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1
Brune, Guido. Culture encounter und komplementäres Marketing. Wiesbaden: DUV, 1991.
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2
Hanser, Amy. Service encounters: Class, gender, and the market for social distinction in urban China. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 2008.
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3
Barry, Dylan J. Developing construction markets in the Pacific Rim area - a profile of the markets of the Mekong Six members of Vietnam, Lao PDR, Cambodia and Myanmar investigating the opportunities, procedures and problems encountered in these markets from the perspective of a UK construction orientated country. [S.l: The Author], 1996.
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4
Mueller, Reinhold C., and Gian Maria Varanini, eds. Ebrei nella Terraferma veneta del Quattrocento. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-125-0.
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This book is a collection of the proceedings of the study seminar held in Verona on 14 November 2003. This was the occasion for the presentation of the results of archive research performed by young researchers on the Jewish presence in numerous cities and smaller towns of the Venetian hinterland in the fifteenth century (Vicenza, Verona, Treviso, Feltre, and the minor centres of the Polesine and Verona and Vicenza territory). The various themes that are developed though attentive and documented analysis include: the autonomous initiative of the civic communities in the relation with the Jewish moneylenders and the attitude of Venice, divided between protection and the anti-Jewish tensions that were widespread among the lagoon nobility; the encounter and dialectic between the Ashkenazi and Italian components in the communities settled within the cities and hamlets of Veneto; the difference of the social and cultural climate between the first and second half of the fifteenth century, marked by incisive Franciscan preaching and attempts at expulsion from the cities; a look 'from the inside' which opens up the role of women in the economic life of the Jewish communities. Over twenty years after the convention on 'The Jews and Venice' promoted by the Fondazione Cini, these contributions illustrate the revival of study and the ever-present need for comparison and exchange on the issue of the Jewish presence in Italy.
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Paton, Rob. Programme for research and actions on the development of the labour market: Analysis of the experiences of and problems encountered by worker take-overs of companies in difficulty or bankrupt : main report. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1987.
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6
Dibazar, Pedram, and Judith Naeff, eds. Visualizing the Street. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462984356.
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From user-generated images of streets to professional architectural renderings, and from digital maps and drone footages to representations of invisible digital ecologies, this collection of essays analyses the emergent practices of visualizing the street. Today, advancements in digital technologies of the image have given rise to the production and dissemination of imagery of streets and urban realities in multiple forms. The ubiquitous presence of digital visualizations has in turn created new forms of urban practice and modes of spatial encounter. Everyone who carries a smartphone not only plays an increasingly significant role in the production, editing and circulation of images of the street, but also relies on those images to experience urban worlds and to navigate in them. Such entangled forms of image-making and image-sharing have constructed new imaginaries of the street and have had a significant impact on the ways in which contemporary and future streets are understood, imagined, documented, navigated, mediated and visualized. Visualizing the Street investigates the social and cultural significance of these new developments at the intersection of visual culture and urban space. The interdisciplinary essays provide new concepts, theories and research methods that combine close analyses of street images and imaginaries with the study of the practices of their production and circulation. The book covers a wide range of visible and invisible geographies — From Hong Kong’s streets to Rio’s favelas, from Sydney’s suburbs to London’s street markets, and from Damascus’ war-torn streets to Istanbul’s sidewalks — and engages with multiple ways in which visualizations of the street function to document street protests and urban change, to build imaginaries of urban communities and alternate worlds, and to help navigate streetscapes.
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Coverdill, James E., and William Finlay. Contingency Headhunters: What They Do—and What Their Activities Tell Us About Jobs, Careers, and the Labor Market. Edited by Ute-Christine Klehe and Edwin van Hooft. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764921.013.011.
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This chapter overviews the work of contingency headhunters, who earn a fee from a client company when a candidate they have identified and presented is hired. It begins by describing the financial footing of the industry and the three central activities of headhunting: establishing business relationships with client companies, identifying and presenting candidates for positions, and facilitating encounters between clients and candidates. A second section explores how headhunters provide insights into who is on the market for a new job, who fits a job well, and who appears to fit a job well. In a third section, it draws out several issues that demand more scholarly attention, such as a lack of information about the industry, international practices, client companies, and consequences for clients and candidates of headhunter-facilitated job changes. A final section offers guidelines for individuals who might encounter or use a headhunter.
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Hübschle, Annette. Contested Illegality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794974.003.0010.
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This chapter shows that the illegalization of an economic exchange is not a straightforward political decision with fixed goalposts, but a protracted process that may encounter unexpected hurdles along the way to effective implementation and enforcement. While political considerations informed the decision to ban trade in rhino horn initially, diffusion of the prohibition has been uneven and lacks social and cultural legitimacy among key actors along the supply chain. Moreover, some market actors justify their participation in illegal rhino horn markets based on the perceived illegitimacy of the rhino horn prohibition. The concept of “contested illegality” captures an important legitimization device of market participants who do not accept the trade ban.
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Market Encounters: Consumer Cultures in Twentieth-Century Ghana. Ohio University Press, 2017.
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10
Murillo, Bianca. Market Encounters: Consumer Cultures in Twentieth-Century Ghana. Ohio University Press, 2017.
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11
Bhattacharya, Sreedeep. Consumerist Encounters. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190125561.001.0001.
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Economic liberalization and globalization in India in the early 1990s resulted in a whirlwind of consumerist activities. New material and visual temptations swept markets, infiltrated consumer minds through media, and aroused inhibited desires. This has engendered a fast-paced and relentless relationship with things and images that permeate our everyday lives. Consumerist Encounters elucidates how our all-consuming relationship with objects and their representations have transformed rapidly over the last few decades in contemporary urban India. It argues that ephemerality, frivolousness, and multiplicity of choice regulate our flirtatious encounters with commodities and their images as we restlessly use, exhaust, dispose, and move on. Such a trend is illustrated by examining a plethora of commodity-centric phenomena such as exclusion through apparel, eroticization of body images, population of the T-shirt surface with graphics and text, rise of business process outsourcing, instantaneous seeing and sharing of images, and rejection of material goods in junkyards and ruins. These explorations collectively shed light on the constant negotiation of our identities, statuses, and mobilities in the image-saturated commodity landscape.
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Endres, Kirsten W., and Ann Marie Leshkowich, eds. Traders in Motion. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501719820.001.0001.
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Markets and traders in Vietnam are on the move, literally and figuratively. The chapters in this volume offer rich ethnographic exploration of daily interactions among small-scale traders, suppliers, customers, family members, neighbors, and officials within contemporary Vietnam and across its borders. These quotidian encounters occur within contested spaces, through expanding and contracting circuits of mobility, and across physical and conceptual boundaries that are fixed, yet porous. As they ply their wares and negotiate state regulations, traders shape notions of self and personhood, not just as economic actors, but also in terms of gender, region, morality, and ethnicity. Taken together, the diverse contributions to this collection demonstrate that markets form and transform through uneven interplay among global processes, state regulatory regimes, individual identities, and local trajectories of economic and social development. Rather than impede market function, these trading frictions shape the necessary ground on which new forms of political economy emerge.
13
Service Encounters: Class, Gender, and the Market for Social Distinction in Urban China. Stanford University Press, 2008.
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14
Hanser, Amy. Service Encounters: Class, Gender, and the Market for Social Distinction in Urban China. Stanford University Press, 2008.
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15
Dochuk, Darren. “Heavenly Houston”. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190683528.003.0008.
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This chapter addresses an understudied context of Graham’s racial encounters between the early 1950s and 1980s: evangelical entrepreneurialism. Though careful not to reduce faith to financial interest, it asserts that the “world” in which Graham acted upon racial concerns and civil rights was fashioned out of an imperative to realign America with market principles. In particular, it describes and explains how Graham formed close friendships with Texas evangelicals and voiced a shared belief in their “Sunbelt” creed that a color-blind society would be created only when the regulatory state stood aside and let individuals operate to their fullest philanthropic potential, for the benefits of open markets, fairer race relations, and godlier communities.
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Migrant Professionals in the City: Local Encounters, Identities, and Inequalities. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.
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17
Meier, Lars. Migrant Professionals in the City: Local Encounters, Identities and Inequalities. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
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18
Sherr, Ilan, Katrien Miclotte, and Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette. Support of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises under European State Aid Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198795650.003.0009.
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Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role in the economic development strategy of the European Union. However, while SMEs are important for job creation and economic development, the Commission has highlighted that they often encounter problems accessing finance and necessary information. In order to address certain market failures which impact SMEs most significantly, SMEs now have a favoured status under the state aid rules. The most important and recent changes are a consequence of the Commission’s state aid modernization (SAM) reform package. As part of the SAM package, the Commission has adopted ten guidelines and five regulations to render existing state aid control instruments and procedures more efficient. This chapter gives a brief but practical overview of those new guidelines and regulations and highlights the core principles that need to be taken into account when assessing aid possibilities for SMEs.
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1961-, Cook Daniel Thomas, ed. Lived experiences of public consumption: Encounters with value in marketplaces on five continents. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
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20
Mik-Meyer, Nanna. Power of Citizens and Professionals in Welfare Encounters: The Influence of Bureaucracy, Market and Psychology. Manchester University Press, 2017.
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21
Mik-Meyer, Nanna. Power of Citizens and Professionals in Welfare Encounters: The Influence of Bureaucracy, Market and Psychology. Manchester University Press, 2017.
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22
Pike, Robert M., and Dwayne Roy Winseck. Communication and Empire: Media, Markets, and Globalization, 1860-1930 (American Encounters/Global Interactions). Duke University Press, 2007.
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23
Pike, Robert M., and Dwayne Roy Winseck. Communication and Empire: Media, Markets, and Globalization, 1860-1930 (American Encounters/Global Interactions). Duke University Press, 2007.
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24
Hanaway-Oakley, Cleo. Modern Thought and the Phenomenology of Film. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198768913.003.0003.
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This chapter situates Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology of film in its historical context through analysing its key insights—the reciprocal and embodied nature of film spectatorship—in the light of late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century philosophy and psychology, charting Merleau-Ponty’s indebtedness to thinkers as diverse as Henri Bergson, Max Wertheimer, Hugo Münsterberg, Rudolf Arnheim, Victor Freeburg, Sergei Eisenstein, and Siegfried Kracauer. The historical Bergson is differentiated from the Deleuzian Bergson we ordinarily encounter in film studies, and Merleau-Ponty’s fondness for gestalt models of perception is outlined with reference to the competing ‘persistence of vision’ theory of film viewing. The chapter ends with a consideration of some of the ways in which James Joyce could have encountered early phenomenology, through the work of the aforementioned philosophers and psychologists and the ideas of Gabriel Marcel, Franz Brentano, William James, and Edmund Husserl.
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Leeson, Robert. Hayek : A Collaborative Biography : Part VII, 'Market Free Play with an Audience': Hayek's Encounters with Fifty Knowledge Communities. Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.
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26
Kanna, Ahmed, Amélie Le Renard, and Neha Vora. Beyond Exception. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750298.001.0001.
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Over nearly two decades during which they have each been conducting fieldwork in the Arabian Peninsula, the authors have regularly encountered exoticizing and exceptionalist discourses about the region and its people, political systems, and prevalent cultural practices. These persistent encounters became the springboard for the book, a reflection on conducting fieldwork within a “field” that is marked by such representations. The book's focus is on deconstructing the exceptionalist representations that circulate about the Arabian Peninsula. It analyzes what exceptionalism does, how it is used by various people, and how it helps shape power relations in the societies studied. The book proposes ways that this analysis of exceptionalism provides tools for rethinking the concepts that have become commonplace, structuring narratives and analytical frameworks within fieldwork in and on the Arabian Peninsula. It asks: What would not only Middle East studies, but studies of postcolonial societies and global capitalism in other parts of the world look like if the Arabian Peninsula was central, rather than peripheral or exceptional, to ongoing sociohistorical processes and representational practices? The book explores how the exceptionalizing discourses that permeate Arabian Peninsula studies spring from colonialist discourses still operative in anthropology and sociology more generally, and suggest that de-exceptionalizing the region within their disciplines can offer opportunities for decolonized knowledge production.
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Elolia, Samuel Kiptalai. Christianity and culture in Kenya: An encounter between the African Inland Mission and the Marakwet belief systems and culture. Toronto, 1992.
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28
Christianity and culture in Kenya: An encounter between the African Inland Mission and the Marakwet belief systems and culture. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1993.
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29
King, David P. Godly Work for a Global Christianity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190280192.003.0004.
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This chapter explores American Christians’ engagement with global Christianity through the movement of money and the institutional evolution of mission societies, faith-based humanitarianism, and markets. Missions, international development, and other mediating forms of international engagement have often served as the place for American Christians’ encounter with the world and a broader global Christianity. These institutional forms have changed rapidly alongside rapid global Christian growth. Yet these evolving institutional and financial relationships not only impact people, profits, and power dynamics overseas but also affect the global outlooks of Americans at home as they envision the world and their own role in it.
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Oswald, Laura R. Doing Semiotics. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822028.001.0001.
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Structural semiotics is a hybrid of communication science and anthropology that accounts for the deep cultural codes that structure communication and sociality, endow things with value, move us through constructed space, and moderate our encounters with change. Doing Semiotics: A Research Guide for Marketers at the Edge of Culture, shows readers how to leverage these codes to solve business problems, foster innovation, and create meaningful experiences for consumers. In addition to the basic principles and methods of applied semiotics, the book introduces the reader to branding basics, strategic decision-making, and cross-cultural marketing management. The guide can be used to supplement my previous books, Marketing Semiotics (2012) and Creating Value (2015), with practical exercises, examples, extended team projects and evaluation criteria. The work guides students through the application of learnings to all phases of semiotics-based projects for communications, brand equity management, design strategy, new product development, and public policy management. In addition to grids and tables for sorting data and mapping cultural dimensions of a market, the book includes useful interview protocols for use in focus groups, in-depth interviews, and ethnographic studies. Each chapter also includes expert case studies and essays from the perspectives of Marcel Danesi, Rachel Lawes, Christian Pinson, Laura Santamaria, and Laura Oswald.
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Strong, Rowan. Cabin Passenger Religion 1840s–1870s. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724247.003.0005.
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This shorter chapter traces the religion of cabin-class emigrants, who were generally middle-class, so from the section of Victorian society keen to impose their religious and moral positions on the lower orders. While more segregated from their fellow emigrants in steerage as the century wore on, as emigrants voyaged in larger vessels, cabin passengers had religious encounters within their own class and also beyond. So the chapter looks at the similarities and contrasts with the varieties of Christianity among their fellow emigrants in steerage. Catholic–Protestant, intra-Protestant, and Christian–non-Christian encounters are all examined, as are the markers of cabin-class piety, particularly their expectation of religious leadership in the absence of clergy.
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Batz, Thomas, ed. Hidden Champions in Deutschland. Tectum – ein Verlag in der Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783828876422.
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Almost everyone who has ever dealt with business management issues has already encountered the term Hidden Champions. But what is actually meant by a "hidden champion"? Hidden champions are usually not listed on the stock exchange, but are rather owner-managed companies. Most of the time, they are medium-sized companies. Often they focus on niche markets and in some cases occupy leading positions worldwide. Baden-Württemberg in particular is home to numerous hidden champions. These hidden champions are important for the strongly export-oriented German economy, so it is very important to decipher their secrets of success and learn from them. With contributions by Sabrin Abbas, Anisa Barini, Franziska Bastian, Nina Brauch, Sina-Laura Braun, Lena Christina Domurath, Nele Eitel, Marius Fischer, Nina Franz, Melissa Gassenmaier, Anna-Lena Gauert, Marcel Gerold, Jan Göpfert, Nicole Klenk, Meike Koch, Sandy Kögler, Joshua Körper, Jessica Kraft, Josefina Lardani, Viktoria Martaler, Marie Rausch, Laura Richter, Jessica Roth, Anna Schmidt, Hannah Schmitt, Sabrina Schrenk, Sina Schuhmacher, Miriam Stroka, Niklas Süpfle, Vanessa Vogel, Xenia Wagner, Jessica Welch, Laura Zartmann
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Vincent, Barbara. Farming Meat Goats. CSIRO Publishing, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643093058.
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Goat meat is growing in popularity and is becoming an important export industry. It offers many opportunities for large- and small-scale farmers who need to diversify or seek alternative enterprises. This book deals specifically with the production of goats for meat and addresses all aspects of the industry that the producer is likely to encounter. It covers selecting and preparing a property, choosing the breeding stock, breeding, health care and nutrition, drought feeding, condition scoring and marketing.
One of the key benefits of Farming Meat Goats is that it will allow farmers to produce animals to specification for targeted markets in Australia and overseas including: butchers; supermarkets; restaurants; on-farm live sales; sales to abattoirs that specialise in Halal kills; and breeding stock either as replacements, or for improved herd genetics.
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Beal, Amy C. Walking Woman. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036361.003.0002.
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This chapter looks at Bley's first few years in New York. She was most likely eighteen years old when she arrived in the city but it is not clear exactly when Bley first got there. New to the city, she slept temporarily in Grand Central Station and then paid for an inexpensive hotel room near Times Square. She then began working at the jazz clubs Basin Street and Birdland. Shortly after turning twenty-one, during the summer of 1957, she officially changed her name to Carla Borg and started composing regularly. Carla Bley was further encouraged by musicians in Los Angeles. But perhaps most important, her encounter with Charlie Haden marked the start of a lifelong friendship, one that has resulted in some of the most innovative recordings ever made by large jazz ensembles, namely, the Liberation Music Orchestra projects beginning in 1969.
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Rizzo, Matteo. Tracing Occupational Mobility/Immobility among Informal Transport Workers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794240.003.0006.
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Chapter 6 unpicks the long-term dynamics of occupational mobility or immobility of daladala workers. By drawing on the list of the 121 transport workers who were members of the association in 2002, and by tracking their occupational whereabouts in 2009 and again in 2014, the chapter asks to what extent work as a daladalaman, notwithstanding its hardship and insecurity, fuelled dynamics of micro-accumulation and upward mobility. Semi-structured interviews with twenty-five of these workers aim to elicit workers’ own views on their own occupational trajectory and on the strategies they have used and the constraints they have encountered when navigating the labour market. Such interviews inform the potted occupational histories of a dozen of workers presented in the chapter.
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Baldwin, Robert, Martin Cave, and Martin Lodge, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Regulation. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199560219.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook of Regulation provides a clear and authoritative discussion of the major trends and issues in regulation over the last thirty years, together with an outline of prospective developments. Regulation is often thought of as an activity that restricts behaviour and prevents the occurrence of certain undesirable activities, but the influence of regulation can also be enabling or facilitative, as in the circumstances when a market could potentially be chaotic if uncontrolled. Each article offers a broad overview of key current issues and provides an analysis of different perspectives on those issues. Experiences in different jurisdictions and insights from various disciplines are drawn upon, and particular attention is paid to the challenges that are encountered when specific approaches are applied in practice. The articles illustrate distinctive arguments relating to the central issues.
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Pierce, Helen. Graphic Satire and the Printed Image in Shakespeare’s London. Edited by Malcolm Smuts. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660841.013.40.
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How was the multiplied, printed image encountered in Shakespeare’s London? This chapter examines a range of genres and themes for single sheet, illustrated broadsides in an emerging, specialist print market. It discusses how such images were used to persuade and to entertain a potentially broad cross-section of society along moral, political and religious lines, and according to both topical and commercial interests. The mimetic nature of the English print in both engraved and woodcut form is highlighted, with its frequent adaptation of continental models to suit more local concerns. Consideration is also given to the survival of certain images in later seventeenth-century impressions, indicative of popularity and the common commercial practice of reprinting stock from aging plates and blocks, and the sporadic nature of censorship upon the illustrated broadside.
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Mason, Emma. Kinship and Creation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723691.003.0003.
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Rossetti’s involvement with the Pre-Raphaelites transformed her perception of the visible and invisible world, shaping her Christological and ecological reading of all things as part of one body. While critics have acknowledged her relationship with Pre-Raphaelitism, its influence has often been separated from her faith. This chapter suggests, however, that Rossetti’s reading of an early Pre-Raphaelite affinity with what Dante Gabriel Rossetti called an ‘art-Catholic’ helped found her nondual understanding of creation as embracing both the material and the divine, and that her vision of an interconnected creation evolved in this period in her encounters with Plato, Gregory of Nyssa, Francis of Assisi, and William Blake. Through a series of close readings of her earliest published poetry, including ‘Goblin Market’, and contributions to the Pre-Raphaelite periodical The Germ, the chapter relates her communal and participatory vision of creation to a form of kinship modelled in the Sermon on the Mount.
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Camasso, Michael J., and Radha Jagannathan. Caught in the Cultural Preference Net. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672782.001.0001.
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In this book, the authors focus their attention on the role that culture, that collection of values, beliefs, attitudes, and preferences responsible for creating national identities, has played and continues to play on individuals’ decisions when they are in or about to enter the labor market. At a time when millennials face many employment challenges and Generation Z can be expected to encounter even more, a clearer understanding of the ways cultural transmission could facilitate or hinder productive and rewarding work would appear to be both useful and well-timed. The book’s title—Caught in the Cultural Preference Net: Three Generations of Employment Choices in Six Capitalist Democracies—conveys the authors’ aim to determine if work-related beliefs, attitudes, and preferences have remained stable across generations or if they have become pliant under changing economic conditions. And while millennials serve as the anchoring point for much of our discussion, they do not neglect the significance that their parents from Generation X (b. 1965–1982) and their baby boomer parents (b. 1945–1964) may have had on their socialization into the world of work. The book is organized around three lines of inquiry: (a) Do some national cultures possess value orientations that are more successful than others in promoting economic opportunity? (b) Does the transmission of these value orientations demonstrate persistence irrespective of economic conditions or are they simply the result of these conditions? (c) If a nation’s beliefs and attitudes do indeed impact opportunity, do they do so by influencing an individual’s preferences and behavioral intentions? The authors’ principal method for isolating the employment effects of cultural transmission is what is referred to as a stated preference experiment. They replicate this experiment in six countries—Germany, Sweden, Spain, Italy, India, and the United States—countries that have historically adopted significantly different forms of capitalism. They not only find some strong evidence for cultural stability across countries but also observe an erosion in this stability among millennials.
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Ottati, Victor, and Chase Wilson. Open-Minded Cognition and Political Thought. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.143.
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Dogmatic or closed-minded cognition is directionally biased; a tendency to select, interpret, and elaborate upon information in a manner that reinforces the individual’s prior opinion or expectation. Open-minded cognition is directionally unbiased; a tendency to process information in a manner that is not biased in the direction of the individual’s prior opinion or expectation. It is marked by a tendency to consider a variety of intellectual perspectives, values, attitudes, opinions, or beliefs—even those that contradict the individual’s prior opinion. Open-Minded Cognition is assessed using measures that specifically focus on the degree to which individuals process information in a directionally biased manner. Open-Minded Cognition can function as an individual difference characteristic that predicts a variety of social attitudes and political opinions. These include attitudes toward marginalized social groups (e.g., racial and ethnic minorities), support for democratic values, political ideology, and partisan identification. Open-Minded Cognition also possesses a malleable component that varies across domains and specific situations. For example, Open-Minded Cognition is higher in the political domain than religious domain. In addition, Open-Minded Cognition is prevalent in situations where individuals encounter plausible arguments that are compatible with conventional values, but is less evident when individuals encounter arguments that are extremely implausible or that contradict conventional values. Within a situation, Open-Minded Cognition also varies across social roles involving expertise. Because political novices possess limited political knowledge, social norms dictate that they should listen and learn in an open-minded fashion. In contrast, because political experts possess extensive knowledge, social norms dictate that they are entitled to adopt a more dogmatic cognitive orientation when listening to a political communication.
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Copeland, Nicholas. The Democracy Development Machine. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501736056.001.0001.
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What forces hinder decolonization efforts on the neoliberal terrain? In the aftermath of a genocidal scorched earth campaign, Mayas in the town of San Pedro Necta encountered a formidable democracy-development machine designed to displace radical class politics into private market advancement and local, indigenous-led electoral politics. Sampedranos regarded neoliberal democracy and development not as empty, depoliticized forms or colonial impositions, but as hard-won victories that met immediate needs and echoed revolutionary and local struggles. This historical ethnography examines how these governmentalized spaces fell short, simultaneously enabling and disfiguring an ethnic resurgence that fractured in a dispiriting atmosphere of pessimism, self-interest, deception, and mistrust. These dynamics fueled authoritarian populism but also radical reimaginings of democracy and development from below. These findings shed new light on rural politics in Guatemala and across neoliberal and post-conflict settings.
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Bontemps, Arna. Work. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037696.003.0012.
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This chapter focuses on some of the occupations of the Negroes in Illinois after the Civil War. Even after the Civil War, colored persons were mostly confined to the field of domestic and personal service—as butler, coachman, maid, cook, housekeeper, valet, or janitor. Others who were gainfully employed were found in the occupations in agricultural work and at unskilled labor. The tasks at which Negroes were employed were a reflection of the limited opportunities afforded members of the race earlier in the South and of the fierce competition they met in the North when they attempted to find employment in fields other than those to which they were traditionally attached. This chapter examines the Negro's role in Illinois employment and the racial prejudice the race encountered in seeking to carve a place in the labor market.
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Edgeworth, Maria. Belinda. Edited by Linda Bree. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199682133.001.0001.
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‘It is singular, that my having spent a winter with one of the most dissipated women in England should have sobered my mind so completely.’ Maria Edgeworth's 1801 novel, Belinda, is an absorbing, sometimes provocative, tale of social and domestic life among the English aristocracy and gentry. The heroine of the title, only too conscious of being ‘advertised’ on the marriage market, grows in moral maturity as she seeks to balance self-fulfilment with achieving material success. Among those whom she encounters are the socialite Lady Delacour, whose brilliance and wit hide a tragic secret, the radical feminist Harriot Freke, the handsome and wealthy Creole gentleman Mr Vincent, and the mercurial Clarence Hervey, whose misguided idealism has led him into a series of near-catastrophic mistakes. In telling their story Maria Edgeworth gives a vivid picture of life in late eighteenth-century London, skilfully showing both the attractions of leisured society and its darker side, and blending drawing-room comedy with challenging themes involving serious illness, obsession, slavery and interracial marriage.
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al-Musawi, Muhsin. The Medieval Turn in Modern Arabic Narrative. Edited by Waïl S. Hassan. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199349791.013.4.
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This chapter examines the medieval turn in modern Arabic fiction, which includes historical reconstruction, neo-historicism, topographical narration, Sufi dreams and visions, allegorical travelogues, biographies, chats and anecdotes, and majālis, or assemblies accommodating hashish addicts and Sufi gatherings. The chapter first considers the Arabic historical novel before turning to narrative genealogies in modern Arabic fiction in which visions and dreams are present as markers of medieval Sufism and poetics. It then explores the phenomenal growth of Sufism among peasants, craftsmen, and artisans, including women; Arabic novels that connect well with the khiṭaṭ genre; the travelogue as a venue for an allegorical critique; the use of Qur’anic phrases or catchwords in Arabic narratives; and works entrenched in classical style. The chapter provides examples to dispute the notion that pre-modern Arab culture has not survived its encounter with Europe and the engagement with European literary norms.
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Jarkey, Nerida. Imperatives and commands in Japanese. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803225.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines the forms and usage of imperatives and command strategies in contemporary standard Japanese. Although commands are highly face-threatening acts in any language, speakers of Japanese encounter particular challenges in using them in socially acceptable ways. Commands are generally only given to those considered ‘below’ the speaker in the social hierarchy, and are normally considered appropriate only when used toward ‘in-group’ members. Further restrictions relate to the identity the speaker wishes to convey. Numerous command strategies have emerged to avoid using the most direct imperative forms, and some of these strategies have gradually come to be reinterpreted as imperative forms themselves, suggesting a loss of their original euphemistic qualities. Furthermore, when issuing commands, speakers often go to considerable lengths to soften the face threat, for example by giving reasons for the command, adding markers of hesitancy, or softening illocutionary particles, and using appropriate honorific language forms.
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Hawkes, Christopher H., Kapil D. Sethi, and Thomas R. Swift. Instant Neurological Diagnosis. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190930868.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Experienced neurologists work fast. They ask few questions, maybe perform a brief examination, and they come up with the right answer. Sometimes they do neither and their conclusions are accurate—but how do they do it? This book holds the answers. The book is divided into 14 chapters which, for the most part, focus on a particular neurologic condition, namely: demyelination, headache, epilepsy and sleep, myopathy and motor neuron disorders, movement disorders, stroke, peripheral neuropathy, cerebellar ataxia, and dementia. The remaining chapters are concerned with the clinician’s initial impressions (first encounters), cranial nerves, limbs and trunk, spinal lesions, and cerebrospinal fluid. At the end of each chapter is a summary of the salient points and a few key references. The final chapter relates to the fast neurological examination. Most diagnostic clues or “Handles” are illustrated by a table, figure, or video clip to reinforce a particular message, and the text is marked with Red Flags that the clinician must be alert for.
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Johnson-Weiner, Karen. On Franklin County’s Western Border. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501707605.003.0007.
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This chapter analyzes how two of the more recent Amish settlements in New York—the Burke settlement in Franklin County and the nearby Swartzentruber settlement founded near Hopkinton in St. Lawrence County—demonstrate the diversity of the Amish world. The Burke settlers, representing one of the more progressive realizations of Amish identity, have come north from Marion, Kentucky, eager to begin farming on new land. The Hopkinton settlers, ultraconservative Swartzentruber Amish from the area around Holmes County, Ohio, also want land, but they seek a region where their young people will not be tempted as they were in the crowded diversity of their Ohio settlement. These two groups have encountered similar difficulties in finding farms, setting up schools, dealing with non-Amish neighbors and local governments, and creating markets for their wares.
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Ball, Molly C. Navigating Life and Work in Old Republic São Paulo. University Press of Florida, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683401667.001.0001.
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This book examines the experiences of São Paulo’s diverse working class as they encountered rapid urbanization and industrialization brought on by the coffee boom during Brazil’s Old Republic (1891–1930). It places the rank-and-file at the center of its analysis to understand how macroeconomic trends connected to daily life and individual and family responses to labor market discrimination, inflation, and fluctuating (im)migration. The study emphasizes the family-centered nature of immigration to São Paulo in comparison to other immigrant cities like Buenos Aires and New York City. It shows how World War I exacerbated existing working-class hierarchies and cut short important standard-of-living advancements. The study demonstrates how despite its intended purpose to funnel agricultural laborers into the coffee interior, the city’s immigrant receiving station also played a decisive role in shaping the city of São Paulo, serving both as a safety net for residents and labor supplier for employers. Methodologically, this book embraces both social and economic history, deconstructing the population along racial, ethnic, national, and gender lines. Combining statistical analysis alongside close readings of immigrant letters provides a nuanced analysis of recently arrived Paulistanos from Italy, Portugal, Germany, Lebanon, and Japan and from northeastern Brazil. The research demonstrates how Portuguese, women, and Afro-Brazilians all faced significant labor market discrimination, impacting individual and family decisions about where to work and live and whether to join labor movements. The approach provides a powerful tool to address archival silences, recover embedded narratives, and understand historic underdevelopment.
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Bhole, Malini. Neutrophil abnormalities. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0295.
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Neutrophils are an important component of the innate immune system, forming the first line of defence against bacterial invasion. Abnormalities in either neutrophil numbers or function lead to immunodeficiency disorders affecting the innate immune system, with a predisposition towards developing serious and often life-threatening infections. Alterations in neutrophil numbers and function may also be noted secondary to systemic diseases, where they may act as markers for ongoing disease processes. Most of the primary neutrophil disorders discussed in this chapter will present in childhood. In adults, acquired neutropenia is the commonest neutrophil abnormality encountered in clinical practice, although, rarely, some primary neutrophil defects may present.
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Zola, Émile. Money. Translated by Valerie Minogue. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199608379.001.0001.
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‘The irresistible power of money, a lever that can lift the world. Love and money are the only things.’ Aristide Rougon, known as Saccard, is a failed property speculator determined to make his way once more in Paris. Unscrupulous, seductive, and with unbounded ambition, he schemes and manipulates his way to power. Financial undertakings in the Middle East lead to the establishment of a powerful new bank and speculation on the stock market; Saccard meanwhile conducts his love life as energetically as he does his business, and his empire is seemingly unstoppable. Saccard, last encountered in The Kill (La Curée) in Zola's Rougon-Macquart series, is a complex figure whose story intricately intertwines the worlds of politics, finance, and the press. The repercussions of his dealings on all levels of society resonate disturbingly with the financial scandals of more recent times. This is the first new translation for more than a hundred years, and the first unabridged translation in English. The edition includes a wide-ranging introduction and useful historical notes.