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Journal articles on the topic 'Encyclopaedias and dictionaries, French'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Guentner, Wendelin. "THE SKETCH IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY FRENCH DICTIONARIES, ENCYCLOPAEDIAS AND TREATISES." Contemporary French Civilization 23, no. 1 (April 1999): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/cfc.1999.23.1.006.

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2

Kirk, Henning. "Geriatric Medicine and the Categorisation of Old Age; The Historical Linkage." Ageing and Society 12, no. 4 (December 1992): 483–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00005286.

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ABSTRACTGeriatric medicine became a part of medical science in the middle of the nineteenth century, more than haifa century before ‘geriatrics’ was named, and a century before it was established in British health care. It was born in Germany along with ancient theories that ageing was in itself a disease, but was increasingly influenced by new pathological and physiological knowledge on ageing and disease, and further developed during the great French clinical era of the latter part of that century. As part of the development of this particular branch of medical science, a gradual categorisation of old age took place, with much credit to the Belgian statistician Quetelet, who may be regarded as the inventor of the category ‘the elderly’ defined by age. The developing biomedical images of old age were given much space in encyclopaedias, dictionaries and popular health literature after 1870. Therefore, the defined existence of old-age limits must also have influenced the legislators responsible for the first national Acts on old- age pension, which now celebrate their centenary.

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3

De Brabanter, Philippe, and Patrick Dendale. "Commitment: The term and the notions." Commitment 22 (December 5, 2008): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.22.01de.

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This volume brings together thoroughly reworked versions of a selection of papers presented at the conference The Notion of Commitment in Linguistics, held at the University of Antwerp in January 2007. It is the companion volume to a collection of essays in French to be published in Langue Française and devoted to La notion de prise en charge. Commitment is a close counterpart toprise en charge, and two contributors, Celle and Lansari, use it essentially as a translation of the French term. However, commitment and its verbal cognates (to commit NP to and to be committed to) do not cover the exact same range of meanings as prise en charge. For a thorough assessment of the French term, we refer readers to the introduction to the Langue Française volume. In the present article, we focus entirely on commitment. The term is widely used in at least three major areas of linguistic enquiry:1 studies on illocutionary acts, studies on modality and evidentiality, and the formal modelling of dialogue/argumentation. In spite of its frequent use, the notion has rarely been theorised and has never been the subject of a monograph or a specialised reader. In keeping with this is the fact that none of the many dictionaries and encyclopaedias of linguistics or philosophy that we have consulted devotes a separate entry to it. Section 1 of this introduction briefly reviews what commitment means in the three fields just mentioned. Now and then, with respect to a particular issue, pointers are given to which articles in this collection have something to say about the issue. In section 2, we take a lexical and syntactic look at the ways in which the contributors to the present volume use the term. In section 3, we outline each of the contributions, with a focus on the role that commitment plays in them.

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4

Tsiborovska-Rymarovych, Iryna. "Vyshnivetsky Castle Library of Prince Mychailo Servaty Vyshnivetsky – Historical Book Heritage and Object of Bibliological and Historical Reconstruction." Bibliotheca Lituana 3 (December 22, 2014): 166–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/bibllita.2014.3.15569.

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The article has as its object the elucidation of the history of the Vyshnivetsky Castle Library, definition of the content of its fund, its historical and cultural significance, correlation of the founder of the Library Mychailo Servaty Vyshnivetsky with the Book.The Vyshnivetsky Castle Library was formed in the Ukrainian historical region of Volyn’, in the Vyshnivets town – “family nest” of the old Ukrainian noble family of the Vyshnivetskies under the “Korybut” coat of arm. The founder of the Library was Prince Mychailo Servaty Vyshnivetsky (1680–1744) – Grand Hetman and Grand Chancellor of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilno Voievoda. He was a politician, an erudite and great bibliophile. In the 30th–40th of the 18th century the main Prince’s residence Vyshnivets became an important centre of magnate’s culture in Rich Pospolyta. M. S. Vyshnivetsky’s contemporaries from the noble class and clergy knew quite well about his library and really appreciated it. According to historical documents 5 periods are defined in the Library’s history. In the historical sources the first place is occupied by old-printed books of Library collection and 7 Library manuscript catalogues dating from 1745 up to the 1835 which give information about quantity and topical structures of Library collection.The Library is a historical and cultural symbol of the Enlightenment epoch. The Enlightenment and those particular concepts and cultural images pertaining to that epoch had their effect on the formation of Library’s fund. Its main features are as follow: comprehensive nature of the stock, predominance of French eighteenth century editions, presence of academic books and editions on orientalistics as well as works of the ideologues of the Enlightenment and new kinds of literature, which generated as a result of this movement – encyclopaedias, encyclopaedian dictionaries, almanacs, etc. Besides the universal nature of its stock books on history, social and political thought, fiction were dominating.The reconstruction of the history of Vyshnivetsky’s Library, the historical analysis of the provenances in its editions give us better understanding of the personality of its owners and in some cases their philanthropic activities, and a better ability to identify the role of this Library in the culture life of society in a certain epoch.

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5

Edwards, John. "Dictionaries, Guides and Encyclopaedias." Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 18, no. 5 (September 1997): 425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01434639708666330.

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6

Crothers, Charles. "Encyclopaedias, Handbooks, Dictionaries, Collections and Companions." International Sociology 23, no. 2 (March 2008): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268580907086372.

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7

Vernengo, Matias. "Crisis and Cycles in Economic Dictionaries and Encyclopaedias." Review of Political Economy 28, no. 4 (September 22, 2016): 630–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09538259.2016.1199635.

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8

Dimand, R. W. "Crises and Cycles in Economic Dictionaries and Encyclopaedias." History of Political Economy 46, no. 2 (May 12, 2014): 339–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-2647540.

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9

Tarp, Sven. "Three Hundred Years of Crisis in Economic Dictionaries and Encyclopaedias." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 25, no. 49 (November 1, 2017): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v25i49.97738.

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This article discusses the book Crises and Cycles in Economic Dictionaries and Encyclopaedias from a lexicographical point of view. Although the book is mainly written to people interested in the history of economics and the evolution of the two concepts mentioned in the title, its fresh approach places it directly, although incidentally, in the on-going discussion on the academic character of lexicography. After briefly presenting the main content of the book, the article discusses the relation between economics and lexicography from various angles. Finally, it points to some elements where the book may contribute to the enrichment of lexicographical theory.

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10

Day, Alan. "Dictionary of Dictionaries and Eminent Encyclopaedias: 2nd edition981Thomas Kabdebo, Neil Armstrong. Dictionary of Dictionaries and Eminent Encyclopaedias: Comprising Dictionaries, Encyclopaedias and Other Selected Wordbooks in English 2nd edition. London: Bowker Saur 1997. vii + 418 pp, ISBN: 1 85739 103 9." Reference Reviews 12, no. 1 (January 1998): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rr.1998.12.1.4.1.

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11

Forges Davanzati, Guglielmo. "Daniele Besomi (ed.), Crises and Cycles in Economic Dictionaries and Encyclopaedias." OEconomia, no. 2-3 (September 1, 2012): 388–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/oeconomia.1354.

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12

B, Kanimozhi. "Political Dhamma explained by eighteen Lesser Texts." International Research Journal of Tamil 1, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 12–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt1912.

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When it comes to political affairs, it is necessary to be familiar with the various dictionaries, encyclopaedias, and commentaries on politics. The basic politics of society, their relevance, the origins of the state, the work of the state, the various forms of governance in the history of mankind, the welfare of the people, how they should act, the Government or Emperor qualifications, characteristics and the crimes and grievances of the state.

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13

Nowak, Magdalena. "Gente Rutheni, natione Poloni in Polish and Ukrainian scholarly encyclopaedias and biographical dictionaries." Studia Historica Gedanensia 10 (2019): 150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23916001hg.19.011.12352.

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Wojan, Katarzyna. "Z dorobku polskiej leksykografii dziedzinowej: botanika." Studia Rossica Gedanensia, no. 4 (December 30, 2017): 485–566. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/srg.2017.4.27.

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On the achievements of Polish specialised lexicography: botanyThe article documents the achievements of Polish lexicographers (terminologists, encyclopaedists, ethnobotanists, herbalists) in botany. It contains a comprehensive list of 831 lexicographic works published in Poland in the years 1472–2017, including terminology dictionaries, encyclopaedias, indexes, glossaries, botanical atlases, alphabetical compendia, guides, etc. The bibliography is comprehensive and annotated. The bibliographical material was extracted from library catalogues of various academic institutions and scientific centres in Poland, catalogues of publications, as wellas from scientific works (monographs, articles) in the field of phytology and ethnobotany.

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15

Chejn, Aleš. "System for Creation of a Dictionary Icelandic-Czech Students’Dictionary." International Journal of Information and Communication Technologies in Education 1, no. 2 (November 1, 2012): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijicte-2012-0007.

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Abstract This article concerns the creation of a lexicographic tool for compiling one-way bilingual dictionaries and encyclopaedias; the tool has served to create the Icelandic-Czech Students' Dictionary. The Introduction explains the aims of the project. The article briefly mentions the history of developing the application Dictionary System as well as the creation of the Icelandic- Czech Students' Dictionary. It also describes the programming methods, explains how the application works and presents its functions. Finally, the article introduces the practical use of the application and the Icelandic-Czech Students' Dictionary.

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16

van Male, Thora. "Ornamental Illustrations in French Dictionaries." Dictionaries: Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America 22, no. 1 (2001): 31–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dic.2001.0001.

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17

Škunca, Jadranka. "FRENCH OENOLOGICAL DICTIONARIES ON THE INTERNET." Tourism and hospitality management 8, no. 1-2 (May 23, 2017): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/thm.8.1-2.18.

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Oenological (wine) dictionaries define the terms of science or study of viniculture. Since France is considered one of the world's foremost authorities on the fine wines, quite a number of oenological dictionaries are French. Fast development of technology has developed new media, such as the Internet, through which it is possible to get quick information on oenological terms. The number of oenological dictionaries on the Internet is constantly increasing. The article gets an insight into the results of a research on present state French oenological dictionaries on the Internet, their number and the way oenological terms are defined.

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18

Labelle, Jacques. "Linguistique comparée, dictionnaires électroniques et INTEX." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 22, no. 1-2 (December 31, 1999): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.22.1-2.07lab.

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The automatic analysis of French texts using intex produces good results as long as the French dictionaries are complete. But Quebec French texts have a lot of linguistic particularities and pose specific problems. So the building of electronic dictionaries of Quebec French is essential. Such dictionaries have been in the process of construction over the last few years. intex appears to be a very efficient tool for comparing dictionaries and finding new words, or new uses of words, that must be added to these dictionaries, before they can be integrated into the intex system.

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19

Jacobshagen, Arnold. "Beethoven im „Brockhaus“." Die Musikforschung 74, no. 3 (September 23, 2021): 210–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.52412/mf.2021.h3.3004.

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Full-length biographies about Ludwig van Beethoven were not published until after the composer's death. During his lifetime, biographical articles in dictionaries and encyclopaedias were therefore a particularly important source of information, since general encyclopaedias achieved a much wider circulation than specialist music publications. The first entry on Beethoven appeared as early as 1790 in Ernst Ludwig Gerber's Historisch-Biographisches Lexicon der Tonkünstler. The most widely read encyclopaedia for the educated middle class was the Conversations-Lexicon oder enzyklopädisches Handwörterbuch für gebildete Stände, first published by Brockhaus in 1809. This paper comparatively examines the articles on Beethoven from the first decades of the 19th century until the eleventh edition of 1863 and with regard to the emergence of typical narratives. It is noteworthy that the early entries on Beethoven, were shorter than those for other contemporary composers, contained false biographic information and were reluctant in their assessment of Beethoven’s oeuvre. This only changes after the composer’s death and raises the question whether, in the eyes of the general reading public, Beethoven really was the predominant musical figure in the first decades of the nineteenth century.

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20

Škunca, Jadranka. "FRENCH TERMINOLOGICAL DICTIONARIES ON THE INTERNET." Tourism and hospitality management 9, no. 2 (December 2003): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/thm.9.2.18.

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Rapid development of technology and globalisation as a result of it, have already changed our lives. This is, however, just the beginning of what is to happen in communication in the years to come. In French language of tourism and hospitality management, among others, there are many enological and gastronomic terms. The exact definitions and explanations of those terms are given in terminological, specialised, i.e. enological/ gastronomic dictionaries. Today the development of communication and information technologies enable us quickly find practically every information on the Internet, including the explanations of terms included in electronic dictionaries displayed on the Internet. The number of those dictionaries increases every day. The article shows the results of our research on monolingual, bilingual and multilingual enological and gastronomic French dictionaries on the Internet.

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21

Male, T. v. "FRENCH WINDOWS: THE ORNAMENTAL HEAD-PRICES IN FRENCH DICTIONARIES." International Journal of Lexicography 14, no. 4 (December 1, 2001): 261–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/14.4.261.

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22

Siepmann, D. "Dictionaries and Spoken Language: A Corpus-Based Review of French Dictionaries." International Journal of Lexicography 28, no. 2 (March 29, 2015): 139–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecv006.

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23

Heuberger, Reinhard. "Corpora as game changers: The growing impact of corpus tools for dictionary makers and users." English Today 32, no. 2 (December 10, 2015): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078415000474.

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English lexicography is undergoing a transformation so profound that both dictionary makers and users need new strategies to cope with the challenges of today's technologies and to take full advantage of their potential. Rundell has rightly stated that dictionaries have finally found their ideal platform in the electronic medium (2012: 15), which provides quicker and more sophisticated access to large data collections that are no longer subject to space restrictions. But the innovations go far beyond storage space and ease of access - customization, hybridization and user-input are amongst the most promising trends in electronic lexicography. Customization means that dictionaries can be adaptable, i.e. manually customized by the user, or even adaptive, i.e. automatically adapted to users’ needs on the basis of their behaviour (Granger, 2012: 4). Paquot lists genre, domain as well as L1 as examples of fruitful areas for customization (2012: 185). In the electronic medium, the barriers between different language resources such as dictionaries, encyclopaedias, databases, writing aids and translation tools are disappearing, a development referred to as hybridization (Granger, 2012: 4). And the concept of user-input is exemplified by the well-known platforms Wiktionary and Urban Dictionary, both of which are online reference works based on contributions by users.

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24

LOVELAND, JEFF. "Animals in British and French Encyclopaedias in the Long Eighteenth Century." Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 33, no. 4 (November 17, 2010): 507–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2010.00320.x.

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25

Olodo al-Shafi’i, Mohammed Muneer´deen Olodo al-Shafi’i Bin. "The Concept of The Intellect: An Encyclopaedic Glance through al-Tabari, al-Ghazali, and Abduh." Jurnal Islam dan Masyarakat Kontemporari 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.37231/jimk.2017.14.1.200.

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It is historically evident that the main arguments regarding the intellect and revelation is basically about which of the two supersedes the other and which is more superior. This paper looks mainly at the concept and understanding of the intellect through some dictionaries and in the major works of the great scholars. The paper further delves into the cognates there are for the intellect in the Qur'an to strengthen the arguments of the scholars. The wok is encyclopaedic though, it should not be misconstrued as depending on solely on 'encyclopaedias' as it generally connotes; it is encyclopaedic in the sense that it deals with major works of the selected scholars. Keywords: Concept, the Intellect, al-Tabari, al-Ghazali, and Abduh, Islamic, obligation, superiority

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26

ALTEHENGER, JENNIFER E. "On Difficult New Terms: The business of lexicography in Mao Era China." Modern Asian Studies 51, no. 3 (May 2017): 622–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x16000147.

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AbstractEntries in Mao Era reference works today serve as windows into the world of words and meanings of a bygone era. Dictionaries and encyclopaedias, though, did not speak with one voice, even under Communist Party control. Lexicography and the question of who would get to publish on and explain the meaning of the ‘new terms’ and ‘new knowledge’ of ‘New China’ were subject to constant debates. Lexicographers, editors, and publishers specialized in the business of setting up categories and, together with readers and state censors, they policed them. Following on their heels, this article examines four moments in Mao Era lexicography, ranging from the early years of transition to Chinese Communist Party rule to the height of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. Internal reports and letter exchanges on the production and circulation of single-volume encyclopaedic dictionaries show who contributed to encyclopaedic work, how it was controlled, and why control and censorship were often far from simple. Taking lexicography seriously as a component of the socialist information economy after 1949 sheds light on complex processes of knowledge transmission that defy simple models of socialist state propaganda.

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27

Shurygina, Elena Nikolaevna. "THE LINGUOCOGNITIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONCEPT “AMERICAN INDIVIDUALISM” (USING THE MATERIAL OF ENGLISH MONOLINGUAL DICTIONARIES AND ENCYCLOPAEDIAS)." Sovremennye issledovaniya sotsialnykh problem, no. 10 (January 2, 2015): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2218-7405-2014-10-5.

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28

Grabowska, Monika. "Les dictionnaires dans l’apprentissage du fle en pologne : état des lieux." Romanica Wratislaviensia 63 (October 11, 2016): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0557-2665/63.5.

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USE OF DICTIONARIES IN TEACHING FRENCH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE IN POLAND: BASELINE STUDY The paper focuses on the use of the dictionaries in the context of French as a foreign language in Poland. We assume, according to the Common European Framework and some other theoretical studies, that a dictionary is not only a learning tool but also a text which implies strategies of use. Consequently we consider that the learners should be provided with full-fledged dictionary skills which would make them able to explore the totality of linguistic and cultural richness of a dictionary. Unfortunately, we can prove that the use of dictionaries particularly the monolingual ones is not frequently integrated as a didactic goal in the French handbooks. Eventually, the analysis of 133 students’ surveys highlights some of the shortcomings and deficiencies in their practice of monoligual dictionaries. Their linguistic biographies emphasize the need of teaching advantages and disadvantages of different kinds of dictionaries and the special features of their micro- and macrostructure.

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Ucherek, Witold. "Les listes de noms propres dans les dictionnaires généraux polonais-français et français-polonais." Romanica Wratislaviensia 63 (October 11, 2016): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0557-2665/63.8.

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LISTS OF PROPER NOUNS IN POLISH-FRENCH AND FRENCH-POLISH GENERAL DICTIONARIES The paper deals with the lists of proper names found in 22 Polish-French and/or French-Polish dictionaries out of the 45 dictionaries investigated, including dictionaries of different sizes published over the last 150 years. The lists most often include geographical names, gentilics and first names. A popular practice is to include certain items in the main body of the dictionary and to list other items in appendices; sometimes, these two sets of proper names overlap, which is incoherent. In addition to the quite evident information on spelling, the analysed lists may provide phonetic, grammatical, stylistic or encyclopedic data. However, the accumulation of such information, very valuable for users, transforms the lists into a succession of entries. That is why, instead of striving for originality by putting together lists of such exotic terms as Zodiac signs or celestial bodies, it would be better to incorporate proper names into the macrostructure.

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30

THORNTON, JOHN. "DICTIONARIES AND KONGO HISTORY Langues, culture et histoire Koongo aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, à travers les documents linguistiques. Par JEAN DE DIEU NSONDÉ. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1995. Pp. 249. FF140, paperback (ISBN 2-7384-3953-5)." Journal of African History 38, no. 1 (March 1997): 123–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853796416905.

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The core of this interesting book is an attempt to discern outlines of Kongo culture from the dictionaries left behind by the French mission to Kakongo between 1768 and 1776. These dictionaries, which are found in London, Paris, Rome, Besançon and Genoa, are both French to Kikongo and Kikongo to French and sometimes run to more than 700 pages, often containing examples of usage as well as the words themselves. Indeed, when one considers the seventeenth-century linguistic materials, such as the dictionary (utilized by Nsondé) and the catechism (not used) and the excellent modern dictionaries of Laman and Bentley, Kikongo is one of the rare African languages that can be effectively documented over a three-century period.

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Jonas, Raymond A., David H. Pinkney, Samuel F. Scott, Barry Rothaus, Owen Connelly, Edgar Leon Newman, William E. Echard, and Patrick H. Hutton. "The Greenwood Press's Historical Dictionaries of French History." French Historical Studies 15, no. 2 (1987): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/286270.

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Knudsen, Ann-Christina L., and Karen Gram-Skjoldager. "Historiography and narration in transnational history." Journal of Global History 9, no. 1 (February 12, 2014): 143–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022813000533.

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AbstractThe ‘transnational turn’ has been one of the most widely debated historiographical directions in the past decade or so. This article explores one of its landmark publications: The Palgrave dictionary of transnational history (2009), which presents around 400 entries on transnational history written by around 350 authors from some 25 countries. Drawing on narrative theory and the sociology of knowledge, the article develops an extensive quantitative and qualitative analysis of the most prominent narrative structures that can be found across the Dictionary, thus piecing together a coherent historiographical portrait of the book's many and multifarious entries. In doing so the article wishes to demonstrate a possible methodology for analysing the growing body of reference works – in the form of dictionaries, encyclopaedias, and handbooks – that are currently mushrooming in expanding research areas across the social sciences and the humanities such as international relations, governance, and globalization studies.

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Cleves, Rachel Hope. "Vocabula Amatoria: A Glossary of French Culinary Sex Terms." American Historical Review 125, no. 4 (October 2020): 1323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa450.

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Abstract John Stephen Farmer’s Vocabula Amatoria, published in 1896, is a French-English erotic dictionary that is a gold mine of popular sexual discourse. Farmer, editor of a seven-volume dictionary of English slang, based Vocabula Amatoria on three French erotic dictionaries published between 1861 and 1869 by Auguste Scheler, Alfred Delvau, and Jules Choux. The first of the three drew on literary sources, but Delvau’s and Choux’s dictionaries incorporated vernacular that they encountered in Paris’s cafés, cabarets, theaters, and brothels. Farmer’s translations also integrated English slang from the late nineteenth century that he either had collected for his dictionaries or had learned through his work as a journalist and editor living on the margins of respectability. Many of the French sexual idioms collected in Vocabula Amatoria incorporate food metaphors—for example, likening the penis to root vegetables, or the vagina to cooking tools. The English idioms are less food focused. Farmer’s dictionary is a valuable source for understanding the differences between French and English popular attitudes toward food and sex in the late nineteenth century.

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Škunca, Jadranka. "INTERNET DICTIONARIES OF TERMS IN FRENCH FOR TOURISM INDUSTRY." Tourism and hospitality management 9, no. 1 (2003): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/thm.9.1.16.

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In the last twenty years the computer has become the main means of access to highly specialized knowledge and also a protected way of transmission of information in the field of science, technics, literature and arts. The process started by the computerization of librarian catalogues as well by linking of big publishers onto database as PASCAL. Publishers of specialized journals, of press, professional associations and publishing houses made their publications accessible on the computer network, they listed and created their own archives and also made possible the access to research centres, scientific and research workers, publishers and interested readers. In this research work we tried to look up the dictionaries of terms in the field of tourism industry, in French, in the electronic form. Nowadays, the dictionaries of terms can be found in Internet and they are accessible to a wide range of users because they are easily and quickly obtainable. We made a research of various dictionaries of terms in the field of tourism industry in French and the most interesting ones were described.

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35

Le Serrec, Annaïch, Marie-Claude L'Homme, Patrick Drouin, and Olivier Kraif. "Automating the compilation of specialized dictionaries." Terminology 16, no. 1 (May 10, 2010): 77–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.16.1.04les.

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In this paper, we study how single-word term extraction and bilingual lexical alignment can be used and combined to assist terminologists when they compile bilingual specialized dictionaries. Two specific tools — namely a term extractor called TermoStat and a sentence and lexical aligner called Alinea — are tested in a specific project the aim of which is the development of an English-French dictionary on climate change. We analyze the results of lexical alignment based on a typology of terminology equivalents. We first extracted French candidate terms that were then submitted to the lexical aligner. The results show that the use of these tools proves to be a valuable asset for compiling bilingual dictionaries. Most equivalents provided by the aligner were valid and the tool was able to locate several valid English equivalents (some of which were structurally different) for candidate terms.

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Rothwell, William. "The semantic field of Old French Astele: the pitfalls of the medieval gloss in lexicography." Journal of French Language Studies 12, no. 2 (July 2002): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095926950200025x.

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The case of astele is used in this article to demonstrate how Old French organized its semantic fields differently from the modern language, with more synonymy and polysemy. Consequently, dictionaries of Old French need to take account of this situation when compiling their entries if they are to reflect accurately the semantic organization of the language rather than that of modern French. This raises the question of the use to be made of the thousands of multilingual glosses which, in line with this medieval linguistic attitude, are liable to be dismissed as vague or inaccurate and so excluded from dictionaries.

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Wysłobocki, Tomasz. "La révolution française dans les dictionnaires ou les dictionnaires en révolution." Romanica Wratislaviensia 63 (October 11, 2016): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0557-2665/63.10.

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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION IN DICTIONARIES: DICTIONARIES IN REVOLUTION When the French Revolution begins, nobody seems to be prepared for such a political and social rupture. Language first tries to adapt to the changing conditions — new words appear, which is a necessity of the moment, to reflect new realities as well as to build a national community based on the same new values and symbols. At the beginning these words remain largely unknown or do not understand exactly what all the politicians debate about. Some old terms also change their conventional signification. A number of dictionaries are edited then to explain those new words to the people, as the revolutionary authorities soon realize that this must become a priority. These reerence books show nevertheless a subjective vision of the Revolution. The aim of this article is to recount the narration of those dictionaries in, of course, a very limited perspective.

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Gencărău, Oana Aurelia, and Ștefan Gencărău. "The Prefacial Discourse of the Bilingual French-Romanian/Romanian-French 19th Century Dictionaries." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 64, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2019.3.09.

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Trombert-Paviot, Beatrice, Alan Rector, Robert Baud, Pieter Zanstra, Caroline Martin, Egbert van der Haring, Lucienne Clavel, and Jean Marie Rodrigues. "The Development of CCAM: The New French Coding System of Clinical Procedures." Health Information Management 31, no. 1 (March 2003): 2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/183335830303100103.

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A new French coding system of clinical procedures, the Classification Commune Des Actes Medicaux (CCAM), has been developed at the turn of the millennium (between 1996 and 2001). Two methodologies were used: a traditional domain-experts consensus method, and an artificial-intelligence-based semantic representation. An economic evaluation of clinical procedures was also undertaken for the rating for fee-for-service payment. We present the methodologies used and stress how the European Union research project, ‘European Consortium, Generalised Architecture for Languages, Encyclopaedias and Nomenclatures in Medicine’ (GALEN), facilitated the sharing and maintaining of consistent medical knowledge. This country case study highlights the significant cost to individual countries in developing their own classifications in isolation. It also demonstrates the benefits of contributing to international efforts such as GALEN that enable harmonisation, yet still allow for diversity.

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Pryimak, Dmytro. "Exotic Plural Forms of Foreign Currency Names in English, French, and Italian: Grammatical, Lexicographical, and Translation (from/into Ukrainian) Perspectives." Studies About Languages, no. 35 (December 5, 2019): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.0.35.21962.

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This article analysed exotic plural forms of loanwords denoting foreign currency names in the English, French, and Italian languages, the specificities of their translation from/into Ukrainian and presentation in Ukrainian bilingual dictionaries. The findings of the research prove that there is no unequivocal approach to the use of either exotic or adapted plurals in the names of foreign currencies and coins in English, French, and Italian. The analysis of academic materials within this research allows a recommendation to consult dictionaries for correct exotic plural forms in all the three languages, recognising the appropriateness of the adaptation of borrowed plurals to the native morphological model in the French and Italian languages. In Ukrainian translations and the presentation in Ukrainian bilingual dictionaries, this approach should be preserved, with additional information provided on the donor language from which the exotic form was borrowed to ease the reader’s comprehension and choice of the plural to be used.

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Laer, C. J. P. van, and Tom van Laer. "The shortage of legal dictionaries translating European languages." Terminology 13, no. 1 (June 1, 2007): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.13.1.06lae.

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This article is intended to shed light on the availability and distribution of legal dictionaries that translate European languages. The premise of this article is that the enlargement of the European Union has increased the shortage of bilingual dictionaries. To verify this premise, statistics have been applied to a representative corpus which consists of 159 bilingual law dictionaries with terms from two or more legal languages used in the EU. This rather unique approach of applying statistics to a complete corpus shows that only 15% of the needed dictionaries really exist. This is a very small percentage. In particular, dictionaries for the legal languages of the new Member States are not sufficiently available. Compared to the fifteen old Member States, the ten new Member States possess a lesser number of relevant dictionaries. As long as bilingual dictionaries do not offer direct links between all legal languages, German, rather than French, has to be considered as a relay language on an equal footing with English.

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Lee, Hyunjoo. "Study on the de/regrouping and arrangement of meanings in dictionaries - focusing on Korean and French dictionaries -." LINGUA HUMANITATIS 23, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 121–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.16945/2021231121.

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Forges Davanzati, Guglielmo. "Besomi Daniele (ed.), Crises and Cycles in Economic Dictionaries and Encyclopaedias Abingdon-New York, Routledge, 2011, 676 pages, ISBN: 978-0415499033." OEconomia 2012, no. 03 (September 2012): 388–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4074/s2113520712013084.

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Pivaut, Laurent. "Les Dictionnaires Électroniques." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 117–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.13.1.05piv.

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The constitution of electronic dictionaries, i.e., directly usable by a computer, leads to several difficulties both linguistic and computational. The content of such dictionaries (entries and rules) must be defined in a precise and exhaustive way, using linguistic criteria, and must be based on an extensive description of the French language (or at least on a description of a specific domain of French, e.g. sports). Information must be systematic and consistent. When this analysis is done, there remains a problem with the representation of data. Different solutions are considered, such as lists or matrices. The method suggested here for representing compound words uses the simple mathematical model of a finite automaton.

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Nelyubova, Nataliya Yu. "Specificity of Value Orientations of Native Speakers of French and Russian and Their Representation in Proverbs (Based on Dictionaries)." Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, no. 5 (October 10, 2020): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2227-6564-v051.

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This paper presents a linguo-axiological analysis of French and Russian proverbs based on identifying value orientations and creating their hierarchy by studying the names and quantitative dominance of various thematic groups in authentic paroemiological dictionaries. Identification of value orientations allows us to reveal both common features of ethnic groups, which are of interest in the era of globalization and mutual influence of languages and cultures, and specific ones, contributing to the preservation of national identity. The novelty of this research compared to the author’s previous studies lies in the use of two additional lexicographic sources (one French and one Russian). The examined material of the four dictionaries includes more than 30,000 proverbial units. The analysis revealed the presence of a large number of common topics (which can occupy different positions in the value hierarchy of the ethnic groups under study) not only in dictionaries of the same language, but in all four sources. The names of the categories and their quantitative composition allow us to define French culture as individualist, while Russian culture, as collectivist. When constructing a hierarchy, it is important to turn to a larger number of dictionaries and identify common proverbial units in them to avoid the influence of the subjective factor, which is the case when naming and forming categories, as well as of the researcher’s individual approach to the proportion of category names to their corresponding values. The expanding vocabulary and studies on evaluativity in proverbs aiming to identify value and anti-value components within various topics can be used for further research.

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Kvašīte, Regīna. "Latvijas reģionu nosaukumi lietuviešu valodā." Vārds un tā pētīšanas aspekti: rakstu krājums = The Word: Aspects of Research: conference proceedings, no. 24 (December 2, 2020): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/vtpa.2020.24.090.

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The aim of the research is to find out the rendering and usage of Latvian names of regions, singled out according to various criteria, in the Lithuanian language. Dictionaries, encyclopaedias, press issues, and information for tourists published in Latvia and other non-artistic texts, both written in Lithuanian or Latvian and translated into Lithuanian, were chosen as sources for the investigation. The names of the five regions of Latvia, Kurzeme, Latgale, Sēlija, Vidzeme, Zemgale, are characteristic of a quite diverse rendering and usage in the Lithuanian language. Systematically (and synchronically) assessing, the priority in giving a Latvian name of the region of Kurzeme the equivalent in Lithuanian Kuržemė as having a particular tradition of usage would be emphasised. However, recently, the growing popularity of the place name Kuršas in both historical and contemporary contexts is observed. Traditional and wide-spread equivalents are used in the following cases: the place name Vidzeme is rendered as Vidžemė and Latgale as Latgala; moreover, the usage of a Lithuanian equivalent Sėla being close to the name of the Latvian territory is suitable. A region of Southern Latvia, Zemgale, is most often named Žiemgala in Lithuanian. Nevertheless, in rare cases, other instances of the usage of these names, not always correct, were observed. The comparison of the names of regions demonstrates that the rendering of Latvian place names in Lithuanian is changing in both dictionaries and texts. Moreover, it is observed that it is difficult to render a Latvian word novads in Lithuanian since it is used as both a synonym of a borrowing reģions and a name of a territorial administrative division (in a colloquial meaning, the Lithuanian equivalent nuovadas would be suitable).

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Corsi, Pietro. "What do you mean by a periodical? Forms and functions." Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science 70, no. 4 (September 21, 2016): 325–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2016.0028.

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The word ‘periodical’ immediately calls to mind huge stacks of bound volumes neatly arranged on library shelves. Yet, in historical terms, it would be hard to claim that ‘periodical’ is a word endowed with a definite and univocal connotation. Even the criterion of ‘periodicity’ leaves a lot out of account. Forms historically assumed by periodicals often envisaged regular schedules of appearance, but this was often more of a wish than a reality. Thus, great care needs to be taken in accepting at face value the dating of issues and volumes. Scientific periodicals, whether purely professional or purely commercial (and the many forms in between), existed in given historical circumstances and had to compete with different and alternative forms of publication which were also issued in instalments (especially dictionaries and encyclopaedias). They were not the only or even the preferred vehicle for a scientist to communicate or engage in debate. The role of the reading public, in science as well as in many other matters, was never one of a passive receiver: during the long nineteenth century, in several countries, readers claimed the right to intervene in scientific debates, and favoured publications that appeared to accommodate their demands.

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Komnenović, Milan. "The role, position and importance of boarding schools in the education system." Zbornik radova Pedagoskog fakulteta, Uzice, no. 22 (2020): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfu2022067k.

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This article focuses on the role and position of secondary boarding schools in the education system of the Republic of Serbia. This article begins with illustrating the dormitory and boarding school concepts within the legal framework. Namely, the aim is to explain the way in which a dormitory is defined within the law and rule books, as well as the concrete legal framework which regulates this part of education. Further, the article illustrates the dormitory and boarding school concepts using pedagogical dictionaries and encyclopaedias, as well as the articles of the authors from the region. All the roles that a dormitory has as an institution are presented; respectively, the contemporary functions such as the social, pedagogical, psychological and other functions are shown. Additionally, the article shows the hypothesized educational approach to work in dormitories, and it analyzes and presents the current rule book about the fundamentals of the education program in dormitories pertaining to the aim of elaborating the position and role of these educational institutions, as well as the importance of these establishments for students within the framework of the adequate education they receive outside their homes.

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최지인. "Practical Works for the Presentation of Neologisms in French - Korean Dictionaries." Journal of Mediterranean Area Studies 18, no. 1 (February 2016): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18218/jmas.2016.18.1.1.

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Williams, Deanne. "Mary Tudor's French Tutors: Renaissance Dictionaries and the Language of Love." Dictionaries: Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America 21, no. 1 (2000): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dic.2000.0013.

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