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Degouveia, Antonio. "Hollywood's 'End of Days' : visions of Biblical apocalypse and the transposition of a secular science fiction film genre." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2016. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/63604/.
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Amid the often complex and paradoxical relationship between Hollywood and American Christianity lies the dichotomy between the archaic and the futuristic, and the way in which biblical beliefs have been intertwined into the seemingly discordant realm of science fiction. Hollywood, as an institution that has often been regarded as pronouncedly secular, was once deemed at the opposite end of the cultural spectrum to American evangelical belief – in much the same way that science and religion are often identified as conflicting arenas of ideological latitude. My study lays emphasis to the fact that biblical allegory and religious cabal are now adopted by Hollywood on a frequent basis, and cinematic visions of apocalypse, incorporating ideas of biblical ‘myth’ and prophecy, are often framed within the machinations of science fiction. What makes this development all the more intriguing is that, in effect, this represents an ideological inversion of what had not only been an expressly secular 20th century (sub)genre of science fiction cinema, but one which had often incorporated a denigration of religion as a whole. My key conceptual approach is based on close textual analyses of a body of contemporary apocalypse films that most effectively represents this ontological shift. As a cultural backdrop to post-9/11 America over the first decade of the 21st century, I examine the influence of ‘premillennial Dispensationalism’, or the form of evangelical belief that is intrinsically concerned with the biblical ‘endtime’, and thus with the future, and is ‘hermeneutically hungry’ for signs and prophecies that might signal the beginning of the end. Correspondingly, I draw on Hollywood’s own accordant fascination with prophetical signs and codes and premonitions of apocalypse, and consider the socio-cultural intersection between premillennialist belief and post-9/11 social structures of trauma, paranoia, and neoconservatism. This thesis ultimately contends that, since the turn of the century, perceptions of Premillennialist endtime belief has become an integral aspect of Hollywood’s apocalyptic vision, and this is something that informs a strong religious consciousness already at the heart of the American apocalyptic imagination.
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Kusters, Annelies Maria Jozef. ""Since time immemorial until the end of days" : an ethnographic study of the production of deaf space in Adamorobe, Ghana." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.570857.
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The typical life experience for most sign language-using deaf people in the world is one of problematic communication with the surrounding society. However, a number of 'shared signing communities' exist where, due to the historical presence of a 'deaf gene', both deaf and hearing people use a locally-emerged sign language with each other. A number of western writers have tended to perceive these as utopian communities. This ethnographic study of one such community in Adamorobe, Ghana, problematicises this assumption in its analysis of the community's deaf-hearing and deaf-deaf social relationships. To frame everyday life in Adamorobe, this study employs Lefebvre's 'spatial trialectics' which consists of three dimensions, Percu, Concu and Vecu. Firstly, it demonstrates how the deaf people are inherently part of the space produced in Adamorobe "since time immemorial until the end of days", by interacting naturally with hearing people through sign language, but also by producing 'deaf spaces' (Percu). Secondly, it explains how they conceive of these spaces by exploring the deaf inhabitants' sharing of certain ontological experiences and characteristics, summarised in the expression that "deaf are the same" (Concu). Thirdly, it examines the tensions and difficulties they experience in relation to their own ideas of what an ideal or utopian world would be like (Vecu). The study also identifies the recent profound effects of external practices and discourses on deaf-hearing relationships, which affect the way the space of Adamorobe is produced, and the way the deaf people produce deaf spaces. It is believed that the conceptual framework used in this dissertation has the potential both to advance the investigation of other similar communities, and the discipline of Deaf Studies in general.
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Andreasson, Maja. "Det prekära vi:et : Om den kollektiva rösten i Joshua Ferris och Ed Parks kontorsromaner: Then We Came to the End (2007) och Personal Days (2008)." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för kultur och estetik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-160804.
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Rodittis, Kathy, and Alan Cooke. "Next Generation End to End Avionics Bus Monitoring." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/579512.
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ITC/USA 2013 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Ninth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 21-24, 2013 / Bally's Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, NVWith the advent of networked based data acquisition systems comes the opportunity to acquire, transmit and store potentially very large volumes of data. Despite this, and the increased size of the data acquisition networks, the use of tightly integrated hardware, and setup and analysis software enable the FTI engineer to save time and increase productivity. This paper outlines how the use of innovative bus packetizer technology and the close integration of FTI software can simplify this process. The paper describes how packetizer technology is used to acquire data from avionics buses, and how it packages this data in a format that is optimized for network based systems. The paper further describes how software can simplify the process of configuring avionics bus monitors in addition to automating and optimizing the transport of data from various nodes in the acquisition network for transmission to either network recorders or via a telemetry link.
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Buss, Whitney. "The Dark End of Day." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2009. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1004.
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Wailly, Aurélien. "End-to-end security architecture for cloud computing environments." Thesis, Evry, Institut national des télécommunications, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TELE0020/document.
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La virtualisation des infrastructures est devenue un des enjeux majeurs dans la recherche, qui fournissent des consommations d'énergie moindres et des nouvelles opportunités. Face à de multiples menaces et des mécanismes de défense hétérogènes, l'approche autonomique propose une gestion simplifiée, robuste et plus efficace de la sécurité du cloud. Aujourd'hui, les solutions existantes s'adaptent difficilement. Il manque des politiques de sécurité flexibles, une défense multi-niveaux, des contrôles à granularité variable, ou encore une architecture de sécurité ouverte. Ce mémoire présente VESPA, une architecture d'autoprotection pour les infrastructures cloud. VESPA est construit autour de politiques qui peuvent réguler la sécurité à plusieurs niveaux. La coordination flexible entre les boucles d'autoprotection réalise un large spectre de stratégies de sécurité comme des détections et des réactions sur plusieurs niveaux. Une architecture extensible multi plans permet d'intégrer simplement des éléments déjà présents. Depuis peu, les attaques les plus critiques contre les infrastructures cloud visent la brique la plus sensible: l'hyperviseur. Le vecteur d'attaque principal est un pilote de périphérique mal confiné. Les mécanismes de défense mis en jeu sont statiques et difficile à gérer. Nous proposons une approche différente avec KungFuVisor, un canevas logiciel pour créer des hyperviseurs autoprotégés spécialisant l'architecture VESPA. Nous avons montré son application à trois types de protection différents : les attaques virales, la gestion hétérogène multi-domaines et l'hyperviseur. Ainsi la sécurité des infrastructures cloud peut être améliorée grâce à VESPASince several years the virtualization of infrastructures became one of the major research challenges, consuming less energy while delivering new services. However, many attacks hinder the global adoption of Cloud computing. Self-protection has recently raised growing interest as possible element of answer to the cloud computing infrastructure protection challenge. Yet, previous solutions fall at the last hurdle as they overlook key features of the cloud, by lack of flexible security policies, cross-layered defense, multiple control granularities, and open security architectures. This thesis presents VESPA, a self-protection architecture for cloud infrastructures. Flexible coordination between self-protection loops allows enforcing a rich spectrum of security strategies. A multi-plane extensible architecture also enables simple integration of commodity security components.Recently, some of the most powerful attacks against cloud computing infrastructures target the Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM). In many case, the main attack vector is a poorly confined device driver. Current architectures offer no protection against such attacks. This thesis proposes an altogether different approach by presenting KungFuVisor, derived from VESPA, a framework to build self-defending hypervisors. The result is a very flexible self-protection architecture, enabling to enforce dynamically a rich spectrum of remediation actions over different parts of the VMM, also facilitating defense strategy administration. We showed the application to three different protection scheme: virus infection, mobile clouds and hypervisor drivers. Indeed VESPA can enhance cloud infrastructure security
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Oliveros, Ramos David Ricardo. "Modélisation "end-to-end" pour une approche écosystémique des pêches dans le Nord courant de Humboldt." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20220.
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Ce travail représente une contribution originale à la méthodologie pour le développement de modèles écosystémiques ainsi qu'une première tentative d'une modélisation end-to-end (E2E) de l'écosystème du Courant de Humboldt Nord (ECHN). L'objectif principal du modèle développé dans cette thèse est de construire un outil de gestion écosystémique et d'aide à la décision; raison pour laquelle la crédibilité du modèle est essentielle, laquelle peut-être établie par confrontation aux données. En outre, le ECHN présente une grande variabilité climatique et océanographique à différentes échelles, la source principale de variation inter-annuelle étant l'interruption du cycle d'upwelling saisonnier par l'Oscillation Australe du phénomène El Niño qui a un effet direct sur la survie larvaire et le succès de recrutement des poissons. La pêche peut aussi être fortement variable, en fonction de l'abondance et de l'accessibilité des principales ressources halieutiques. Ce contexte amène deux questions méthodologiques principales que nous explorons dans cette thèse à travers le développement d'un modèle E2E qui couple le modèle OSMOSE, pour la partie haut niveau trophique, au modèle ROMS-PISCES, pour les parties hydrodynamique et biogéochimie:(i) Comment calibrer un modèle écosystémique à partir de séries temporelles de données? (ii) Comment inclure l'impact de la variabilité inter-annuelle de l'environnement et de la pêche? En premier lieu, cette thèse met en évidence plusieurs problèmes liés à la confrontation de modèles écosystémiques complexes aux données et propose une méthodologie pour une calibration séquentielle en plusieurs phases des modèles écosystémiques. Nous proposons deux critères pour classer les paramètres d'un modèle: la dépendance au modèle et la variabilité temporelle des paramètres. A partir de ces critères, et en tenant compte de l'existence d'estimations initiales, on énonce des règles qui permettent de déterminer quels paramètres doivent être estimés, et dans quel ordre, dans le processus de calibration séquentiel. De plus, un nouvel Algorithme Évolutionnaire, conçu pour la calibration de modèles stochastiques et optimisé pour l'estimation du maximum de vraisemblance, a été développé et utilisé pour la calibration du modèle OSMOSE avec des séries temporelles de données.La variabilité environnementale est explicite dans le modèle: le modèle ROMS-PISCES force le modèle OSMOSE et propage les effets bottom-up potentiels dans le réseau trophique à travers les interactions trophiques entre plancton et poisson d'une part, et les changements dans la distribution spatiale du poisson d'autre part. Cette dynamique spatiale des poissons est prise en compte par l'utilisation de modèles de distribution des espèces de type présence/absence, qui sont en général évalués grâce à une matrice de confusion et les indicateurs statistiques qui lui sont associés. Toutefois, quand on considère la prédiction d'un habitat au cours du temps, la variabilité de la distribution spatiale des habitats peut être résumée de manière complémentaire et validée en utilisant les patrons émergents de la forme des distributions spatiales. Nous avons modélisé l'habitat potentiel des principales espèces du ECHN en utilisant plusieurs sources d'information (pêches commerciales, campagnes scientifiques et suivi satellite des navires de pêche) conjointement aux données environnementales issues d'observations satellites et in-situ, de 1992 à 2008. L'habitat potentiel est estimé sur cette période d'étude avec une résolution mensuelle, et le modèle est validé à partir d'informations du système, en utilisant une approche pattern-oriented.Le modèle écosystémique E2E ROMS-PISCES-OSMOSE pour le ECHN est calibré en une approche par maximum de vraisemblance pour ajuster des séries temporelles mensuelles de 1992 à 2008. En conclusion,quelques applications potentielles du modèle pour la gestion des pêches sont présentées et nous discutons leurs limitations et les perspectivesThis work represents an original contribution to the methodology for ecosystem models' development as well as the first attempt of an end-to-end (E2E) model for the Northern Humboldt Current Ecosystem (NHCE). The main purpose of the developed model is to build a tool for ecosystem-based management and decision making, reason why the credibility of the model is essential, and this can be assessed through confrontation to data. Additionally, the NHCE exhibits a high climatic and oceanographic variability at several scales, the major source of interannual variability being the interruption of the upwelling seasonality by the El Nino Southern Oscillation, which has direct effects on larval survival and fish recruitment success. Fishing activity can also be highly variable, depending on the abundance and accessibility of the main fishery resources. This context brings the two main methodological questions addressed in this thesis, through the development of an end-to-end model coupling the high trophic level model OSMOSE to the hydrodynamics and biogeochemical model ROMS-PISCES: i) how to calibrate ecosystem models using time series data and ii) how to incorporate the impact of the interannual variability of the environment and fishing.First, this thesis highlights some issues related to the confrontation of complex ecosystem models to data and proposes a methodology for a sequential multi-phases calibration of ecosystem models. We propose two criteria to classify the parameters of a model: the model dependency and the time variability of the parameters. Then, these criteria along with the availability of approximate initial estimates are used as decision rules to determine which parameters need to be estimated, and their precedence order in the sequential calibration process. Additionally, a new Evolutionary Algorithm designed for the calibration of stochastic models (e.g Individual Based Model) and optimized for maximum likelihood estimation has been developed and applied to the calibration of the OSMOSE model to data time series.The environmental variability is explicit in the model: the ROMS-PISCES model forces the OSMOSE model and drives potential bottom-up effects up the foodweb through plankton and fish trophic interactions, as well as through changes in the spatial distribution of fish. The latter effect was taken into account using presence/absence species distribution models which are traditionally assessed through a confusion matrix and the statistical metrics associated to it. However, when considering the prediction of the habitat against time, the variability in the spatial distribution of the habitat can be summarized and validated using the emerging patterns from the shape of the spatial distributions. We modeled the potential habitat of the main species of the Humboldt Current Ecosystem using several sources of information (fisheries, scientific surveys and satellite monitoring of vessels) jointly with environmental data from remote sensing and in situ observations, from 1992 to 2008. The potential habitat was predicted over the study period with monthly resolution, and the model was validated using quantitative and qualitative information of the system using a pattern oriented approach.The final ROMS-PISCES-OSMOSE E2E ecosystem model for the NHCE was calibrated using our evolutionary algorithm and a likelihood approach to fit monthly time series data of landings, abundance indices and catch at length distributions from 1992 to 2008. To conclude, some applications of the model for fishery management are presented and their limitations and perspectives discussed
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Throsby, Karen. ""Calling it a day" : the decision to end IVF treatment." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2002. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/110/.
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This thesis focuses on the experiences of women and couples who have undergone in vitro fertilisation (IVF) unsuccessfully and who have subsequently stopped treatment. The thesis is feminist in that it aims to make visible the gendered power relations within which IVF failure is experienced and accounted for. IVF is viewed here not as a neutral artefact, or the violent imposition of male power, but as a form of disciplinary technology, the experience of which is always contradictory and ambivalent. The thesis takes a discourse analytic approach to the interview data. This approach necessarily conceptualises the participants as active, but constrained, agents in the production of meaning in relation to IVF, and the analysis seeks to identify the discursive strategies which they employ in accounting for their experiences. It is argued that those who have stopped treatment occupy an ambiguous liminal space among the dominant discourses of gender, technology and body, and that this constitutes an unusually productive location from which to think about IVF, both in terms of challenging the apparent inevitability of those discourses and creating openings for the production of new knowledges. The analysis is organised around four key themes which emerged from the interview data: the negotiation of discourses of nature and technology; the location of IVF within consumer culture; the distribution of responsibility when treatment fails; and the seeking of resolution around the end of treatment. This thematic structure forms a platform from which to consider not only the specificities of the experience of IVF failure, but which also generates broader insights at the theoretical and conceptual level, focusing particularly on the limitations of oppositional paradigms of transgression / conformity, material / discursive, agency / constraint and theory / practice in the feminist theorising of IVF.
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Bonafos, Caroline. "Rôle des défauts End-Of-Range dans la diffusion anormale du bore." Toulouse, INSA, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ISAT0025.
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Dans la fabrication de transistors cmos de taille submicronique, le bore est utilise comme dopant de la source et de la grille. Pour realiser des jonctions p+n inferieures a 100 nm, il faut implanter le bore a des energies de l'ordre de quelques kev. Pendant le recuit necessaire a son activation, de nombreux effets typiques de situations hors equilibre apparaissent tels la formation de defauts etendus, ainsi que la diffusion anormale du dopant, qui doit etre prise en compte dans la prediction des profils de dopant. Un premier volet de ce travail est consacre a etablir le lien entre les defauts end-of-range (eor), et la diffusion anormale des dopants. Pour cela, une etude quantitative rigoureuse de la croissance des eor a ete menee experimentalement par microscopie electronique en transmission. L'evolution au cours du recuit des parametres caracteristiques de la population de defauts a ete comparee aux resultats de la theorie d'ostwald ripening qu'il a fallu adapter a la geometrie des boucles de dislocation. Cette etude a permis d'etablir que les defauts eor et la diffusion anormale sont la consequence de l'evolution au cours du recuit de la sursaturation en si interstitiels. Le second volet consiste en l'etude de l'effet d'impuretes (le bore, le carbone et le fluor) sur les cinetiques de croissance des defauts eor, afin d'elucider les anomalies de diffusion dont elles sont a l'origine
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Feger, Claudia. "Das Ende der Bücherregale." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:ch1-200600080.
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Massarrat, Mohssen. "Das Ende der Theokratie?" Universität Potsdam, 2010. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4105/.
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Iran steht vor einer neuen Revolution. Die Wahlen und deren offensichtlicher Betrug haben die Spaltung des Landes zu Tage gefördert. Die theokratische Herrschaft kann sich nur noch durch einen ölgeförderten Klientelismus am Leben erhalten und steht nun dort, wo der Schah vor dreißig Jahren gestanden hat. Nur durch eine kluge Politik, die auch Versöhnung bietet, kann ein friedlicher Machtwechsel herbeigeführt und die Demokratisierung des Landes ermöglicht werden.
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Del'Acqua, Marcelo Antonialli. "Precisão das técnicas de moldagem e vazamento para próteses implantossuportadas /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97281.
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Orientador: Francisco de Assis Mollo JuniorBanca: João Neudenir Arioli Filho
Banca: Marcelo Ferrarezi de Andrade
Resumo: Dentre as inúmeras fases clínicas e laboratoriais de um tratamento protético, as técnicas de moldagem e vazamento para próteses implantossuportadas são ainda responsáveis por grande preocupação e controvérsia entre os pesquisadores. Este estudo in vitro teve como objetivo avaliar a precisão de uma técnica de registro (Index) e de três técnicas de moldagem (transferentes Cônicos, Quadrados e Quadrados unidos) associadas a três técnicas de vazamento (Convencional, com tubos de Látex e com análogos unidos com Duralay) para próteses implantossuportadas. Todos os componentes protéticos utilizados foram da empresa Conexão (Conexão Sistemas de Prótese). Foi construído um modelo mestre de latão simulando um arco inferior desdentado onde foram fixados provisoriamente quatro análogos de pilares Micro-Unit perpendicularmente à superfície e paralelos entre si, sendo denominados análogos A, B, C e D. Uma estrutura metálica foi confeccionada e parafusada a quatro novos análogos. Este conjunto foi cimentado passivamente no modelo mestre com resina epóxica. Foram confeccionadas (com 2 mm de alívio) uma moldeira individual de alumínio para a técnica com os transferentes quadrados unidos e outra para as técnicas com os transferentes cônicos e quadrados. O material de moldagem utilizado foi um poliéter (Impregum Soft Média Viscosidade - 3M ESPE) e o gesso empregado foi um gesso tipo IV (Vel-Mix, Kerr), espatulado à vácuo. Foi obtido um total de cinquenta modelos, sendo cinco por técnica. A estrutura metálica foi parafusada com um torque de 10 Ncm em todos os modelos no análogo A, enquanto as medições das fendas formadas foram feitas nos análogos C e D. Este processo foi repetido no análogo D, anotando-se as medidas dos análogos A e B. Estas medições foram feitas por um programa (Leica QWin) que recebia as imagens de uma câmara de vídeo ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Among the countless clinical and laboratories procedures of a prosthetic treatment, the implant impression and pouring techniques for implant-supported restorations are still responsible for great concern and controversy among the researches. This study in vitro investigated the accuracy of a stone Index and of three impression techniques (tapered impression copings, squared impression copings and squared impression copings splinted with Duralay resin) associated to three pouring techniques (Conventional, with tubes of Latex and joining the analogs with Duralay resin) for an osseointegrated implant-supported prostheses. Conexão (Conexão Systems of Prosthesis) prosthetic components were used. A mandibular brass cast was constructed with four stainless steel implant abutments analogs 90° to the surface and parallel among themselves, being denominated analog A, B, C and D. A master framework was made and screwed to four new analogs, which were cemented passively into the model master with epoxy resin. This formed a metal implant cast with a passive implant framework fitted to it. An aluminum custom tray was fabricated for the technique copings splinted with Duralay and other for the techniques tapered and squared copings. Polyether impression material (Impregum Soft medium consistency - 3M ESPE) was used for all impressions. A total of fifty stone casts were formed by carefully vibrating improved dental stone (Vel-Mix, Kerr), mixed under vacuum, being five for technique. The standard framework was seated on each cast and guide pin was tightened in the analog A to 10 Ncm using a torque driver, while the measurements of abutment / framework interface gaps were made in analogs C and D. This process was repeated in analog D, being written down the measures of the analogs ones A and B. These measurements were analyzed using software (Leica QWin) that received the images of a video ...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Herron, Christopher, and André Zachrisson. "Machine Learning Based Intraday Calibration of End of Day Implied Volatility Surfaces." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-273419.
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The implied volatility surface plays an important role for Front office and Risk Management functions at Nasdaq and other financial institutions which require mark-to-market of derivative books intraday in order to properly value their instruments and measure risk in trading activities. Based on the aforementioned business needs, being able to calibrate an end of day implied volatility surface based on new market information is a sought after trait. In this thesis a statistical learning approach is used to calibrate the implied volatility surface intraday. This is done by using OMXS30-2019 implied volatility surface data in combination with market information from close to at the money options and feeding it into 3 Machine Learning models. The models, including Feed Forward Neural Network, Recurrent Neural Network and Gaussian Process, were compared based on optimal input and data preprocessing steps. When comparing the best Machine Learning model to the benchmark the performance was similar, indicating that the calibration approach did not offer much improvement. However the calibrated models had a slightly lower spread and average error compared to the benchmark indicating that there is potential of using Machine Learning to calibrate the implied volatility surface.Implicita volatilitetsytor är ett viktigt vektyg för front office- och riskhanteringsfunktioner hos Nasdaq och andra finansiella institut som behöver omvärdera deras portföljer bestående av derivat under dagen men också för att mäta risk i handeln. Baserat på ovannämnda affärsbehov är det eftertraktat att kunna kalibrera de implicita volatilitets ytorna som skapas i slutet av dagen nästkommande dag baserat på ny marknadsinformation. I denna uppsats används statistisk inlärning för att kalibrera dessa ytor. Detta görs genom att uttnytja historiska ytor från optioner i OMXS30 under 2019 i kombination med optioner nära at the money för att träna 3 Maskininlärnings modeller. Modellerna inkluderar Feed Forward Neural Network, Recurrent Neural Network och Gaussian Process som vidare jämfördes baserat på data som var bearbetat på olika sätt. Den bästa Maskinlärnings modellen jämfördes med ett basvärde som bestod av att använda föregående dags yta där resultatet inte innebar någon större förbättring. Samtidigt hade modellen en lägre spridning samt genomsnittligt fel i jämförelse med basvärdet som indikerar att det finns potential att använda Maskininlärning för att kalibrera dessa ytor.
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Day, Toby Richard. "Intermountain West native and adapted grass species and their management for turfgrass applications." Thesis, Montana State University, 2006. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2006/day/DayT0806.pdf.
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Del'Acqua, Marcelo Antonialli. "Precisão das técnicas de moldagem para próteses implantossuportadas /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105485.
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Resumo: Desde que não há consenso em relação a técnica de moldagem mais precisa, foi objetivo deste estudo in vitro avaliar a precisão de 1 técnica de registro (Index de resina composta) e de 5 técnicas de moldagem para próteses implantossuportadas (transferentes quadrados, quadrados jateados, quadrados com extensão lateral, quadrados unidos com Duralay e quadrados unidos com barra de metal) empregando-se 3 materiais de moldagem: silicone de polimerização por adição consistência densa/fluida com moldeira de estoque de inox, poliéter média viscosidade e silicone de polimerização por adição consistência regular com moldeira individual. Foram construídos 1 modelo mestre com 4 análogos de pilares Micro-Unit e 1 estrutura metálica. Obteve-se do modelo mestre um total de 45 modelos, sendo 5 por técnica. A estrutura metálica foi parafusada utilizando-se a técnica de mensuração de fendas por um parafuso. Estas medições foram feitas com o auxílio do programa Leica QWin que recebeu as imagens de uma câmara de vídeo acoplada a uma lupa com um aumento de 100 x. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente utilizando o teste de Kruskal-Wallis seguido pelo método de Dunn, !=0,05. Dentro das condições experimentais deste estudo, podese concluir que não houve diferença estatística entre: modelo mestre (31,63 !m), quadrado Impregum (38,03 μm), quadrado jateado Impregum (46,80 μm), Index (45,25 μm) e quadrado com extensão lateral Express consistência densa/fluida (51,20 μm), sendo esta a eleita. Devido aos piores resultados obtidos com as técnicas quadrado Express regular (151,21 μm) e quadrado jateado Express regular (136,59 μm), o material de moldagem Express consistência regular não deve ser empregado, sendo escolhido então para ser utilizado com moldeiras individuais o Impregum viscosidade média. Caso o cirurgião-dentista pretenda realizar... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)Abstract: Since there is still no consensus regarding the most accurate impression techniques, it was the purpose of this study compared the dimensional accuracy of stone index and of 5 impression techniques for implant-supported prostheses (squared impression copings, modified squared, !squared sandblasted and coated with impression adhesive, modified squared, Duralay splinted and metal splinted) using 3 impression materials: vinyl polysiloxane putty/light body with a metal stock tray and polyether medium consistency and vinyl polysiloxane regular body were used with a custom aluminum tray. A master cast with 4 parallel implant abutment analogs and a framework were fabricated. Nine groups (n=5) were tested. The gap measurement method employed was just one titanium screw tightened to the framework. Group's measurements were analyzed using LeicaQWin software that received the images of a video camera coupled to a stereomicroscope at x100 magnification. The results were statistically analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis One Way ANOVA on Ranks test followed by Dunn's Method, !=.05. Under the conditions of this study the following conclusions could be drawn: no significant difference was detected among Master Cast (31.63 !m), Squared Impregum (38.03 !m), Sandblasted-Adhesive Squared Impregum (46.80 !m), Index (45.25 μm) and Modified Squared techniques (51.20 μm) (P=.05), being the elected. Due to the worst results with the techniques Squared Express Regular (151.21 μm) and Sandblasted-Adhesive Squared Express Regular (136.59 μm), the Express regular body impression material should not be used, and then chosen to be used Impregum Soft medium consistency with custom tray. If the dentist wishes to perform the technique with splinted copings (Metal Splinted = 68.55 !m and Duralay Splinted = 165.03 !m), the splint should be made with bars of metal. The impression technique using sandblasted-adhesive squared... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Marco Antonio Compagnoni
Coorientador: Francisco de Assis Mollo Junior
Banca: Wellington Cardoso Bonachela
Banca: Ricardo Faria Ribeiro
Banca: Gelson Luis Adabo
Banca: João Neudenir Arioli Filho
Doutor
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Chia, Po-Lung. "End-of-day Far-red Light Quality and Dose Effects on Elongation of Tomato Rootstock Seedling Hypocotyls." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193454.
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Methyl bromide fumigation, a common method used to combat soil borne pathogens in commercial tomato cultivation, was to be limited by the Montreal Protocol due to concerns of ozone depletion. Alternative methods to protect tomatoes against diseases include grafting. However, short grafted transplants may expose the scion to the soil. To avoid scion exposure, hypocotyl elongation of two tomato rootstocks 'Maxifort' and 'Aloha' via end-of-day far-red (EOD-FR) was examined in terms of light quality (red to far-red ratio, or R/FR) and dose (product of far-red intensity and duration). In EOD-FR light quality experiments, 'Aloha' seedlings were exposed to unfiltered and filtered incandescent light with an R/FR of 0.5 and 0.05 respectively. The resulting hypocotyl elongation was higher in filtered light than either the unfiltered light or the untreated control. Hypocotyl elongation response to EOD-FR dose in 'Aloha' and 'Maxifort' was affected by both far-red intensity and treatment duration. A saturating response was also found within a far-red dose between 0–8 mmol•m⁻²•d⁻¹ and modeled using non-linear regression with a three parameter Michaelis-Menten equation to estimate the far-red dose required to obtain near-maximum hypocotyl elongation for 'Aloha' and 'Maxifort'. The far-red dose required was affected by cultivar and experimental period. None of the EOD-FR treatments affected plant mass or stem diameter. To conclude, for maximum hypocotyl elongation using EOD-FR, the lower R/FR would increase the effectiveness of the treatment. The far-red dose should preferably be at 4–8 mmol• m⁻²•d⁻¹.
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Peeters, Marisa Louise. "Living with the end of times an analysis of American Seventh-day Adventism /." Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p1464924.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed July 9, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (p. 38-40).
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Gosnell, Thomas Francis. "An empirical investigation of high end-of-day transaction returns between 1978-1985." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76099.
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Using a random sample of transactions data from the time period of September 1, 1978 through August 31, 1985, the high end-of-day transaction returns noted by Wood, Mclnish and Ord and by Harris were examined to determine their persistence over time and their relationship to a commonly used measure of daily security performance. Additionally, final transactions were classified by type of price change-reversal or continuation-in order to document whether the high end-of-day returns are the result of security price appreciation or the result of increases in transactions at the ask price. New information provided by this study can be summarized as follows:
1. The end-of-day anomaly persisted over the time period of the study and appeared to be strongest in the last three years.
2. A Friday effect was found in that the mean return to the final transaction on Friday was at least as great or greater than the mean final transaction returns on the other days of the week.
3. A relationship was found to exist between CRSP excess return level (good day/bad day) and the final transaction return, and there was evidence that the final transaction may have had a large impact on the CRSP excess return.
4. Reversals are more frequent than continuations on the final trade, particularly after 3:56pm, and the mean return to reversals is greater than the mean return to continuations.Ph. D.
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Labalette, Marina. "Intégration 3D de dispositifs mémoires résistives complémentaires dans le back end of line du CMOS." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEI037/document.
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La gestion, la manipulation et le stockage de données sont aujourd’hui de réels challenges. Pour supporter cette réalité, le besoin de technologies mémoires plus efficaces, moins énergivores, moins coûteuses à fabriquer et plus denses que les technologies actuelles s’intensifie. Parmi les technologies mémoires émergentes se trouve la technologie mémoire résistive, dans laquelle l’information est stockée sous forme de résistance électrique au sein d’une couche d’oxyde entre deux électrodes conductrices. Le plus gros frein à l’émergence de tels dispositifs mémoires résistives en matrices passives à deux terminaux est l’existence d’importants courants de fuites (ou sneak paths) venant perturber l’adressage individuel de chaque point de la matrice. Les dispositifs complementary resistive switching (CRS), consistant en deux dispositifs OxRRAM agencés dos à dos, constituent une solution performante à ces courants de fuites et sont facilement intégrables dans le back-end-of-line (BEOL) de la technologie CMOS. Cette thèse a permis d’apporter la preuve de concept de la fabrication et de l’intégration de dispositifs CRS de façon 3D monolithique dans le BEOL du CMOSIn our digital era, management, manipulation and data storage are real challenges. To support this reality the need for more efficient, less energy and money consuming memory technologies is drastically increasing. Among those emerging memory technologies we find the oxide resistive memory technology (OxRRAM), where the information is stored as the electrical resistance of a switching oxide in sandwich between two metallic electrodes. Resistive memories are really interested if used inside passive memory matrix. However the main drawback of this architecture remains related to sneak path currents occurring when addressing any point in the passive matrix. To face this problem complementary resistive switching devices (CRS), consisting in two OxRRAM back to back, have been proposed as efficient and costless BEOL CMOS compatible solution. This thesis brought the proof of concept of fabrication and 3D monolithic integration of CRS devices in CMOS BEOL
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Bianconi, André. "Descrição da resposta germinativa de cultivares de Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabaceae) à temperatura e ao potencial osmótico /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87883.
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Orientador: Victor José Mendes CardosoBanca: Fábio Socolowski
Banca: Gustavo Habermann
Resumo: A germinação de sementes representa uma etapa crítica para a sobrevivência da maioria das fanerógamas. Composição de gases, temperatura e água são os principais fatores ambientais limitantes do processo de germinação. Entre esses, a temperatura e a água exibem maior grau de flutuação, tanto em escala temporal como espacial, no ambiente terrestre, funcionando como importantes sinalizadores ambientais para a semente. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram fornecer a caracterização básica dos padrões germinativos de quatro cultivares (Carioca comum, Iapar 81, IPR Graúna e IPR Uirapuru) de Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabaceae); determinar as faixas ótimas de germinação para cada cultivar (experimentos em gradiente térmico com água destilada); realizar experimentos com interação dos fatores temperatura e potencial osmótico com soluções de polietilenoglicol 6000, visando à aplicação de modelos matemáticos baseados nos conceitos de graus-dia, psi-dia e na combinação destes dois conceitos (modelo psi-graus-dia), para se efetuar a comparação da resposta germinativa de tais cultivares. A cultivar IPR Graúna apresentou a faixa ótima com maior variação de distintas temperaturas (nove temperaturas), baseando-se na velocidade média de germinação; contrastando com a Iapar 81, que não apresentou uma faixa ótima, mas sim um único ponto ótimo (32,6ºC). Nenhuma das quatro cultivares apresentou germinação acima de 38,2ºC nem abaixo de 10,3ºC nos experimentos em gradiente térmico (água destilada). As temperaturas base obtidas pelo modelo de graus-dia variaram de 8,4 a 9,2ºC. Os ajustes (todos os R2s ≥ 0,70) ao modelo psi-graus-dia foram adequados para todas as cultivares, tanto na faixa supraótima quanto na infraótima. Assim sendo, ainda que mais estudos sejam necessários para melhorar a qualidade dos ajustes obtidos em relação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Seed germination constitutes a crucial phase in relation to the life cycle of plant species. The composition of gases, temperature and water availability are the main environmental factors that may hinder several germination processes. Temperature and water availability, for example, are able to fluctuate considerably and may act as environmental "status' indicators to the seeds. The present work was aimed at furnishing a basic characterisation of the germination patterns of four Phaseolus vulgaris cultivars, viz. "Carioca comum', "Iapar 81", "IPR Graúna" and IPR Uirapuru; assessing the optimum range of germination for each cultivar; conducting experiments in which the effects of temperature and osmotic potential were simultaneously analysed in order to deploy mathematical models concerning the concept of degree-days (thermal time) with the aim of comparing the germination response of such cultivars. "IPR Graúna' exhibited a wider optimum range of temperature (nine distinct values) and "Iapar 81" presented only one temperature value as the optimum temperature (32.6ºC). The four cultivars did not germinate at temperatures higher than 38.2ºC and lower than 10.3ºC. The base temperatures derived from the application of the thermal time models varied from 8.4 to 9.2ºC. Regarding the hydrothermal-time model, the quality of the data fitting were deemed to be adequate (R2s ≥ 0.70) both in the suboptimum range and in the supra-optimum range. Other researches should be conducted in order to corroborate the present findings; nonetheless, the common bean cultivars were able to be compared and contrasted and exhibited, on the whole, a relatively homogenous... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Weibel, Thomas. "Das Ende der Solidarhaftung der Erben /." Basel [u.a.] : Helbing und Lichtenhahn, 2002. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sbb-berlin/349779333.pdf.
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Strahringer, Susanne. "Digitalisierung – Das Ende der Unternehmens-IT?" TUDpress, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33651.
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In vielen Unternehmen wird traditionell die Verantwortung für IT in Produkten und Produktion organisatorisch anders verankert als die Verantwortung für alle anderen IT-Aufgaben, die der so genannten Unternehmens-IT obliegen und in klassischen IT-Abteilungen wahrgenommen werden. Der Digitalisierungstrend verschärft diese Zweiteilung weiter und droht die Unternehmens-IT überflüssig zu machen, obwohl sie vordergründig viel bedeutender werden müsste. Worauf ist diese Entwicklung zurückzuführen? [Aus dem Volltext.]
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Smyrl, Shannon Lorene. ""In all their diversity", ethnicity and the anxiety of nation-building in English-Canadian literary studies at the end of the millennium." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ63456.pdf.
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Drinnon, David A. "The apocalyptic tradition in Scotland, 1588-1688." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3386.
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Throughout the seventeenth century, numerous Scots became convinced that the major political and religious upheavals of their age signified the fulfillment of, or further unfolding of, the vivid prophecies described in the Book of Revelation which foretell of the final consummation of all things. To date, however, an in-depth analysis of the evolution of Scottish apocalyptic belief during the seventeenth century has never been undertaken. This thesis utilizes a wide variety of source material to demonstrate the existence of a cohesive, persistent, and largely conservative tradition of apocalyptic thought in Scotland that spanned the years 1588 to 1688. Chapter One examines several influential commentaries on the Book of Revelation published by notable Scots during the decades either side of the Union of Crowns. These works reveal many of the principal characteristics that formed the basis of the Scottish apocalyptic tradition. The most important of these traits which became a consistent feature of the tradition was the rejection of millenarianism. In recent years, historians have exaggerated the influence of millenarian ideals in Scotland during the Covenanting movement which began in 1638. Chapter Two argues that Scottish Covenanters consistently denounced millenarianism as a dangerous, subversive doctrine that could lead to the religious radicalism espoused by sixteenth-century German Anabaptists. Chapter Three looks at political and religious factors which led to the general decline of apocalyptic expectancy in Scotland during the Interregnum. It also demonstrates how, despite this decline, Scottish apocalyptic thinkers continued to uphold the primary traits of the apocalyptic tradition which surfaced over the first half of the century. Lastly, Chapter Four explains how state-enforced religious persecution of Scottish Presbyterians during the Restoration period led to the radicalisation of the tradition and inspired the violent actions of Covenanter extremists who believed they had been chosen by God to act as instruments of his divine vengeance in the latter-days.
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Munhoz, Cháves Alejandro. "Avaliação tridensional da precisão das técnicas de moldagem para próteses implantossuportadas sobre pilares alinhados e não-alinhados /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105482.
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Orientador: Francisco de Assis Mollo JuniorBanca: João Neudenir Arioli Filho
Banca: Sergio Sualdini Nogueira
Banca: Rafael Leonardo Xediel Consani
Banca: Pedro César Garcia de Oliveira
Resumo: Dentre as inúmeras fases clínicas e laboratoriais de um tratamento protético, as técnicas de moldagem para próteses implantossuportadas são ainda responsáveis por grande preocupação e controvérsia entre os pesquisadores. Este estudo in vitro teve como objetivo avaliar a precisão tridimensional das moldagens para próteses sobre implantes, utilizando-se a técnica direta, variando-se os transferentes (transferentes quadrados, transferentes quadrados com extensão vestíbulo-lingual, transferentes quadrados unidos com Duralay, transferentes quadrados unidos com barra de metal e Index), o tipo de material de moldagem (Impregum Soft média viscosidade, Express consistência regular - 3M ESPE) e a disposição dos implantes (alinhados e não-alinhados). Todos os componentes protéticos utilizados foram da empresa Conexão (Conexão Sistemas de Prótese). Foi construído um modelo mestre de resina epóxica simulando um arco inferior parcialmente desdentado onde foram fixados seis análogos de pilares Micro-Unit. Foi obtido um total de cinqüenta e seis modelos, sendo sete por técnica, mais sete registros do index. Estas medições tridimensionais foram feitas por um programa (ReflexSoft 1.0) que recebia as imagens StereoMicroscópio Reflex. Os valores de distorção médios obtidos foram: Index = 25,88μm (±3,41 SD); Quadrado/ Impregum = 80,22μm (±6,36 SD); Quadrado/ Express = 80,72 μm (±4,92 SD); Quadrado Duralay/Impregum = 84,63 μm (±9,22 SD); Quadrado Duralay/ Express =78,73 μm (±6,84 SD); Quadrado hélice/ Impregum = 30,72 μm (±3,53 SD); Quadrado Hélice/ Express = 30,21 μm (±4,08 SD); Quadrado Barra Metálica/Impregum = 57,08 μm (±5,96 SD); Quadrado Barra Metálica/ Express = 50,77 μm (±4,82 SD). Os testes estatísticos utilizados foram Holm-Sidak Method e Mann-Whitney (a=0,05). Pode-se concluir que em relação às técnicas estudadas que: ...(Resumo completo, cliar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: An epoxy resin cast of a partially dentulous mandibular was fabricated with 6 abutment replicas. Nine groups were formed: (Index(I); squared impression copings/ Impregum (SI), metal splinted Impression copings/ Impregum (MI), Duralay splinted impression copings/Impregum (DI), Squared modified Impression copings/ Impregum (SMI), squared impression copings/ Express (SE), metal splinted Impression copings/ Express (ME), Duralay splinted impression copings/ Express (DE) and Squared modified Impression copings/ Express (SME) with 7 casts each were formed,. The measurements were analyzed using software that received the images of a video camera coupled Reflex microscope. Data were analyzed with a 1-way analysis of variance at α <.05, followed by the Holm-Sidak Method and Mann-Whitney test (α <.05). Results. The mean values of abutment/framework interface gaps were: I group 25,88μm (±3,41 SD); SI group 80,22μm (±6,36 SD); SE group 80,71μm (±4,92 SD); MI group 57,07μm (±5,96 SD); ME group 50,76μm (±4,82 SD); DI group 84,63μm (±9,22 SD); DE group 78,73μm (±6,84 SD); HI group 30,71μm (±3,53 SD); HE group 30,21μm (±4,08 SD). No significant difference was detected between I group and HI group, and between I group and HE group (P <.05). Did not exist superiority regarding the impression material.
Doutor
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End, Markus [Verfasser], and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Zick. "Das soziale Phänomen des Antiziganismus: theoretisches Verständnis, empirische Analyse, Präventionsmöglichkeiten / Markus End ; Betreuer: Andreas Zick." Bielefeld : Universitätsbibliothek Bielefeld, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1140586025/34.
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Kotaska, Janalyn Gail. "Reconciliation 'at the end of the day' : decolonizing territorial governance in British Columbia after Delgamuukw." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45003.
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This dissertation examines new relationships and reconciliation processes between First Nations and the province of British Columbia after the 1997 Supreme Court of Canada ruling in Delgamuukw, a decision that confirmed the continuing existence of Aboriginal title in the absence of treaties. Beginning with existing theories and critiques of reconciliation, I construct a framework for evaluating if reconciliation processes, and particularly those related to territorial governance, are genuine. The framework is then applied to an examination of new relationships, including co-governance, and a new Indigenous system of territorial governance: the Coastal First Nations’ Regional Monitoring System. In order to better understand how relationships are changing and competing claims to land and resources are being reconciled, I interviewed First Nation and provincial policy- and decision-makers, engaged in participant-observation as an employee of various First Nation groups, studied a case of Indigenous territorial governance, and analysed documentary evidence.
I found that by strategically using the uncertainty of undefined Aboriginal rights, some First Nations are regaining governing power over their territories and inculcating a new vision for reconciliation in the province. Instead of focusing on treaties in a process designed to create certainty for settler governments, reconciliation is now seen by decision-makers on both sides as an incremental and ongoing process of building relationships, creating sustainable economies, co-governing with a common vision, and building capacity to meet these goals. I also argue that, despite systemic change, the relationship between the province and First Nations remains colonial. Ultimately, genuine reconciliation will require a relationship to which First Nations agree. Other requirements include the province relinquishing territorial control and observing Indigenous sovereignty in practice, the province compensating Indigenous peoples for their losses, and both parties negotiating on equal footing the sharing of decision-making authority and revenues where First Nations agree to co-govern. Overall, the study addresses power as yielded not in a single decolonizing act, but through many small acts in an ongoing process of reconciliation, thereby illuminating decolonization as it is currently and arguably occurring.
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Castro, Dijenaide Chaves de. "Caracteriza??o comportamental end?crina das fases ontogen?ticas de sag?i comum (Callithrix jacchus)." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2011. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17222.
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Previous issue date: 2011-11-11The use of animal models in biomedical research is ever increasing. Models that use primates might also have advantages in terms of low maintenance costs and availability of biological knowledge, thereby favoring their use in different experimental protocols. Many current stress studies use animal models at different developmental stages since biological response differs during ontogeny. The aims of this study were to perform a detailed characterization of the developmental stages of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), a very important animal model used in biomedical research. Ten subjects, 6 females and 4 males, were followed from birth to initial adult age (16 months). Behavioral and fecal collection for measurement of adrenal (cortisol) and sex (progesterone, estradiol and androgens) hormones took place twice a week during the first month of life and once a week for the remainder of the study. Behavior was observed for 30 minutes in the morning (0700-09:00h) and afternoon (12:00-14:00h). Behavioral profile showed changes during ontogeny, characterizing the 4 developmental stages and the respective phases proposed by Le?o et al (2009).. Differentiation of developmental stages was considered using the onset, end, change and stabilization of the behavioral profile parental care (weaning and carrying), ingestion (solid food), affiliation (social grooming) and autogrooming, agonism (scent marking and piloerection) and play behavior and endocrine profile. Infant weaning and carrying terminated within the infantile stage and the peak of solid food ingestion was recorded in the infantile III phase. Receiving grooming was recorded earlier than grooming performed by the infant and autogrooming. The first episode of scent marking was recorded in the 4th week and it was the least variable behavior, in terms of its onset, which, in almost all animals, was between the 5th and 7th week of life. Solitary play and play with the twin started around the 7th week and play with other members of the group started 8 weeks later. Sex hormone secretion started to differ from basal levels between the 21st and 23rd week of life, in males and females, suggesting that puberty occurs simultaneously in both sexes. Basal cortisol, even at an early age, was higher in females than in males. However, cortisol was not correlated with the juvenile stage, as expected, since this stage corresponds to the transition between infancy and adult age and most behaviors are intensified by this time. The behavioral and endocrine profile of subadult animals did not differ from that of the adults. These results provide more detailed parameters for the developmental process of C. jacchus and open new perspectives for the use of experimental approaches focused on the intermediate ontogenetic phases of this species
O uso de modelos animais em pesquisa biom?dica ? cada vez mais crescente e os modelos utilizando primatas devem apresentar vantagens em termos de custos de manuten??o e caracter?sticas relacionadas ao maior conhecimento da sua biologia para uso em diferentes protocolos experimentais. Diferentes modelos atuais de pesquisa em estresse utilizam animais em diferentes est?gios do desenvolvimento e in?meros estudos demonstram a diferen?a na resposta biol?gica diante de agentes estressores ao longo da ontog?nese. Com o objetivo de caracterizar de maneira mais detalhada as fases do desenvolvimento do sagui comum, Callithrix jacchus, importante modelo utilizado em pesquisa biom?dica, utilizou-se 10 animais, 6 f?meas e 4 machos, que foram acompanhados desde o nascimento at? o in?cio da idade adulta (16 meses). A coleta de dados comportamentais e de fezes para a mensura??o dos horm?nios esteroides de origem adrenal (cortisol) e gonadais (progesterona, estradiol e andr?genos) foram realizadas duas vezes por semana no primeiro m?s de vida dos filhotes e semanalmente no restante do estudo. As observa??es comportamentais tiveram dura??o de 30 minutos e foram realizadas nos turnos matutino (07:00-09:00h) e vespertino (12:00-14:00h).O perfil comportamental de C. jacchus apresentou modifica??es ao longo da ontog?nese caracterizando cada um dos 4 est?gios ontogen?ticos e suas respectivas fases propostas na classifica??o de Le?o (2009). A diferencia??o das etapas do desenvolvimento foi feita a partir do surgimento, t?rmino, varia??o e estabiliza??o no perfil comportamental - cuidado parental (amamenta??o, transporte) ingest?o de alimentos (alimenta??o s?lida), afilia??o (cata??o social recebida e feita e autocata??o) agonismo (marca??o de cheiro e piloere??o) e brincadeira - e no perfil end?crino. O comportamento de amamenta??o e transporte terminou na fase infantil II e a ingest?o alimentar apresentou seu pico na fase infantil III. A cata??o social recebida antecedeu a cata??o feita e a autocata??o, e o comportamento de marca??o de cheiro foi o que apresentou menor variabilidade em rela??o ao seu in?cio, que se concentrou, em quase todos os animais, entre a 5? e 7? semanas de vida. A brincadeira solit?ria e com o g?meo principiaram ao redor da 7? semana e a brincadeira com outros membros do grupo se iniciou 8 semanas depois. A secre??o dos horm?nios sexuais passou a se diferenciar dos valores basais entre a 21? e 23? semanas em machos e f?meas, sugerindo que a puberdade acontece simultaneamente para os dois sexos. O cortisol basal de f?meas mesmo em idade imatura foi mais elevado do que nos machos. Contudo, as varia??es do cortisol n?o se correlacionaram com o est?gio juvenil como esperado uma vez que esse est?gio corresponde ? transi??o entre a idade infantil e a idade adulta, e que se expressou com a intensifica??o da maioria dos comportamentos. Os padr?es comportamentais e end?crinos dos adultos n?o diferiram entre as idades subadulta e adulta. Estes resultados disponibilizam par?metros de desenvolvimento mais detalhados para C. jacchus e abrem perspectivas para a utiliza??o de abordagens experimentais focadas em determinadas etapas da ontog?nese dessa esp?cie
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Abbou, Sofyane. "Phénomènes locaux instationnaires dans les piles à combustible à membrane (PEMFC) fonctionnant en mode bouché (dead-end)." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0208/document.
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Cette thèse concerne les phénomènes locaux qui se produisent dans une pile à combustible à membrane (PEMFC) fonctionnant en mode bouché. Ce mode de fonctionnement consiste à alimenter l’anode en hydrogène sec tout en maintenant sa sortie fermée ce qui favorise l’accumulation d’eau et d’azote (issus du compartiment cathodique) près de la sortie anodique. Certaines régions sont donc convenablement alimentées en gaz tandis que d’autres ne le sont plus. Ces déséquilibres s’accompagnent de hausses localisées de potentiel (à l'anode et à la cathode) qui accélèrent la dégradation du catalyseur et de son support carboné à la cathode. Afin d’étudier ces dégradations à une échelle locale, une cellule segmentée novatrice permettant la mesure simultanée des densités de courant et des potentiels locaux a été développée. Des protocoles de vieillissement accélérés reposant sur un fonctionnement prolongé en mode bouché montrent que les pics de potentiel ont pour conséquence, après quelques heures, une distribution non-uniforme de la surface active (ECSA) à la cathode et des courants le long de la cellule : les dommages sont plus prononcés dans les zones les plus touchées par le déficit en hydrogène. Des études paramétriques et un modèle numérique permettent de comprendre que le déficit en hydrogène résulte principalement de l’accumulation d’eau liquide dans les canaux de l’anode, bien que l'azote joue également un rôle. Par conséquent, la gestion de l’eau impacte fortement les variations de potentiel à la cathode et donc leurs conséquences en termes de dégradation ; basées sur ces constatations, des solutions sont proposées pour améliorer les durée de vie des pilesThis work investigates the local transient phenomena occurring in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) operated with a dead-ended anode. The dead-end mode consists in closing the anode outlet, which leads eventually to local hydrogen starvation due to the excessive accumulation of liquid water and nitrogen (because of membrane crossover) in the anode compartment. Such fuel-starvation events may remain undetected but can entail a significant rise of the anode (and thus cathode) potentials and accelerate carbon corrosion and catalyst degradation. To access local information, we developed an innovative segmented linear cell with reference electrodes along the gas channels. By simultaneously monitoring the local potentials and current densities during operation, we assessed the impact of fuel starvation and observed strong local cathode potential excursions close to the anode outlet. Aging protocols based on fuel cell operation with a dead-ended anode (longer than in real use condition) showed non-uniform cathode ElectroChemical Surface Area (ECSA) losses and performance degradation along the cell area: the damage was more severe in the regions suffering the longest from fuel starvation. Parametric studies completed by numerical simulations showed that the fuel starvation is mainly governed by liquid water accumulation in the anode channels, as well as nitrogen crossover through the membrane. As a consequence, water management impacts significantly the cathode potential variations and thus the resulting electrode degradation. Starting from this founding, we propose strategies to improve fuel cell lifetime
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Lowry, Glen. "After the end/s CanLit and the unravelling of nation, race, and space in the writing of Michael Ondaatje, Daphne Marlatt, and Roy Kiyooka /." Ottawa : National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2002. http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ61658.pdf.
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Türk, Claudia. "Zeitgeist, Naturwissenschaft und die Suche nach Gott in John Updikes Romanen The poorhouse fair, Roger's version und Toward the end of time." Frankfurt, M. Berlin Bern Bruxelles New York, NY Oxford Wien Lang, 2006. http://d-nb.info/986224766/04.
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Mazetto, Flávio Rielli 1978. "Avaliação das metodologias de derterminação das áreas de contato e deformações elásticas de pneus agrícolas em função das pressões de inflação e cargas radiais /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90577.
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Resumo: O desempenho operacional dos tratores agrícolas é dependente da interação dos rodados e a superfície de contato, sendo de extrema importância a seleção do tipo de pneu, pressão de inflação e lastragem para as diversas operações agrícolas, proporcionando maior eficiência de tração e menor compactação do solo, racionalizando assim, os custos operacionais do sistema produtivo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar e correlacionar as metodologias de determinação das áreas de contato e deformações elásticas de pneus agrícolas em superfícies rígida e deformável, em função das pressões de inflação e das cargas radiais, com a finalidade de identificar a metodologia mais acurada e prática para cada condição de ensaio estático de pneus. O experimento foi realizado no Núcleo de Ensaio de Máquinas e Pneus Agrícolas (NEMPA) da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - UNESP, Câmpus de Botucatu, SP. Os pneus estudados foram do tipo R1 com as seguintes dimensões: pneu baixa pressão e alta flutuação (500/60-26.5) inflado com as pressões de 206,7 kPa, 103,3 kPa e 68,9 kPa; radial (14.9R26) com pressões de inflação de 186,1 kPa, 137,8 kPa e 68,9 kPa e diagonal (14.9-26) com pressões de 206,7 kPa, 137,8 kPa e 68,9 kPa; submetidos as cargas de 5 kN, 10 kN, 15 kN e 20 kN aplicadas por uma prensa hidráulica. As áreas de contato dos pneus agrícolas em superfície deformável foram obtidas em tanque de solo e em superfície rígida pelo método do pó, carbono e massa. Os valores das áreas de contato foram determinados por duas metodologias de cálculo: equação da elipse e digitalização das áreas. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a metodologia de cálculo das áreas de contato através da equação da elipse é confiável e prática para obter as áreas de contato dos pneus agrícolas...Abstract: The agricultural tractor performance is depended of interaction among the tire and contact surface, and then, the selection of tire type, its inflation pressure and tractor ballast are very important to several conditions of agricultural operation, proportioning higher efficiency of machines and lower soil compaction, rationalizing the operations costs of crop systems. This present research had for main objective the evaluation and correlation of methodologies of tire/ground contact areas and elastic deformations of agricultural tires on rigid and deformable surfaces, in function of inflation pressures and ballasts, identifying the methodology most accuracy and practice for each condition of tire static test. The research was carried out at Agricultural Machinery and Tire Testing Center (NEMPA), Rural Engineering Department of Agronomic Science College, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu/SP, Brazil. The studied tires were of R1 type with the following dimensions: low pressure and high fluctuation tire (500/60-26.5) inflated with pressures of 206,7 kPa, 103,3 kPa and 68,9 kPa; radial ply (14.9R26) with inflation pressures of 186,1 kPa, 137,8 kPa and 68,9 kPa and bias ply (14.9-26) with pressures of 206,7 kPa, 137,8 kPa and 68,9 kPa. Four ballast conditions were applied on the wheels by hydraulic press: 5 kN, 10 kN, 15 kN and 20 kN. The contact areas of the agricultural tires on deformable surface were obtained in soil bin and on rigid surface by powder, carbon paper and modelling mass methods. The contact area values were determined by two calculus methodologies: ellipse equation and areas digitalization. The results of methodologies used to calculate the contact areas permit to conclude that ellipse equation can estimate with precision and practice the contact areas of agricultural tires...
Orientador: Kléber Pereira Lanças
Coorientador: Reginaldo Barboza da Silva
Banca: Afonso Lopes
Banca: Marcos Milan
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Giannini, Renata Avelar. "A organização das Nações Unidas e o desafio das intervenções humanitárias /." Marília : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96286.
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Orientador: Hector Luís Saint-PierreBanca: Luís Fernando Ayerbe
Banca: Janina Onuki
O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais é instituído em parceria com a Unesp/Unicamp/PUC-SP, em projeto subsidiado pela CAPES, intitulado "Programa San Tiago Dantas"
Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as intervenções humanitárias empreendidas pela Organização das Nações Unidas. Para tanto analisamos a estrutura e as diferentes formas de ação neste campo, privilegiando o sistema de segurança coletiva e posteriormente as missões de paz, bem como o sistema de assistência humanitária da organização. Neste sentido, estudamos também o contexto em que se inserem estas intervenções quando de sua euforia no período posterior à Guerra Fria, destacando-se o surgimento dos chamados Estados falidos e colapsados, a inclusão de temas não tradicionais à noção de segurança internacional e, finalmente a intensa codificação dos Direitos Humanos, que passam a figurar como motivo para ruptura da paz e segurança internacional e, portanto, sujeitos ao uso da força. Por fim, analisamos alguns conceitos considerados primordiais para compreensão do atual status das intervenções humanitárias, quais sejam, o próprio conceito de intervenção humanitária, o de soberania e finalmente o de emergência complexa. A confusão relativamente a estes termos tem contribuído para a politização das ações humanitárias e para a confusão acerca do significado do termo. As implicações destas últimas são o foco desta dissertação.
Abstract: The objective of this study is to analyze the humanitarian interventions established by the United Nations Organization. For this purpose we analyzed the structure and its different forms of action in this specific field, priorizing the coletive security system, and later the peacekeeping missions, as well as, its humanitarian assistance system. Furthermore, we studied the context in which these interventions took place in the post Cold War period, specially the appearance of the so called Failed and Colapsed States, the inclusion of non traditional themes in the international security field, and finally, the intense human rights codification, which contributed to its consideration as a factor to the break down of international peace and security. Finally, we analyzed some concepts that are very important to the comphension of the actual status of the humanitarian interventions nowdays. The studied concepts were: humanitarian intervention, sovereignty, and complex emergencies. The existent confusion in reference to these terms has contributed to the politization of humanitarian actions. The implications of this last fact will be the focus of this dissertation.
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Ramos, Orivaldo Pereira. "Influência das células dendríticas das placas de peyer na modulação das repostas Th1/Th2 em camundongos infectados com Yersinia pseudotuberculosis /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103336.
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Orientador: Beatriz Maria Machado de MedeirosBanca: Beatriz Maria Machado de Medeiros
Banca: Maria Terezinha Serrão Peraçoli
Banca: Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
Banca: Cleni Mara Marzocchi Machado
Banca: Fernanda de Freitas Anibal
Resumo: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis e Y. enterocolitica são patógenos que causam desordens gastrintestinais. Estudos utilizando infecção in vitro demonstraram que Y. enterocolitica pode ter como alvo as células dendríticas (DCs), afetando várias de suas funções, incluindo sua maturação e produção de citocinas, e, conseqüentemente, contribuindo para a diminuição da ativação de células T CD4+. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o papel das células dendríticas das placas de Peyer (PP) na determinação do padrão de resposta imune, Th1 e Th2, durante a infecção por via intragástrica de camundongos suscetíveis (BALB/c) e resistentes (C57BL/6) com a amostra virulenta de Y. pseudotuberculosis (YpIII pIB1 - Yp+) ou seu par isogênico, curado do plasmídeo de virulência (YpIII - Yp-). As DCs das PP foram obtidas no 1°, 3° e 5° dia pós-infecção, quantificadas e analisadas quanto às suas subpopulações, expressões de moléculas de superfície e capacidade imunoestimulatória por citometria de fluxo, e quanto à secreção de citocinas (IL-4, IL-10, IL-12 e TNF-α) por ELISA. Os linfócitos das PP também foram obtidos no mesmo período e tiveram suas sub-populações e o padrão de citocinas intracelulares Th1/Th2 (IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 e IFN-γ) analisado por citometria de fluxo. A infecção por Yp+ reduziu o número de DCs no 1° dia pós-infecção e aumentou, no período inicial, a expressão de B7.1 e B7.2 nos camundongos BALB/c. Nos camundongos C57BL/6 reduziu o número de DCs durante todo o período analisado, aumentou a expressão de B7.1 e B7.2 no período inicial e a expressão de ICAM-1. A infecção por ambas as amostras provocou redução da sub-população CD8α+ e da expressão de MHC II nas duas linhagens de animais, aumentou a sub-população CD11b+ nos animais suscetíveis e diminuiu nos animais resistentes. Os animais estudados não apresentaram... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica are pathogens that cause gastrointestinal disorders. Studies using in vitro infection demonstrated that Y. enterocolitica can have as a target dendritic cells (DCs), affecting several of its functions, including their maturation and production of cytokines, and, consequently, contributing to the diminished activation of the T CD4+ cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of dendritic cell from Peyer's patches (PP) in determining of immune response pattern, Th1 and Th2, during infection by the intragastric route in susceptible (BALB/c) and resistant (C57BL/6) mice with a virulent sample of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (YpIII pIB1 - Yp+) or its isogenic pair, cured of the virulence plasmid (YpIII - Yp-). The PP DCs were obtained on the 1st, 3rd and 5th days postinfection, quantified and analyzed as far as their subpopulations, expressions of surface molecules and immunostimulatory capacity by flow cytometry, and the cytokines secretion (IL-4, IL-10, IL-12 and TNF-α) by ELISA. The PP lymphocytes were also obtained in the same period, and had their subpopulations and the pattern of intracellular Th1/Th2 cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ) analysed by flow cytometry. The infection by Yp+ reduced the number of DCs on the 1st day post-infection and increased, in the initial period, the expression of B7.1 and B7.2 in BALB/c. In C57BL/6 mice reduced the number of DCs throughout the study period, increased the expression of B7.1 and B7.2 in the initial period and the expression of ICAM-1. The infection by both samples reduced CD8α+ subpopulation and expression of MHC II in both animals, increased CD11b+ sub-population in susceptible animals and reduced the same sub-population in resistant animals. The studied animals did not present important differences as far as secretion of cytokines by the DCs of PP and both... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Toledo, Mariana Zampar 1982. "Desenvolvimento de plântulas de soja em função da dessecação das plantas e do tratamento das sementes /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100001.
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Orientador: Cláudio CavarianiBanca: Edvaldo Aparecido Amaral da Silva
Banca: Maria Laene Moreira de Carvalho
Banca: José de Barros França Neto
Barnca: Ana Dionisia da Luz Coelho Novembre
Resumo: Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de avaliar a germinação das sementes e o desenvolvimento de plântulas de soja em função do tratamento químico das sementes, de diferentes níveis de vigor inicial, com fungicidas, inseticidas, micronutrientes e bioestimulante, produzidas com e sem dessecação das plantas em pré-colheita com glyphosate. A primeira etapa da pesquisa constou da produção de sementes da cultivar Conquista com diferentes níveis de vigor inicial, com e sem dessecação das plantas. O delineamento experimental foi blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas. As parcelas principais foram definidas por duas épocas de semeadura (novembro e dezembro de 2008) e as subparcelas pela realização ou não da dessecação das plantas em pré-colheita com glyphosate na dose de 2,0 L ha-1, no estágio R7. As sementes foram colhidas em três etapas para cada uma das combinações de tratamentos no campo, quais sejam 1, 7 e 14 dias após a maturidade fisiológica, constituindo as subsubparcelas. Na etapa seguinte avaliou-se a qualidade das sementes colhidas, mediante testes de germinação e de vigor, para a determinação dos diferentes níveis de vigor. As sementes foram, então, tratadas com fungicidas, inseticidas, micronutrientes e um bioestimulante para posterior avaliação da germinação e do desenvolvimento das plântulas. Por fim, as sementes armazenadas, após o tratamento químico, foram avaliadas quanto às características das plântulas por meio de análise computadorizada de imagens (Seed Vigor Imaging System - SVIS®). Para a análise estatística, o delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os dados de caracterização da qualidade das sementes após a colheita foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (p 0,05) ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This work had the objective of evaluating soybean germination and seedling development affected by chemical treatment of seeds, with different vigor levels, with fungicides, insecticides, micronutrients and biostimulant, produced with and without preharvest desiccation with glyphosate. The first stage of this research was the production of soybean seeds, cultivar Conquista, with different levels of initial vigor, both with and without plant desiccation. Main plots consisted of two sowing times (November and December of 2008) combined with and without pre-harvest desiccation of plants with glyphosate at the dose 2,0 L ha-1, at R7, which were the subplots. Seeds of each subplot were harvested at three times, i.e., 1, 7 and 14 days after physiological maturity. Afterwards, seed quality was evaluated by germination and vigor tests to determine vigor levels. Then, seeds were treated with fungicides, insecticides, micronutrients and a biostimulant to evaluate germination and seedling development. Finally, the characeristics of seedlings produced by the stored seeds, treated and non-treated, were evaluated by an image system (Seed Vigor Imaging System - SVIS®), at The Ohio State University, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A. For statistical analysis, the experimental design was the completely randomized, with four replications. Seed quality data evaluated right after harvest was submitted to variance analysis and means were compared by the Tukey test (p 0.05), separately for each desiccation treatment. After chemical treatment, means were compared by the Tukey test (p 0,05) and analyzed as a factorial 2 x 6 x 8 (with and without pre-harvest desiccation x vigor levels x product) for fungicides, 2 x 6 x 2 for insecticides and 2 x 6 x 3 for micronutrients and the biostimulant. Dunnett test (p 0,05) was applied to compare each mean value with the control, without ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Diokh, Thérèse. "Développement des technologies mémoires "back-end" résistives à base d'oxydes pour application dans des "Systems on Chip" avancés." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENT048.
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Les mémoires résistives non volatiles à bases d'oxydes métalliques suscitent un intérêt croissant chez les industriels. Plus particulièrement, les mémoires non volatiles à base d'oxydes (OxRRAM) offrent des temps de programmation et d'accès très court, une faible consommation énergétique, un coût par bit très concurrentiel et une facilité de co-intégration dans le back-end avec du CMOS avancé. Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif le développement d'une mémoire OxRRAM facilement intégrable dans une technologie de fabrication CMOS avancée afin de montrer les avantages en vue de leur application dans des SoC. Une première étape fut la fabrication et l'analyse des cellules mémoires OxRRAM intégrant différents oxydes métalliques afin de choisir la solution la plus adaptée à être intégrée dans une technologie CMOS 65nm et 28nm. Des techniques de mesures dédiées ont été mises en place afin d'établir l'impact du diélectrique sur le fonctionnement de la mémoire OxRRAM en termes de polarisation, de temps de programmation, de courant de programmation et de mécanismes de transition. Des études statistiques et de fiabilité des différents états du point mémoire ont été aussi réalisées. La modélisation associée a permis de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de vieillissements et prédire des lois de durée de vie sous champ et en température des état écrit et effacé de la cellule OxRRAM. Les données expérimentales obtenues sur les cellules ont ensuite permis de concevoir et d'optimiser un circuit d'évaluation statistique de 16 Kbit en technologie CMOS 28nm en tenant compte de toutes les contraintes de design analogiqueOxide-based Resistive Random Acces Memories (OxRRAM) are nowadays considered among the most promising solutions for future generation of low-cost embedded non-volatile memories. The advantages of these memories are the scalability, low power consumption, high speed, complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology (CMOS) compatibility and ease of fabrication (the memory cell consisting of a Metal–Insulator– Metal (MIM) structure integrated in the back-end-of-line, plus an addressing element, i.e. a transistor or a diode) . The potential applications range from consumer – communications to automotive – industrial. This work deals with the development of an OxRRAM demonstrator into an advanced CMOS technology for System on Chip (SoC) application. We discuss the impact of different dielectrics materials (Ta2O5, ZrO2 and HfO2) and electrodes (Pt, Ti, TiN) on the memory performances and reliability in order to choose the best couple dielectric/electrode. We focus on the understanding of the memory switching physics that is involved in the programming of OxRRAM bit-cells. The failure and transition mechanism are presented for lifetime prediction. Some methodologies are presented in this PhD thesis for the optimization of the OxRRAM bit-cell performances and sizes according to a targeted Mutliple Time Programmable (MTP) memory application. We developed analog block systems to control and address the OxRRAM bit-cell taking to account the bipolar switching characteristics of the devices. Finally, these solutions are to be validated using a 1-kb OxRRAM demonstrator yet designed and fabricated in a logic 28-nm node CMOS technology. Keywords: Oxide Resistive memory (OxRRAM), High-k, MIM, CMOS, Characterization, Reliability, Modeling, Analog Design, Simulation
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Leiteritz, Ralf Juan. "Das Ende des Bürgerkrieges? : Kolumbien unter Präsident Uribe." Universität Potsdam, 2008. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/2331/.
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Kleber, Beate. "In Gedenken an das Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-158200.
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Die vorliegende Arbeit versucht mittels eines diskurs- und gedächtnistheoretisch fundierten Zugangs zu ergründen, welcher Bestand an historischen Fakten, materiellen und immateriellen Erinnerungen, Deutungsoptionen und Erinnerungsstrategien anlässlich des 60. Jahrestages des Kriegsendes im Jahr 2005 in Deutschland und den USA über den Zweiten Weltkrieg in der Öffentlichkeit präsent bzw. dominant sind. Diese Fragestellung erhält insbesondere mit Blick auf die schwindende Anzahl an primären Erfahrungsträgern, dem damit einhergehenden Übergang vom kommunikativ-autobiographischen zum kulturell tradierten Gedächtnis sowie der zunehmenden Medialisierung historischer Ereignisse und unterschiedlicher individueller und kollektiver Erfahrungen ihre besondere Relevanz. Als Gegenstand der Untersuchung der öffentlichen Erinnerungsdiskurse wurden Printmedien herangezogen. Mit ihrer Berichterstattung über aktuelle Ereignisse und der Aufbereitung von historischen Themen bieten diese einen geeigneten Querschnitt durch die Erinnerungslandschaft und Vergangenheitskonstruktionen in den USA und in Deutschland. In beiden Diskursen zeigen sich länderspezifische als auch transnationale Aspekte des Erinnerns. Beim synchronen sowie diachronen Vergleich der Ergebnisse der beiden Erinnerungsdiskurse lassen sich Gemeinsamkeiten, Überschneidungen sowie signifikante Unterschiede in der Vergangenheitskonstruktion erkennen.
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Pesek, Michael. "Das Ende eines Kolonialreiches : Ostafrika im Ersten Weltkrieg /." Frankfurt am Main : Campus, 2010. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3406986&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Meze, Eduard. "Das Ende der Arbeiterbank nach dem Februar 1934 /." Innsbruck : [s.n.], 2007. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000252672.
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Ferreira, André Lopes. "A unidade política das esquerdas no Uruguai : das primeiras experiências à Frente Ampla (1958-1973) /." Assis : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103150.
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Orientador: José Luiz Bendicho BeiredBanca: Maria Ligia Coelho Prado
Banca: José Rilla
Banca: Carlos Alberto Sampaio Barbosa
Banca: Áureo Busetto
Resumo: A Frente Ampla (FA), fundada em 1971 como coalizão de partidos de esquerda e grupos políticos progressistas, encerrou com pelo menos uma década de discussões e tentativas de aproximação entre os partidos minoritários no Uruguai. Além disso, a nova força pôs fim ao histórico predomínio político-eleitoral dos partidos Nacional (Blanco) e Colorado. Desde meados dos anos 50, PCU (Partido Comunista do Uruguai) e PS (Partido Socialista) debatiam a questão da unidade, não chegando, porém, a nenhum acordo efetivo. A partir de 1962, experiências de unificação foram feitas por um e outro partido, mas nunca englobando todas as esquerdas. Mais tarde, no curso de 1968, a Democracia-Cristã (PDC) sugeriu criar uma grande aliança de oposição ao governo autoritário de Jorge Pacheco Areco, bem como uma alternativa democrática à luta armada dos Tupamaros, contudo, tal iniciativa não teve resultados imediatos. Após muitas polêmicas e extensas negociações durante 1970, comunistas, democrata cristãos, socialistas e setores desprendidos dos partidos majoritários, se uniram formando a Frente Ampla, culminando um longo processo de exigências, concessões e aprendizado político
Abstract: The Frente Ampla (FA), established in 1971 as a coalition of the left parties and the progressive political parties, ended with, at least, one decade of discussions and approaching attempts between the minority parties in Uruguay. Besides, the new power put an end to the historical political-electoral predominance of the parties Nacional (Blanco) and Colorado. Since the fifties, PCU (Uruguay's Communist Party) and PS (Socialist Party) debated the unit issue, however, not coming to an agreement. Since 1962, experiences of unification were made by one and another party, but never joining all the left parties. Later on, in 1968, the Christian-Democracy (PDC) suggested forming a great opposition alliance to the authoritarian government of Jorge Pacheco Areco, as well as a democratic alternative to the armed conflict of Tupamaros, nevertheless such initiative didn't have the immediate results. After a lot of controverse and extensive negotiations during 1970, communists, christian democrats, socialists and detached sections of the majority parties, got together forming the Frente Ampla, culminating in a long process of requirements, concessions and political learning
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Marcon, Helena Sanches. "Identificação da bactéria endossimbionte Wolbachia em populações de moscas-das-frutas do complexo Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92440.
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Orientador: Celso Luis MarinoBanca: Maoel Victor Franco Lemos
Banca: Carlos Frederico Wilcken
Resumo: Wolbachia é uma bactéria endossimbionte comumente encontrada nos tecidos reprodutores de invertebrados, sendo herdada vertical e horizontalmente. Esta bactéria é desencadeadora de inúmeras alterações reprodutivas, dentre elas a incompatibilidade citoplasmática. Bactéria Wolbachia apresenta oito diferentes tipos de genoma, identificados de A a H. Dentre os hospedeiros da Wolbachia estão as moscas-das-frutas do gênero Anastrepha, que são um importante inseto-praga causador de inúmeras perdas na fruticultura de vários países na América. Neste estudo, foram utilizados os primers 16S rDNA, ftsZ e wsp na detecção da Wolbachia e identificação do supergrupo em três populações de Anastrepha do complexo fraterculus, de diferentes regiões do estado de São Paulo. Em todas as amostras de moscas foi detectada a presença da Wolbachia do supergrupo A, através da utilização dos primers 16S rDNA e wsp, visto que o ftsZ apresentou baixa sensibilidade na detecção desta bactéria em Anastrepha. Comparações das sequências do gene wsp dos 62 indivíduos no Genebank possibilitaram a identificação de duas linhagens de Wolbachia, uma pertencente a Anastrepha sp. 2 (wAsp2B) e a outra ao nematóide Brugia pahangi (Bp-1-1001). Com isso, sugere-se a ocorrência de transferência horizontal da linhagem Bp-1-1001 em Anastrepha através das vespas parasitas de dípteros. A partir de comparações entre as sequências geradas com o gene wsp, observou-se a ocorrência de quatro diferentes sequências pertencentes a novas linhagens de Wolbachia, denominadas wAsc, wAnc, wBjc e wBsp. Essas linhagens estão distribuídas nas diferentes populações de moscas-das-frutas do gênero Anastrepha
Abstract: Wolbachia is a endosymbiont bacteria commonly found in reproducer tissue of invertebrates, being vertically and horizontally inherited. This bacteria cause innumerable reproductive alterations, among them a cytoplasmic incompatibility. Wolbachia have eight different types of genome, designated from A to H. Among Wolbachia host there are the fruit flies of genus Anastrepha. These arthropods are important pest insect that causes many losses in fruit production of many countries of America. In this work, were used the primers 16S rDNA, ftsZ and wsp to detect Wolbachia and to identify the supergroups of three Anastrepha populations the different regions of São Paulo state, Brazil. In all fruit flies samples, it was detected the presence of Wolbachia of the A supergroup, through the use of primers 16S rDNA and wsp, since ftsZ has low sensitivity in detecting this bacteria in Anastrepha. Comparisons of the wsp gene sequences of 62 samples in GeneBank, allowed the identification of two Wolbachia lineages, one relating to Anastrepha sp. 2 (wAsp2B) and other in Brugia pahangi nematode (Bp-1-1001). Therefore it is propose the occurrence the horizontal transference of Wolbachia lineages Bp-1- 1001 into Anastrepha through the did parasite wasps of dipterous. The comparisons among the wsp gene sequences showed the occurrence of four different sequences, possibly belonging to the news lineages of Wolbachia, which were named wAsc, wAnc, wBjc and wBsp. These lineages are distributed in different fruit flies of populations of the Anastrepha genus
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Gutenberg, Carrie Baker. "Three Bad Days." Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School, 2014. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/etd/47.
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Moschem, Marcela de Almeida. "Verossimilhança das metáforas roseanas em Sagarana /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93979.
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Orientador: Antônio Suárez AbreuResumo: Partindo do conceito de metáfora de Lakoff e Johnson (1980), que entende essa figura como a projeção de um domínio de origem em um domínio-alvo, e da teoria de Fauconnier e Turner (2002), vinculada esta última à Teoria dos Espaços Mentais, o objetivo deste trabalho é descrever os domínios de origem das metáforas de alguns contos de Sagarana. O estudo da metáfora tem condições de revelar o grau de verossimilhança dessa obra, pois, nas metáforas criadas por um personagem, o narrador-personagem, os domínios de origem devem circunscrever-se ao universo do sertão. Quando o narrador é onisciente, em terceira pessoa, esse domínio pode ter um escopo muito maior. Trata-se, pois, de verificar até que ponto a metáfora contribui para a verossimilhança na obra de Guimarães Rosa.
Abstract: Departing of the concept of metaphor of Lakoff and Johnson (1980), which understands this figure as the projection of a domain of source in a target domain, and of the theory of Fauconnier and Turner, tied this last at Theory of the Mental Spaces, the objective of work is to describe the domains of source of the metaphors of some short stories of Sagarana. The study of this figure has conditions of disclose the degree of probability of this workmanship, therefore, in the metaphors created for a personage, or narrator-personage, the domains of source must circumscribe the universe of the remote interior. When the narrator is omniscient, in third person, this domain can have a target very major. Treat, therefore, of verifying until which point the metaphor contribute for the probability in the workmanship of Guimarães Rosa.
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Gazetta, Maria Luísa Barca. "Das mulheres de preto ao colorido das mulheres / o que será o amanhã :." Franca : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106118.
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Orientador: Noêmia Pereira NevesBanca: Maria Apparecida Motta
Banca: Maria Zita Figueiredo Gera
Banca: Iris Fenner Bertani
Banca: Claudia Regina Haponczuk de Lemos.
Resumo: Os estudos sobre envelhecimento efetuados nas últimas décadas têm desvelado diferentes aspectos desse ciclo de vida, dentre eles, a prevalência da sobrevida das mulheres e a condição de estar só. A viuvez é apontada como uma das principais causas dessa condição, portanto a idosa viúva é, e será parcela significativa da população envelhecida das próximas décadas. Conhecer como a mulher no processo de envelhecimento após tomar-se viúva desenvolveu sua sociabilidade foi o objetivo dessa pesquisa, realizada com 8 viúvas acima de sessenta anos que freqüentavam programas de Terceira Idade da cidade mineira de Passos. A viuvez, ao longo da história, tem sido um fator adicional de restrições à mulher, favorecendo práticas sociais excludentes, ampliando as desigualdades de gênero existente nas diferentes sociedades. Por meio das entrevistas semi-estruturadas e posterior análise de conteúdo, percebeu-se que as mulheres sujeitos desse estudo foram influenciadas pelas mudanças de comportamento e mentalidades do século XX, no entanto ainda vivenciam preconceitos sociais referentes a condição de viúva. Essas idosas na reorganização do seu cotidiano, após o período de "luto" que determinaram para si, sentem-se "livres" para praticar suas escolhas, intensificar a participação social, por meio de atividades religiosas e sociais diversificadas, assumindo ou ampliando papéis, independentemente da qualidade da relação conjugal, familiar e social anteriormente existente. Há valorização das relações familiares interpessoais, afetivas e expectativa de equidade nas relações gênero.
Abstract: The studies on aging made in the last decades have been revealing different aspects of that life cycle, among them, the prevalence of the women's survival and the condition of being alone. The widowhood is pointed as one of the main causes of that condition, therefore the aged widow is, and will be, the significant parcel of the aged population of next decades. To know as the woman in the aging process after turning widow developed her sociability was the objective of that research, accomplished with 8 widows above sixty years that frequented programs of Third Age of Passos' mining city. The widowhood along the history has been an additional factor of restrictions to the woman, favoring excluding social practices, enlarging the inequalities of gender existent in the different societies. Through the semi-structured interviews and subsequent content analysis, it was noticed that the women subject of that study were influenced by the changes of behavior and mentalities of the century XX, however they still live social prejudices regarding widow's condition. Those elderly ones in the reorganization of her everyday, after the "mourning" period that determined for itself, feel "free" to practice their choices, to intensify the social participation, through religious and social activities diversified, assuming or enlarging papers, independently of the quality of the relationship matrimonial, family and social previously existent. There are valorization of the interpersonal family, affective relationships and expectation of justness in the gender relationships.
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Silva, Audinéia Ferreira da. "Estudo das características acústicas das fricativas do português do Brasil /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92217.
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Orientador: Luiz Carlos CagliariCoorientador: Vera Pacheco
Banca: Cristina Fargetti
Banca: Larissa Cristina Berti
Resumo: O objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado é descrever do ponto de vista acústico as fricativas labiodentais, alveolares e palatoalveolares surdas e sonoras do Português Brasileiro em posição de onset e coda silábica. Para este estudo, foi montado um corpus composto por palavras dissílabas (reais e logatomas - palavras que não existem, mas que estão de acordo com a fonotaxe da língua). As palavras do corpus possuíam as seguintes estruturas silábicas: CV.CV; CVC.CV; CV.CVC. Assim, a posição de onset foi ocupada pelas fricativas labiodentais, alveolares e palatoalveolares e pela oclusiva bilabial surda. A posição de coda silábica foi ocupada sempre pelas fricativas alveolares. O núcleo silábico, por sua vez, foi ocupado pelas vogais /a/, /i/ e /u/ com o objetivo de verificar se o contexto vocálico interfere nas características das fricativas. As palavras do corpus foram inseridas na frase veículo "Digo palavra-alvo baixinho", com o objetivo de homogeneizar o ambiente fonético. O corpus deste estudo foi gravado por cinco informantes (três homens e duas mulheres) naturais de Vitória da Conquista - BA, universitários com idade entre 18 e 27 anos. Cada informante repetiu as frases três vezes. Os parâmetros acústicos adotados para caracterizar as fricativas foram a duração segmental e a frequência do espectro. Como se sabe, a duração segmental pode variar de acordo com vários fatores, por isso, optamos por analisar a duração relativa das fricativas, e não a duração absoluta. Para a análise da taxa de frequência em que são realizadas as fricativas, utilizamos a análise dos quatro momentos espectrais (FORREST ET AL., 1988). Nossos resultados evidenciam que a duração relativa foi eficaz para distinguir as fricativas com relação ao ponto de articulação, à sonoridade, ao contexto vocálico e à posição silábica. No que refere-se à frequência... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The purpose of this master's degree thesis is to describe from the acoustic point of view the labiodental, alveolar and postalveolar fricatives, voiced and voiceless, of Brazilian Portuguese in onset and coda position in syllables. For this study , a corpus was organized, composed by two-syllable words (real and logatome - words that do not exist, but they are in accordance with the language phonotactics). The words of the corpus had the following syllable structures: CV.CV; CVC.CV; CV.CV. Thus, the onset position was occupied by labiodental, alveolar and postalveolar fricatives and voiceless bilabial plosive. The coda position was always occupied by alveolar fricatives. The syllable nucleus, in turn, was occupied by the vowels /a/, /i/ and /u/ in order to check if the vowel context affects the characteristics of fricatives. The words from the corpus were inserted in the support sentence "I say target word softly," in order to homogenize the phonetic environment. The corpus of this study was recorded by five participants (three men and two women) from Vitória da Conquista - BA, students aged between 18 and 27 years. Each participant repeated a sentence three times. The acoustic parameters used to define the fricatives were segmental duration and frequency spectrum. As we know, the segmental length can vary depending on several factors. Therefore, we chose to analyze the relative duration of fricatives and not the absolute duration. For the frequency rate analysis in which fricatives are produced, we employed an analysis of four spectral moments (FORREST ET AL., 1988). Our results proved that the relative length was effective to distinguish fricatives in relation to places of articulation, voicing, vowel context and syllable position. As regards the frequency of fricatives, the results show that the values of the first spectral moment were the most effective to distinguish fricatives... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Bauer, Henri. "Analyse pire cas de flux hétérogènes dans un réseau embarqué avion." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPT0008/document.
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La certification des réseaux avioniques requiert une maîtrise des délais de transmission des données. Cepednant, le multiplexage et le partage des ressource de communications dans des réseaux tels que l'AFDX (Avionics Full Duplex Switched Ethernet) rendent difficile le calcul d'un délai de bout en bout pire cas pour chaque flux. Des outils comme le calcul réseau fournissent une borne supérieure (pessimiste) de ce délai pire cas. Les besoins de communication des avions civils modernes ne cessent d'augmenter et un nombre croissant de flux aux contraintes et aux caractéristiques différentes doivent partager les ressources existantes. Le réseau AFDX actuel ne permet pas de différentier plusieurs classes de trafic : les messages sont traités dans les files des commutateurs selon leur ordre d'arrivée (politique de service FIFO). L'objet de cette thèse est de montrer qu'il est possible de calculer des bornes pire cas des délais de bout en bout avec des politiques de service plus évoluées, à base de priorités statiques (Priority Queueing) ou à répartition équitable de service (Fair Queueing). Nous montrons comment l'approche par trajectoires, issue de la théorie de l'ordonnancement dans des systèmes asynchrones distribués peut s'appliquer au domaine de l'AFDX actuel et futur (intégration de politiques de service plus évoluées permettant la différentiation de flux). Nous comparons les performances de cette approche avec les outils de référence lorsque cela est possible et étudions le pessimisme des bornes ainsi obtenuesThe certification process for avionics network requires guaranties on data transmission delays. However, calculating the worst case delay can be complex in the case of industrial AFDX (Avionics Full Duplex Switched Ethernet) networks. Tools such as Network Calculus provide a pessimistic upper bound of this worst case delay. Communication needs of modern commercial aircraft are expanding and a growing number of flows with various constraints and characteristics must share already existing resources. Currently deployed AFDX networks do not differentiate multiple classes of traffic: messages are processed in their arrival order in the output ports of the switches (FIFO servicing policy). The purpose of this thesis is to show that it is possible to provide upper bounds of end to end transmission delays in networks that implement more advanced servicing policies, based on static priorities (Priority Queuing) or on fairness (Fair Queuing). We show how the trajectory approach, based on scheduling theory in asynchronous distributed systems can be applied to current and future AFDX networks (supporting advanced servicing policies with flow differentiation capabilities). We compare the performance of this approach with the reference tools whenever it is possible and we study the pessimism of the computed upper bounds
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Tozzi, Henrique Hespanhol. "Caracterização da mobilização das reservas das sementes do maracujá-amarelo (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa O. Deg) durante a germinação /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87860.
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Orientador: Massanori TakakiBanca: Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima
Banca: Lilian Beatriz Penteado Zaidan
Resumo: O maracujá-amarelo é uma fruta de grande valor econômico e cultural no Brasil, país com a maior produção e consumo do fruto atualmente. Apesar da grande importância do fruto, a mobilização da reserva de suas sementes durante a germinação não é conhecida. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar as alterações histológicas e bioquímicas ocorridas na semente durante os primeiros dez dias de germinação. Extrações de carboidratos, lipídios e proteínas foram realizadas juntamente com a análise histoquímica das sementes nos períodos de 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 e 10 dias de germinação tanto sob luz branca quanto no escuro. Os resultados mostraram que a principal reserva das sementes é lipídica, pois o seu consumo é alto durante a germinação, porém também há variações nos níveis de proteínas e carboidratos que podem estar envolvidas no processo de germinação.
Abstract: The Yellow Passion fruit is of great economic and cultural value in Brazil, the country with the largest production and consumption nowadays. Despite its great importance, the mobilization of the seed reserves is unknown. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the histological and biochemical changes that occur in the seed during the first ten days of germination. Carbohydrates, lipid and protein extractions were done along with seed histochemical analysis at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days of germination under continuous white light and darkness. The results showed that lipids are the main reserve, for its consumption is high during germination, but there are also variations in protein and carbohydrates levels that may be involved in the germination process.
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Young, Kert R. "Plant Establishment and Soil Microenvironments in Utah Juniper Masticated Woodlands." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3318.
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Juniper (Juniperus spp.) encroachment into sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) and bunchgrass communities has reduced understory plant cover and allowed juniper trees to dominate millions of hectares of semiarid rangelands. Trees are mechanically masticated or shredded to decrease wildfire potential and increase desirable understory plant cover. When trees are masticated after a major increase in tree population density and associated decrease in perennial understory cover, there is a risk that invasive annual grasses will dominate because they are highly responsive to the increased resource availability that commonly follows removal of the main resource user. To determine if tree mastication increases resource availability and subsequently favors invasive annual or perennial grasses, we compared soil temperature, water, and nutrient microenvironmental conditions and seedling establishment and growth. We used the major rangeland weed, cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.), to represent invasive annual grasses and Anatone bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) A. Löve), a natural accession of native bluebunch wheatgrass, to represent the perennial grasses of the sagebrush-bunchgrass plant community. These comparisons were made between and within paired-adjacent masticated and untreated areas at three locations in Utah dominated by Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little). Juniper tree mastication generally increased resource availability with masticated areas having greater soil temperature, soil water availability, and soil N supply rates than untreated areas. Prior to juniper tree mastication litter mounds were not found to be resource islands probably because juniper trees themselves were using subcanopy soil water and nutrients. After juniper tree mastication and elimination of these predominant resource users, litter mounds served as resource islands with greater soil water availability and N supply rates than bare interspaces during the critical time for seedling establishment in spring. Plant growth followed in line with greater resource availability after tree mastication with masticated areas having more productive although fewer invasive-annual and perennial grass seedlings than untreated areas. These results suggest that increases in resource availability and warmer spring temperatures associated with mastication will not necessarily favor invasive annual over perennial grass seedling establishment. Resilience of the sagebrush-bunchgrass community to return to dominance after juniper control will likely be greatly influenced by how much of the sagebrush-bunchgrass community remains following tree control and the intensity of propagule pressure by invasive species. If only invasive annuals remain when the trees are treated then invasive annuals would be expected to dominate the post-treatment plant community especially with their ability to establish inside litter mounds unless they were also controlled and perennial grasses planted at the time of treatment.
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Jeannot, Simon. "Développement de matériaux déposés par PECVD pour les interconnexions optiques dans les circuits intégrés par une approche "back-end"." Lyon, INSA, 2006. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2006ISAL0042/these.pdf.
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Au cours cette thèse, des composants élémentaires d’optique intégrée ont été mis au point dans une technologie compatible avec une intégration au dessus de composants microélectroniques. Pour cela, trois matériaux présentant un fort contraste d’indice et de faibles pertes dans le proche infra rouge (1,3 et 1,55µm) ont été développés par dépôt PECVD, avant d’être utilisés dans des composants d’optique intégrée. Le carbone amorphe, le nitrure de silicium et le silicium amorphe ont été ainsi été étudiés. L’évolution des propriétés optiques des matériaux en fonction des paramètres de dépôt ont été étudiés et des couches de qualité optique ont été mise au point en nitrure silicium et en silicium amorphe. Guides d’ondes, virages et diviseurs de faisceaux par MMI ont ensuite été développés avec ces deux filières à l’aide d’outils de simulation et de caractérisation dédiés. Des composants à très faibles pertes et à forte compacité ont été démontrés, présentant des caractéristiques à l’état de l’art de l’optique intégrée submicronique tout en étant intégrables facilement au sein de circuits intégrésIn this thesis, we are interested in the use of a generalized cylinder state model for semi-automatic analysis of three-dimensional vascular images. This model is used on two levels: for image segmentation and quantification of the stenosis degree. The model is introduced in a vessel tracking strategy based on the Kalman state estimator, associated with the segmentation of plane contours by the level sets algorithm known as ``fast marching''. The interpretation of the model as a continuous geometrical object grants access to the analytical formulas used for stenosis quantification such as diameters and transversal areas. The algorithm was evaluated on a basis of 6 physical phantoms imaged in computed tomography angiography and in magnetic resonance angiography