Journal articles on the topic 'Encyclopedia Britannica'

Reforming of education requires updating its content and methodological components, including didactic toolkits. In a broad sense, the proposed study is concerned with the design and implementation of a wide range of educational tools in the educational process. In a narrow sense, it identifies the opportunities and prospects of using encyclopedic online resources as a didactic toolkit. These issues are covered on the example of the e-version of The Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine. The idea of using electronic encyclopedias in the educational process is not new. Researchers suggest that thematic encyclopedias are very important in the teaching of certain subjects. The introduction of encyclopedias into teaching is a contemporary trend initiated by the publishers of the world’s largest encyclopedias. For example, the popular Encyclopedia Britannica has recently become available in three online versions: for primary school students (Britannica Kids), middle school students (Britannica Students), and high school students (Britannica Scholars). This study demonstrates that the Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine a) can be a platform for providing encyclopedic knowledge in a subject; b) can be a didactic tool that increases the effectiveness of learning; c) can be used as a source of information for in-depth study of topics in various subjects. Thus, electronic encyclopedias (in particular the online-version of the Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine) provide significant opportunities for successful study of educational material, focusing on the most important aspects of educational topics and creating conditions for systematization and generalization of information, as well as actively involving students in self-study, arousing their interest in learning and generally increasing their motivation.

Purpose This paper aims to explore the recent history of the Encyclopedia Britannica: how its contents evolved over the course of the twentieth and early twenty-first century, how technological changes almost led to its demise and its transformation from a print to an online source. Design/methodology/approach This paper traces Britannica’s history during most of the twentieth century to today using relevant literature. It also examines how Britannica’s editors used continuous revision to edit numerous print editions throughout most of the twentieth century. The author used both print and online versions of the Britannica to track how particular entries changed or remained the same over a 106-year span. Findings Although many Britannica entries did not change for decades, it still managed to update numerous encyclopedic articles in an age before computers and instant editing. Britannica persisted despite challenges to its existence that resulted from technological changes and imprudent business decisions. On the eve of its 250th birthday, Britannica has managed to survive as an online product that continues to educate new generations of researchers. Originality/value This paper examines a subject that has been explored in the past but not in recent years. Despite previous missteps and competition from Wikipedia and other online reference tools, this paper argues that Britannica still has relevance today.

Though digital media have unquestionably affected the features and functions of modern encyclopedias, such works also continue to be shaped by factors thoroughly conventional by the end of the historical Enlightenment. As William Smellie, editor of the first Encyclopædia Britannica (1768-71) wrote, “utility ought to be the principal intention of every publication. Wherever this intention does not plainly appear, neither the books nor their authors have the smallest claim to the approbation of mankind.” The “instructional designers” and “user-experience specialists” of the online Britannica are the inheritors of all those authors and editors who before and after Smellie’s time devised different plans and methods intended to maximize the utility of their works. The definition of utility and with it the nature of encyclopedic knowledge continues to change both because of and despite technological difference; if digitization has in some ways advanced the ideals of Enlightenment encyclopedias, then it has in other ways allowed for the re-inscription of certain flaws and limitations that encyclopedias like the Britannica were specifically designed to overcome. By examining not only what one might read in the encyclopedia but also the ways in which one might read it, this article demonstrates the extent to which the notion of encyclopedic utility depends on historical context.

Today, humans have the phase of the social organization evolution, in which information, communication technologies, and knowledge are fundamental objects of production, as well as the digital environment is an important space for the development of society. There are problems of people’s digital literacy actualized by the increasing role of the existing and growing in information and knowledge in society from Internet environment. This study illustrates the issue of getting digital literacy using online encyclopedic resources on the case about informing the pandemic of coronavirus disease COVID-19 worldwide in 2019-2020. Based on analysis of the mentioned virological topic articles of the national encyclopedias of Europe (Britannica, Brockhaus, Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine, Great Norwegian Encyclopedia, Wikipedia, etc.) the conclusion is made that encyclopedic knowledge is inert and during the pandemic, it has a low practical role for the needs of humans in the context of safe behavior and right decisions. However, Wikipedia differs from other national online encyclopedias by offering much more information including that is not commonly found in classical encyclopedias, but is useful to readers.

Representing aboutness is a challenge for humanities documents, given the linguistic indeterminacy of the text. The challenge is even greater when applying automatic indexing to historical documents for a multidisciplinary collection, such as encyclopedias. The research presented in this paper explores this challenge with an automatic indexing comparative study examining topic relevance. The setting is the NEH-funded 19th-Century Knowledge Project, where researchers in the Digital Scholarship Center, Temple University, and the Metadata Research Center, Drexel University, are investigating the best way to index entries across four historical editions of the Encyclopedia Britannica (3rd, 7th, 9th, and 11th editions). Individual encyclopedia entry entries were processed using the Helping Interdisciplinary Vocabulary Engineering (HIVE) system, a linked-data, automatic indexing terminology application that uses controlled vocabularies. Comparative topic relevance evaluation was performed for three separate keyword extraction algorithms: RAKE, Maui, and Kea++. Results show that RAKE performed the best, with an average of 67% precision for RAKE, and 28% precision for both Maui and Kea++. Additionally, the highest-ranked HIVE results with both RAKE and Kea++ demonstrated relevance across all sample entries, while Maui’s highest-ranked results returned zero relevant terms. This paper reports on background information, research objectives and methods, results, and future research prospects for further optimization of RAKE’s algorithm parameters to accommodate for encyclopedia entries of different lengths, and evaluating the indexing impact of correcting the historical Long S.

The existence of Israel generates many discourses in so many media and in various points of view. One of the media writing about Israel is Britannica, an internationally high-reputed encyclopedia. Since the intellectual competence is embedded to Britannica, every article published in it may be considered as academically correct. This paper is aimed at analyzing the patterns of Israeli representation in Britannica by applying corpus-based critical discourse analysis (a method combining critical discourse analysis and linguistic corpus). The patterns are analyzed from the concordance of a key word “Israeli(s)” and the collocation around the key word. The results of the study showed that Britannica represents Israel as a powerful military force, as a country that runs democracy, as a country with complete governmental institutions, as one of the main actors of regional conflict, and as the side which affords the conflict end. The patterns found tend to be paradoxical each other because the bad and good side of Israel are represented interwovenly. It implies that Britannica does not construct Israel as entirely black or white.

Therapeutics is defined as the treatment and care of a patient to both prevent and combat disease and injury in the online Encyclopedia Britannica. This encyclopedia is an attempt to gather many of the treatments applied in institutions for the mentally ill (insane), using the writings of proponents and practitioners of these treatments. While a few of the therapies described and documented in this encyclopedia appear to be humane and well intentioned (Hydrotherapy—beach bathing), many others appear to be punitive and even sadistic when compared to contradictory views at the times and definitely so in light of current modern understandings of mental illness. Some forms of hydrotherapy such as douche, drenching, mustard bath, etc. might be considered torture.

In his seminal 1959 lecture “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” Richard Feynman has put forward two challenges [1] .The first was to shrink letters to a size, which allowed writing the whole Encyclopedia Britannica on the head of a pin - which was achieved in 1985 [2].The second challenge read: “It is my intention to offer a prize of $1,000 to the first guy who makes a rotating electric motor which can be controlled from the outside and, not counting the lead-in wires, is only 1/64th inch cubed” [1].

The authors present the results of the research carried out in the 2016/2018 academic years among 338 students earning BA in the English language and literature regarded in our study as future philologists. Experimental work was conducted at four higher educational institutions in Ukraine. The aim of the study was to find out the influence of open educational resources for learning English on the development of future philologists’ instrumental values. We used methods of mathematical statistics, computer data processing and a descriptive method for interpreting experimental data. The authors theoretically substantiate and practically prove the efficiency of the use of open educational resources for learning English which influence the development of future philologists’ instrumental values necessary for adequate evaluating own activity and meeting various real-life and professional challenges. These open educational resources are The Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine, Encyclopedia Britannica, The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, Learn English. The results obtained in the experimental and control groups are compared and conclusions on the efficiency of the use of open educational resources for learning English in the educational process of higher education institutions in the context of development of future philologists’ instrumental values are drawn.

The basic terms underlying the theory of emergency management are analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of official definitions are considered, in particular, the data in the law of 21.12.1994 No. 68-FZ (Federal Law), in GOST (State Standard) R 22.0.02-2016, as well as in the number of authoritative foreign sources (Webster's dictionary, encyclopedia Britannica, Cambridge dictionary, Oxford dictionary, documents of the European Commission, etc.). The consequences of the legislative definition of an emergency in No. 68-FZ are investigated. The etymological, epistemological and gnoseological basis of the concepts of emergency, safety and danger, risk and uncertainty are analyzed. There is a great deal of variation in the interpretation of the concepts of safety and danger in sources of different origin and the illegality of mixing or substituting these concepts.

Enciklopedička djela čine sintezu znanja područja koje obrađuju, nerijetko i ukupnih ljudskih dosega u vremenu u kojem nastaju. Važan dio njihova koncepta čini strukturiranost sadržaja radi lakšega pronalaženja, razumijevanja i korištenja željenom informacijom. Važan element te strukturiranosti mogu činiti unificirani tablični prikazi podataka. ovaj rad istražuje zastupljenost, način organizacije i funkcionalnost tabličnih prikaza u nizu enciklopedičkih djela, a osobito onih za koja je utvrđeno da se koriste tabličnim prikazima kao elementima strukturiranosti. Istraživanje je provedeno na svjetskim enciklopedičkim izdanjima (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Americana, Chambersʼs Encyclopaedia, World Book Encyclopedia, Brockhaus Enzyklopädie, La Grande Encyclopédie, Wikipedija) te projektima hrvatske enciklopedike (Hrvatska enciklopedija, Proleksis enciklopedija i Hrvatska tehnička enciklopedija). Sadržajnom analizom enciklopedičkih projekata utvrđeni su zastupljenost i sadržaj tabličnih prikaza te različitosti i sličnosti vrsta tih prikaza i njihova sadržaja. Također, analizirane su funkcionalnosti takva oblika strukturiranoga sadržaja u mrežnim izdanjima nekih projekata. Pokazalo se kako unificirani tablični prikazi koji prate pojedine tipske članke najviše pridonose strukturiranosti enciklopedičkih djela te otvaraju nove mogućnosti za unutarnje i vanjsko povezivanje sadržaja, razvoja ontologija i sl. evolucija tabličnih prikaza u enciklopedičkim izdanjima, od pukih prikaza usustavljenih podataka u tradicionalnim (tiskanim) izdanjima do sastavnica elemenata strukture mrežnih izdanja, otvara nove mogućnosti u razvoju enciklopedike i dovodi do promjena u pristupu izvedbi mrežnih enciklopedičkih projekata.

Introdution Wikipedia is one of the most visited knowledge resources in the world. The Alexa traffic rankings put it at number 7, well above the New York Times (104), the BBC (106), the Library of Congress (1,175), and the venerable Encyclopedia Britannica (3711) (Alexa, 2016). As historian Roy Rosenzweig puts it, Wikipedia has become "perhaps the largest work of online historical writing, the most widely read work of digital history, and the most important free historical resource on the World Wide Web" (Rosenzweig 2006, p. 52). Wikipedia has become so ingrained in our everyday search for information that users rarely give thought to the mechanisms and agency underneath its production of knowledge: who produces its content? And what visible and invisible structures govern this production? Indeed, we have come to take its presence for granted to a degree that editorial contributions to many Wikipedia pages are in fact stagnating (Wikipedia, n.p.; Ford, 2011).

The death of the encyclopaedia is increasingly reported in connection with the abandonment of hard copy reference publishing, the dispersal of library reference collections and the preference for end-users to seek information from search engines and social media. Yet this particular form of the book evolved in a very specific way to meet the needs of knowledge-seekers, needs which persist and perhaps flourish in an age of information curiosity. This article uncovers what is meant by ‘encyclopaedia’ by those who produce and use them. Based on survey and interview research carried out with publishers, librarians and higher education students, it demonstrates that certain physical features and qualities are associated with the encyclopaedia and continue to be valued by them. Having identified these qualities, the article then explores whether they apply to three incidences of electronic encyclopaedias, Britannica Online, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy and Wikipedia. Could it be that rather than falling into obsolescence, their valued qualities are being adopted by online forms of knowledge provision?

AbstractThis paper explores the status of language and suffering in recovery from psychosis from a transcendentally-informed phenomenological perspective. We suggest that each of these concepts can apply both to the illness itself and to the person with the illness. The relationship between the two will be one focus of this discussion. The other focus will be on the various ways in which phenomenological approaches to psychopathology have understood the nature of this relationship; a relationship characterized by different meanings of the term "immanence." Drawing inspiration from a Borges poem and from Husserl's debate with Heidegger over the content of his "Phenomenology" article for the Encyclopedia Britannica, we argue that it is misleading, as well as unhelpful, to continue to focus on deficits and dysfunction while ignoring the person's hopes, strengths, assets, and agency. As long as there remains no cure for psychosis, we conclude that it is more effective to promote recovery among people with psychosis than to remain focused on reducing, minimizing, or eliminating their disorder.

Tribalism is coined from ‘tribes’, an alternative word for ethnic or linguistic groups or in some countries ‘nation’ or ‘nationality’. Tribes supply a lot of Nigeria’s diversity providing traditional costumes, dress, music, dancing, indigenous language, arts, folklore, religion, all of which can constitute an asset to a people. It is naturally regarded as a small group, a human social organization defined by ‘traditions of common descent’ having temporary or permanent political integration above the family level with a shared language, culture or ideology. Encyclopedia Britannica asserts that tribe members ‘share a tribe name in a contiguous territory, and engage in joint endeavours such as trade, agriculture, house construction, warfare, economic and business activities and warfare. They often stay in small cluster-communities which can grow into large communities and even a nation. This paper attempts to critically examine the multiple play-outs of Nigeria’s many tribes and nationalities during and after colonialism, the intricate connection between tribalism and politics, leadership and the evolution of the Nigerian polity, the grievous harm as well as advantages of tribalism to Nigeria’s evolution. The tribe is always a major factor in the country and in its people. It ends with specific prognosis and a few recommendations.

Abstract Importance First-rank symptoms (FRS), proposed by Kurt Schneider in 1939, subsequently became influential in schizophrenia diagnosis. We know little of their prehistory. How often were FRS described before 1939 and in which countries and time periods? Which FRS was most frequently noted? Observations Forty psychiatric texts from 37 authors, published 1810–1932, were identified that described FRS. In a systematic subsample, half of the textbooks examined contained such descriptions with little differences between countries or over time. Somatic passivity was most commonly noted, followed by thought insertion, thought withdrawal, and made actions. This pattern resembled that reported in recent studies of schizophrenia. A novel term—delusions of unseen agency—was seen in psychiatric texts and then found, from 1842 to 1905, in a range of official reports, and psychiatric, medical, and general audience publications. The Early Heidelberg School (Gruhle, Mayer-Gross, Beringer) first systematically described “self-disturbances” (Ichstörungen), many of which Schneider incorporated into FRS. Conclusions and Relevance From the beginning of Western descriptive psychopathology in the early 19th century, symptoms have been observed later described as first-rank by Schneider. A term “delusion of unseen agency”—closely related to Schneider’s first-rank concept—was popular in the second half of the 19th century and described in publications as prominent as the Encyclopedia Britannica and New England Journal of Medicine. The descriptions of these specific symptoms, with substantial continuity, over more than 2 centuries and many countries, suggest that an understanding of their etiology would teach us something foundational about the psychotic illness.

Введение. Количественные и качественные изменения словарного состава современного английского языка и регулярное появление обширных неогенных сегментов лексики в его составе не только свидетельствуют о его жизнеспособности, но и являются прямыми доказательствами его динамичной эволюции в современном мире, давно обогнавшей другие языки по показателям тенденций развития в синхронной перспективе. Сообразуясь с инновациями в специальных отраслях знаний, современный английский язык автоматически выступает языком-лексикализатором для новообразующихся ономасиологических структур, одной и которых является лексико-семантическое поле «Интеллектуальные энергетические системы». Материал и методы. Материальной базой послужил авторский исследовательский корпус лексических единиц (всего 1 144 единицы), отобранных из аутентичных научно-технических изданий на английском языке в сфере интеллектуальных энергетических систем за период с 2015 по 2019 г. Статус неологизма в соответствующем сегменте корпуса определяется на основе лемматических статей таких репрезентативных лексикографических справочников современного английского языка, как Dictionary of Mechanical Engineering, Dictionary of Technical Terms, Electropedia, Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia of Energy Engineering and Technology, Engineering Dictionary, Power Engineering Dictionary, Cambridge Dictionary, Collins Online Dictionary, Urban Dictionary и др. В качестве рационально-эмпирической платформы исследования выступает структурно-системный подход, позволяющий интерпретировать структурные зависимости лексических множеств как систему (подсистему) элементов, а сам язык – как структурно-системное образование. Для определения степени неологизации лексико-семантического поля «Интеллектуальные энергетические системы» в составе современного английского языка использованы традиционные методы логики (анализ, синтез, сравнение, сопоставление, обобщение, противопоставление и пр.), методы статистики (квантитативный метод, метод группировки) и лингвистические методы, к которым относятся дескриптивный и структурные методы (метод компонентного анализа и непосредственных составляющих). Результаты и обсуждение. Процесс появления терминологических новообразований идет непрерывно на фоне значительного запоздания их лексикографической фиксации. На основе данных квантитативного и сравнительно-сопоставительного анализа выявлены темпы прироста тематических групп неогенными элементами и их локализация в исследуемом лексико-семантическом поле. Определение особенностей дистрибуции лексических новообразований позволяет спрогнозировать тенденции формирования терминологического аппарата сферы интеллектуальных энергетических систем в современном английском языке. В тематических группах преобладают двух- и трехкомпонентные терминонеологизмы, образованные при помощи композиционной словообразовательной модели, реализующей их номинативную функцию и стремление к детализации предлагаемых номинаций. Лексическое наполнение указанного поля идет фактически по межам увеличения и сокращения лексической длины конституирующих его единиц, отражающих актуальные тенденции развития словарного состава современного английского языка. Заключение. Анализ структуры лексико-семантического поля «Интеллектуальные энергетические системы» позволяет сделать вывод, что в ходе его генеза периферийная зона образовывалась вокруг ядерной и центральной полевых структур и содержит языковой материал, импортированный из смежных ономасиологических областей и характеризующийся наибольшим языковым приростом. Introduction. Quantitative and qualitative changes in the modern English vocabulary and regular production of extensive neogenic lexical segments in its content demonstrate the viability of this language and are vivid evidences of its dynamic evolution in the modern society confirming its leading position in the development trend indicators in the synchronous perspective. Coinciding with innovations in special areas of knowledge, modern English acts automatically as a vocabulary producer for new forming onomasiologic structures to which the lexical-semantic field “Smart Energy Systems” belongs. Material and methods. Author’s corpus consisting of 1 144 lexical units served as a material resource for this research. The corpus was selected from authentic scientific and technical publications over the period from 2015 to 2019. The neologism status in the specified corpus segment was determined through lemmatic articles taken from representative lexicographical references books like “Dictionary of Mechanical Engineering”, “Dictionary of Technical Terms”, “Electropedia”, “Encyclopedia Britannica”, “Encyclopedia of Energy Engineering and Technology”, “Engineering Dictionary”, “Power Engineering Dictionary”, “Cambridge Dictionary”, “Collins Online Dictionary”, “Urban Dictionary”, etc. Structural and systemic approach constitutes the rational and empirical platform of this study enabling to interpret structural relations of lexical aggregates as a system (subsystem) of elements and the language as a structural and systemic formation. To determine the neologization extent of the lexical-semantic field “Smart Energy Systems” some traditional methods of logic (analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, contrasting, etc.) and statistics (quantitative, grouping method) as well as linguistic methods (descriptive and structural for component and constituent analysis) were used. Results and discussion. The formation of terminological neologisms is continuous while their lexicographical documentation is characterized by an impressive delay. Based on the quantitative and comparative analysis, the neogenic growth rate in thematic groups was determined and the localization of terminological neologisms in the lexical-semantic field was specified. The knowledge of neological distribution makes it possible to predict the trends of terminology formation in the field of smart energy systems in the modern English. Two and three component wordformative models are predominant in thematic groups which reflect their nominative function and display their tendency to specification. The vocabulary enhancement of the lexical-semantic field “Smart Energy Systems” follows two ways: the extension and abridgement of words and collocations lexical length reflecting current trends in the lexical enrichment in the modern English. Conclusion. Upon the analysis of the lexical-semantic structure of the lexical-semantic field “Smart Energy Systems” the following conclusion is made: the peripheral zone, formed around the core, contains the language material imported from allied onomasiologic fields and, therefore, distinguishes by the fastest pace of neologization.

Poverty exists without any face; it is a multifaceted and complex phenomenon. Poverty and famines existed before human civilization and culture. Human culture existed 0.07 million years ago, and civilization began 6000 years ago. In a modern civilized society, ‘first famine in human history occurred in 1708 B.C. From 1708 BC to 1878 AD, 350 famines occurred in various spheres of the world. The Encyclopedia Britannica listed 31 main famines from prehistoric to the 1960s. The sub-continent has also faced eleven severe famines from 1769-70 to 1943, and about 40.9 million people have died due to these famines. Similarly, more than 2 billion people live below the poverty line. Besides, China left 800 million people due to ‘Open Door Policy’. Now she is changing the world's shape through BRI. Africa is a complex and perplexing region of the world. Because, Africa is facing all the root problems of the world, i.e., poverty, massive unemployment and income inequality, mono-culture political economy, border disputes, intra-state wars, and ethnic and lingual clashes. In the land of Africa, the first famine was recorded 2273 years ago in Ethiopia’. About 2,582 languages[i] and 1,382 dialects are found on the African continent. From 1945 to 1999, humanity faced 25 interstate wars, most of which occurred in Africa. Therefore, 127 civil wars happened among 73 states in the same era, and 16.2 million people died. The Export and Import Bank of China will spend 1US$ trillion on the African continent in 2025.
 [i] Language which is speaking in Africa, Arabic (170 million) English (130 million), Swahili (100), French (115), Berber (50), Hausa (50), Portuguese (20) and Spanish (10) (Spolsky, 2018)

The article considers the linguistic specifics of modeling the image of Taras Shevchenko in foreign media. The author's attention is focused on the great image-forming potential of this iconic, precedent for Ukrainian culture personality and the importance of its correct presentation in the modern media space. It is determined that Ukrainians themselves are the main creators of image texts about Kobzar in the world media. Thus, three main channels of image information about Shevchenko abroad are analyzed: (1) cultural diplomacy as a part of the "soft power" policy; (2) the Ukrainian diaspora, which addresses the figure of Kobzar in the media; (3) information resources of world encyclopedic publications dedicated to the poet. Thus, the study of the linguistic and image specifics of the representation of Shevchenko in the foreign media proves that a great deal of image-making work in this aspect is carried out by cultural diplomacy, which represents Ukraine and its national cultural products in the world information space. Thanks to the efforts of cultural diplomacy, Shevchenko is known and appreciated abroad, as evidenced by the activities of Ukrainian embassies. In the context of linguistic imageology, the information presented by Ukrainian embassies is unambiguously of image nature, which confirms the use of effective linguistic means of image modeling: metaphors, personifications, emotionally-evaluative lexemes, epithet forms of the word, which verbalize positive author's assessment of the covered information. An equally important linguistic tool for modeling the poet's image is the use of creolized media texts that have great suggestive properties and significant image potential. In addition, Shevchenko's positive image abroad is successfully constructed by the media resources of the Ukrainian diaspora. The author's attention in this research context is attracted by the leading Canadian and Australian media. From the standpoint of linguistic imageology, effective means of forming the image of Kobzar in the considered foreign media are emotional and evaluative lexemes with elements of hyperbole, paraphrase with a positive semantics, the use of oxymoron etc. The article emphasizes that Shevchenko's positive image abroad is created not only at the textual level, but also at the extralinguistic level, which is realized in the annual holding of numerous mass events related to the celebration of Shevchenko's days. In turn, a high assessment of the poet's work and his role in Ukrainian cultural life is found in world encyclopedic publications: Encyclopædia Britannica, Oxford World Encyclopedia, bibliographic fund of The Library of Congress etc. Thus, the study convinces that Taras Shevchenko is a bright image figure of modern foreign media space, which forms not only internal but also external image of Ukraine. That is why its correct presentation in world media should be one of the priorities of the national image strategy.

This time Pritchard is on a rescue mission. Veritism is besieged and he rises to defend it. I do agree with much in his Veritism, but I demur when he adds: “So, the goodness of all epistemic goods is understood instrumentally with regard to whether they promote truth”. If Big Brother brainwashes us to believe the full contents of The Encyclopedia Britannica, then even if we suppose those contents to be true without exception, that would not make what they do an unalloyed good thing, not even epistemically. But it does seem to promote truth. What might then diminish Big Brother’s action so much, so as to make it so deplorable epistemically after all, despite how powerfully it does instrumentally promote truth. At a minimum we need to say more about the relations between epistemic goods and truth, so as to better understand how it is that the epistemic good is made so good by what specific relation to the truth. I lay out a way to understand Veritism so that it can say more about the relations between epistemic goods and truth, thus enhancing our understanding of epistemic normativity. And in a second part I lay out a solution to Linda Zagzebski’s Swamping problem for reliabilism. I argue that it is a problem for process reliabilism, but not for a virtue epistemology that accepts a kind of reliabilism, but in an agential telic framework, and not in a process framework. So, I lay out one way to be a “veritist”, by defending explicitly its Axiological side, and by implication its Conceptual side as well. I have raised questions for Pritchard’s own defense and have offered in each case an alternative defense that I believe fits the words of his formulations, and is in their spirit as well.

According to Encyclopedia Britannica, the English word “De-colonization” means liberation of colonies from their foreign overlords. After the 2nd world war, the De-colonization of the Asia African continent began due to different economic-political-strategic factors. However, in many instances, this process brings partition of an undivided country into 2\3 smaller successor States with forceful mass migration, refugee crisis, loss of monetary and human resources due to violent civil wars between different ethno-religious groups. After the battle of Plessey (1757) granting of Dewani to the English East India Company (1765), Bengal became the center of the British power in East India. The British city of Calcutta became the most prominent city in Asia as the capital of British India. Through the efforts of some European and native academicians, a mixture of Anglo-British culture happened. The Bengali thinkers taught the nation the first lessons of patriotism during the colonial period. At the beginning of the 20th century, the then Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon, divided Bengal into two parts in 1905. The Bengali masses protested publicly against the partition. R.Tagore and other Bengali thinkers guided the agitation. This protest movement was known as the Swadeshi movement. In 1911, the division was cancelled, but the capital of British India had been shifted from Calcutta to Delhi. After the establishment of the Muslim League. (1906), The Hindu MohaSabha (1915) and enactment of the Morle-Minto (1909), Montegu-Chamesford (1919), the communal harmony between the Bengali Hindu and Muslim community decreased. After the 2nd world war, it became clear that the British Empire in the Indian sub-continent would collapse soon. During the power transfer process, the division of the sub-continent into two different countries became inventible. My aim in this study is to point out the role of the Hindu MahaSabha in the partition of Bengal in 1947. I will try to point out whether the division of Bengal was necessary or the rise of Bengali communalism forced it. I will try both analytical and descriptive research methods to answer my questions.

In her article, the author intends to embrace the phenomenon of Marie Bashkirtseff , whose literary legacy perfectly refl ects the epoch at the turn of the centuries. To achieve this goal, the author uses such methods as comparative, receptive and interpretive ones as well as cross reading. A special focus is on the Diary by Bashkirtseff which helps understand her creative personality, psychological priorities and artistic mission. The author studies her Ukrainian identity, estheticism, artistic behavior, feminism and disagreement with a traditional status of the woman that was so typical for her epoch. The author shows that estheticism and dandyism become her world view and life style. This can be traced in her female self-attraction, fascination with her own body, her clothes making or ordering it at Paris boutiques, love for accessories, artistic behavior and estheticism of her home. The author proves that Bashkirtseff ’s literary legacy can be seen as a true testimony to the arts of the turn of the centuries. Her Diary contemplates the atmosphere of the epoch, it resonates with real life, and it describes cultural reality simultaneously with social issues and everyday reality. It is fi lled with refl ections about art and literature that help discover cultural and historic truth. Also, the author presents an overview of Bojidar Karageorgevitch’s legacy. Born a Serbian prince, he was an intellectual cosmopolitan, writer, translator, journalist, artist, illustrator, designer, and jeweler. Bojidar was Bashkirtseff ’s close friend. He watched closely all discussions caused by the Diary. Karageorgevitch participated in denouncing invented stories about it. To give his friend more credibility, Karageorgevitch wrote several articles about Bashkirtseff , one of which was included into Encyclopedia Britannica. While researching the t life and multisided legacy of both artists, the author defi nes pronounced similarities between the two, including aristocratic decent, gifts and skills in the arts, education, cosmopolitanism, and bohemian lifestyles. It is proved that the legacy of Bashkirtseff and Karageorgevitch refl ects the tendencies of their time and can be used as a material to study the life of artists at the turn of the centuries and to deepen knowledge about European cultural context at the end of the 19th century. Key words: Marie Bashkirtseff , Bojidar Karageorgevitch, universalist artists, creative dialogue, estheticism, cosmopolitism, memoirs, travel notes.

A mere two years ago International Sports Studies was celebrating its fortieth anniversary. At that time, at the beginning of 2018, your editor was able to reflect on the journey of our professional association – the International Society for Comparative Physical Education and Sport (ISCPES). It started with a small, cohesive, and optimistic group of physical education scholars from Europe and North America interested in working across boundaries and exploring new international horizons. The group that met in Borovets in 2017 on the eve of the society’s fortieth anniversary, represented a wider range of origins. They were also more circumspect, tempered by their experience in what had become, four decades later, a very much more complex competitive and fragmented professional environment. Such a comparison seems almost to have reflected a common journey, from the hope and optimism of youth to entry into the challenges and responsibilities of mid adulthood. Yet from the perspective of contemporary history, these last four decades seem generally to be viewed as having been a time of unbroken human progress. Certainly, this is a defensible view when we use technological and economic progress as the criterion. The nation of Indonesia provides an excellent example of progress by these measures. The world’s 10th largest economy in terms of purchasing power parity, and a member of the G-20. Furthermore, Indonesia has made enormous gains in poverty reduction, cutting the poverty rate by more than half since 1999, to 9.78% in 2020. Prior to the COVID-19 crisis, Indonesia was able to maintain a consistent economic growth, recently qualifying the country to reach upper middle-income status. The World Bank (www.worldbank.org/en/country/indonesia/overview) Indeed, when we look at the economic growth charts of the world over the last century, without exception they resemble a J curve with growth over the last half century being particularly rapid. But, from time to time, we need to be reminded that human existence is rather like a coin. Looking at the top side provides one picture but then, when we turn the coin over, a totally different view presents itself. From time to time, pictures find their way to our television screens that remind us that real challenges of poverty are still faced by many today. Similarly, though we have talked about seventyfive years of peace, the other side of the coin reveals that around the globe armed conflict has continued remorselessly since the official ending of World War II in September 2nd 1945. A visit to Wikipedia and its list of ongoing conflicts in the world will inform the casual reader, that in the current or past calendar year there have been over 10,000 deaths related to four major wars – in Afghanistan, the Yemen, Syria and Mexico. In addition, eleven wars, eighteen ‘minor conflicts’ and fifteen ‘skirmishes’ have added to death and misery for many around the world. I make these points in case those of us who are fortunate enough to live in relatively stable, safe and prosperous environments, might be tempted to become complacent and forget how much always needs to be done to increase the welfare of our brothers and sisters throughout the world. Humankind’s end of decade report needs to remind us that, if our progress has generally been steady, there remains area where we still need to improve. Further we need to remember that wealth and material prosperity are not the sole criteria for human well-being and happiness. Quality of life needs to be measured by much more than Gross Domestic Product alone. Such thoughts now seem to be suddenly highlighted, as we move into another new decade. For virtually worldwide, it seems to as if the coin has suddenly been flipped. In 2018 we were looking forward with different expectations to those that we now have since the start of 2020. At a time when the world has never been more interconnected, we have been forcibly reminded that with that connectedness comes a level of risk. There is a belief by some, that interconnectedness provides some sort of protection against war and conflict and that trade relationships provide a rationale for peaceful cooperation between the peoples of the world. However, it is that very interconnectedness that today leaves us at greater risk to the ravages of the latest pandemic to strike the world. Countries that have managed the CoVid19 virus most successfully, have been those like New Zealand that have isolated themselves from others and restricted movements and interactions both across and within borders. Consequently, people in many different settings find themselves in lockdown and working from home. This sudden restriction on interactions and movement, has provided a unique opportunity for reflection by many. Stepping back from the frantic pace of twenty first century lifestyle, though it has inevitably caused much concern economically for many, has given others a chance to rediscover simpler pleasures of previous ages. Pleasures such as the unhurried company of family and friends and the chance to replace crowded commuting with leisurely walks around the local neighbourhood. So, it has been that a number of voices have been pointing to this as a unique opportunity to re-set our careers and our lifestyles. With this comes a chance to re-examine core values and in particular question some of the drivers behind the endlessly busy and often frentic approach to life that characterises our modern fast changing world, with its ceaseless demand for us all to ‘keep up’ and ‘get ahead’. It is then in a spirit of reset that I am pleased to introduce International Sports Studies’ first special supplement. We take very seriously our mission of connecting physical education and sport professionals around the world. It has made us very conscious of the dangers of adopting a view on the world that is centred in the familiar and our own back yards. Yet we all tend to slip into a view of life that seems to be driven and reinforced by the big media and the loudest voices in an interconnected world. Individuals chasing the dream of celebrity are easily recognisable from New Delhi to Anchorage or from Nairobi to Sapporo. We seem forced to listen to them and their ideas even when we wish to disassociate from them. In sport too it seems that in all corners of the world, the superstars of football Messi, Ronaldo, Pogba, Bale are known wherever the game is played. News and influence too often seem to flow from the places where these same celebrities of screen and sporting fields are based. It is the streets and recreation areas of Hollywood, Madrid and Turin, all comparatively restricted areas of the globe, which are continuously brought to us all by the ubiquitous screens. Some of the latest figures from the ITU, the Telecommunication Development Sector a specialised United Nations agency, have estimated that at the end of 2019, 53.6 per cent of the global population, or 4.1 billion people, were using the Internet (ITU, 2020). It is a figure that continues to increase steadily as does the stretch of its influence. The motivation behind this supplement focusing on studies in physical education and sport within Indonesia, can be found in the origins of comparative physical education and sport study. We can all learn by comparison with others and their approaches to both similar and unique problems and challenges. It does not however always make sense to limit ourselves to matching our situations with others for the sole purpose of making scholarly comparisons. Often it makes more sense simply to visit colleagues in another setting and examine in some depth their concerns and practices. Such studies are called area studies and they involve illuminating what is occurring in different settings in order to increase our own understanding and awareness. Indonesia provides a special and important starting point for just such a study. Located off the coast of mainland Southeast Asia in the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is an archipelago that lies across the Equator and spans a distance equivalent to one-eighth of the Earth’s circumference. It is the world’s fourth largest country in terms of population (Legge, 2020). It is a nation that appears modest in its demeanour and that of its people yet has much to offer the rest of us, especially in terms of our common professional interest. The purpose of volume 42e is to offer an opportunity for our colleagues in Indonesia to speak to the global community and for the global community to learn a little more about the work of their colleagues in Indonesia. It is the first of what is intended to be a series within the tradition of comparative studies. It has been a great pleasure and privilege to work with a special editorial team from Indonesia in this project. Their details are briefly provided below. I commend to you the work of this representative group of physical education and sports scholars. I invite you to join us in lifting our heads above our own parapets and resetting our own perspectives by reaching out and listening to a wider circle of colleagues from around the world. We may not be able to travel to meet each other at this time but we can still interact and share, as our responsibility as academics and professionals requires us to do. John Saunders Brisbane, November 2020 References ITU (2020) Statistics. Accessed from https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics? Legge, J. D. (2020) Indonesia. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed from https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia

ABSTRAK Tujuan utama dari makalah ini untuk menguji secara empiris pengaruh zakat, Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB) perkapita, Upah Minimum Regional/Provinsi (UMP), dan inflasi terhadap tingkat gini rasio di 34 provinsi di Indonesia selama tahun 2018-2020. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa distribusi zakat yang diproksikan dengan Indeks Kesejahteraan BAZNAS serta tingkat inflasi secara statistik tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia. Sementara itu, tingkat PDRB perkapita dan UMP memiliki arah hubungan negatif dan berpengaruh signifikan secara statistik terhadap tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini memberikan rekomendasi kepada pengelola zakat untuk menciptakan dan mengembangkan program zakat yang mampu memberdayakan perekonomian mustahik sehingga mampu mengurangi tingkat kesenjangan pendapatan dalam masyarakat. Selain itu, seluruh pemangku kepentingan (stakeholders) harus bersinergi dalam upaya meningkatkan realisasi pengumpulan dana zakat di lembaga dengan melalui peningkatan literasi dan kesadaran masyarakat guna mengoptimalisasikan peran zakat dalam peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Kata kunci: Indeks Kesejahteraan BAZNAS, Ketimpangan Pendapatan, Makroekonomi, Zakat. ABSTRACT The main objective of this paper was to empirically examine the effect of zakat, Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) percapita, Regional/Provincial Minimum Wage, and inflation on the gini ratio in 34 provinces in Indonesia during 2018-2020. The findings of this study indicate that the distribution of zakat, which is proxied by the BAZNAS Welfare Index, and the inflation rate has no statistically significant effect on the level of income inequality in Indonesia. Meanwhile, GRDP per capita and Regional/Provincial Minimum Wage levels have a negative and statistically significant relationship to the level of income inequality in Indonesia. In order to lessen the degree of income inequality in society, this study offers recommendations to zakat managers on how to design and develop zakat programs that can strengthen the mustahik's economy. In addition, all stakeholders must work together in an effort to increase the realization of zakat fund collection in institutions by increasing literacy and public awareness in order to maximize the contribution of zakat to raising the welfare of mankind. Keywords: Baznas Welfare Index, Income Inequality, Macroeconomics, Zakat. REFERENCES Abdelbaki, D. H. H. (2013). The impact of zakat on poverty and income inequality in Bahrain. Review of Integrative Business & Economics Reseacrh, 2(1), 133–154. Afandi, A., Rantung, V. P., & Marashdeh, H. (2017). Determinants of income inequality. Economic Journal of Emerging Markets, 9(2), 159–171. DOI: 10.20885/ejem.vol9.iss2.art5 Afandi, M. F. M., Zubairi, M. I. N., Hashim, M. J., & Khamis, M. R. (2021). The role of zakat in reducing income inequality among muslim society in Selangor. Global Business and Management Research: An International Journal, 13(4), 1–12. Ahmad, M. U., & Mahmood, A. (2009). Zakat fund-concept and perspective. International Journal of Monetary Economics and Finance, 2(3/4), 197–205. DOI: 10.1504/IJMEF.2009.029058 Alamanda, A. (2021). The effect of economic growth on income inequality: panel data analysis from fifty countries. Info Artha, 5(1), 1–10. DOI: 10.31092/jia.v5i1.1176 Anshari, M., Azhar, Z., & Ariusni. (2019). Analisis pengaruh pendidikan, upah minimum provinsi dan belanja modal terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di seluruh provinsi di indonesia. Jurnal Ecogen, 1(3), 494–502. DOI: 10.24036/jmpe.v1i3.4990 Asongu, S., & Odhiambo, N. (2019). Inequality and the economic participation of women in sub-Saharan Africa: An empirical investigation. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies. DOI: 10.1108/AJEMS-01-2019-0016 Badan Pusat Statistik. (2021a). Gini rasio. Retrieved from https://sirusa.bps.go.id/sirusa/index.php/indikator/999 Badan Pusat Statistik. (2021b). PDB/PDRB per kapita. Subdit Rujukan Statistik, Badan Pusat Statistik. https://sirusa.bps.go.id/sirusa/index.php/indikator/74 Badan Pusat Statistik. (2021c). Tingkat ketimpangan pengeluaran penduduk Indonesia Maret 2021 (Issue 54/07/Th. XXIV). Badan Pusat Statistik. (2021). Tingkat ketimpangan pengeluaran penduduk Indonesia September 2020 (Issue 17/02/Th. XXIV). Bucevska, V. (2019). Determinants of income inequality in EU candidate countries: A panel analysis. Economic Themes, 57(4), 397–413. DOI: 10.2478/ethemes-2019-0023 Caraka, R. E. (2017). Spatial data panel (Pertama). WADE Group. Carter, V. J., & Howard, M. W. (2020). Income inequality. In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/income-inequality Charities Aid Foundation. (2021). CAF world giving index 2021 (Issue June). Chun, N., & Khor, N. (2010). Minimum wages and changing wage inequality in Indonesia (196). Asian Development Bank Darsono, S. N. A. C., Raihana, M., Jati, H. F., & Pachmi, A. (2019). The impact of productive zakat on the income inequality of mustahiq in Yogyakarta. Journal of Economics Research and Social Sciences, 3(1), 56–71. DOI: 10.18196/jerss.030107 Deyshappriya, N. P. R. (2017). Impact of macroeconomic factors on income inequality and income distribution in asian countries (No. 696). Asian Development Bank Institute Fadila, N. R. (2019). Correlation of zakat distribution with Gini index: Maximizing the potential of zakat for equitable income distribution in Indonesia. Airlangga International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance, 2(1), 54-65. DOI: 10.20473/aijief.v2i1.21994 Fitri, C. D., Maulana, H., & Safitri, A. (2018). Analisis pengaruh penyaluran zakat terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan dan tingkat kemiskinan di Provinsi Aceh periode 2007-2017. Ekobis: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Syariah, 2(2), 45-54. Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2015). Panel data regression models. In Basic Econometrics (Edisi Kelima, pp. 591–605). Douglas Reiner. Ha, N. M., Le, N. D., & Trung-Kien, P. (2019). The impact of urbanization on income inequality: a study in Vietnam. Journal Risk Financial Management, 12(3), 1–14. DOI: 10.3390/jrfm12030146 Hafidhuddin, D. (2002). Zakat dalam perekonomian modern (Pertama). Gema Insani. Halimatussa’idah, H., & Prasetyo, A. (2021). Bencana alam dan BI rate terhadap penghimpunan dana ZIS dengan inflasi sebagai variabel intervening pada BAZNAS Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori Dan Terapan, 8(1), 32–42. DOI: 10.20473/vol8iss20211pp32-42 Hendri, D. (2014). Kriminalitas: sebuah sisi gelap dari ketimpangan distribusi pendapatan. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Kebijakan Publik, 5(2), 239–252. Iqbal, I. (2020). Zakat: macroeconomic and microeconomic demands. International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research, 4(3), 1-9. Kalsum, U. (2018). Distribusi pendapatan dan kekayaan dalam ekonomi Islam. Li Falah Jurnal Studi Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Islam, 3(1), 41–59. Kamaludin Yusup, D., Sobana, D. H., & Fachrurazy, F. (2021). The effectiveness of zakat distribution at the national zakat agency. Al-’Adalah, 18(1), 55–76. DOI: 10.24042/adalah.v18i1.9912 Karim, A. A. (2015). Ekonomi makro Islam (Ketiga). PT Rajagrafindo Persada. Kementerian Agama RI. (2013). Panduan zakat praktis. Kemenag RI. Kousar, R., Rais, S. I., Mansoor, A., Zaman, K., Tahir, S., Shah, H., & Ejaz, S. (2019). The impact of foreign remittances and financial development on poverty and income inequality in Pakistan : evidence from ARDL-Bounds testing approach. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 6(1), 71–81. DOI: 10.13106/jafeb.2019.vol6.no1.71 Kurniawan, A. W., & Puspitaningtyas, Z. (2016). Metode penelitian kuantitatif (Pertama). Pandiva Buku. Lahjouji, H., & Rouggani, K. (2016). Zakat and distribution of wealth on Islamic economy: Case of Morocco. International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance Studies, 2(3), 151–160. DOI: 10.12816/0036637 Lin, C., & Yun, M. S. (2016). The effects of the minimum wage on earnings inequality: evidence from China (No. 9715). DOI: 10.1108/S0147-912120160000044012 Logaritma, S. (2021). Produk domestik regional bruto provinsi-provinsi di Indonesia menurut lapangan usaha 2016-2020. Badan Pusat Statistik. Mahfuzha, A., Rizki, C. Z., Sapha, D., Fitriyani, F., Jamal, A., & Weri, W. (2019). Is zakat important in reducing poverty?. Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 292, 558–562. DOI: 10.2991/agc-18.2019.83 Mankiw, N. G. (2010). Principles of macroeconomics (Keenam). South-Western Cengage Learning. Monnin, P. (2014). Inflation and income inequality in developed economies. SSRN Electronic Journal. Munandar, T. A., & Wardoyo, R. (2015). Fuzzy-Klassen model for development disparities analysis based on gross regional domestic product sector of a region. International Journal of Computer Applications, 123(7), 17–22. DOI: 10.5120/ijca2015905389 Nabila, N., & Herianingrum, S. (2020). Pengaruh zakat sebagai salah satu produk filantropi terhadap tingkat inflasi di Indonesia periode 2015-2017. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori Dan Terapan, 7(3), 420–430. DOI: 10.20473/vol7iss20203pp420-430 OECD. (2021). Income inequality (indicator). DOI: 10.1787/459aa7f1-en Pusat Kajian Strategis Badan Amil Zakat Nasional. (2019). Indeks kesejahteraan BAZNAS. BAZNAS. Pusat Kajian Strategis Badan Amil Zakat Nasional. (2021). Hasil pengkuran kaji dampak zakat 2020. BAZNAS. Pusat Kajian Strategis BAZNAS. (2021). Outlook zakat Indonesia 2022. BAZNAS. Rahmadi, S., & Parmadi. (2019). Pengaruh ketimpangan pendapatan dan kemiskinan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi antar pulau di Indonesia. Jurnal Paradigma Ekonomika, 14(2), 55–66. DOI: 10.22437/paradigma.v14i2.6948 Ramzai, J. (2020). Clearly explained: gini coefficient and lorenz curve. Medium. Retrieved from https://towardsdatascience.com/clearly-explained-gini-coefficient-and-lorenz-curve-fe6f5dcdc07 Ratnasari, D., & Rosyidi, S. (2019). Dampak kesenjangan antara penerimaan dan penyaluran dana ZIS terhadap program-program LAZNAS Al-Azhar. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori Dan Terapan, 6(3), 489–509. DOI: 10.20473/vol6iss20193pp489-509 Saputri, R. G. C. (2017). Pengaruh produktivitas sektoral dan laju PDRB terhadap tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan di Jawa Tengah pada tahun 2006 – 2015. Jurnal REP (Riset Ekonomi Pembangunan), 2(2), 103–112. DOI: 10.31002/rep.v2i2.226 Saripudin, U., Djamil, F., & Rodoni, A. (2020). The zakat, infaq, and alms farmer economic empowerment model. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-Journal). 3566. Sarwono, J. (2006). Metode penelitian kuantitatif dan kualitatif (Pertama). Penerbit Graha Ilmu. Senadjki, A., Nachef, T., & Rusli, N. (2015). The impact of zakat on income inequality and poverty in Malaysia: a panel data analysis. Market Forces College of Management Sciences, x(1). Setiawan, B. (2015). Teknik hitung manual analisis regresi linear berganda dua variabel bebas. DOI: 10.31227/osf.io/gd73a Siami-Namini, S., & Hudson, D. (2019). Inflation and income inequality in developed and developing countries. Journal of Economic Studies, 46(3), 611–632. DOI: 10.1108/JES-02-2018-0045 Siyoto, S., & Sodik, A. (2015). Dasar metodologi penelitian (Pertama). Literasi Media Publishing. Srihardianti, M., Mustafid, & Prahutama, A. (2016). Metode regresi data panel untuk peramalan konsumsi energi di Indonesia. Jurnal Gaussian, 5(3), 475–485. DOI: 10.14710/j.gauss.v5i3.14703 Sukwika, T. (2018). Peran pembangunan infrastruktur terhadap ketimpangan ekonomi antarwilayah di Indonesia. Jurnal Wilayah dan Lingkungan, 6(2), 115–130. DOI: 10.14710/jwl.6.2.115-130 Sungkar, S. N., Nazamuddin, & Nasir, M. (2015). Pengaruh upah minimum terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 3(2), 40–53. Suryani, K. G., & Woyanti, N. (2021). The effect of economic growth, HDI, district/city minimum wage and unemployment on inequity of income distribution in province of D.I Yogyakarta (2010-2018). Media Ekonomi Dan Manajemen, 36(2), 170–180. DOI: 10.24856/mem.v36i2.1990 Syafiq, A. (2016). Zakat ibadah sosial untuk meningkatkan ketaqwaan dan kesejahteraan sosial. ZISWAF: Jurnal Zakat Dan Wakaf, 2(2), 380–400. DOI: 10.21043/ziswaf.v2i2.1558 Syahrum, & Salim. (2016). Metodologi penelitian kuantitatif (R. Ananda (ed.)). Citapustaka Media. Trimaya, A. (2014). Pemberlakuan upah minimum dalam sistem pengupahan nasional untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan tenaga kerja. Aspirasi: Jurnal Masalah-Masalah Sosial, 5(1), 11–20. DOI: 10.46807/aspirasi.v5i1.448 Untari, R., Priyarsono, D. S., & Novianti, T. (2019). Impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure on economic growth and income inequality in Indonesia. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 6(1), 109–116. DOI: 10.32628/ijsrset196130 World Population Review. (2021). Muslim population by country 2021. https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/muslim-population-by-country Yuliani, R., Rahman, Y. A., Nuraini, D., & Khotimah, K. (2021). Determinants of income inequality in Yogyakarta Province. International Conference on Strategic Issues of Economics, Business and, Education (ICoSIEBE 2020), 301–305. DOI: 10.2991/aebmr.k.210220.053

Encyclopedias are sometimes cited by scholarly publications, despite concerns about their credibility as sources for academic information. This study investigates trends from 2002 to 2020 in citing two crowdsourced and two expert-based encyclopedias to investigate whether they fit differently into the research landscape: Wikipedia, Britannica, Baidu Baike, and Scholarpedia. This is the first systematic comparison of the uptake of four major encyclopedias within academic research. Scopus searches were used to count the number of documents citing the four encyclopedias in each year. Wikipedia was by far the most cited encyclopedia, with up to 1% of Scopus documents citing it in Computer Science. Citations to Wikipedia increased exponentially until 2010, then slowed down and started to decrease. Both the Britannica and Scholarpedia citation rates were increasing in 2020, however. Disciplinary and national differences include Britannica being popular in Arts and Humanities, Scholarpedia in Neuroscience, and Baidu Baike in Chinese-speaking countries/territories. The results confirm that encyclopedias have minor value for academic research, often for background and definitions, with the most suitable one varying between fields and countries, and with the first evidence that the popularity of crowdsourced encyclopedias may be waning.

The Encyclopedia of Britannica minority means “group held together by ties of common descent, language or religious faith and feeling different in these respects from the inhabitants of a given political entity.” This study be related about minorities, especially Muslim community, their constitutional rights and safeguards, socio-economic conditions and other safeguards like welfare Programs and various government reports and commissions, including Minority Ministry in India. This study is important because it details the legal definition, rules and regulations and the other terms related to the discussion of minority. This paper is an attempt to showcase the relationship between minority development policies and satisfaction to the community.

This research compares automatic subject metadata generation when the pre-1800s Long-S character is corrected to a standard < s >. The test environment includes entries from the third edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica, and the HIVE automatic subject indexing tool. A comparative study of metadata generated before and after correction of the Long-S demonstrated an average of 26.51 percent potentially relevant terms per entry omitted from results if the Long-S is not corrected. Results confirm that correcting the Long-S increases the availability of terms that can be used for creating quality metadata records. A relationship is also demonstrated between shorter entries and an increase in omitted terms when the Long-S is not corrected.