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1
Loveland, Jeff. "When History Caught Up with Historians." Eighteenth-Century Life 45, no. 1 (2021): 47–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00982601-8793934.
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Thanks in part to the influence of Friedrich Brockhaus’s Konversations-Lexikon, a German encyclopedia inaugurated in 1796, biographies of the living had become unremarkable in Europe’s encyclopedias by the early nineteenth century. Today, they are pervasive. Between 1674 and 1750, they remained rare and controversial in the alphabetical ancestors of the modern encyclopedia. In this article, I explain why, and show how encyclopedists’ practices evolved in the period in which the historical dictionary and other alphabetical proto-encyclopedias burst onto the European literary scene, that is, the late seventeenth century and the first half of the eighteenth. I begin by exploring early encyclopedists’ motives for not treating the living. My second section then examines the most influential historical dictionaries as well as the encyclopedia that best covered the living, tracking how practices regarding contemporary biographies evolved. Finally, I consider some of the broader social and cultural changes, both internal and external to the history of encyclopedia-making, that are reflected in encyclopedias’ growing coverage of the living and the recently deceased.
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DE OLIVEIRA, BERNARDO JEFFERSON. "Science in The Children's Encyclopedia and its appropriation in the twentieth century in Latin America." BJHS Themes 3 (2018): 105–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bjt.2018.4.
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AbstractIn the early twentieth century, encyclopedias addressed to children and youths became special reference works concerning science and technology education. In search of greater comprehension of this historical process, I analyse The Children's Encyclopedia’s representation of science and technology, and how it was re-edited by the North American publishing company that bought its copyrights and promoted its circulation in several countries. Furthermore, I examine how its contents were appropriated in its translations into Portuguese and Spanish, which circulated in Latin America in the first half of the twentieth century. The comparison between the different versions reveals that the writings of science and technology are practically the same, with significant changes only in literature and in the approach of historical and geographical themes. I then argue that, even keeping the scientific contents virtually unchanged, these versions of the encyclopedia gave it a new meaning, because of the contexts in which they circulated. Finally, I show how the appropriations of the encyclopedia contributed to the promotion of scientific values and technological innovation as the core development and as a model of civilization for South American nations.
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Benjamin, Ludy T., William H. M. Bryant, Catherine Campbell, Jolynn Luttrell, and Cynthia Holtz. "Between Psoriasis and Ptarmigan: American Encyclopedia Portrayals of Psychology, 1880–1940." Review of General Psychology 1, no. 1 (1997): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.1.1.5.
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Articles in encyclopedias represented 1 of several avenues that the new experimental psychologists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries had to portray their science to the public, and as such, these entries are important documents in understanding the agenda of the psychologist authors and the bases for the public's understanding of psychology. This article describes a content analysis of the psychology entries from 174 American encyclopedias published between 1880 and 1940. The analysis focuses on the changes in this content over time and the correspondence of those changes to the evolution of American psychology. The data show that the encyclopedia entries were slow in reporting changes in psychology and often promoted a singular view of the subject matter of psychology.
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Grabus, Sam, Jane Greenberg, Peter Logan, and Jane Boone. "Representing Aboutness: Automatically Indexing 19th- Century Encyclopedia Britannica Entries." NASKO 7, no. 1 (2019): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.7152/nasko.v7i1.15635.
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Representing aboutness is a challenge for humanities documents, given the linguistic indeterminacy of the text. The challenge is even greater when applying automatic indexing to historical documents for a multidisciplinary collection, such as encyclopedias. The research presented in this paper explores this challenge with an automatic indexing comparative study examining topic relevance. The setting is the NEH-funded 19th-Century Knowledge Project, where researchers in the Digital Scholarship Center, Temple University, and the Metadata Research Center, Drexel University, are investigating the best way to index entries across four historical editions of the Encyclopedia Britannica (3rd, 7th, 9th, and 11th editions). Individual encyclopedia entry entries were processed using the Helping Interdisciplinary Vocabulary Engineering (HIVE) system, a linked-data, automatic indexing terminology application that uses controlled vocabularies. Comparative topic relevance evaluation was performed for three separate keyword extraction algorithms: RAKE, Maui, and Kea++. Results show that RAKE performed the best, with an average of 67% precision for RAKE, and 28% precision for both Maui and Kea++. Additionally, the highest-ranked HIVE results with both RAKE and Kea++ demonstrated relevance across all sample entries, while Maui’s highest-ranked results returned zero relevant terms. This paper reports on background information, research objectives and methods, results, and future research prospects for further optimization of RAKE’s algorithm parameters to accommodate for encyclopedia entries of different lengths, and evaluating the indexing impact of correcting the historical Long S.
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Ishchenko, Oleksandr. "THE COVERAGE OF UKRAINE AND UKRAINIANS IN THE AUSTRALIAN ENCYCLOPEDIA." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Ostrozʹka akademìâ". Serìâ Ìstoričnì nauki 1 (December 17, 2020): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2409-6806-2020-31-151-156.
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In this article, we present an analysis of the 10-volumed Australian Encyclopedia published in 1958. The purpose of the analysis is to identify encyclopedic information concerning the Ukrainian people. Since the late 19th century, a part of the Ukrainian ethnic group inhabits the Australian continent, so it is natural to expect the appearance of Ukrainians in encyclopedic publications of Australia. But do Australians mention Ukrainians in their own fundamental encyclopedias? This question is caused not only by the general interest, but also by the fact that Ukraine is shown in the national narratives of many countries through various myths generated by Soviet propaganda. Therefore, the analysis of the representation of Ukrainians in the pages of foreign encyclopedias is a topical issue of contemporary Ukrainian studies in general. In this study, we found that the main body of information about Ukrainians is statistical data about the Ukrainian community in Australia, which settled after the Second World War. Among the 10 volumes there are no mentions of Ukraine, its capital, prominent people of the nation, etc. In addition, general highlights of the Australian encyclopedia publishing sphere are proposed. It is noted that the Australian Encyclopedia as a fundamental work published in six editions during 1925–1996 is the main achievement of the Australian encyclopediography. It is noteworthy that there is currently no national online encyclopedia in Australia. At the same time, there are domain (subject-specific) publications by research teams among other achievements of contemporary Australian encyclopedia publishing, such as the Encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia, the Historical Encyclopedia of Western Australia, the Companion to Tasmanian History, etc.
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Brox, Hilde. "The Elephant in the Room: A Place for Wikipedia in Higher Education?" Nordlit 16, no. 2 (2012): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/13.2377.
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The article departs from a pilot survey among Norwegian teacher students that maps their usage, skills and attitudes in relation to the web based encyclopedia Wikipedia. The survey shows that the students are heavy users of Wikipedia content yet show a low level of knowledge as to how content is constructed or the ways in which Wikipedia differs from traditional, paper-based encyclopedias. The students also express little interest in parttaking in creating content or maintaining the site. The second part of the article argues that a way to remedy both lack of knowledge and interest among students is to bring Wikipedia actively into the classrooms and enable students to take part in creating and maintaining Wikipedia content. This way, Wikipedia may serve as an effective tool with which to address and enhance a range of central 21st century skills.
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Taufiqurrochman, R., and Agung Prasetiyo. "Siyaha Tourism Application Development: E-Encyclopedia of Arabic Tourism in Malang, East Java, Indonesia." Abjadia 6, no. 1 (2021): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/abj.v6i1.10866.
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The trend growth of travelers abroad from the Middle East, especially from Saudi Arabia, is getting increased. In the year 2019, Indonesia managed to reach rank first tour halal popular world. In the digital era, these things must of course be balanced with a marketing communication strategy that demands an Arabic travel e-encyclopedia. The Siyaha Tourism application developed by researchers is one of the right alternatives. This application is designed and developed using research and development (RD) with a Four-D model combined with the procedure for compiling an encyclopedia based on Arabic lexicography. The combination of the media application development process and the preparation of this encyclopedia is a good outcome with complete product specifications, both in terms of content and features. The results of the validation from language, tourism, and culture experts also show that the Siyaha Tourism application in the form of android for mobile and the website www.siyaha.online is worthy of being a media for tourism information, especially tourist destinations in Malang City, East Java, Indonesia which the government has designated as city pilot project of the halal tourism program. 212 respondents rated this product. The results show that the quality of the Siyaha Tourism application is good and needed for tourism.
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Cornea, Andrei. "Umberto Eco’s Encyclopedia vs. Porphyry’s Tree." Articles spéciaux 65, no. 2 (2009): 301–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/038404ar.
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Abstract The paper questions the postmodern, wide-spread tendency to abusively reconstruct the meaning of some texts of the philosophers of the past, so that they may serve as allies or foes in our own contemporary ideological wars. The chosen example is an article by Umberto Eco, called “Anti-Porphyry”, and the parallel chapter, “Dictionary vs. Encyclopedia”, from his well-known book Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language. According to Eco, the famous “Porphyry’s tree” is the pictorial representation of the so-called “strong thought”, which — so he believes — was being subverted from the outset in the benefit of the “weak thought” or “Encyclopedia thought” even in the works of some essentialist philosophers like Aristotle or St. Thomas Aquinas. On the other hand, Eco thinks he found in d’Alembert’s Discours préliminaire to the French Encyclopédie a forerunner of postmodern “weak thought”, which resembles the so-called 3rd type labyrinth or the “rhizome” described by G. Deleuze, and which is the opposite of the logic encapsulated in the “Porphyry tree”. The paper attempts to show that Eco distorted the ideas of the above-mentioned philosophers by dislodging them from their original metaphysical context and by manipulating some of the relevant texts. So, in Eco’s view, both Aquinas and d’Alembert anachronistically became forerunners of postmodernism. In fact, what Eco eventually got was less an accurate description of some philosophies of the past, than a historical-philosophical reconstruction rather abusively legitimizing his own ideas.
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Vassallo, Clare. "What’s so “proper” about translation? Or interlingual translation and interpretative semiotics." Semiotica 2015, no. 206 (2015): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2015-0022.
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AbstractJakobson’s famous classification of three types of translation is the point of departure for a discussion of “translation proper,” or translation from one natural historical language to another. Eco’s comparison of the terms interpretation and translation show that they overlap but are not synonymous as there is a limit to translation that does not hold for interpretation. A translation strategy that aims for equivalent effect is guided by the intentio operis as well as by the regulative hypothesis of the encyclopedia, which takes into account the inferential and pragmatic conditions of communication that are implied but not explicit in the text. The paper compares insights from what has been called the “cultural turn” in Translation Studies with Eco’s regulative hypothesis of the Encyclopedia as a dynamic interpretative strategy.
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Aristova, Alla. "Medieval encyclopedia as a form of of religious worldview universalization (on the example of "Speculum Maius " by Vincent of Beauvais)." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 92 (January 3, 2021): 42–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2020.92.2175.
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The article actualizes the significance of scholastic encyclopedias for the religious and secular culture of medieval Europe. Their role as a compendium of accumulated knowledge and at the same time ideological synthesis of Christian religious doctrine and scientific achievements, ancient and scholastic traditions, university, and church-monastery intellectual culture is shown.
 The main attention is paid to the multi-volume Vincent of Beauvais’ work «Speculum Maius» («The Great Mirror») as the most significant work among medieval encyclopedias and its conceptual completion. The extraordinary role of the encyclopedia as a documentary evidence of knowledge, ideas, worldview, mentality of the Western European Middle Ages is proved. The author outlines the principles of codification of «The Great Mirror»; highlights the influence of the Christian-theological context on the content, structure and methods of organizing its material; the relationship of encyclopedic work with the processes of development and rationalization of the religious worldview. The focus is on the universalizing potential of the Christianity concepts, the extraordinary expression of which was the work by Vincent of Beauvais. The aspiration for universality was manifested both in the desire to understand the world as a Whole, created by God-completed omnipresence, and in attempts to base all the accumulated human experience, all kinds of knowledge and life on the principles of the Christian worldview. The encyclopedia is valued as a real «mirror» of an entire era, the medieval reception of Christianity, the history of European science and knowledge.
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Andon, P. I., J. V. Rogushina, I. Yu Grishanova, et al. "Experience of the semantic technologies use for intelligent Web encyclopedia creation (on example of the Great Ukrainian Encyclopedia portal)." PROBLEMS IN PROGRAMMING, no. 2-3 (September 2020): 246–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/pp2020.02-03.246.
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We consider the conceptual principles of the Great Ukrainian Encyclopedia development and analyze the main advantages of its portal version – e-VUE. This portal version requires the relevant technological platform with high-level expressiveness and efficiency. Development of e-VUE with complex knowledge structure causes the study of modern Web-technologies and matching their capabilities with the specific requirements of encyclopedia. Therefore we consider in details the project idea and purposes, the specifics of e-VUE information representation (number and volume of articles, content types and sources, relations between content elements and their properties, business processes of article publication, design requirements) and processing (navigation, requests, integration and matching means) to estimate the Wiki-technology feasibility use (namely - opportunities and restrictions of MediaWiki technological platform). Also attention is paid to the means of information security ensuring and semantic-based establishment of content access rights. The results of such analysis show that MediaWiki with semantic plugins can be used as a base for e-VUE portal construction but needs in extension of its functionality based on modern knowledge management tools and formats of their interoperable representation. Now we are oriented on use of ontological analysis and Semantic Web standards (OWL, RDF, SPARQL). In terms of the Semantic Web, e-VUE is a distributed database with heterogeneous types of information objects that can be used both by humans and by external software (e.g. by intelligent agents). The main principles of e-VUE knowledge base organization are grounded on Wiki categories and semantic properties of Semantic MediaWiki that are used for formal representation of the e-VUE typical information objects (TIO). Such approach allows to express TIO relations, properties and characteristics that can be used by logical inference and semantic retrieval to improve the navigation between portal elements and integration of data from various Wiki pages.
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Dalla Bontà, G. "BESTIARIES: A NEOBARBARIC ENCYCLOPE DIA OF STRATEGIES." Siberian Philological Forum 11, no. 3 (2020): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25146/2587-7844-2020-11-3-51.
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In the context of Dmitry Alexandrovich Prigov’s audacious “lifelong” project, an encyclopedic perspective can be traced quite clearly through various approaches, languages and methodologies throughout the artist’s creative career. Prigov’s Bestiaries not only deviate from the traditional path of encyclopedic genealogy; they are the prototype of later, more pronounced taxonomic projects, and even act as a reference to what he called his “lifelong project”. Our task is to show how the Bestiaries series is not only a study of the Russian cultural space, but is also the very concept of Prigov’s anthropology from the beginning of the history of culture to the present day in a post-Soviet and even post-human perspective, thus asserting itself as a proto-encyclopedia of his New Anthropology. In the process of researching, methods such as theoretical, general philosophical analyses (systemic method, analysis, analogy, synthesis) were used, including the analysis of texts, interviews and artistic production of Prigov. The sociological methods are also taken as the basis for drawing conclusions and the main approach moves from a semiotic and poststructuralist point of view, especially the theory of culture of Yuri Lotman, the philosophy of Giorgio Agamben and George Bataille. Thus, we have outlined the importance of the Bestaries in presenting the theory of cultural evolution of Dmitry Prigov and his “new anthropology”, referring to this series on the role of the visual conclusion of his new anthropological system
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Mo, Qian, and Shu Zhang. "Research on Automatic Construction of Financial Ontology Using Chinese Encyclopedia Resource." Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (September 2013): 1240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.1240.
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Ontology plays a dominant role in a growing number of different fields, such as information retrieval, artificial intelligence, semantic Web and knowledge management, etc. However, manual construction of large ontology is not feasible. This article discusses how to create Financial Ontology automatically from a resource of Chinese Encyclopedia. Financial Ontology includes Is-A relationship, Class-Instance relationship, Attribute-of relationship and Synonym relationship. Experimental Results show us that the constructed Financial Ontology has great advantages in the large scale, creation cost and the richness of semantic information.
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Frøydis Berg, Siv, and Tore Rem. "Knowledge for Sale: Norwegian Encyclopaedias in the Marketplace." Culture Unbound 6, no. 3 (2014): 527–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.146527.
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Encyclopedias present and contain knowledge, but historically they have also been commercial commodities, produced for sale. In this article, we study the self-presentations of a selection of Norwegian encyclopedias, as these are expressed in the form of commercial images, advertising texts and slogans. We thus present a brief but detailed study of what might be called a number of paratextual matters associated with 20th-century Norwegian encyclopedias, with the aim of identifying the most significant or recurring topoi in the material. Our analysis shows that claims about speed and modernization are among the most conspicuous ingredients in these self-presentations, claims which, we argue, feed into a particular logic of a particular version of 20th-century modernity. The article begins with an analysis of the commercially successful Konversationslexicon, the first Norwegian encyclopedia, published in 1906 and for a long time market leader of the bourgeois tradition. The Konversationslexicon was produced with the explicit aim of providing a source of conversation for the educated classes, a new and expanding group of readers. We also show how the publisher Aschehoug went on to strengthen its own position in this market through a sophisticated process of differentiation. Seen as a contrast to these market leaders, we explore the Norwegian tradition of counter-encyclopaedias, with the radical PaxLeksikon as our main example. This encyclopaedia came into existence as a result of a strong ideological motivation and was run by left-wing idealists. Nevertheless, and perhaps inevitably, it ended up situating itself within the same market mechanisms and the same commercial logic as the bourgeois encyclopaedias. The article ends by a brief consideration of the change from commercial print encyclopaedias to internet-based encyclopaedias, and of the new challenges this poses in a small nation, rhetorically and in the struggle for funding.
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Zen, Suharno, and Rinta Apriliani. "Inventory Of Spermatophyta Of Tanjung Setia Krui Beach Vegetation As A Source Of Biological Learning." JURNAL PENDIDIKAN BIOLOGI DAN SAINS (PENBIOS) 5, no. 01 (2020): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.51673/penbios.v5i01.217.
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The objectives of the study were: 1) to determine the types of high-level plants that make up the coastal vegetation in Tanjung Setia Krui Beach, 2) to determine the diversity and dominance of high-level plants at Tanjung Setia Krui Beach, 3) to determine the results of research on the inventory of high-level vegetation on Tanjung Setia Krui Beach to be used as a source of learning biology in high school in the form of an encyclopedia. This research method is sampling using purposive sampling method with a plots. The higher plants that were found were then identified in that place. The results showed that 20 species from 12 families. Family Hydrocaritaceae, Family Potamogetonaceae, Family Convolvulaceae, Family Poaceae, Family Arecaceae, Family Pandanaceae, Family Combretaceae, Family Asteraceae, Family Malvaceae, Family Portulaceae, Family Leguminosae, Family Lecythidaceae. The three stations have a value of 1≤H'≤3 which means that they show moderate diversity. The conclusion of this study is that the inventory of high-level plants that makes up coastal vegetation at Tanjung Setia Krui Beach was used as a learning resources for high school biology class X on Biodiversity material in the form of an Encyclopedia.
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Balashova, Elena A. "“Encyclopedia of life in the siege” in poems by Gleb Semyonov." Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 59 (2021): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2021-59-227-236.
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The purpose of the paper is to show how Gleb Semyonov managed to update the issues of war poetry: he moves away from the chronicle, yet at the same time his texts allow us to recreate the life of Leningrad residents day by day. The author analyzes the body of war poems by Gleb Semyonov written from 1941 to 1960. The main content of the study constitutes the analysis of the cycle “Memories of the Siege”. The poet dwells on milestones of the life of the city and the life of an unfortunate person, whose moods change quickly from fear and numbness (“Silence”) to emerging animal feelings of a hunger bitten (“Feat”, “Immortality”). The end of his story of the besieged captivity the poet will see not when it is reported on the radio or in the bulletins, but when it will be possible to return to the peaceful, revived life after the siege of Leningrad. Based on the results of the study, the author makes conclusions on the poetical features of this cycle, such as the rejection of timing, intertextuality, plurality of “details” and symbolism. Conducted on the basis of historical-genetic and comparative-historical approaches, the research draws upon conceptions, methods and results of modern poetry, primarily M. Gasparov and his school.
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Szczyrba, Igor. "Asymptotic behavior of integer sequences related to knots and (m,n)-anacci constants." Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 27, no. 07 (2018): 1841011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218216518410110.
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We study the asymptotic behavior of integer sequences related to knots that are generated by linear recurrences. We determine which of the 85 such sequences cataloged in Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences have ratios of their consecutive terms converging to a limit. We show that all but one of the ratio limits can be expressed by means of the [Formula: see text]-anacci constants with [Formula: see text] equal to 1 or 2. Finally, we demonstrate how the [Formula: see text]-anacci constants are linked to affine geometry.
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Zongting, Bi. "The Excavation and Practical Significance of Folk Art Education Resources of Ethnic Minorities in Guangxi." Journal of Educational Theory and Management 1, no. 1 (2017): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/jetm.v1i1.297.
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Guangxi minority folk art education resources is a valuable treasure trove of art, realistic signifcance to mining and utilization of Guangxi minority folk art education resources. The practice proves that Guangxi minority folk art education resource is a typical folk art "Encyclopedia", is a folk song "epic" glorious and resplendent that is a piece of precious folk art "living fossil". Guangxi minority folk art education resources mining and utilization, enrich the arts and culture in Guangxi, China the students' national consciousness, and show the rich geographical and cultural characteristics.
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Berzlánovich,, Ildikó, and Gisela Redeker,. "Genre-dependent interaction of coherence and lexical cohesion in written discourse." Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 8, no. 1 (2012): 183–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cllt-2012-0008.
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AbstractWe investigate the interaction between coherence and lexical cohesion in expository and persuasive texts using seven encyclopedia texts and seven fundraising letters. We describe genre structure in terms of genre-specific moves and coherence structure with Rhetorical Structure Theory. For lexical cohesion, we identify repetitions, systematic semantic relations and collocations across discourse units, modeled as weighted multigraphs. By comparing the prominence of discourse units in the coherence structure with the centrality in the lexical cohesion structure in the two genres, we show that lexical cohesion is closely aligned with coherence in the expository texts, but not in the persuasive texts.
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STOCK, PAUL. "“ALMOST A SEPARATE RACE”: RACIAL THOUGHT AND THE IDEA OF EUROPE IN BRITISH ENCYCLOPEDIAS AND HISTORIES, 1771–1830." Modern Intellectual History 8, no. 1 (2011): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244311000035.
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This article explores the association between racial thought and the idea of Europe in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Britain. It begins by noting the complexities surrounding the word “race” in this period, before considering whether—and on what grounds—contemporary race thinkers identify a “European race” or “races”. This reveals important ambiguities and correlations between anatomical, genealogical and cultural understandings of human difference. The essay then discusses how some of these ideas find expression in British encyclopedias, histories and geographical books. In this way, it shows how racial ideas are disseminated, not just in dedicated volumes on anatomy and biological classification, but also in general works which purport to summarize and transmit contemporary received knowledge. The article draws upon entries on “Europe” in every British encyclopedia completed between 1771 and 1830, as well as named source texts for those articles, tracing how the word “Europe” was used and what racial connotations it carried. Some entries imply that “European” is either a separate race entirely, or a subcategory of a single human race. Others, however, reject the idea of a distinctive European people to identify competing racial groups in Europe. These complexities reveal increasing interest in the delineation of European identities, an interest which emerges partly from long-standing eighteenth-century debates about the categorization and comprehension of human difference. In addition, they show the diffusion of (contending) racial ideas in non-specialist media, foreshadowing the growing prominence of racial thought in the later nineteenth century.
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Sun, Yuan, Andong Chen, Chaofan Chen, Tianci Xia, and Xiaobing Zhao. "A Joint Model for Representation Learning of Tibetan Knowledge Graph Based on Encyclopedia." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 20, no. 2 (2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3447248.
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Learning the representation of a knowledge graph is critical to the field of natural language processing. There is a lot of research for English knowledge graph representation. However, for the low-resource languages, such as Tibetan, how to represent sparse knowledge graphs is a key problem. In this article, aiming at scarcity of Tibetan knowledge graphs, we extend the Tibetan knowledge graph by using the triples of the high-resource language knowledge graphs and Point of Information map information. To improve the representation learning of the Tibetan knowledge graph, we propose a joint model to merge structure and entity description information based on the Translating Embeddings and Convolution Neural Networks models. In addition, to solve the segmentation errors, we use character and word embedding to learn more complex information in Tibetan. Finally, the experimental results show that our model can make a better representation of the Tibetan knowledge graph than the baseline.
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Volkova, Irina, Leila Algavi, Shuanat Kadyrova, and Natalya Rastorgueva. "Let Them Talk as “Encyclopedia of Russian Life”: Latent «Accursed Questions» on Russian Television (2017)." SHS Web of Conferences 50 (2018): 01199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185001199.
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International Research Group KVAR performs the first of studies about media influence on the transformation of sociocultural matrix, within which a deep society regulation takes place. For citizens of the Russian Federation, TV is a main source of information about events. Whereas for sociologists and philologists federal channels are unique basic institutions that provide: reproduction of socially significant patterns of citizen’s thoughts and behavior; integration of society on the basis of common values. TV Shows on central channels are constantly reaching the top of media credibility rating: 3/4 of Russians (75%) trust them. They help to create circulation of meanings TV proposes the values, audience reproduces and modifies them. Thus, we have chosen a Russian TV show “Pust’ Govoryat”(Let Them Talk) that presents all the things “that interest everyone” by» exploring intimate issues of a particular person, a family”. Authors of this work seek to find out what “interests everyone” in the Russian society. This article includes first results of the research. Latent Theme Identification analysis of transcripts from every episode of the show for 2017 has led to a conclusion that the Russians see a family as a system-forming value concept, words like “child”, “children” were used mostly in “Let Them Talk” in 2017. Furthermore, our analysis has established a value paradox: “child”, while being an important part of narrative, plays out the role of “McGuffin” (A. Hitchcock)
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Rutovic, Stela, Ana Isabel Fumagalli, Inna Lutsenko, and Francesco Corea. "Public Interest in Neurological Diseases on Wikipedia during Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic." Neurology International 13, no. 1 (2021): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/neurolint13010006.
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Infodemiology is a research discipline that investigates parameters of information distribution in order to support public health and public policy. Wikipedia, a free online encyclopedia, is commonly used as a source of information for infodemiological studies. Using Pageviews analysis, we descriptively assessed the total monthly number of views of the Wikipedia articles in English describing main neurological diseases in the period from January 2018 to July 2020. Our results show a general trend of a decrease in interest in neurological disease-related pages throughout years and especially during the burst of interest towards coronavirus. The monitoring of infodemiological indicators shall be prioritized to reshape global campaigns and tailored advocacy programs.
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Yu, Jianfeng, Jie Li, Sai He, et al. "Sirt1 regulates the expression of critical metabolic genes in chicken hepatocytes." Animal Production Science 60, no. 11 (2020): 1381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an18606.
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Context Studies in mammals show that SIRT1 plays an important role in many biological processes including liver metabolism through histone and non-histone deacetylation. Little is known about the function of Sirt1 in the chicken. Aims The current study investigated the expression pattern of Sirt1 mRNA in the chicken and its functions in the chicken liver. Methods In this work, we used real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to quantify the expression levels of Sirt1 mRNA in major chicken organs and tissue types, siRNA to knock down Sirt1 expression in primary chicken hepatocytes, RNA sequencing to identify gene-expression changes induced by Sirt1 knockdown, and analysed the function of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) through gene ontology enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes ontology analysis. Key results In total, 86 DEGs were found between Sirt1 knockdown and control chicken hepatocytes, of which 63 genes were downregulated and 23 genes were upregulated by Sirt1 knockdown. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that 24 DEGs were involved in metabolism. Seven DEGs were involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Conclusions The present study showed that Sirt1 regulates the expression of genes involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and many other biological processes in the chicken liver. Implications The results of the present study imply that Sirt1 has various functions in the chicken liver and that Sirt1 plays a potentially important role in hepatic carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the chicken.
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Turner, Rachel. "Bloomsbury Design Library." Charleston Advisor 21, no. 2 (2019): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5260/chara.21.2.11.
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Bloomsbury Design Library (BDL) provides information, much of it scholarly, on art, artists, and architecture from 1500 BCE to the present. It offers access to books published by Bloomsbury Publishing, and also information about certain museums and their exhibits and some images of items in these collections. The site also offers tools for educators, such as lesson plans and bibliographic guides. The site has a clear layout that is consistent across most pages and the content seems to be abundant. However, on closer inspection the content is less robust than it appears; it is repeated in various forms throughout the website. On the plus side, this makes things more discoverable; for example, someone looking for Southern African design can find it more easily in the “place” category than by searching through the entire Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Design. On the downside, the redundancy makes it difficult to remember where one is on the site, as the same thing can be seen multiple times and there is sometimes a lack of sufficient breadcrumbs to show users how they got to a particular page. In addition, some of the topics have only one to three items on their pages. Though it is valuable to have access to entire scholarly books such as the abovementioned encyclopedia and the overall design of the website is clear and pleasing, the lack of varied content and the insufficient use of breadcrumbs keep BDL from reaching its full potential.
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MIURA, KIKUKA, ICHIRO YAMADA, HIDEKI SUMIYOSHI, and NOBUYUKI YAGI. "IDENTIFICATION OF NAMES AND ACTIONS OF PRINCIPAL OBJECTS IN TV PROGRAM SEGMENTS USING CLOSED CAPTIONS." International Journal of Semantic Computing 02, no. 02 (2008): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793351x08000403.
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This paper proposes a method for automatically extracting principal video objects that appear in TV program segments and their actions using linguistic analysis of closed captions. We focus on features based on the text style of the closed captions by using Quinlan's C4.5 decision-tree learning algorithm. We extract a noun describing a video object and a verb describing an action for each video shot. To show the effectiveness of the method, we conducted experiments on the extraction of video segments in which animals appear and perform actions in twenty episodes of a Nature program. We obtained F-values of 0.609 on the extraction of video segments in which animals appear and 0.699 on extracting the action of "eating." We applied our method to a further 20 episodes, and generated a multimedia encyclopedia of animals. This provided a total of 387 video clips of 105 kinds of animals and 261 video clips of 56 kinds of actions.
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Göbel, Sascha, and Simon Munzert. "Political Advertising on the Wikipedia Marketplace of Information." Social Science Computer Review 36, no. 2 (2017): 157–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894439317703579.
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We point to a popular yet underresearched platform of political information, the online encyclopedia Wikipedia. Considering the supply side of the marketplace, we argue that personal biographies on the platform are an attractive medium for politicians to enhance their appearance. We trace changes to biographies coming from the parliament using data that cover the entire edit histories for biographies on all German members of parliament for the three last legislative periods. Our findings show editing of personal biographies to be a persistent phenomenon. Moreover, type, timing, and driving factors of editing behavior highlight the importance politicians’ attribute to Wikipedia for pursuing reelection. Our results speak to the domains of political professionalization, voting behavior, and the general measurement of communicative patterns.
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Conley, Anthony P., Wei-Lien Wang, John A. Livingston, et al. "MAGE-A3 Is a Clinically Relevant Target in Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma/Myxofibrosarcoma." Cancers 11, no. 5 (2019): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers11050677.
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Melanoma-associated antigen 3 (MAGE-A3) expression is generally restricted to the placenta and germline cells of the testis, but it may also be expressed in sarcoma and other cancers and is associated with poor prognosis. Immunotherapy approaches targeting MAGE-A3 in other cancers have shown mixed results in the clinic, however, use of cancer testis antigens such as MAGE-A3 may have therapeutic value in the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas. Based on the recent success of anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) therapy in undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, we hypothesize that MAGE-A3-based immunotherapies may also provide benefits in this sarcoma type. We analyzed MAGE-A3 expression of sarcoma subtypes available in the Cancer Genome Atlas and Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia and show that undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma/myxofibrosarcoma (UPS/MFS) expresses this potential target gene. We have identified high protein expression by tissue microarray of 106 UPS cores. We also found that high MAGE-A3 mRNA and protein expression is associated with worse overall survival in UPS/MFS. Furthermore, our results show no human leukocyte antigen (HLA) expression loss and relatively high lymphocyte infiltration by lymphocyte specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK) marker expression. Based on these results, we propose targeting MAGE-A3 in UPS/MFS by immunotherapy techniques.
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Twiner, Nicholas, and Vera Lee-Schoenfeld. "Binding German (In)direct Objects: Spell-Out Strategies for Disambiguation." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 4, no. 1 (2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v4i1.4534.
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Despite Grewendorf’s (1988) well-known German binding data with the double-object verb zeigen ‘show’, which suggests that the direct object (DO) is generated higher than the indirect object (IO), this paper argues for the canonical surface order of IO>DO as base order. Highlighting the exceptional status of Grewendorf's examples, building on Featherston & Sternefeld’s (2003) quantitative acceptability rating study, and exploiting the fact that zeigen can also be used as inherently reflexive with idiomatic meaning, and we appeal to Bruening's (2010) theory of idiom formation as well as the Encyclopedia within Distributed Morphology (Marantz 1997, Embick & Noyer 2007) and propose a flexible Spell-Out mechanism within a derivational approach to binding (e.g. Hornstein 2001 and Zwart 2002) that can override narrow syntactic case licensing by realizing nominals with different morphological case.
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Bian, Wei. "Construction of Multimedia Teaching Resource Management Evaluation Model in the Big Data Environment." International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 13, no. 03 (2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v13i03.8365.
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In view of the deficiencies in the studies of the multi-media teaching resource management method and resource management evaluation model, a multi-media teaching resource management evaluation model in the big data environment is proposed in this paper based on the existing work. The teaching resource management evaluation method of the proposed model is further studied based on the elaboration of the component elements of the model. Guided by the multimedia teaching resource management evaluation model, the construction method for the multimedia teaching resource management evaluation model is studied in the open big data environment. And the multimedia remote teaching data of 360 encyclopedia and news web pages are used as the basis for experimental verification. The results show that the proposed model and method can effectively evaluate the multimedia teaching resource management.
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Replogle, John Michael, Wen Zhou, Adrianna E. Amaro, et al. "Aneuploidy increases resistance to chemotherapeutics by antagonizing cell division." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 48 (2020): 30566–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2009506117.
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Aneuploidy, defined as whole chromosome gains and losses, is associated with poor patient prognosis in many cancer types. However, the condition causes cellular stress and cell cycle delays, foremost in G1 and S phase. Here, we investigate how aneuploidy causes both slow proliferation and poor disease outcome. We test the hypothesis that aneuploidy brings about resistance to chemotherapies because of a general feature of the aneuploid condition—G1 delays. We show that single chromosome gains lead to increased resistance to the frontline chemotherapeutics cisplatin and paclitaxel. Furthermore, G1 cell cycle delays are sufficient to increase chemotherapeutic resistance in euploid cells. Mechanistically, G1 delays increase drug resistance to cisplatin and paclitaxel by reducing their ability to damage DNA and microtubules, respectively. Finally, we show that our findings are clinically relevant. Aneuploidy correlates with slowed proliferation and drug resistance in the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) dataset. We conclude that a general and seemingly detrimental effect of aneuploidy, slowed proliferation, provides a selective benefit to cancer cells during chemotherapy treatment.
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Deng, Yajun, Hanyun Ma, Jinyong Hao, Qiqi Xie, and Ruochen Zhao. "MCM2 and NUSAP1 Are Potential Biomarkers for the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Pancreatic Cancer." BioMed Research International 2020 (April 29, 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8604340.
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Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most malignant tumors. Despite considerable progress in the treatment of PC, the prognosis of patients with PC is poor. The aim of this study was to identify potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of PC. First, the original data of three independent mRNA expression datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas databases and screened for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using the R software. Subsequently, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses of the DEGs were performed, and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to screen for hub genes. The hub genes were analyzed for genetic variations, as well as for survival, prognostic, and diagnostic value, using the cBioPortal and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) databases and the pROC package. After screening for potential biomarkers, the mRNA and protein levels of the biomarkers were verified at the tissue and cellular levels using the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia, GEPIA, and the Human Protein Atlas. As a result, a total of 248 DEGs were identified. The GO terms enriched in DEGs were related to the separation of mitotic sister chromatids and the binding of the spindle to the extracellular matrix. The enriched pathways were associated with focal adhesion, ECM-receptor interaction, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling. The top 20 genes were selected from the PPI network as hub genes, and based on the analysis of multiple databases, MCM2 and NUSAP1 were identified as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of PC. In conclusion, our results show that MCM2 and NUSAP1 can be used as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of PC. The study also provides new insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of PC.
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Ishchenko, Oleksandr. "The Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine vs. Wikipedia: the popularity scale in information space of Ukraine." Entsykpopedychnyi Visnyk Ukrainy [The Encyclopedia Herald of Ukraine] 11 (December 9, 2019): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37068/evu.11.2.
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The article deals with the problems of the popularity of online encyclopedias in the nowadays information space. It is shown that the most popular in Ukraine is Wikipedia, and the academic Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine is much inferior to it in this context. The different levels of popularity these two compendiums of knowledge are explained in terms of the belonging of each of them to different types of cultures: the point here is pop culture and high culture, which differ in a priori by many indicators, including a popularity among people.
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Abellán-Nebot, J. V., G. M. Bruscas, J. Serrano, and F. Romero. "Wikipedia as a Tool for Active Learning. Experience Gained within the Framework of the Wikifabricación Project." Materials Science Forum 759 (July 2013): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.759.73.
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Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, is one of the most visited websites on the Internet and it is a tool which students often use in their assignments, although they do not usually understand the basics underlying it. To overcome this limitation and promote the active learning approach in our courses, last year an educational innovation project was carried out that was aimed mainly at improving students skills in technical writing as well as their ability to review the technical contents of the Wikipedias. Additionally, it sought to explore new opportunities that these tools can offer both teachers and students. This paper describes the experiment carried out in a second-year undergraduate engineering course, the results of which show that introducing activities such as edition and revision within Wikipedia is an interesting way to enhance transversal competencies as well as others related to the main contents of the course.
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Kornberg, Jacques. "Encyclopedia of Genocide (review)." Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies 20, no. 4 (2002): 126–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sho.2002.0069.
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Sun, Fei, Fuchun Yang, and Shusen Zheng. "Evaluation of the Liver Disease Information in Baidu Encyclopedia and Wikipedia: Longitudinal Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 1 (2021): e17680. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17680.
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Background The internet has changed the way of people acquiring health information. Previous studies have shown that Wikipedia is a reasonably reliable medical resource, and it has been ranked higher than other general websites in various search engines. Baidu Encyclopedia is one of the most popular encyclopedia websites in China. However, no studies have shown the quality of the content provided in the Baidu Encyclopedia. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the quality of liver disease information provided by Wikipedia (in English) and Baidu Encyclopedia (in Chinese) and to perform a comparison of the quality and timeliness of the articles published in these two encyclopedias. Moreover, a 3-year follow-up study was conducted to compare if the information in both these websites was updated regularly over this period. Methods We searched for information on liver diseases by using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision Version 2016 codes on Wikipedia (in English) and Baidu Encyclopedia (in Chinese). The quality of the articles was assessed using the DISCERN instrument, which consists of 3 sections. We recorded the latest editing date of the webpages and calculated the date interval to evaluate the update timeliness of these websites. Results We found 22 entries on liver diseases in Baidu Encyclopedia and 15 articles in Wikipedia between September 15, 2016, and September 30, 2016, and we found 25 entries in Baidu Encyclopedia and 16 articles in Wikipedia between September 15, 2019, and September 30, 2019. In section 1 of the DISCERN instrument, the mean (SE) scores of Baidu Encyclopedia entries were significantly lower than those of Wikipedia articles. In section 2 and section 3 of the DISCERN instrument, the DISCERN scores of Baidu Encyclopedia entries were lower than those of Wikipedia articles, but the differences were not statistically significant. The total DISCERN scores of Baidu Encyclopedia entries were significantly lower than those of Wikipedia articles. The update interval of the entries in Baidu Encyclopedia was found to be significantly longer than that of the articles in Wikipedia. Conclusions This study shows that the quality of articles and the reliability of the research content on liver diseases in Wikipedia are better than those of the entries in Baidu Encyclopedia. However, the quality of the treatment choices provided in both Wikipedia and Baidu Encyclopedia is not satisfactory. Wikipedia is updated more frequently than Baidu Encyclopedia, thereby ensuring that the information presented has the most recent research findings. The findings of our study suggest that in order to find accurate health information, it is important to seek the help of medical professionals instead of looking for a prescription amid the confusing information provided on the internet.
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Zacharow, Sebastian. "Le rôle créateur de la memoria rhétorique dans la théorie des arts à l’époque des Lumières." Przegląd Humanistyczny 63, no. 4 (2020): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7280.
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The article addresses the issue of one of the parts of rhetoric – memory (memoria) in relation to fine arts (beaux-arts), a term invented by Charles Batteux. In the classical understanding of the rhetorical discourse, memoria is a set of rules allowing the speaker to remember his speech and then to deliver it in the best possible way. In terms of aesthetics and art, the mentioned term takes on many new meanings, to the extent that Diderot’s Encyclopedia does not use it at all. In order to explain the role of memory as a creative process, the French theoreticians of the Age of Enlightenment (Batteux, Dubos, Voltaire) use many other terms, which only shows the complexity of the term memoria. The aim of the article is to show the adaptation of the rhetorical term to the area of poetics and theory of art, and to present how this rhetorical concept becomes one of the foundations of the fine arts.
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Jia, Ruizhe, Jingyun Li, Can Rui, et al. "Comparative Proteomic Profile of the Human Umbilical Cord Blood Exosomes between Normal and Preeclampsia Pregnancies with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 36, no. 6 (2015): 2299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000430193.
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Background/Aims: Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are involved in several biological processes. The roles of proteins from human umbilical cord blood exosomes in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia remains poorly understood. Methods: In this study, we used high-resolution LC-MS/MS technologies to construct a comparative proteomic profiling of human umbilical cord blood exosomes between normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. Results: A total of 221 proteins were detected in human umbilical cord blood exosomes, with 14 upregulated and 15 downregulated proteins were definitively identified between preeclamptic and control pregnancies. Further bioinformatics analysis (Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis) indicated that these differentially expressed proteins correlate with enzyme regulator activity, binding, extracellular region, cell part, biological regulation, cellular process and complement and coagulation cascades occurring during pathological changes of preeclampsia. Conclusion: Our results show significantly altered expression profiles of proteins in human umbilical cord blood exosomes between normal and preeclampsia pregnancies. These proteins may be involved in the etiology of preeclampsia.
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Hu, Zhipeng, Maoyi Yang, Liangjun Yang, et al. "Network Pharmacology-Based Identification of the Mechanisms of Shen-Qi Compound Formula in Treating Diabetes Mellitus." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (June 4, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5798764.
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Aim. The purpose of this research is to identify the mechanisms of Shen-Qi compound formula (SQC), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), for treating diabetes mellitus (DM) using system pharmacology. Methods. The active components and therapeutic targets were identified, and these targets were analyzed using gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis. Finally, an integrated pathway was constructed to show the mechanisms of SQC. Results. A total of 282 active components and 195 targets were identified through a database search. The component-target network was constructed, and the key components were screened out according to their degree. Through the GO, PPI, and KEGG analyses, the mechanism network of SQC treating DM was constructed. Conclusions. This study shows that the mechanisms of SQC treating DM are related to various pathways and targets. This study provides a good foundation and basis for further in-depth verification and clinical application.
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Lee, Yura, Yo Seph Park, Na Young Choi, Yong Il Kim, and Yong-Gon Koh. "Proteomic Analysis Reveals Commonly Secreted Proteins of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Bone Marrow, Adipose Tissue, and Synovial Membrane to Show Potential for Cartilage Regeneration in Knee Osteoarthritis." Stem Cells International 2021 (June 28, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6694299.
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Paracrine factors secreted by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) reportedly modulate inflammation and reparative processes in damaged tissues and have been explored for knee osteoarthritis (OA) therapy. Although various studies have reported the effects of paracrine factors in knee OA, it is not yet clear which paracrine factors directly affect the regeneration of damaged cartilage and which are secreted under various knee OA conditions. In this study, we cultured MSCs derived from three types of tissues and treated each type with IL-1β and TNF-α or not to obtain conditioned medium. Each conditioned medium was used to analyse the paracrine factors related to cartilage regeneration using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Bone marrow-, adipose tissue-, and synovial membrane-MSCs (all-MSCs) exhibited expression of 93 proteins under normal conditions and 105 proteins under inflammatory conditions. It was confirmed that the types of secreted proteins differed depending on the environmental conditions, and the proteins were validated using ELISA. The results of Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis using a list of proteins secreted by all-MSCs under each condition confirmed that the secreted proteins were closely related to cartilage repair under inflammatory conditions. Protein-protein interaction networks were confirmed to change depending on environmental differences and were found to enhance the secretion of paracrine factors related to cartilage regeneration under inflammatory conditions. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that compared with knee OA conditions, the differential expression proteins may contribute to the regeneration of damaged cartilage. In addition, the detailed information on commonly secreted proteins by all-MSCs provides a comprehensive basis for understanding the potential of paracrine factors to influence tissue repair and regeneration in knee OA.
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González, Aránzazu, Violeta Atienza, Alegría Montoro, and Jose M. Soriano. "Use of Ganoderma lucidum (Ganodermataceae, Basidiomycota) as Radioprotector." Nutrients 12, no. 4 (2020): 1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12041143.
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For millennia, naturopaths and physicians have used Ganoderma lucidum (reishi mushroom) for its diverse therapeutic properties, as recorded in the oldest Chinese herbal encyclopedia. Indeed, a radioprotective effect has been reported in the isolated components of its extracts. A systematic review and meta-analyses (PRISMA) was conducted in March 2020, searching databases including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar, along with Clinical Trials. The inclusion criteria were ex vivo, in vitro, and in vivo studies, with full texts in English, conducted to determine the radioprotective benefits of G. lucidum, or reports in which ionizing radiation was used. From a total number of 1109 records identified, 15 full text articles were eligible, none of them were clinical trials. In vivo studies reveal the efficiency of G. lucidum aqueous extracts of polysaccharides and triterpenes in mice exposed to γ-rays. In plasmid, they can reduce radiation damage as an increment of the open circular form, as well as increase the DNA extension, as shown in vitro studies. Ex vivo studies conducted in human blood cells show the radioprotective effect of β-glucan of aqueous extract of G. lucidum, nevertheless, its implementation as radioprotector to humans is in need of further clinical research studies.
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He, Qianqian, Xinmei Fang, Tianhui Zhu, Shan Han, Hanmingyue Zhu, and Shujiang Li. "Differential Proteomics Based on TMT and PRM Reveal the Resistance Response of Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocalamopisis grandis Induced by AP-Toxin." Metabolites 9, no. 8 (2019): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo9080166.
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Bambusa pervariabilis McClure × Dendrocalamopsis grandis (Q.H.Dai & X.l.Tao ex Keng f.) Ohrnb. blight is a widespread and dangerous forest fungus disease, and has been listed as a supplementary object of forest phytosanitary measures. In order to study the control of B. pervariabilis × D. grandis blight, this experiment was carried out. In this work, a toxin purified from the pathogen Arthrinium phaeospermum (Corda) Elli, which causes blight in B. pervariabilis × D. grandis, with homologous heterogeneity, was used as an inducer to increase resistance to B. pervariabilis × D. grandis. A functional analysis of the differentially expressed proteins after induction using a tandem mass tag labeling technique was combined with mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry in order to effectively screen for the proteins related to the resistance of B. pervariabilis × D. grandis to blight. After peptide labeling, a total of 3320 unique peptides and 1791 quantitative proteins were obtained by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. Annotation and enrichment analysis of these peptides and proteins using the Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases with bioinformatics software show that the differentially expressed protein functional annotation items are mainly concentrated on biological processes and cell components. Several pathways that are prominent in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes annotation and enrichment include metabolic pathways, the citrate cycle, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. In the Protein-protein interaction networks four differentially expressed proteins-sucrose synthase, adenosine triphosphate-citrate synthase beta chain protein 1, peroxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase significantly interact with multiple proteins and significantly enrich metabolic pathways. To verify the results of tandem mass tag, the candidate proteins were further verified by parallel reaction monitoring, and the results were consistent with the tandem mass tag data analysis results. It is confirmed that the data obtained by tandem mass tag technology are reliable. Therefore, the differentially expressed proteins and signaling pathways discovered here is the primary concern for subsequent disease resistance studies.
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Jensen, Vigdis, Birthe Mousten, and Anne-Lise Laursen. "Electronic Corpora as Translation Tools: A Solution in Practice." Communication & Language at Work 1, no. 1 (2012): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/claw.v1i1.7236.
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Small bilingual text corpora from a source and target language can be important sources of specialized language tracking for translators. A corpus platform can supplement or replace traditional reference works such as dictionaries and encyclopedia, which are rarely sufficient for the professional translator who has to get a cross-linguistic overview of a new area or a new line of business. Relevant internet texts can be compiled ‘on the fly’, but internet data needs to be sorted and analyzed for rational use. Today, such sorting and analysis can be made by a low-tech, analytical software tool. This article demonstrates how strategic steps of compiling and retrieving linguistic data by means of specific search strategies can be used to make electronic corpora an efficient tool in translators’ daily work with fields that involve new terminology, but where the skills requested to work correspond to being able to perform an advanced Google search. We show the different steps in setting up and working with an ad-hoc corpus, illustrated by means of the software AntConc applied on the SEO area.
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Maraschi, Andrea. "Wine, bread, and water, between doctrine and alternative. Norms and practical issues concerning the Eucharist and baptism in thirteenth-century Europe." Revista de História da Sociedade e da Cultura 19 (December 6, 2019): 323–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1645-2259_19_14.
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Guillaume Durand’s Rationale divinorum officiorum was a liturgical encyclopedia which soon became the most important work of its kind, and thus represents an invaluable resource for the study of various aspects of liturgy and ritual in late thirteenth-century Europe. This contribution focuses on norms featured in the Rationale regarding two Christian sacraments - the Eucharist and baptism - for the they were held to originate from the same source (the wound on Christ’s side caused by the spear thrown by a Roman soldier). Both of these sacraments required elements for the administration (wine, water, bread) which had to meet specific characteristics, and this generated several issues, mainly concerning their availability and other practical issues. This study analyzes such characteristics and occasional proposals to replace the aforementioned elements by contextualizing Guillaume’s work within a wider intellectual and normative context, including Thomas Aquinas and earlier canon law. The intention is to show: 1) how fundamental a role normativity played in drawing the line between liturgy, heresy, and desecration; and 2) that normativity had to take practicality into account.
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Hu, Yaodong, Jiayu Su, Liyuan Cheng, Dan Lan, and Diyan Li. "Pectoral muscle transcriptome analyses reveal high-altitude adaptations in Tibetan chickens." Animal Biology 70, no. 4 (2020): 385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10026.
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Abstract The largest muscles in fowl are the pectorals, which provide the power required for birds to fly. Tibetan chickens show specific adaptations to high-altitude conditions, but changes in the muscle transcriptome associated with these adaptations have not been characterized yet. Therefore, in this study, we used next-generation sequencing technologies to generate eight libraries of mRNA sequences for four Tibetan chickens and four Beijing fatty chickens. A comprehensive transcriptome analysis was performed. In the eight samples, 12 333 annotated protein-coding genes were expressed. Among these, 48 differentially expressed genes were found; all of which were upregulated in Tibetan chickens. These differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in kidney morphogenesis, which indicates that hypoxia has an important effect on renal tubule development. Only nine genes were involved in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways, such as the endocytosis pathway, the MAPK signaling pathway, the calcium signaling pathway and the TGF-beta signaling pathway. The differentially expressed genes identified in this study will be used to facilitate future research into the Tibetan chicken.
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Grant, Gavin D., Lionel Brooks, Xiaoyang Zhang, et al. "Identification of cell cycle–regulated genes periodically expressed in U2OS cells and their regulation by FOXM1 and E2F transcription factors." Molecular Biology of the Cell 24, no. 23 (2013): 3634–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e13-05-0264.
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We identify the cell cycle–regulated mRNA transcripts genome-wide in the osteosarcoma-derived U2OS cell line. This results in 2140 transcripts mapping to 1871 unique cell cycle–regulated genes that show periodic oscillations across multiple synchronous cell cycles. We identify genomic loci bound by the G2/M transcription factor FOXM1 by chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) and associate these with cell cycle–regulated genes. FOXM1 is bound to cell cycle–regulated genes with peak expression in both S phase and G2/M phases. We show that ChIP-seq genomic loci are responsive to FOXM1 using a real-time luciferase assay in live cells, showing that FOXM1 strongly activates promoters of G2/M phase genes and weakly activates those induced in S phase. Analysis of ChIP-seq data from a panel of cell cycle transcription factors (E2F1, E2F4, E2F6, and GABPA) from the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements and ChIP-seq data for the DREAM complex finds that a set of core cell cycle genes regulated in both U2OS and HeLa cells are bound by multiple cell cycle transcription factors. These data identify the cell cycle–regulated genes in a second cancer-derived cell line and provide a comprehensive picture of the transcriptional regulatory systems controlling periodic gene expression in the human cell division cycle.
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Scholtz, Gunter. "The rising tide of information as problem of encyclopedias." Semiotic studies 1, no. 2 (2021): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2782-2966-2021-1-2-31-37.
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While using the encyclopedia concept as a guide, it has been shown the way in which the increasingly rapid growth of knowledge, created by the worldwide communication, leads to entirely new problems. The science as a collective enterprise is splitting off from the individuals and leveling down their education. There doesnt exist a single scientist, being acquainted with the whole knowledge accumulated in the discipline. The knowledge quantity rate proves that there are problems while carrying out the knowledge overview and systematization. As a result, traditional encyclopedias are becoming increasingly outdated. This process may be understood by the means of Georg Simmels thesis on the alienation of objective and subjective culture. The present article presents some brief reactions to this problem.
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Zevit, Ziony. "Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land (review)." Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies 21, no. 1 (2002): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sho.2002.0127.
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Williams, David S. "Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea scrolls (review)." Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies 22, no. 1 (2003): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sho.2003.0110.
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Chen, Siyu, Xinyan Sun, Yajuan Shi, et al. "Cucurbit Chlorotic Yellows Virus p22 Protein Interacts with Cucumber SKP1LB1 and Its F-Box-Like Motif Is Crucial for Silencing Suppressor Activity." Viruses 11, no. 9 (2019): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11090818.
Full textAbstract:
Plants use RNA silencing as a defense against viruses. In response, viruses encode various RNA silencing suppressors to counteract the antiviral silencing. Here, we identified p22 as a silencing suppressor of cucurbit chlorotic yellows crinivirus and showed that p22 interacts with CsSKP1LB1, a Cucumis sativus ortholog of S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 (SKP1). The F-box-like motif of p22 was identified through sequence analysis and found to be necessary for the interaction using a yeast two-hybrid assay. The involvement of the F-box-like motif in p22 silencing suppressor activity was determined. Proteomics analysis of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves expressing p22, and its F-box-like motif deletion mutant showed 228 differentially expressed proteins and five enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways: ABC transporters, sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, riboflavin metabolism, and cysteine and methionine metabolism. Collectively, our results demonstrate the interaction between p22 and CsSKP1LB1 and show that the deletion of F-box-like motif inhibits p22 silencing suppressor activity. The possible pathways regulated by the p22 through the F-box-like motif were identified using proteomics analysis.