans without PTSD were more likely to use a serial clustering strategy to recall information compared to Veterans with PTSD.
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BYLUND, EMANUEL, and SCOTT JARVIS. "L2 effects on L1 event conceptualization." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 14, no. 1 (2010): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728910000180.
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The finding that speakers of aspect languages encode event endpoints to a lesser extent than do speakers of non-aspect languages has led to the hypothesis that there is a relationship between grammatical aspect and event conceptualization (e.g., von Stutterheim and Nüse, 2003). The present study concerns L1 event conceptualization in 40 L1 Spanish – L2 Swedish bilinguals (all near-native speakers of Swedish). Spanish and Swedish differ as regards grammatical aspect: whereas Swedish lacks this grammatical category, Spanish conveys aspect through verbal morphology and periphrasis. The principal aim of the study was to explore the relationship between productive event conceptualization patterns and receptive decoding proficiency related to aspectual contrasts. The participants were asked to provide oral L1 Spanish descriptions of video clips projecting motion events with different degrees of endpoint orientation (see von Stutterheim, 2003). In addition, they took a grammaticality judgment test concerning verb and gender agreement, verbal clitics and aspectual contrasts. Compared with baseline data from monolingual Spanish speakers, the results on endpoint encoding show that the bilinguals mention the endpoints of motion events to a higher degree than the Spanish control group does. Moreover, it was shown that the weaker the bilinguals' discrimination of aspectual errors on the grammaticality judgment test, the more prone they were to encoding endpoints. This result consequently furthers the hypothesis about the interconnectedness between grammatical aspect and event conceptualization. The results were further interpreted as indicating that the bilinguals are influenced by the Swedish-like tendency to attend to the boundedness rather than the ongoingness of events.
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Gibert-Sotelo, Elisabeth. "Deriving ablative, privative, and reversative meanings in Catalan and Spanish." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 7, no. 2 (2018): 161–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.7.2.4565.
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The most productive way to encode ablative, privative, and reversative meanings in current Catalan and Spanish is by means of des- prefixation. This paper investigates how these related values are obtained both from a structural and from a conceptual perspective. To analyze the structural behaviour of these predicates, a new neo-constructionist model is adopted: Nanosyntax, according to which lexical items are syntactic constructs. As for the conceptual content associated to these verbs, it is accounted for by means of a non-canonical approach to the Generative Lexicon Theory developed by Pustejovsky (1995 ff.).The core proposal is that des- prefixed verbs with an ablative, a privative, or a reversative meaning share the same syntactic structure, and that the different interpretation of each semantic class emerges as a consequence of the interactions generated, at a conceptual level, between the Qualia Structure of the verbal root and that of the internal argument of the verb.
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Klatzky, Roberta L., Jack M. Loomis, Andrew C. Beall, Sarah S. Chance, and Reginald G. Golledge. "Spatial Updating of Self-Position and Orientation During Real, Imagined, and Virtual Locomotion." Psychological Science 9, no. 4 (1998): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00058.
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Two studies investigated updating of self-position and heading during real, imagined, and simulated locomotion. Subjects were exposed to a two-segment path with a turn between segments; they responded by turning to face the origin as they would if they had walked the path and were at the end of the second segment. The conditions of pathway exposure included physical walking, imagined walking from a verbal description, watching another person walk, and experiencing optic flow that simulated walking, with or without a physical turn between the path segments. If subjects failed to update an internal representation of heading, but did encode the pathway trajectory, they should have overturned by the magnitude of the turn between the path segments. Such systematic overturning was found in the description and watching conditions, but not with physical walking. Simulated optic flow was not by itself sufficient to induce spatial updating that supported correct turn responses.
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Rosés Labrada, Jorge Emilio. "The Piaroa subject marking system and its diachrony." Journal of Historical Linguistics 8, no. 1 (2018): 31–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.16023.ros.
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Abstract Piaroa, a member of the Sáliban language family, is spoken on both sides of the Colombian-Venezuelan border. Based on unpublished fieldwork data for Mako and Piaroa and published Piaroa and Sáliba data, this article focuses on the Piaroa subject marking system and its origins. I show that the subject prefixes and inner suffixes used in future tense were inherited from Proto-Sáliban and must therefore have preceded the rise of the right-margin subject markers ‑sæ, -hæ and ‑Ø. Based on comparative Mako data, I propose that these markers are old copular suffixes that entered the verbal domain through a nominal predication construction whose use expanded to encode habitual aspect. This research not only constitutes an important contribution to the description of Piaroa but also expands, within a Diachronic Construction Grammar approach, our understanding of complex systems of person marking, the origins of multiple exponence, and the role of multiple source constructions in paradigm creation.
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Harley, Matthew. "Aspects of the phonology and morphosyntax of Kyak, an Adamawa language of Nigeria." Language in Africa 1, no. 3 (2020): 373–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.37892/2686-8946-2020-1-3-373-404.
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This paper provides a preliminary analysis of a few aspects of the phonology and morphosyntax of Kyak [bka], a largely undocumented Adamawa language spoken in the northern part of Taraba State in Nigeria. The paper is divided into four main sections. The first section deals with the phonology, focusing on consonant and vowel inventories, some phonetic processes, and syllable structure. The second section looks at nominal morphology, particularly nominal modifiers and possessive constructions, which show a distinction between alienable and inalienable possession. The third section describes the verbal morphosyntax, identifying the various forms that encode the expression of tense-aspect and person-number. The fourth part looks at a couple of clause/sentence level features, namely the clitic -ŋ, which is associated with the marking of assertiveness, and the use of logophoric pronouns. This is the first description of the phonological and grammatical features of the language, and one of the first for the Jen cluster. It thus adds to the knowledge of the cluster and to the evaluation of genealogical and areal hypotheses which involve languages of this region.
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Svenonius, Peter. "Case and event structure." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 26 (January 1, 2001): 197–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.26.2001.144.
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I argue in this paper for a novel analysis of case in Icelandic, with implications for case theory in general. I argue that structural case is the manifestation on the noun phrase of features which are semantically interpretable only on verbal projections; thus, Icelandic case does not encode features of noun phrase interpretation, but it is not uninterpretable either; case is properly seen as reflecting (interpretable) tense and aspect features. Accusative case in Icelandic is available when the two subevents introduced in a transitive verb phrase are identified with each other, and dative case is available when the two parts are distinct (thus Icelandic case manifests aktionsart or inner aspect, in partial contrast to Finnish). This analysis bears directly on the theory of feature checking in the Minimalist Program; specifically, it paves the way for a restrictive theory of feature checking in which no features are strictly uninterpretable: all formal features come in interpretable-uninterpretable pairs, and feature checking is the matching of such pairs, driven by legibility conditions at Spell-Out.
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Supatra, Hendarto. "“Tertawa” dalam Budaya Jawa: Sebuah Kajian Antropologi Bahasa." Nusa: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra 12, no. 1 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/nusa.12.1.1-14.
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Human being is the only God’s creation that can tertawa (laugh) and tersenyum (smile). People tertawa or tersenyum when they want to express their happiness, it is at least according to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (2011) or laugh according to The Macquarie Dictionary (1991). But sometime people also tertawa or tersenyum when they experience serious bad luck. Often people has no choise but tertawa or tersenyum as a way to show their feeling which they don’t think possible to express in verbal language. Tertawa and tersenyum phenomena are universal. But every language has their unique way to symbolize them. In Indonesian spoken by people with the Javanese culture as their background use severel words and phrases as the synonyms of tertawa to encode many difference experiences which are still with in the concept of tertawa. The goal of this research is to describe the form and behavior the word tertawa and all it’s synonyms and to find out the reasons behind the use of the words or people mean when they use the words. To get the goal fulfilled this research used linguistic anthropology, it’s theories and methods.
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MONTERO-MELIS, GUILLERMO, and EMANUEL BYLUND. "Getting the ball rolling: the cross-linguistic conceptualization of caused motion." Language and Cognition 9, no. 3 (2016): 446–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2016.22.
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abstractDoes the way we talk about events correspond to how we conceptualize them? Three experiments (N= 135) examined how Spanish and Swedish native speakers judge event similarity in the domain of caused motion (‘He rolled the tyre into the barn’). Spanish and Swedish motion descriptions regularly encode path (‘into’), but differ in how systematically they include manner information (‘roll’). We designed a similarity arrangement task which allowed participants to give varying weights to different dimensions when gauging event similarity. The three experiments progressively reduced the likelihood that speakers were using language to solve the task. We found that, as long as the use of language was possible (Experiments 1 and 2), Swedish speakers were more likely than Spanish speakers to base their similarity arrangements on object manner (rolling/sliding). However, when recruitment of language was hindered through verbal interference, cross-linguistic differences disappeared (Experiment 3). A compound analysis of all experiments further showed that (i) cross-linguistic differences were played out against a backdrop of commonly represented event components, and (ii) describing vs. not describing the events did not augment cross-linguistic differences, but instead had similar effects across languages. We interpret these findings as suggesting a dynamic role of language in event conceptualization.
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Næss, Åshild. "Standing up to the canoe: Competing cognitive biases in the encoding of stative spatial relations in a language with a single spatial preposition." Cognitive Linguistics 29, no. 4 (2018): 807–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2017-0096.
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AbstractThis paper discusses how verbal directional markers are used to encode stative spatial relations in the Oceanic language Äiwoo. It argues that the apparent reversal of directional meaning in stative expressions, where ‘up’ is used in expressions meaning ‘underneath’, ‘down’ in expressions meaning ‘above’, and ‘out’ in expressions meaning ‘inside’, can be explained by a fictive motion analysis where the figure is construed as metaphorically moving towards the ground. It moreover argues that in expressions where motion leads to a resulting spatial configuration, where ‘up’ means ‘on top of’ rather than ‘underneath’, this reading is overridden by the so-called goal bias, whereby the resultant configuration is more cognitively salient than the motion producing it. It suggests that the linguistic construal of stative spatial relations may to some extent be correlated with the formal means of expression, where marking by adpositions favours a ‘search domain’ construal whereas encoding within the verb favours a ‘fictive path’ construal. It thus provides a new angle on the linguistic encoding of spatial relations, an area which has been subject to much research within cognitive linguistics, but which so far has paid little attention to the possibility of encoding stative spatial relations within the verb.
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McCaleb, Peggy, and Barry M. Prizant. "Encoding of New versus Old Information by Autistic Children." Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 50, no. 3 (1985): 230–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshd.5003.230.
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Research and literature on communication problems of autistic individuals have identified specific pragmatic deficiencies. This preliminary study focused upon describing autistic children's verbal performance in regard to the pragmatic ability of encoding new versus old information. Four autistic children with MLUs of 1.96–2.82 were videotaped on two occasions in interactions with their teachers or speech-language pathologists. All of the subjects' referential utterances, including referential echolalic utterances, were categorized as the encoding of new or old information. Two prominent means that speakers used for encoding new versus old information were examined: the encoding of new information through single-word utterances (i.e., a lexicalization strategy) and the use of contrastive stress to highlight new information in multiword utterances. The results revealed that the 4 subjects did encode new information through lexicalization in single-word utterances and through contrastive stress in multiword utterances. However, the subjects encoded old information almost as frequently as they encoded new information. The encoding of a new action or state change was marked relatively infrequently by the subjects, and they consistently produced repetitions of previously encoded information when they failed to offer new information to their listeners. The results are discussed in reference to cognitive processing patterns of autistic individuals.
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Dannenberg, Holger, Andrew S. Alexander, Jennifer C. Robinson, and Michael E. Hasselmo. "The Role of Hierarchical Dynamical Functions in Coding for Episodic Memory and Cognition." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 31, no. 9 (2019): 1271–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01439.
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Behavioral research in human verbal memory function led to the initial definition of episodic memory and semantic memory. A complete model of the neural mechanisms of episodic memory must include the capacity to encode and mentally reconstruct everything that humans can recall from their experience. This article proposes new model features necessary to address the complexity of episodic memory encoding and recall in the context of broader cognition and the functional properties of neurons that could contribute to this broader scope of memory. Many episodic memory models represent individual snapshots of the world with a sequence of vectors, but a full model must represent complex functions encoding and retrieving the relations between multiple stimulus features across space and time on multiple hierarchical scales. Episodic memory involves not only the space and time of an agent experiencing events within an episode but also features shown in neurophysiological data such as coding of speed, direction, boundaries, and objects. Episodic memory includes not only a spatio-temporal trajectory of a single agent but also segments of spatio-temporal trajectories for other agents and objects encountered in the environment consistent with data on encoding the position and angle of sensory features of objects and boundaries. We will discuss potential interactions of episodic memory circuits in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex with distributed neocortical circuits that must represent all features of human cognition.
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Singh, Amrita. "Photographic silence: Remediating the graphic to visualize migrant experience in Shaun Tan’s The Arrival." Studies in Comics 11, no. 2 (2020): 321–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/stic_00033_1.
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In the absence of a verbal language, The Arrival’s mode of representation is derived from various visual storytelling practices in addition to the comic. This article proposes that Tan remediates the mode of comics storytelling by presenting the narrative as a photo album and drawing the panels as photographs, and in turn the photograph is also remediated in the text as a drawn object. Using transmedial techniques such as focalization, gaze, framing and page layout, in addition to deliberations on style and form, Tan constructs comics storytelling with a photographic vision. This photographic vision is used to represent the experience of migration in the narrative as well as connect past and contemporary histories of migration world over. The photograph emerged as an important medium through which memory came to be visualized in the twentieth century, and is an important historical artefact capable of telling the story of its times. Tan also expects the reader to employ an intermedial and intertextual critical literacy to engage with the narrative. The visual poetics of the text direct the reader’s affective and empathetic engagement with the situation being presented and with the character whose experience they encode. The article focuses on three kinds of photographic representation in the narrative: the iterations of the protagonist’s family photograph, the narrative itself shaped as a photo album and the immigrant’s identification photograph.
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Mikumo, Mariko. "Encoding Strategies for Tonal and Atonal Melodies." Music Perception 10, no. 1 (1992): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40285539.
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In this experiment, strategies of pitch encoding in the processing of melodies were investigated. Twenty-six students who were highly trained in music and twenty-six who were less well trained were instructed to make recognition judgments concerning melodies after a 12-sec retention interval. During each retention interval, subjects were exposed to one of four conditions (pause, listening to an interfering melody, shadowing nonsense syllables, and shadowing note names). Both the standard and the comparison melodies were six-tone series that had either a high- tonality structure ("tonal melody") or a low-tonality structure ("atonal melody"). The results (obtained by Newman-Keuls method) showed that recognition performance for the musically highly trained group was severely disrupted by the note names for the tonal melodies, while it was disrupted by the interfering melody for the atonal melodies. On the other hand, for the musically less well trained group, whose recognition performance was significantly worse than that of the highly trained group even in the Pause condition, there were no significant differences in disruptive effects between the different types of interfering materials. These findings suggest that the highly trained group could use a verbal (note name) encoding strategy for the pitches in the tonal melodies, and also rehearsal strategies (such as humming and whistling) for the atonal melodies, but that subjects in the less well trained group were unable to use any effective strategies to encode the melodies.
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Liceras, J. M., E. Valenzuela, and L. Díaz. "L1/L2 Spanish grammars and the pragmatic deficit hypothesis." Second Language Research 15, no. 2 (1999): 161–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/026765899675128586.
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In recent research on primary (L1) and non-primary (L2) acquisition,special attention has been given to whether syntactic development is subject to a continuity condition. While it has been proposed that the continuity condition applies to both L1 and L2 syntactic growth,the changes that take place in developing grammars have sometimes been attributed to other cognitive systems. Specifically, it has been proposed that child grammars are ‘underspecified’ because they lack a pragmatic principle which determines the range of indices available for establishing verbal and nominal coreference. According to this proposal, a grammar which is underspecified for Number has null subjects and bare NPs only with non-inflected verb forms. Assuming that adults will not have a pragmatic deficit of the kind proposed for children, we have analysed data from child L1 Spanish and adult L2 Spanish. The results of our analysis show that: (1) in child L1 Spanish, the feature Person may encode Number so that when Person is distinctively implemented, root infinitives and bare NP subjects will cease to occur. However, the pervasive morphology of Spanish verbs conspires against the possibility of providing clear-cut evidence for underspecification in the case of child Spanish; (2) the different nature of L1 and L2 root infinitives may provide partial evidence for underspecification in the case of L1 Spanish; and (3) in the case of L2 learners, the distribution of null and overt subjects seems to be partially determined by their L1 rather than by underspecification.
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Tamati, Terrin N., Jaimie L. Gilbert, and David B. Pisoni. "Some Factors Underlying Individual Differences in Speech Recognition on PRESTO: A First Report." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 24, no. 07 (2013): 616–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.24.7.10.
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Background: Previous studies investigating speech recognition in adverse listening conditions have found extensive variability among individual listeners. However, little is currently known about the core underlying factors that influence speech recognition abilities. Purpose: To investigate sensory, perceptual, and neurocognitive differences between good and poor listeners on the Perceptually Robust English Sentence Test Open-set (PRESTO), a new high-variability sentence recognition test under adverse listening conditions. Research Design: Participants who fell in the upper quartile (HiPRESTO listeners) or lower quartile (LoPRESTO listeners) on key word recognition on sentences from PRESTO in multitalker babble completed a battery of behavioral tasks and self-report questionnaires designed to investigate real-world hearing difficulties, indexical processing skills, and neurocognitive abilities. Study Sample: Young, normal-hearing adults (N = 40) from the Indiana University community participated in the current study. Data Collection and Analysis: Participants' assessment of their own real-world hearing difficulties was measured with a self-report questionnaire on situational hearing and hearing health history. Indexical processing skills were assessed using a talker discrimination task, a gender discrimination task, and a forced-choice regional dialect categorization task. Neurocognitive abilities were measured with the Auditory Digit Span Forward (verbal short-term memory) and Digit Span Backward (verbal working memory) tests, the Stroop Color and Word Test (attention/inhibition), the WordFam word familiarity test (vocabulary size), the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function–Adult Version (BRIEF-A) self-report questionnaire on executive function, and two performance subtests of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) Performance Intelligence Quotient (IQ; nonverbal intelligence). Scores on self-report questionnaires and behavioral tasks were tallied and analyzed by listener group (HiPRESTO and LoPRESTO). Results: The extreme groups did not differ overall on self-reported hearing difficulties in real-world listening environments. However, an item-by-item analysis of questions revealed that LoPRESTO listeners reported significantly greater difficulty understanding speakers in a public place. HiPRESTO listeners were significantly more accurate than LoPRESTO listeners at gender discrimination and regional dialect categorization, but they did not differ on talker discrimination accuracy or response time, or gender discrimination response time. HiPRESTO listeners also had longer forward and backward digit spans, higher word familiarity ratings on the WordFam test, and lower (better) scores for three individual items on the BRIEF-A questionnaire related to cognitive load. The two groups did not differ on the Stroop Color and Word Test or either of the WASI performance IQ subtests. Conclusions: HiPRESTO listeners and LoPRESTO listeners differed in indexical processing abilities, short-term and working memory capacity, vocabulary size, and some domains of executive functioning. These findings suggest that individual differences in the ability to encode and maintain highly detailed episodic information in speech may underlie the variability observed in speech recognition performance in adverse listening conditions using high-variability PRESTO sentences in multitalker babble.
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Mazard, A., B. Mazoyer, O. Etard, N. Tzourio-Mazoyer, S. M. Kosslyn, and E. Mellet. "Impact of fMRI Acoustic Noise on the Functional Anatomy of Visual Mental Imagery." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14, no. 2 (2002): 172–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892902317236821.
Full textAbstract:
One drawback of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is that the subject must endure intense noise during testing. We examined the possible role of such noise on the activation of early visual cortex during visual mental imagery. We postulated that noise may require subjects to work harder to pay attention to the task, which in turn could alter the activation pattern found in a silent environment. To test this hypothesis, we used positron emission tomography (PET) to monitor regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF) of six subjects while they performed an imagery task either in a silent environment or in an “fMRI-like” noisy environment. Both noisy and silent imagery conditions, as compared to their respective baselines, resulted in activation of a bilateral frontoparietal network (related to spatial processing), a bilateral inferior temporal area (related to shape processing), and deactivation of anterior calcarine cortex. Among the visual areas, rCBF increased in the most posterior part of the calcarine cortex, but at level just below the statistical threshold. However, blood flow values in the calcarine cortex during the silent imagery condition (but not the noisy imagery condition) were strongly negatively correlated with accuracy; the more challenging subjects found the task, the more strongly the calcarine cortex was activated. The subjects made more errors in the noisy condition than in the silent condition, and a direct comparison of the two conditions revealed that noise resulted in an increase in rCBF in the anterior cingulate cortex (involved in performance monitoring) and in the Wernicke's area (required to encode the verbal cues used in the task). These results thus demonstrate a nonadditive effect of fMRI gradient noise, resulting in a slight but significant effect on both performance and the neural activation pattern.
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Schmiedtová, Barbara. "use of aspect in Czech L2." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 29 (January 1, 2003): 177–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.29.2003.175.
Full textAbstract:
The focus of the present paper is on the difference between English and German learners‘ use of perfectivity and imperfectivity. The latter is expressed by means of suffixation (suffix -va-). In contrast, perfectivity is encoded either by suffixation (-nou-) or by prefixation (twenty different prefixes that mostly modify not only aspectual but also lexical properties of the verb).
 
 In the native Czech data set, there is no significant difference between the number of imperfectively and perfectively marked verb forms. In the English data, imperfectively and perfectively marked verb forms are equally represented as well. However, German learners use significantly more perfective forms than English learners and Czech natives. When encoding perfectivity in Czech, German learners prefer to use prefixes to suffixes. Overall, English learners in comparison to German learners encode more perfectives by means of suffixation than prefixation.
 
 These results suggest that German learners of Czech focus on prefixes expressing aspectual and lexical modification of the verb, while English learners rather pay attention to the aspectual opposition between perfective and imperfective. In a more abstract way, the German learner group focuses on the operations carried out on the left side from the verb stem while the English learner group concentrates on the operations performed on the right side qfrom the verb stem.
 
 This sensitivity can be to certain degree motivated by the linguistic devices of the corresponding source languages: English learners of Czech use imperfectives mainly because English has marked fully grammatical form for the expression of imperfective aspect – the progressive -ing form. German learners, on the other hand, pay in Czech more attention to the prefixes, which like in German modify the lexical meaning of the verb. In this manner, Czech prefixes used for perfectivization function similar to the German verbal prefixes (such as ab-, ver-) modifying Aktionsart.
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Suzuki, David A., Kathleen F. Betelak, and Robert D. Yee. "Gaze Pursuit Responses in Nucleus Reticularis Tegmenti Pontis of Head-Unrestrained Macaques." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 1 (2009): 460–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00615.2007.
Full textAbstract:
Eye-head gaze pursuit–related activity was recorded in rostral portions of the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (rNRTP) in alert macaques. The head was unrestrained in the horizontal plane, and macaques were trained to pursue a moving target either with their head, with the eyes stationary in the orbits, or with their eyes, with their head voluntarily held stationary in space. Head-pursuit–related modulations in rNRTP activity were observed with some cells exhibiting increases in firing rate with increases in head-pursuit frequency. For many units, this head-pursuit response appeared to saturate at higher frequencies (>0.6 Hz). The response phase re:peak head-pursuit velocity formed a continuum, containing cells that could encode head-pursuit velocity and those encoding head-pursuit acceleration. The latter cells did not exhibit head position–related activity. Sensitivities were calculated with respect to peak head-pursuit velocity and averaged 1.8 spikes/s/deg/s. Of the cells that were tested for both head- and eye-pursuit–related activity, 86% exhibited responses to both head- and eye-pursuit and therefore carried a putative gaze-pursuit signal. For these gaze-pursuit units, the ratio of head to eye response sensitivities averaged ∼1.4. Pursuit eccentricity seemed to affect head-pursuit response amplitude even in the absence of a head position response per se. The results indicated that rNRTP is a strong candidate for the source of an active head-pursuit signal that projects to the cerebellum, specifically to the target-velocity and gaze-velocity Purkinje cells that have been observed in vermal lobules VI and VII.
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Schuster, Paulette Kershenovich. "Balancing Act: Identity and Otherness among Latin American Immigrants and their Food Practices." Transnational Marketing Journal 4, no. 2 (2016): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/tmj.v4i2.391.
Full textAbstract:
This article deals with the identity construction of Latin American immigrants in Israel through their food practices. Food is a basic symbolic element connecting cultural perceptions and experiences. For immigrants, food is also an important element in the maintenance of personal ties with their home countries and a cohesive factor in the construction of a new identity in Israel, their adopted homeland. Food practices encode tacit information and non-verbal cues that are integral parts of an individual’s relationship with different social groups. In this case, I recruited participants from an online group formed within social media platforms of Latin American women living in Israel. The basic assumption of this study posits that certain communication systems are set in motion around food events in various social contexts pertaining to different national or local cuisines and culinary customs. Their meaning, significance and modifications and how they are framed. This article focuses on the adaptation and acculturation processes because it is at that point that immigrants are faced with an interesting duality of reconstructing their unique cultural perceptions to either fit the existing national collective ethos or create a new reality. In this study, the main objective is to compare two different immigrant groups: Jewish and non-Jewish women from Latin America who came to Israel during the last ten years. The comparative nature of the research revealed marked differences between ethnic, religious and cultural elements that reflect coping strategies manifested in the cultural production of food and its representation in two distinct domains: private and public. In the former, it is illustrated within the family and home and how they connect or clash with the latter in the form of consumption in public. Combining cultural studies and discourse analysis, this article offers fresh insight into new models of food practices and reproductions. The article’s contribution to new food research lies in its ability to shed light on how inter-generational and inter-religious discourses are melded while food practices and traditions are embedded in a new Israeli identity.