Journal articles on the topic 'End schaft'

ZusammenfassungDie Maul- und Klauenseuche (MKS) ist eine hochansteckende Viruserkrankung der Paarhufer, die zur Bildung von Bläschen (Aphthen) und Erosionen an der Mundschleimhaut und unbehaarten Teilen der Haut, insbesondere an den Klauen, führt. Die MKS gehört wegen ihrer dramatischen ökonomischen Auswirkungen zu den bedeutsamsten Tierseuchen. Es besteht jederzeit das Risiko einer Einschleppung des Virus nach Europa mit dem Reiseverkehr sowie durch die illegale Einfuhr landwirtschaftlicher Erzeugnisse. Die typischen Wirte für MKS-Viren sind Klauentiere (Rinder, Schafe, Ziegen, Schweine und verwandte Wildtiere), doch können auch bestimmte Zoo- und Wildtiere aus anderen taxonomischen Gruppen wie Giraffen, Elefanten und Kamele an MKS erkranken. Stomatitiden und Klauenveränderungen kommen bei landwirtschaftlichen Nutztieren recht häufig vor und ihre Ursachen lassen sich oft nicht eindeutig klären. In manchen Fällen ist klinisch und pathomorphologisch eine differenzialdiagnostische Abgrenzung zur Maulund Klauenseuche nicht möglich, was eine labordiagnostische Abklärung zwingend erforderlich macht. Dies gilt besonders für solche Fälle, die durch die Erreger der vesikulären Stomatitis (VS) und der vesikulären Schweinekrankheit (SVD) hervorgerufen werden. Weitere Stomatitiden viraler Genese sind die Mucosal Disease (MD), das Bösartige Katarrhalfieber (BKF), die Rinderpest, die Pest der kleinen Wiederkäuer (PPR), die Stomatitis papulosa, der Lippengrind (Orf), die Blauzungenkrankeit (BT) und die epizootische Hämorrhagie (EHD). Beim Schaf wurden ätiologisch nicht näher aufzuklärende Mundschleimhautveränderungen beschrieben und als „OMAGOD“ bezeichnet. Auch Bakterien, chemische Noxen und mechanische Traumata können zu Stomatitiden und Klauenveränderungen führen.

When Gretchen Schafft approached PA about an edited issue commemorating the work of Miki Crespi in creating and nurturing the Applied Ethnology Program of the NPS, it was with a long, well thought out proposal. I listened to it, smiling on my end of the phone, because unbeknownst to Gretchen she was talking to a Park Service veteran. But unlike the authors of these articles who entered into their relationship with NPS, ethnography, and Muriel Crespi as credentialed professionals, I was one of the rank and file, a PHD'd, GS3 seasonal ranger, working during the summer for the love of it.

ZusammenfassungDas Thema der Ausbildung von Lehrenden wurde im DaF-Forschungsfeld, so Legutke und Schart (2016: 9), lange vernachlässigt. Es ist jedoch festzustellen, dass sich dies in letzter Zeit geändert hat. Angesichts des wachsenden Interesses seitens der Forschung und Praxis (ebd.) im Bereich der fremdsprachendidaktischen Professionsbildung widmet sich dieser Beitrag sowohl den Möglichkeiten als auch den Engpässen der subjektiven Professionsbildung von Studentinnen und Studenten im Studiengang „Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft Portugiesisch-Deutsch“ in Rio de Janeiro.

Xanthomonas citri (synonym = Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri) (3) has been reported in several countries in Africa (1) but not Somalia. During 2006 and 2007, hyperplasia-type lesions, often surrounded by a water-soaked margin and yellow halo, typical of citrus canker caused by X. citri were found on 8- to 10-year-old lime (Citrus limetta) and grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi Macfed.) trees in northern and southern Somalia, respectively. Ten leaf samples diagnosed presumptively as citrus canker by Xac ImmunoStrip test kits (Agdia, Elkhart, IN) were mailed to the USDA Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit at Ft. Detrick, MD. To confirm the identification of X. citri, isolations were made from several lesions from each sample onto yeast-dextrose-CaCO3 (YDC) agar (2). Yellow, xanthomonad-like mucoid, convex colonies were purified and stored on YDC slants. Phenotypic tests were done as described (2), and real-time PCR assays were done using primers XCit8F and XCit5R with probe XCitP2 (N. W. Schaad, unpublished). For pathogenicity tests, cultures were grown overnight in liquid nutrient broth-yeast (4) medium adjusted to contain 1 × 105 CFU/ml and inoculated into leaves of lime seedlings with the blunt end of a 2-ml syringe. After 21 to 30 days in a lighted dew chamber (Model I-60DLM; Percival Scientific, Inc. Perry, IA) at 30/23°C day/night, symptoms were recorded. Cultures of sample S-1 (northern Somalia) from lime were phenotypically atypical of X. citri, PCR negative, and nonpathogenic. However, cultures of samples 3 to 7 (southern Somalia) from grapefruit were typical of X. citri and PCR positive; cultures 3 and 4 were tested for pathogenicity and produced erumpent lesions on lime. Isolations onto YDC agar resulted in typical mucoid, convex, yellow, PCR-positive colonies. To our knowledge, this is the first report of X. citri on citrus plants in Somalia. Strains S3 and S4 have been deposited in ICPB at Ft. Detrick, MD as ICPB 11650 and 11651, respectively. References: (1) J. F. Bradbury. Guide to Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. CAB International, Egham, UK, 1986. (2) N. W. Schaad et al. Xanthomonas. Page 175 in: Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. 3rd ed. N. W. Schaad et al. eds. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul. MN. 2001. (3) N. W. Schaad et al. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 29:690, 2006. (4) A. K. Vidaver. Appl. Microbiol. 15:1523, 1967.

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus [Thunb.] Matsum & Nakai) fruit are affected by a number of preharvest disorders that may limit their marketability and thereby restrict economic returns to growers. Pathogenic diseases discussed include bacterial rind necrosis (Erwinia sp.), bacterial fruit blotch [Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli (Schaad et al.) Willems et al.], anthracnose [Colletotrichum orbiculare (Berk & Mont.) Arx. syn. C. legenarium (Pass.) Ellis & Halst], gummy stem blight/black rot [Didymella bryoniae (Auersw.) Rehm], and phytophthora fruit rot (Phytophthora capsici Leonian). One insect-mediated disorder, rindworm damage is discussed. Physiological disorders considered are blossom-end rot, bottleneck, and sunburn. Additionally, cross stitch, greasy spot, and target cluster, disorders of unknown origin are discussed. Each defect is shown in color for easy identification.

DER WAHL-TSUNAMI UND DAS DEUTSCHE FARBENSPIELDie Bundestagswahlen für die 19. Amtszeit, die am 24.09.2017 stattfanden, führten zu wesentlichen Veränderungen auf der deutschen politischen Bühne. Die ein Jahr lang dauernde Wahlkampagne wurde von Monat zu Monat interessanter. Die Flüchtlingskrise und die mit ihr verbundenen Fragen nach Sicherheit und Integration sowie soziale und wirtschaftliche Themen u. a. Arbeitslosigkeit und die zu schaff enden Arbeitsplätze waren hier dominierend. Es sollte daran erinnert werden, dass Europa vor einigen Jahren vor eine der größten Herausforderungen in ihrer Geschichte gestellt wurde — an ihre Grenzen kamen Hunderttausende verzweifelter Afrikaner und Menschen aus dem Nahen Osten, die Schutz vor Krieg oder ein besseres Leben suchten. Die Gründe der Flüchtlingskrise sind u. a. der Arabische Frühling und die unstabile Situation in den sog. gescheiterten Staaten Syrien und Libyen. Ihr Höhepunkt war im Jahr 2015, als nur nach Deutschland über eine Million Menschen kam. Trotz vieler Befürchtungen, die die Ankömmlinge hervorriefen, zeigte die deutsche Staatschefi n freundliche Einstellung betreff end die Aufnahme dieser riesigen Menschenschar und traf die Entscheidung, die Grenzen zu öff nen. Der Spruch: Wir schaff en das, wurde zum Synonym der Lösung der Krise. Für die Regierung von Angela Merkel — die unumstrittene Favoritin für das Kanzleramt — sollten die Parlamentswahlen zu einer Prüfung ihrer Migrationspolitik werden. Ihr Gegenkandidat aus der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands war Martin Schulz, in den Jahren 2014–2016 Vorsitzender des Europäischen Parlamentes.Eine neue Erscheinung in der Parteilandschaft der BRD ist die im April 2013 gegründete Alternative für Deutschland AfD. Damals konnte sie für eine monothematische Partei gehalten werden — als eine euroskeptische forderte sie vor allem den Euro-Austritt Deutschlands und die Rückkehr zur eigenen Währung. Mit der Zeit jedoch, im Zuge der Unzufriedenheit wegen des massenhaften Flüchtlingsstroms wurde sie einwandererskeptisch und so schuf sie sich ihr Wahlkapital. Es ist oft der Fall, dass neue politische Fragen allmählich zu Änderungen in den Wahlpräferenzen führen und mit den neuen Wählern zur Neuverteilung ihrer Stimmen kommt.Die Wahlen 2017 haben bewiesen, dass das deutsche politische System einer Wandlung unterliegt und immer fl üssiger ist. Die traditionellen Massenparteien, also die Sozialdemokraten und Christdemokraten verlieren an Bedeutung. Die Liberalen FDP nach dem Schock der Wahlen 2013, als sie zum ersten Mal in ihrer Geschichte in den Bundestag nicht schaff ten, kamen mit einem zweistelligen Ergebnis in das politische Spiel im Parlament zurück. Einen unstrittigen Erfolg hatte in 2017 jedoch die AfD — dank der sehr großen Unterstützung bei der Bundestagswahl wurde się die drittstärkste Partei im Februar 2018 überholten die Populisten die SPD. Zum ersten Mal in der Nachkriegsgeschichte Deutschlands saßen auf der Abgeordnetenbank Vertreter nationalistischer Anschauung. Und niemals zuvor stockte der Staat in einer Sackgasse, gehindert, eine Regierung gründen zu können, wie dies 2017/2018 der Fall war.Die Gründung dauerte fast ein halbes Jahr. Nach der Bekanntgabe der Ergebnisse wurde klar, dass die Christdemokraten zwar die Mehrheit hatten, sie aber nicht reichte, selbständig das Kabinett aufzubauen und dazu zwang, nach Verbündeten zu suchen. In Deutschland werden die Regierungskoalitionen meistens mittels Farben der Gruppierungen bezeichnet. Bereits im November endeten mit einem Fiasko berühmtes Jamaika-Aus die Gespräche mit FDP und Grünen Bündnis 90/Die Grünen. Die politische Krise erweckte eine Diskussion über eine eventuelle Rückkehr der zwei größten Parteien zu der Koalition. Die am 26. Januar 2018 aufgenommenen Verhandlungen endeten am 7. Februar mit einer Vereinbarung über die Gründung einer, bereits vierten, Großen Koalition mit Angela Merkel an ihrer Spitze, die am 14. März für die vierte Amtszeit gewählt wurde. Die neu gewählte Kanzlerin führt zum dritten Mal das Kabinett der Großen Koalition, das aus sechs Sozialdemokraten und neun Christdemokraten besteht — sechs aus der CDU und drei aus der CSU.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Cervitec Plus® on the level of mutans streptococcus (SM) and lactobacillus (LB) colonies and the development of white spot lesions (WSLs) in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Informed consent was obtained from 32 volunteers (age 16.5 ± 2.75 years). At baseline, levels of the bacterial colonies were determined in saliva and plaque using a chairside test (CRT Bacteria, Ivoclar-Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), and the number of WSLs was registered. After placing the fixed appliance, Cervitec Plus® or placebo varnishes (Ivoclar-Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) were applied monthly around the brackets and tubes, randomly in the right or left (test and placebo) quadrants of the same dental arch. SM and LB colonies in saliva and the SM colonies in plaque were determined on 11–21, 13–23, 15–25, and 16–26 teeth monthly over a 6-month period. At the sixth month, the number of new WSLs was determined. By the end of the study, compared with baseline, the ratio of saliva samples belonging to the low-risk category was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.01) from the 2nd month regarding the SM (76 vs. 52%) and LB (69 vs. 52%); reduction of SM in plaque was significantly greater on the test than placebo sides (6.69 ± 1.71 and 4.45 ± 1.60, respectively; p ≤ 0.01). The mean number of new WSLs was significantly lower in the test (0.06 ± 1.60) than in the placebo quadrants (1.13 ± 1.50, p ≤ 0.01). Conclusion: Monthly use of Cervitec Plus® could result in a significant improvement in oral health of orthodontic patients.

The term ‘soundscape’, as coined by the Canadian composer R. Murray Schafer at the end of the 1960s, refers to the part of the acoustic environment that is perceivable by humans. This study attempts to reconstruct roughly the Eleusinian ‘soundscape’ (the words and the sounds made and heard, and those others who remained unheard) as participants in the Great Mysteries of the two Goddesses may have perceived it in the Classical and post-Classical periods. Unlike other mystery cults (e.g. the Cult of Cybele and Attis) whose soundscapes have been meticulously investigated, the soundscape of Eleusis has received relatively little attention, since the visual aspect of the Megala Mysteria of Demeter and Kore has for decades monopolised the scholarly attention. This study aims at putting things right on this front, and simultaneously look closely at the relational dynamic of the acoustic segment of Eleusis as it can be surmised from the work of well-known orators and philosophers of the first and second centuries ce.

Drill chatter degrades hole roundness, hole size, and tool life. This wastes time and money in tools, scrap, and hole rework. Chatter prediction in milling and turning has shown significant benefit to industry; however, researchers have been unable to accurately predict chatter in drilling applications. In the past, the drill, including the chisel edge, was modeled as either a fixed-fixed or fixed-pinned beam (Tekinalp, O., and Ulsoy, A. G., 1989, “Modeling and Finite Element Analysis of Drill Bit Vibrations,” ASME J. Eng. Indust. 111, pp. 148–154), but more recent research (Dilley, D. N., Bayly, P. V., and Schaut, A. J., 2005, “Effects of the Chisel Edge on the Chatter Frequency in Drilling,” J. Sound Vib., 281, pp. 423–428) has shown that a fixed-embedded model using springs improves frequency matching. The effects of the drill margins on dynamics have not been studied. The fixed-fixed or fixed-pinned model will be shown to be inappropriate for modeling the effects of margin engagement, while the spring-end boundary condition can better approximate the frequency increase observed experimentally as the drill margins engage deeper into the hole. In addition, the shifted frequency is well below the frequency found from an analytical fixed-fixed or fixed-pinned beam. Evidence that the margins cause the frequency shift is seen in three-dimensional waterfall plots that show this shift for pilot hole drilling (in which the margins are engaged), but not for tube drilling (in which margins are not engaged).

Dit is een korte samenvatting van de traditionele geneeswijzen van dierziekten aan de hand van het werk ‘Volksdiergeneeskunde’ van dierenarts Jaak Wouters in eigen beheer uitgegeven in 1966. In dit tweede deel worden eerst problemen in verband met bevruchting, dracht en geboorte beschreven, waarna de in de volksgeneeskunde gebruikelijke behandelingen van de belangrijkste ziekten per diersoort kort geschetst worden. Net als in de reguliere plattelandspraktijk van destijds komen paard en rund op de eerste plaats. In dalende orde van belang volgen varken, schaap, geit, hond, kat, pluimvee (hoen, eend, duif), konijn en als buitenbeentje de rat. Naast de beschrijving van de toegepaste middelen besteedt Wouters heel wat aandacht aan Vlaamse en Brabantse dialectnamen van ziekten, symptomen en geneesmiddelen. Bij moeilijk te begrijpen remedies verwijst hij naar de begrippen en principes van de primitieve geneeskunde, zoals sympathie, homeopathie (signaturenleer) en magie die in deel 1 van dit tweeluik beschreven staan.

Abstract: This research studies in the application of the method of tradition-historical in the Muṣannaf of ‘Abd al-Razzāq al-Ṣan‘ānī and its implication to the problem of dating ḥadīṡ and the development of Meccan fiqh. By using the method of tradition-historical, Motzki proved that Muṣannaf of ‘Abd al-Razzāq al-Ṣan‘ānī (d. 221 H.) can be trusted as a source of authentic aḥādīṡ of the first century of hijrah. The implications of applicating this method of tradition-historical to the development of the Meccan fiqh are: first, it is proved that in the first century of hijrah, the people of Mecca had referred to the Quran and the prophetic rules as a source of Islamic Law. Second, the development of ḥadīṡ from Successor’s ḥadīṡ to be Companion’s ḥadīṡ and then to be Prophetic ḥadīṡ is a construct that is not tenable based on this research. Third, regional schools of legal and religious schoolarship can already be discerned in the last three dacade of the first/sevent century. Therefore, the statement of Schacht that Islamic law did not existed yet in the first century of hijrah must be revised. Fourth, the development from a jurisprudence primarily articulated through ra’y to one based on Tradition was a process that began already at the end of the first/seventh century within the schools and which–at least in the Hijaz–is to be understood as the result of the collection, not merely of forging of traditions. The Collection and transmission of texts was carried out not only with the intention of supporting particular opinions of the schools, but also independently of this. Abstrak: Riset ini mengkaji aplikasi metode tradition-historical dalam Muṣannaf karya ‘Abd al-Razzāq al-Ṣan‘ānī dan implikasinya terhadap persoalan penanggalan (dating) hadis dan perkembangan fikih Mekkah. Dengan menggunakan metode tradition-historical, Motzki membuktikan bahwa Muṣannaf karya ‘Abd al-Razzāq al-Ṣan‘ānī (w. 221 H) bisa dipercaya sebagai sumber hadis-hadis otentik dari abad I H. Implikasi-implikasi dari menerapkan metode tradition-historical ke perkembangan fikih Mekkah adalah: pertama, terbukti bahwa pada abad I H, penduduk Mekkah yang merujuk kepada al-Quran dan peraturan-peraturan kenabian sebagai sebuah sumber Hukum Islam. Kedua, perkembangan hadis dari hadis Pewaris menjadi hadis Sahabat serta kemudian hadis Nabi adalah sebuah kontruk yang tidak dapat dipercaya berdasarkan riseti ini. Ketiga, mazhab-mazhab hukum regional dan ilmu pengetahuan agama sudah sangat dikenal pada akhir tiga dekade pada abad I H/VII M. Oleh karena itu, pernyataan Schach bahwa hukum Islam tidak eksis sampai abad I H harus direvisi. Keempat, perkembangan dari yurisprudensi khususnya artikulasi melalui ra’y hingga berdasarkan pada Hadis (Tradition) adalah sebuah proses yang sudah dimulai pada akhir abad I H/VII M dalam mazhab-mazhab itu dan yang—setidak-tidaknya di Hijaz—dipahami sebagai hasil dari koleksi, bukan semata-mata membatalkan hadis-hadis. Koleksi dan transmisi teks-teks yang dibawa tidak hanya dengan maksud mendukung pendapat-pendapat tertentu dari mazhab-mazhab, tetapi juga bebas darinya. Kata-kata Kunci: Dating hadits, metode tradition-historical, Muṣannaf ‘Abd al-Razzāq, fikih Mekkah.

In summer 2007, while conducting maintenance on the mill’s structure, the Corner Brook Pulp and Paper Mill silenced the whistle that had been part of the local “soundscape” (Schafer 1977) for more than eighty years. When the whistle did not return immediately, public outcry was voiced in the local newspaper over the loss of part of the city’s heritage. Its return in December 2007 at half the previous daily frequency provided the impetus for a collection project. While the mill whistle is an important tool that marks the passage of time, regulates the movement of bodies, and signals trouble at the mill (such as a fire), its significance to the community extends beyond the utilitarian. It plays a role in memorialization (sounding on Remembrance Day) and celebration (marking, for example, the end of WWII), and has become a familiar icon for local song-writers and authors alike. This article provides an overview of “The Mill Whistle Project” designed to document the mill whistle in Corner Brook, describes the historic functions of the mill whistle, and identifies alternative uses of the whistle over time. It then interrogates the whistle’s relationship to World War II and Remembrance Day, demonstrating its extension as a community-wide notification system, its mobilization as a means of celebration, and its continuing role in memorialisation.

Recurrent caries is still considered the main reason restorations need to be replaced. There are different materials available now that promise to reduce the possibility of recurrent caries by releasing fluoride and inhibiting restoration marginal caries. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the demineralization inhibition potential of a non-fluoride-releasing resin (Z100TM 3M, St. Paul, MN, USA) and a glass containing resin-based composite (Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill, Ivoclar/Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein), which contains fluoride. Class V preparations were placed on 22 premolars; the gingival margin was below the cementoenamel junction and the occlusal margin was placed above the cemento-enamel junction. Ten teeth were randomly selected to be restored with Z100 while the other 10 were restored with Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill. Both groups were restored following manufacturer’s instructions. All teeth had an acid resistant varnish placed within one millimeter of the preparation margins. Both groups were placed in artificial caries challenge solution (pH 4.4). At the end of the 4 days; 100 µm buccolingual sections were obtained for each tooth; these were photographed under polarized light microscopy and the demineralized areas adjacent to the restorations were measured and quantified. The mean (±S.D.) area (µm2) of demineralization from the occlusal margin (enamel) and dentin margin were: Z100 2781.889 ± 1045.213; 3960.455 ± 705.964 and for Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill 1541.545 ± 1167.027; 3027.600 ± 512.078. Student’s t-test indicated that there was significantly less enamel and dentin demineralization adjacent to Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill compared to Z100; there was significantly less demineralization in enamel compared to dentin in both Tetric EvoCeral Bulk Fill and Z100. Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill performed better inhibiting demineralization at restoration margins when compared to Z100 and provided better demineralization inhibition in enamel than cementum/dentin.

The effect of fatty acid composition on the autoxidation of selected plant oils (rapeseed (canola) oil, corn oil, frying oil, grapeseed oil, pomace olive oil, rice bran oil, sunflower oil and high oleic sunflower oil) during their storage was studied. Oils were purchased in retail food stores. Oxidative stability of plant oils was monitored during the storage under the Schaal test conditions at 60 °C in 100 mL beakers and the dark for 40 days. The weight changes, the peroxide and acid values were analysed during the storage. Changes in the composition of fatty acids were analyzed by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results obtained by monitoring the weight changes of oils correlated with their peroxide values. The induction period in case of grapeseed and sunflower oils was 27 and 28 days respectively. The induction period for frying and rapeseed oils were around 35 days. The remaining four oils had induction periods over 40 days. The acid values at the end of experiment correspond to both the relative weight gain and the the peroxide values. The stability of oils depended mainly on the degree of fatty acids unsaturation. A strong negative correlation between oleic acid content and oil stability expressed as the peroxide value was found. The significant positive correlation was found in case of linoleic acid. The relative content of polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased during the storage while the content of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids increased. The highest relative increase in oleic acid was found at the least stable oils, grapeseed and sunflower oils, by 37.5% and 25.3% respectively. The initial content of free fatty acids monitored by the acid value did not affect the oxidation rate. With consideration to all monitored parameters the grapeseed and the sunflower oils were the least stable. The most stable ones were olive pomace and high oleic sunflower oils.

Textile patterns, whether printed, knitted, woven or embroidered, tend to be inspired by and created in response to the visual environment. The soundscape is a significant component of the embodied multisensory landscape ‐ from the buzz of fluorescent tube lights in an office to the intermittent roar of water flowing in a river; no space is ever silent (Schafer 1994). Attunement to environmental soundscape provides inspiration in music, art and, in this case, the creation of textile patterns, challenging the visual bias of pattern creation. In this ongoing study, the audio sources from bird song to horses galloping are visualized into spectrograms forming contemporary landscape-inspired textile patterns. Spectrograms are a type of visualization of an audio spectrum where the intensity and multiple frequencies are displayed across time, rather than simply the pitch and amplitude of the sound source. These spectrograms are then transformed into textile patterns through the interaction between a maker's existing skill set and digital software. By sharing this process with a group of textile practitioners, this sound-to-visual approach forms the foundation of a co-created textile pattern design. In this way, the process of soundscape-inspired design challenges the visual bias of existing textile patterns, contributing to the sensory ethnography of the contemporary landscape. Here we explore key insights that emerged from the project ‐ experimenting, collaborating and disrupting ‐ through the imagery of process and pattern making, as well as, through the narratives and reflections of the practitioners, presenting a collective visual encounter. In the end, the project opens dialogues to collaboratively understand and relate to the local soundscape as a source of inspiration for pattern making, and begins to formalize a design narrative based on the non-visual environment.

<p>Lipase-catalyzed interesterification is used to synthesize a value added structured lipid (SL) from coconut oil and palm oil. SL is a modified lipid (triacylglycerols; TAG) with replacement and/or arrangement of fatty acid positions to change the fatty acid composition and/or their positional distribution in glycerol backbone. In this research, modification was conducted by enzymatic process, to produced SLs with some beneficial changes in chemical and physical properties. Sepecifically, objective of this research was to study the oxidative stability of SL obtained from enzymatic interesterification of coconut oil and palm oil. Stability was studied using schaal oven test method and parameters tested were free fatty acid, peroxide value, anisidine value, total oxidation, and thio barbituric acid (TBA) value. Results showed that the type of lipase used and length of interesterification resulted in SL with different oxidative stability. Among SLs evaluated, SL produced with esterification process using lipase of Novozyme 435 for 5 hours has high oxidative stability. At the end of the observation, product that was stored for 4 weeks at 50 ^oC, contained free fatty acid value of 4.21 %, peroxide value of 2.88 meq O₂⁄kg, anisidine value of 5.16, TBA value of 2.01 mg malonaldehyde/kg sample, and total oxidation of 10.92. Those result shows that oxidation stability parameter of structured lipid still meet the standard of palm oil product and its derivatives</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Interesterifikasi enzimatik dengan lipase digunakan untuk mensintesis lipida terstruktur (<em>structured lipid</em>/SL) dari bahan baku minyak kelapa dan kelapa sawit. SL adalah lipida (trigliserida) termodifikasi melalui penggantian dan/atau pengaturan posisi asam-asam lemak pada kerangka gliserolnya. Pada penelitian ini modifikasi secara enzimatik untuk dilakukan untuk menghasilkan produk SL dengan sifat kimia dan fisika tertentu yang memiliki nilai tambah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari stabilitas oksidasi produk SL hasil interesterifikasi enzimatik minyak kelapa dan minyak kelapa sawit. Stabilitas oksidasi diukur dengan menggunakan metode uji <em>oven schaal</em> dengan parameter uji adalah asam lemak bebas, bilangan peroksida, bilangan anisidin, total oksidasi, dan nilai asam tio barbiturat (TBA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jenis lipase yang digunakan dan lama interesterifikasi menghasilkan SL dengan stabilitas yang berbeda. Diantara produk SL yang dievaluasi, SL yang diperoleh dari proses interesterifikasi menggunakan lipase Novozyme 435 selama 5 jam mempunyai stabilitas oksidasi tinggi. Pada akhir pengamatan, produk yang disimpan selama 4 minggu pada suhu 50 ^oC memiliki nilai asam lemak bebas 4,21%, bilangan peroksida 2,88 meq O₂/kg, bilangan anisidin 5,16, bilangan TBA 2,01 mg malonaldehid/kg sampel, dan nilai total oksidasi 10,92. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa stabilitas oksidasi lipid terstruktur yang dihasilkan mampu memenuhi standar sebagai produk minyak sawit dan turunannya.</p><p> </p>

The present article is a contribution to the continuing discussion ofsunnah. I hope to show the scholar who deals with texts referring tosunnah that he or she is not, when interpreting a text containing the word,confined to a choice between the sunnah of the Prophet, local sunnah,and the sunnah of the Companions and the early community. It is quitepossible that the sunnah referred to is the sunnah mentioned in theQur'an, namely, the sunnah of God.We must remember certain characteristics of Sunnah. a) it is setintentionally by one having the authority to do so-the imam; b) it ismeant to be imitated and not changed, and c) the imam who sets thesunnah shares responsibility for the deeds of thcse who imitate him.What seems to be missing from most discussions of sunnah is the factthat it is a Qur'anic notion as well. Joseph Schacht, for example, quotesno Qur'anic occurrences, not even in his 1963 article that asserts that thesunnah of the Prophet was precisely to follow the Qur'an. Bravmann'scitation of Q 8:38 at the end of his discussion of the phrase madat sunnatal awwalin is the only Qur7anic instance of the word that he cites in hisown voice; the othem are in quotations from al Shafi'i, Ibn Hisham, andal Baydawi. Apparently neither Mustafa al Siba'i nor Muhammad alKhatib’ refer to the sunnah of God.The sunnah that God sets for Himself is certainly authoritative, unchanging,and meant to be imitated. But it is more important to note thatGod’s sunnah is also what God Himself does, what He has prescribed forHimself. Human beings know that God will inevitably do a certain thingbecause He has always done the same thing in the past. These are universaland unchanging rules and, as such, can form the basis for logicalarguments. The branch of modem legal logic called rule-based reasoningholds that such reasoning is prior to all other forms, since no communicationusing the word in the concrete and not the metaphoricalsense can even take place until the interlocutors agree on certain rules,such as the rules of language ...

Purpose This study reports the effectiveness of Systemp.desensitizer (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), when used both with and without an acid-etch step, in the treatment of patients with dentine hypersensitivity in UK dental practices. Materials and methods Ten general dental practitioners (GDPs) were selected from two practice-based research groups. The GDPs were each requested to use Systemp.desensitizer in the treatment of at least ten patients who presented with pain due to dentine hypersensitivity. Systemp.desensitizer was applied to the sensitive dentine area in strict accordance with the manufacturer's handling instructions, except that the patients were divided into two groups. For the first, group NE, the procedure was to isolate the tooth, gently blot it dry with cotton wool pellets, rub Systemp.desensitizer into the tooth for 20 seconds, then gently air-dry it. For the second, group E, the procedure was identical except that after isolation, the treatment area was etched for 15 seconds with 35% phosphoric acid. Patients were asked to complete a pro forma using a 10 cm visual analogue scale designed to provide details of the extent of their pain before treatment, 24 hours post-treatment, one week post-treatment, one month post-treatment, and three months post-treatment. The zero end of the scale was marked ‘no pain’ and the 10 cm end was marked ‘extreme pain’. The percentage change in the patients’ perception of their pain, relative to pretreatment, was calculated using repeated measures analysis and suitable follow-up confidence intervals for the mean changes in perceived pain. Comparisons were then made between the treatment groups NE and E. Results Ninety-one patients completed the first pro forma and 77 completed all the pro formas. Overall, there was a significant reduction in pain at each of the time points after treatment but the pattern of pain reduction across the two groups was different. In general, the non-etched group (group NE) saw an ‘immediate’ reduction in pain which was then fairly consistent across the longer term, whilst, in general, the etched group (group E) saw less reduction in pain 24 hours after treatment, and then further reduction in pain at both one week and one month after treatment. Thus the non-etched group experienced an early reduction whilst the etched group took longer to perceive a reduction in pain; however, there were no statistically significant differences between the reductions in pain scores between the two groups at any of the time points after treatment. Conclusion It is concluded that Systemp.desensitizer was effective in reducing pain from dentine hypersensitivity in the patients treated, and this finding was unaffected by whether or not the tooth was acid-etched prior to application of the reagent.

Abstract The presumably most important function of a corporation is the establishment and management of connections to customers, suppliers, investors, debtors and competitors. All these connections may produce profits or bear risks. Hence, the isolated inspection of a corporation (or also a sovereign) may be insufficient. Instead, the economic environment of a corporation and its connections should be included in its valuation. Usually, this is done via manual and hardly standardized processes with their associated large efforts. This article presents a new method to analyze business news and to build up a network of corporations based on business news. To this end, we search in news articles from Reuters and Bloomberg for corporation names or synonyms and assume a connection exists between two corporations if the corporations are mentioned together frequently. Based on these connections, we (1) build up a network for the S&amp;P500 companies, (2) identify groups therein to validate the approach manually and (3) test, whether corporations with many connections and a particularly favorable position in the network receive better rating grades compared to corporations with fewer connections and an average network position. The latter is equivalent to the question of whether a corporation’s connections are a driver of the firm value. Moreover, we use the business news to measure a corporation’s publicity and sentiment, and relate these to the corporation’s rating as well. Our empirical results indicate that the network properties, the sentiment and the media attention are contained in respectively affect the rating grade. Hence, the incorporation of news in the firm valuation – as it is done by many financial institutions – is reasonable. The factors mentioned above increase the explanatory power of our regression model significantly. Since many corporations have sufficient news coverage for our approach but are not rated from a rating agency, and hence must be rated with internal models, our approach may support manual processes in financial institutions and reduce efforts and costs. Zusammenfassung Eine der zentralen aber oft unterschätzten Aufgaben von Unternehmen ist der Aufbau und die Pflege von Beziehungen zu Kunden, Lieferanten, Gläubigern, Investoren oder auch Konkurrenten, aus denen Profite und gegebenenfalls auch Risiken resultieren. Daher ist die isolierte Betrachtung eines Unternehmens (oder auch eines Staates) für dessen Bewertung oft nicht ausreichend. Stattdessen sollten das wirtschaftliche Umfeld eines Unternehmens und die Verbindungen eines Unternehmens direkt in dessen Bewertung einfließen. Deren zumeist qualitative, wenig standardisierte Analyse verursacht bei Kreditinstituten meist hohe Aufwände. Dieser Artikel beschreibt die Analyse von Unternehmensnachrichten und die Herleitung von Netzwerken dieser Unternehmen aus deren Unternehmensnachrichten. Hierzu suchen wir in Nachrichten von Reuters und Bloomberg nach Unternehmensnennungen und gehen von einer Verbindung zwischen zwei Unternehmen aus, wenn diese häufig in denselben Nachrichten genannt werden. Aufgrund dieser Verbindungen (1) erzeugen wir ein Netzwerk für die Unternehmen im S&amp;P500, (2) identifizieren nicht-triviale Unternehmensgruppen und (3) testen, ob gut vernetzte Unternehmen eine bessere Bonitätsnote von den Ratingagenturen erhalten als weniger gut vernetzte Unternehmen. Letzteres ist gleichbedeutend mit der Fragestellung, ob eine gute, zentrale Positionierung eines Unternehmens in einem Netzwerk einen messbaren Mehrwert für das Unternehmen schafft, der sich im Rating niederschlägt. Darüber hinaus nutzen wir die Unternehmensnachrichten auch dazu um Kennzahlen abzuleiten, die die Aufmerksamkeit und die Stimmung der Nachrichtenlage unternehmensspezifisch messen und somit das wirtschaftliche Umfeld eines Unternehmens quantifizieren. Bezüglich dieser Kennzahlen überprüfen wir ebenfalls, ob sie einen messbaren Einfluss auf die Ratingnoten haben. Unsere Ergebnisse legen nah, dass sich sowohl Netzwerkeigenschaften als auch die Nachrichtenlage in der Bonitätseinschätzung niederschlagen. Diese Kennzahlen steigern den Erklärungsgrad unseres Shadow-Rating Modells erheblich. Da viele Unternehmen eine für unseren Ansatz hinreichende Nachrichtenabdeckung besitzen, aber kein Agenturrating, kann unser Ansatz besonders bei der Bewertung von Adressrisiken mit internen Modellen manuelle Prozesse ablösen und zu Effizienzsteigerungen führen. JEL Classification: G14, L14, D85

Abstract According to evidence- and consensus-based practice guidelines (Haematologica2002;87:1286–306), red cell transfusion is the therapy of choice for the majority of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and symptomatic anemia. Previous studies have shown that widespread organ dysfunction can result from transfusion iron overload developing in non-thalassemic adults (Schafer et al, N Engl J Med1981;304:319–24; Cazzola et al, Blood1988;71:305–12). In this study, we evaluated the effect of transfusion dependency and secondary iron overload on survival of MDS patients classified according to WHO criteria. Four hundred and sixty-seven consecutive patients with a diagnosis of de novo MDS made at the IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia Medical School, Pavia, Italy, between 1992 and 2002 were retrospectively evaluated and reclassified according to the WHO criteria. The effects that developing transfusion dependency or secondary iron overload had on survival were evaluated by applying Cox proportional hazards regression with time-dependent covariates. Transfusion-dependent patients had a significantly shorter overall survival (OS) and leukemia-free survival (LFS) than did patients who did not become transfusion-dependent (HR=2.16, P&lt;.001 and HR=2.02, P&lt;.001, respectively). Transfusion burden, calculated as the number of transfusions per month, was found to have a significant effect on both OS (HR=1.35, P&lt;.001) and LFS (HR=1.75, P&lt;.001). These effects were maintained after accounting for cytogenetics. We then assessed the survival of transfusion-dependent and non-transfused patients considering non-leukemic death as an end-point. In the first 50 months of follow-up transfusion-dependent patients had a significantly worse survival than those who did not require transfusions (HR=1.98, P=.01). Cardiac failure was significantly more frequent in transfusion-dependent patients (P=.01). Focusing the analysis on WHO subgroups, transfusion requirement affected both the OS and LFS of patients with RA, RARS or MDS with del(5q) (HR=1.54, P&lt;.001 and HR=1.44, P=.05, respectively), and of those with RCMD or RCMD-RS (HR=1.87, P=.04 and HR=1.54, P=.02, respectively), while it showed no effect on the survival of RAEB patients. Finally, we evaluated the prognostic value of patients with MDS developing iron overload during their follow-up. The development of secondary iron overload significantly affected survival (P&lt;.001) with a HR of 1.36 for every 500 ng/mL increase in serum ferritin. The effect of iron overload was maintained after adjusting for transfusion burden (HR=1.30, P=.003). With respect to WHO subgroups, the effect of secondary iron overload was still present in patients with RA/RARS (HR=1.51, P&lt;.001), while it was not significant in those with RCMD/RCMD-RS (HR=1.34, P=.20). In conclusion, these findings show that the development of transfusion dependency significantly worsens the survival of MDS patients. Although this poor prognosis partly reflects the severity of bone marrow failure, our observations also suggest that development of secondary iron overload per se can worsen survival of transfusion-dependent patients. These individuals may therefore considerably benefit from therapeutic approaches aimed at reducing transfusion needs and/or at preventing secondary iron overload.

Abstract Abstract 786 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) results from a combination of oncogenic events that can involve multiple signal transduction pathways including mutation-induced activation of tyrosine kinases. Kinase inhibitors are increasingly studied as promising targeted approaches either alone or in combination with other agents. However, only subsets of patients respond to respective targeted therapies. We hypothesize that the phosphorylation status of certain sets of proteins (phosphosignatures) can predict the clinical response. In recent years, advances in sample processing, mass spectrometry, and computer algorithms for the analyses of proteomics data have enabled the application of mass spectrometry-based proteomics to monitor phosphorylation events in a global and unbiased manner. These methods have become sufficiently sensitive and robust to identify and quantify thousands of phosphorylation sites in a single experiment. Furthermore, spiking-in a SILAC- (stable-isotope labelling by amino acids in cell culture) reference sample (Super-SILAC) allows for the precise quantification of phosphorylation events also in in-vivo samples. Internal tandem duplication (ITD) of FLT3 is one of the most common mutations in AML. It causes constitutive activation of FLT3. AC220 (Quizartinib®, Ambit) is a selective inhibitor of the receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase FLT3 that is currently under development for the treatment of AML. In a recent phase II open-label study, patients with relapsed AML were treated with AC220. The results of this trial will be reported elsewhere. Here, we sought to identify phosphorylation events that predict clinical response with high accuracy, especially in the group of FLT3-ITD-positive patients. To this end, we established a global, quantitative phosphoproteome analysis of AML cells derived from patient bone marrow. We analyzed samples from 15 patients before treatment with AC220 and employed the obtained phosphoproteomics data to discover a predictive signature of phosphorylation markers. In total, we confidently identified and quantified roughly 10,000 phosphorylation sites. Unsupervised clustering of the data revealed two large clusters that are both characterized by stronger phosphorylation of associated protein kinases. Next, we correlated these clusters with the reported clinical response of the respective patients. Although the clustering was unsupervised regarding the response information, the two clusters almost perfectly separated responders (complete or partial remission) from non-responders (stable or progressive disease). Furthermore, we identified a signature comprising four phosphorylation sites that accurately predict the outcome of therapy based on the corresponding phosphorylations obtained before treatment. We evaluated the performance of this signature in a cross-validation set-up and in additional test samples that have not been used for training. Moreover, we validated the robustness of the selected predictive features. Our study supports that the phosphorylation of four proteins are candidate biomarkers for predicting response to AC220 in AML. Notably, the phosphorylation markers are more predictive than the FTL3-ITD status alone and will thus allow a more precise stratification of AML patients for treatment with AC220. In addition, our results demonstrate for the first time that identifying predictive phosphorylation signatures directly from clinical patient samples is possible. Disclosures: Schaab: Kinaxo, Evotec: Employment, Research Funding. Oppermann:Kinaxo, Evotec: Employment, Research Funding. Pfeifer:Ambit: Joined performance of clinical trial, Joined performance of clinical trial Other; Kinaxo, Evotec: Research Funding. Klammer:Kinaxo, Evotec: Employment, Research Funding. Tebbe:Kinaxo, Evotec: Employment, Research Funding. Oellerich:Kinaxo, Evotec: Research Funding; Ambit: Joined performance of clinical trial, Joined performance of clinical trial Other. Krauter:Ambit: Joined performance of clinical trial Other. Levis:Astellas Pharma: Consultancy; Plexxikon: Consultancy; Symphogen: Consultancy; Ambit: Joined performance of clinical trial, Joined performance of clinical trial Other. Perl:Ambit: Joined performance of clinical trial Other. Daub:Kinaxo, Evotec: Employment, Research Funding. Steffen:Kinaxo, Evotec: Research Funding; Ambit: Joined performance of clinical trial, Joined performance of clinical trial Other. Godl:Kinaxo, Evotec: Employment, Research Funding. Serve:Ambit: Joined performance of clinical trial, Joined performance of clinical trial Other; Kinaxo, Evotec: Research Funding.

Natievorming en democratisering zijn onderling verweven processen, die sociale, politieke en culturele conflicten inbedden in een functionele politieke eenheid. Het nationalisme biedt, met zijn referentie aan de soevereiniteit van het volk, potentieel voor de democratisering van een samenleving. De in 2007 verschenen colloquiumbundel Natie en Democratie 1890-1921 (o.r.v. Els Witte, Ginette Kurgan-van Hentenryk, Emiel Lamberts e.a) bestudeert het effect van het democratische verruimingsproces op de Belgische natie-staat tijdens de periode 1890-1921, met als onderzoeksvraag: welke interactie had er plaats tussen natie en democratie? België is vanaf 1830 een goed voorbeeld van actieve natievorming; in het laatste kwart van de 19e eeuw was de burgerlijke natiestaat dan ook stevig gevestigd. Op het einde van de 19e eeuw werd het nationale identiteit nog versterkt door de vlugge economische ontwikkeling, de koloniale expansie en de culturele opleving. Dat gaf echter nauwelijks impulsen aan het democratiseringsproces, omdat de voornaamste krachten van het Belgisch nationalisme gevestigde belangen te verdedigen hadden. De democratische hervormingen kwamen zelden tot stand door de nood aan een verdere nationale integratie en de door de burgerlijke elite geconstrueerde Belgische natie diende tot aan WOI niet tot emancipatorische inspiratiebron. De nationalistische exaltatie na WOI versnelde echter het democratiseringsproces en omgekeerd versterkte de democratisering de nationale gevoelens. Het Vlaams-nationalisme, dat in de colloquiumbundel ook aan bod komt, werd dan weer door het democratiseringsproces versterkt. Gedragen door kleine burgerij, boeren en werkmannen, had het immers alles te winnen met een uitbreiding van het stemrecht, inzonderheid het mannelijk algemeen meervoudig stemrecht in 1894. Ook voor het vanaf dan met de Belgische natie concurrerende Vlaamse nationalisme, vormde WOI een waterscheiding. Tijdens en na de oorlog vond daarbij de strategische en ideologische splitsing plaats, die ondermeer verband houdt met de relatie tussen democratie en nationalisme. Dat we überhaupt aan de hand van de Belgische casus geen algemene conclusies kunnen trekken over de relatie natievorming-democratisering, bewijst overigens het comparatief luik in de colloquiumbundel.De relatie met de gemeenschap, de demos en de (al dan niet) democratische vertegenwoordiging is eveneens een belangrijke constante in de bijdrage over het Vlaams-nationalisme van de Gentse academici Bruno De Wever en Antoon Vrints tot een in 2008 verschenen reader over de politieke ideologieën in Vlaanderen (o.r.v. Luk Sanders en Carl Devos).Een aantal stellingen al dan niet gebaseerd op synthetiserende modellen, zwengelt de discussie aan. Dat betreft ondermeer de zgn. C-fase in de Vlaamse beweging, het onderscheid tussen patriottisme en nationalisme en het ideologisch gehalte van nationalisme.Beide publicaties scherpen in ieder geval de honger aan naar meer comparatief onderzoek op internationale schaal. ________The nationalisation of the demos. Two new contributions about nationalism in BelgiumThe formation of a nation and democratisation are two interconnected processes that mould social, political and cultural conflicts into a functional political entity. Nationalism referring to the sovereignty of the people offers potential for the democratisation of a society. The colloquium collection Natie en Democratie 1890-1921, published in 2007 (Editors: Els Witte, Ginette Kurgan-van Hentenryk, Emiel Lamberts and others) studies the effect of the democratic enlargement process on the Belgian nation-state during the period 1890-1921, with the research focusing on the question: what interaction took place between the nation and democracy? From 1830 onwards Belgium was a good example of the active formation of a nation; in the last quarter of the 19th century the civil nation state had therefore acquired a solid foundation. At the end of the 19th century the national identity was reinforced even more by the speedy economic development, the colonial expansion and cultural revival. However, that hardly provided any boost to the democratisation process, because the most prominent forces of Belgian nationalism were defending vested interests. Democratic reforms were rarely realised because of the lack of more national integration, and the Belgian nation, which had been created by the middle class elite did not provide a source for emancipatory inspiration until the First World War. The nationalist exaltation after the First World War however, speeded up the democratisation process and inversely, the democratisation reinforced the national sentiment.Flemish-nationalism in its turn, which is also dealt with in the colloquium collection, was reinforced by the democratisation process. As it found its supporters among the lower middle classes, farmers and workers, it could only gain from an extension of the right to vote, more in particular the right of universal plural voting for men in 1894. World War I was also a watershed for Flemish-nationalism which from that moment on competed with the Belgian nation. During and after the war a strategic and ideological schism took place, which among other things concerns the relationship between democracy and nationalism. The comparative section in the colloquium collection proves moreover that it is not at all possible to draw general conclusions about the relationship between the formation of a nation and democratisation on the basis of the Belgian case.The relationship with the community, the demos and their representation (whether democratic or not) is also an important constant factor in the contribution about Flemish-nationalism by the Ghent academics Bruno De Wever and Antoon Vrints to a reader published in 2008 about political ideologies in Flanders (Editors: Luk Sanders and Carl Devos).A number of propositions whether or not based on synthesizing models cranks up the discussion. This concerns among other things the so-called C-phase in the Flemish Movement, the distinction between patriotism and nationalism and the ideological content of nationalism.At any rate both publications increase our appetite for more comparative research on an international scale.

Background:Iberdomide is a high-affinity cereblon ligand that promotes proteasomal degradation of Ikaros (IKZF1) and Aiolos (IKZF3), transcription factors involved in innate and adaptive immune cell development and homeostasis, and linked to the genetic risk for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A phase 2, placebo-controlled study evaluated the efficacy and safety of iberdomide in patients (pts) with moderate to severe SLE.Objectives:To examine the effect of iberdomide on cutaneous manifestations in SLE pts.Methods:Adult autoantibody-positive SLE pts with a SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI 2K) score ≥6 were randomized (2:2:1:2) to oral iberdomide (0.45, 0.3, 0.15 mg) or placebo once daily (QD) for 24 weeks while continuing standard background lupus medications. The Cutaneous Lupus Area and Severity Index Activity score (CLASI-A) was assessed every 4 weeks through week 24. As prespecified, exploratory analyses, change from baseline and the proportion of pts who achieved ≥50% reduction from baseline (CLASI-50) were evaluated for all pts, pts with baseline CLASI-A ≥8, and by cutaneous lupus subtypes (acute [ACLE], subacute [SCLE], chronic [CCLE]). CLASI-A outcomes were also evaluated post hoc for subgroups with high baseline expression of IKZF3 or the type 1 interferon (IFN) gene signatures in the blood.Results:Of 288 randomized pts, the mean and median (range) baseline CLASI-A scores were 6.9 and 5.0 (0-49), with 28% of pts having a score ≥8. 56% of pts had ACLE, 29% CCLE, and 16% SCLE. CLASI-50 responses were not significantly different comparing iberdomide to placebo in all pts and pts with baseline CLASI-A ≥8 at week 24, where high placebo response rates were observed (Table). Numerically greater mean improvement from baseline in CLASI-A scores in pts with baseline CLASI-A ≥8 was observed for iberdomide 0.45 mg vs placebo beginning at week 4, with continuous improvement through week 24. For pts with SCLE or CCLE, CLASI-50 response rates were significantly higher with iberdomide 0.45 mg vs placebo (P<0.04; Table). SCLE pts had significantly greater mean change and median percent improvement in CLASI-A from baseline with iberdomide 0.45 mg vs placebo at week 24 (P<0.03). Treatment differences in CLASI-A between iberdomide 0.45 mg and placebo were larger for SCLE and CCLE subgroups with high baseline IKZF3 or type 1 IFN gene signatures, with statistical significance achieved for SCLE pts but not CCLE pts (Figure).Table 1.CLASI-50 Response Rates by Subgroups at Week 240.15 mg QD0.3 mg QD0.45 mg QD(n=42)(n=82)(n=81)PlaceboSubgroup(n=83)0.15 mg QD vs Placebo0.3 mg QD vs Placebo0.45 mg QD vs Placebon/m (%)n/m (%)Str Diff in % (95% CI)P valuen/m (%)Str Diff in % (95% CI)P valuen/m (%)Str Diff in % (95% CI)P valueAll pts37/83 (44.6)19/42 (45.2)0.4 (-17.33, 18.55) P=0.96141/82 (50.0)5.3 (-9.93, 20.11) P=0.49945/81 (55.6)10.9 (-4.30, 25.51) P=0.163CLASI-A ≥810/20 (50.0)8/13 (61.5)15.9 (-17.42, 45.45) P=0.39913/24 (54.2)12.1 (-17.57, 39.97) P=0.45816/24 (66.7)15.1 (-15.51, 42.49) P=0.368ACLE23/50 (46.0)15/30 (50.0)4.8 (-17.22, 26.31) P=0.66220/43 (46.5)-3.3 (-22.95, 16.67) P=0.73817/38 (44.7)-3.0 (-23.20, 17.65) P=0.782SCLE9/17 (52.9)5/9 (55.6)2.6a (-33.04, 36.33) P=0.9663/9 (33.3)-6.6 (-38.98, 31.86) P>0.99911/12 (91.7)38.7a(4.54, 61.75) P=0.035CCLE5/18 (27.8)7/14 (50.0)22.2a (-10.51, 50.00) P=0.19810/23 (43.5)23.8 (-6.89, 48.88) P=0.12918/29 (62.1)34.1 (4.43, 56.16) P=0.029CI, confidence interval; Str Diff, stratified difference.aUnstratified difference.Conclusion:Iberdomide showed beneficial effects on skin manifestations in pts with SLE. Efficacy appears to be more pronounced in pts with SCLE and CCLE skin subtypes, and in pts with high IKZF3 or IFN gene expression signatures.Δ, treatment difference of adjusted means; CCLE, chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus; CLASI-A, Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index-activity score; IFN, interferon; SCLE, subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus.Acknowledgements:This study was sponsored by Bristol Myers Squibb. Professional medical writing assistance was provided by Peloton Advantage, LLC, an OPEN Health company, and funded by Bristol Myers Squibb.Disclosure of Interests:Victoria Werth Consultant of: Bristol Myers Squibb, Grant/research support from: Bristol Myers Squibb, Joan Merrill Consultant of: UCB, GlaxoSmithKline, AbbVie, EMD Serono, Remegen, Celgene/Bristol Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Lilly, Immupharma, Amgen, Janssen, Resolve, Alpine, Aurinia, Astellas, Alexion, and Provention, Grant/research support from: GlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca, Richard Furie Consultant of: Bristol Myers Squibb, Grant/research support from: Bristol Myers Squibb, Thomas Dörner Consultant of: support for clinical studies and honoraria for scientific advice: AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Roche, Employee of: Charite Universitätsmedizin, Berlin and DRFZ Berlin, Germany, Ronald van Vollenhoven Speakers bureau: UCB, AbbVie, Galapagos, Janssen, Pfizer, Paid instructor for: support for educational programs: Pfizer, Roche, Consultant of: AstraZeneca, Biogen, Biotest, Celgene, Gilead, Servier, UCB, AbbVie, Galapagos, Janssen, Pfizer, Grant/research support from: Bristol Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Eli Lilly, UCB, Peter Lipsky Employee of: RILITE Foundation, Michael Weiswasser Shareholder of: Bristol Myers Squibb, Employee of: Bristol Myers Squibb, Shimon Korish Shareholder of: Bristol Myers Squibb, Employee of: Bristol Myers Squibb, Peter Schafer Shareholder of: Bristol Myers Squibb, Employee of: Bristol Myers Squibb, Mark Stern Shareholder of: Bristol Myers Squibb, Employee of: Bristol Myers Squibb, Zhaohui Liu Shareholder of: Bristol Myers Squibb, Employee of: Bristol Myers Squibb, Shaojun Tang Shareholder of: Bristol Myers Squibb, Employee of: Bristol Myers Squibb, Nikolay Delev Shareholder of: Bristol Myers Squibb, Employee of: Bristol Myers Squibb

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This work is on development within the framework of the project Eureca: <i>EUropean Region Enrichment in City Archives and collections</i> of the University of Ghent (IDLab, CartoGIS), the Technical University of Vienna (Research Group Cartography) and several city and state archives. <i>Eureca</i> focuses on revealing traces (i.e. origins or influences) of European regions that have shaped the cities in which we live today and will further develop tools to explore these traces when visiting a city. Different historical, architectural, economic, political, and cultural reasons form the base of these traces, and will be used as input to disclose cultural heritage items that can be linked to specific European regions and origins. The enriched metadata that will result in this project will be further usable to perform new fundamental research and applied studies, and to facilitate the exploitation of the collections to a broader public and attract new groups of cultural heritage consumers.</p><p>The specific focus of this work is on Geo-Social media (GSM) (Ostermann, 2015) as a source of information to identify these European traces of the past. The objective of this research is finding the <i>footprint</i> of Europeans visiting other euro-cities by determining areas of preference in a city for specific nationalities and during certain periods. The footprints represent areas of attraction for visitors in the city and the reasons for this attraction could be multiple: available services, architecture, historical/cultural hotspots, etc. Finding these modern footprints will be a base to identify the most visited cultural heritage points of interest (POIs) for specific nationalities or even cities of origin and during specific periods of the year. Finally, this will contribute to the development of location based services (LBS) that will help users to explore traces of their own region of origin in other European cities.</p><p>Social media data have been used in research widely and despite their multiple limitations, they have been proven useful for geographic research in different fields. Geotagged social media provide better insights on the spatial behaviour of their users. Some of the most used media in the literature include Foursquare, Twitter or Flickr. Foursquare is the least interesting for us because of its user base and amount of data available. Twitter provides a huge amount of geotagged text for semantic analysis but Flickr’s user profile is more suited for tourist behaviour analysis. Furthermore, Flickr provides a well-developed set of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to enable easier access to their data.</p><p>The first phase of this research involved the data collection from Flickr via two of its APIs. There are several Flickr datasets openly available, nevertheless we opted for building our own collection to avoid problems related to accessibility, accuracy and temporal coverage. Metadata of each uploaded picture such as photo owner, uploading date, geolocation, etc. was retrieved. In a second process, another API will be used to obtain the user name, location (user manually-provided) and other attributes. This location attribute have to be processed because of the heterogeneity of the data format. If only <i>city</i> is provided, the places have to be matched to a gazetteer to determine the country.</p><p>The data retrieved covered a squared area of 68 Mill.&amp;thinsp;km² representing a huge area around the continental Europe. In order to determine the nationality of each user the first source of information is the self-reported location included in her profile. Unfortunately, this information is often missing or can be simply false. For the majority of the users, the home location has to be inferred by some kind of method. A simple method based on previous works on home determination from user’s GSM data (Li &amp; Goodchild, 2012; Bojic et al., 2015) was developed and tested. To identify a country as user’s home location, all the pictures uploaded during a year in each country were considered. If the temporal difference between last and first photo was greater than 6 months, the user was labelled as local resident in that country. For comparison purposes, a second threshold of 3 months was also applied. With both thresholds, in some cases users were labelled with double home location because of being present in both cities in the same year.</p><p>We are aware of some limitations of this approach. For instance, a user can visit two times the same city in the same year. Besides, those users uploading pictures between the end of one year and the beginning of the following one will not be classified in that country. The nature of the Flickr user is a limitation itself; some individuals can upload one single photo and others may contribute thousands.</p><p>The method will be improved in future work by requiring a minimum of images uploaded during the chosen period. Also, it will be analysed the continuous stream of uploads during time instead of simply considering natural years. Additionally, the language of the title and tags could be used to infer the nationality. Moreover, the first information that will be taken into consideration is the self-reported home location obtained from the user’s profile. This new approach will increase the number of users correctly labelled so that we can get a better differentiation between locals and tourists and between different nationalities. This will be key for our further analysis.</p><p>The uploaded photos can be visualised as points in the space given that we have their geolocation. We can generate a continuous raster surface from these points using Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) (Grothe &amp; Schaab, 2009). These raster are heatmaps that represent areas of high concentration of pictures. These heatmaps represent a footprint of the visitors in the city. Thus, the areas more visited by tourists from a specific origin will be visible and also an analysis of the temporal evolution will be possible. The continuous surfaces built with KDE are very well suited for the task of determining vague areas open enough for further POIs identification in <i>Eureca</i>. In addition, to include areas of interest (AOIs) when dealing with open spaces like parks, squares or large buildings. Figure 1 shows examples of footprints in Vienna and Ghent.</p><p>The footprints will reveal the most preferred places for specific origins. Furthermore, all the footprints will be compared through spatial analysis. Using map algebra (Tomlin, 1990), we will obtain areas of common interest for Europeans and for instance classify the areas as high, moderate or low “Euro-visitor interest”. This can be applied for aggregated groups e.g. Mediterranean nations, German-speaking countries, etc. In further steps, Flickr data from the rest of the world will be collected to apply the same approach for more groups.</p><p>Regarding the results already obtained, the final number of points retrieved was about 66 million and covered a period (2004&amp;ndash;2018) representing Flickr photos from 62 countries. Initial research was done with a selection of 2 European cities and countries: Ghent (Belgium) and Vienna (Austria). Next steps will include all those countries fully retrieved from Flickr and the 10 European capitals with the highest amount of data available.</p><p>Several conclusions can be drawn from the initial results. The number of photos available for each city can vary greatly; this has to be considered in terms of relative representativeness. The inclusion of the self-reported user information should improve the theoretical accuracy of the user home location determination. It could serve as some kind of ground truth to estimate precision and recall of our own classification method. Increasing the dataset with world coverage and classifying the home location of all the global users should reduce the number of ambivalent cases by applying other strategies. In sum, further work is required but this initial approach seems to be useful for establishing GSM as a valuable modern source of information to identify cultural heritage POIs/AOIs that will reveal European traces of the past within the <i>Eureca</i> project.</p>

This study aimed to explore the perceived barriers to physical activity among college students Study Design: Qualitative research design Eight focus group discussions on 67 college students aged 18-24 years (48 females, 19 males) was conducted on College premises. Data were analysed using inductive approach. Participants identified a number of obstacles to physical activity. Perceived barriers emerged from the analysis of the data addressed the different dimensions of the socio-ecological framework. The result indicated that the young adults perceived substantial amount of personal, social and environmental factors as barriers such as time constraint, tiredness, stress, family control, safety issues and much more. Understanding the barriers and overcoming the barriers at this stage will be valuable. Health professionals and researchers can use this information to design and implement interventions, strategies and policies to promote the participation in physical activity. This further can help the students to deal with those barriers and can help to instil the habit of regular physical activity in the later adult years.

The economic recovery under Hitler stands as a remarkable feat of financial swiftness. Consummated in less than four years, the Nazi resurgance could vault by the end of 1938 the erasure of nearly eight million unemployed, the total absense of inflationary pangs, and the most ravaging army one could then conceive. The monetary contrivances behind such a conjuring of awesome potency were imagined by a team of traditional bankers, headed by Reicksbankprasident Hjalmar Schacht. It is here argued that the financial underlining of the Nazi episode is but a variation of the famous 'monetary sleight-of-hand' that Mephisto played before the Kaiser in Goethe's Faust. Theatrical prophecy and war expectancy mix uncannily in this unique example of economic expediency acheived without the least concern for ideological etiquette.

The paper focuses on challenges in the teaching of problem-solving in Grade 10 Mathematics, which may emanate from ignoring the background environment of the child (Graven & Schafer, 2013:4). It is important to affirm what learners know because their background knowledge is influenced by environmental surroundings (Leung, 2008:145), including social and cultural practices. The Department of Basic Education Report (2009) shows that the same topics in which Grade 10 Mathematics learners performed poorly corresponded with those in which they did poorly at the end of their Grade 12 examinations. The study is framed by community cultural wealth theory (Yosso, 2005), which posits knowledge as excluding communities. Rocha-Schmid (2010:344) contends that it is not correct to view excluded communities as objects for rehabilitation, but rather they should be conceived by a Freirean emancipatory project that perceives subaltern communities as authentic beings capable of engaging mathematical concepts in creative endeavours and critical thinking. Hence, the study asserts that it is crucial that parents, traditional leaders and community leaders, play a crucial role in the teaching and learning of Grade 10 Mathematics, so as to alleviate the identified challenges. The study utilised participatory action research (PAR) methods, which recognise community members as experts, and the empowerment of communities to find their own solutions to local issues (Moana, 2010:1). The researcher puts together a team of community members, the school population and education district officials as participants in the study. Each challenge was outlined and analysed using critical discourse analysis (CDA), enabling the participants to use the spoken/written word as evidence of the interpretation made at both the levels of discursive practice and social structures, to extract a deeper meaning and to make repertoires of each participant (Francis, 2012:18; Mahlomaholo, 2012a:51, 2012b:104).

NOTE: This article was published in a former series of GEUS Bulletin. Please use the original series name when citing this article, for example: Kalsbeek, F., Nutman, A. P., Escher, J. C., Friderichsen, J. D., Hull, J. M., Jones, K. A., & Schack Pedersen, S. A. (1999). Geochronology of granitic and supracrustal rocks from the northern part of the East Greenland Caledonides: ion microprobe U–Pb zircon ages. Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin, 184, 31-48. https://doi.org/10.34194/ggub.v184.5228 _______________ Granitoid rocks from different settings within the northern part of the East Greenland Caledonian fold belt have yielded U–Pb zircon dates between 2000 and 1730 Ma, confirming the Palaeoproterozoic origin of the crystalline basement. Widespread sandstone sequences occur both in the Caledonian fold belt and in the foreland to the west; all of these have been assigned to the Independence Fjord Group, and attributed a Mesoproterozoic age on geological maps. However, metarhyolitic rocks associated with the sandstones in the Caledonian fold belt have yielded an age of 1740 ± 6 Ma, significantly older than anticipated. Zircon ages for a sandstone sample in the same area suggest deposition after the end of Palaeoproterozoic orogenic events, but in part prior to emplacement of the rhyolitic rocks at 1740 Ma; sandstone from another locality may have been deposited before emplacement of the latest Proterozoic granite sheets. Field relations suggest that some granitic veins and sheets might be Caledonian in age, but, with one possible exception, all those analysed proved to be Proterozoic. The apparent absence of Caledonian granites in the northern part of the East Greenland Caledonides, despite regional high-grade metamorphism, may be related to the lack of major occurrences of pelitic supracrustal rocks within the crystalline basement complexes.

Abstract Background Orthodontic treatment poses an increased risk of plaque accumulation and demineralisation of enamel leading to white spot lesion around the brackets. This parallel arm trial aims to assess the degree of bacterial plaque formation adjacent to orthodontic brackets, following the application of a chitosan-based varnish or chlorhexidene-fluoride varnish. Methods A total of 200 teeth from 20 patients undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy were assessed and biofilm formation around the brackets were recorded using the Bonded Bracket Index (Plaque index) at baseline and weekly for 6 weeks. The bacterial count and plaque pH at corresponding weekly intervals were also recorded. Following bracket bonding, the patients were cluster randomised to receive chitosan-based varnish-CHS (UNO Gel Bioschell, Germiphene corp., Brantford, Canada) or chlorhexidine-fluoride varnish-CFV (Cervitec F, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) every week on the representative teeth respectively. BBI proportions were compared between groups at all time intervals using Chi square test. Mean plaque bacterial count and plaque pH were compared using Mann Whitney U test and Tukey’s HSD test respectively. Results Baseline characteristics were similar between the groups: Mean age was CHS = 23 and CFV = 21; male to female ratio was CHS = 5/5, CFV = 7/3. At the end of 6 weeks, chitosan-based varnish performed equal to chlorhexidine-fluoride varnish (P > 0.05) with 98% and 95% of teeth with acceptable scores respectively. The plaque bacterial count significantly reduced at 6 weeks for both varnish compared to the baseline; The value for CHS was 0.43 ± 0.4 × 104 and CFV was 0.77 ± 0.64 × 104 CFU (P < 0.05), with no difference between both the varnishes. Both varnishes had no effect on the plaque pH that remained neutral. Conclusion This trial showed that both chitosan-based varnish and chlorhexidine-fluoride varnish reduced bacterial count, while the plaque pH remained neutral over a period of six weeks in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy. The anti-plaque effects of the natural biopolymeric chitosan-based varnish was similar to that of chlorhexidine-fluoride varnish, a known chemotherapeutic agent. Registration: This trial protocol was registered with https://www.ctri.nic.in (CTRI/2019/05/018896). (Date of registration 02/05/2019). Protocol: The protocol was not published before trial commencement.

Misschien zou een debat over de barrière voor de totstandkoming van archieven met kwalitatief onderzoeksmateriaal gebaat zijn bij een concrete inventarisatie en typologie van kwalitatieve onderzoeksdata in Nederland. We kunnen natuurlijk blijven discussiëren over hoe conservatief de onderzoekspraktijk is, over anonimisering en of dat wel of niet het grootste probleem vormt, over of de aard van de data zich wel of niet voor hergebruik leent, over in hoeverre de respondent ongevraagd afschermen voor contacten met andere onderzoekers een vorm van pater- (of mater)nalisme is, maar is het niet beter om gewoon aan de slag te gaan en een begin te maken met het inventariseren van datasets die interessant voor hergebruik zouden zijn? Als dat gebeurd is, wil ik pas aannemen dat ‘het meeste materiaal daar gewoonweg niet voor geschikt is’. Die inspanning voor het geschikt maken voor hergebruik wordt vergemakkelijkt door de digitalisering van data, dat geldt zowel voor het gemak van de verspreiding en bewerking als voor de controle over de toegang. Als dit staand beleid wordt bij de instanties die onderzoeksgelden toekennen en de generaties onderzoekers na ons die opgegroeid zijn met Blackboard en It’s Learning gaan ermee aan de slag, dan komt het vanzelf wel goed. Een speurtocht in een aantal artikelen levert de volgende tot de verbeelding sprekende datasets op. Wat dachten jullie van de 250 mannen die bij de razzia van Rotterdam tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog betrokken waren en in 1951 door pionier Ben Sijes over hun ervaringen geïnterviewd zijn? Of de dertig interviews met vroegere onderwijzers en onderwijzeressen die eind jaren zeventig gehouden zijn door onderwijssociologe Manuela du Bois Reymond? Nog mooier materiaal zullen de interviews vormen die zij en haar Duitse collega’s eind jaren tachtig hielden met stadskinderen in Leiden en Wiesbaden. Ook op het gebied van arbeiderslevens werden enkele aardige initiatieven ontplooid. In 1988 werd de Werkgroep Onderzoek naar Leidse Textiel opgezet met de bedoeling de levens van voormalige arbeiders in de textiel aan de hand van interviews te documenteren. In een overzichtsartikel van de hand van de in 2007 overleden sociaal-historicus Jaap Noordam (1999), die aan de universiteit van Leiden colleges mondelinge geschiedenis gaf, wordt een beeld geschetst van deze en andere initiatieven. Maar ook het delen van niet-historische actuele bronnen zou een grote meerwaarde hebben. Wie zou er niet geïnteresseerd zijn in de verzameling interviews met vrouwen van Srebrenica die Selma Leydesdorff met veel moeite verzameld heeft voor haar boek De leegte achter ons laten (2008), en zou het niet mooi zijn om deze te vergelijken met de interviews die het NIOD gehouden heeft voor het onderzoek naar de Val van Srebrenica? Dit is maar even een snelle scan in het sociaal-historisch domein, maar de overtuiging dat een grondige doorlichting van verschillende domeinen die met kwalitatieve data werken een schat aan data oplevert, is groot. Bewijs eerst maar eens het tegendeel!

Chemical compounds (drugs) and diseases are among top searched keywords on the PubMed database of biomedical literature by biomedical researchers all over the world (according to a study in 2009). Working with PubMed is essential for researchers to get insights into drugs’ side effects (chemical-induced disease relations (CDR), which is essential for drug safety and toxicity. It is, however, a catastrophic burden for them as PubMed is a huge database of unstructured texts, growing steadily very fast (~28 millions scientific articles currently, approximately two deposited per minute). As a result, biomedical text mining has been empirically demonstrated its great implications in biomedical research communities. Biomedical text has its own distinct challenging properties, attracting much attetion from natural language processing communities. A large-scale study recently in 2018 showed that incorporating information into indenpendent multiple-input layers outperforms concatenating them into a single input layer (for biLSTM), producing better performance when compared to state-of-the-art CDR classifying models. This paper demonstrates that for a CNN it is vice-versa, in which concatenation is better for CDR classification. To this end, we develop a CNN based model with multiple input concatenated for CDR classification. Experimental results on the benchmark dataset demonstrate its outperformance over other recent state-of-the-art CDR classification models. Keywords: Chemical disease relation prediction, Convolutional neural network, Biomedical text mining References [1] Paul SM, S. Mytelka, C.T. Dunwiddie, C.C. Persinger, B.H. Munos, S.R. Lindborg, A.L. Schacht, How to improve R&D productivity: The pharmaceutical industry's grand challenge, Nat Rev Drug Discov. 9(3) (2010) 203-14. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd3078. [2] J.A. 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ObjeciveThe objective is to discuss capacity building for Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response in Guinea and synthesize lessons learned for implementing the Global Health Security Agenda in similar settings.IntroductionThe 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak in Guinea revealed systematic weaknesses in the existing disease surveillance system. The lack of public health workers adequately trained in Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) contributed to underreporting of cases and problems with data completeness, accuracy, and reliability. These data quality issues resulted in difficulty assessing the epidemic's scale and distribution and hindered the control effort (McNamara, 2016; Bell, 2016). In 2015, the Guinean Ministry of Health (MoH) recognized the importance of the IDSR framework as a tool for improving disease surveillance and emphasized IDSR strengthening as a priority activity in the post-Ebola transition (MoH, 2015).To support this strategic objective, we engaged with the MoH, CDC, and key surveillance partners to strengthen surveillance capacity through a national initiative to improve IDSR tools, including assistance with developing Guinea-specific IDSR technical guidelines, simplified and standardized case notification forms, and supportive job aids to facilitate appropriate IDSR implementation by health workers at all levels of the system.MethodsThe Ebola outbreak highlighted the need for streamlined and standardized case reporting tools that promote accurate application of standard case definitions, adherence to IDSR technical guidelines, and integration of data from clinical and laboratory sources (McNamara, 2016). We partnered with the MoH and CDC to update case notification forms and create job aids for improved IDSR implementation at all health levels. Using a One Health approach, we helped organize and facilitate a series of workshops between the MoH, Ministries of Agriculture and Environment, CDC, national laboratory, and other surveillance partners to review and update the Guinea-specific IDSR priority diseases. This resulted in the identification of 14 priority diseases and events, which are the focus of weekly epidemiological surveillance. By bringing together the Ministries of Health, Agriculture, and Environment, the workshops resulted in improved tools for zoonotic disease detection, reporting, and responses. This included agreement on 3 new zoonotic diseases (anthrax, brucellosis, and rabies) for weekly reporting, as well as recommendations for enhancing surveillance of zoonotic diseases already included in weekly surveillance, such as influenza and Ebola.To further promote collaboration, we helped establish a technical working group and implemented a series of workshops for the Ministries and surveillance partners to review and revise case notification forms for the 14 priority diseases and events. Within the MoH, we also solicited feedback from health workers at the national, regional, and district levels to identify needs throughout the health system. As a result, each form now has an agreed-upon data collection structure that is consistent with IDSR guidelines. Standardized sections were applied across forms for case identification, notification, hospitalization, actions taken, and feedback tracking. The standardization improves data consistency across forms and establishes familiarity with common data elements, which leads to more complete data capture. Additionally, each form promotes accurate case classification by collecting disease-specific information on risk factors, signs and symptoms, and laboratory analysis and results. The revised forms also use a logical data collection flow that follows the patient’s information from the site of identification, to higher levels of care (if required), laboratory, and the national level, thus improving data integration and completeness. The forms have been incorporated into the national DHIS2 electronic surveillance system, which allows data entry at the district, regional, national, and laboratory level and supports rapid and complete reporting.ResultsThe development of revised case notification forms demonstrates an effective, collaborative, One Health approach to IDSR. All three ministries participated in the development and revision of the forms and subsequently, approved and adopted the forms for surveillance of priority diseases. This One Health approach has provided the Government of Guinea with a framework for identifying and strengthening surveillance of its five zoonotic diseases of greatest public health concern, which enables measurement of progress towards achieving the objectives of the GHSA Zoonotic Disease Action Package.We collaborated with the MoH to launch nationwide training of trainers for the new case notification forms, including the use of DHIS2 to manage, report, analyze, and present data. The training of trainers produced a cadre of 55 trainers, representing the participating ministries, national laboratory, and key surveillance partners such as WHO. By the end of 2018, IDSR training will cover health workers at all levels of the system in all 38 of Guinea’s health districts.Incorporating DHIS2 as a platform for managing case data further demonstrates Guinea’s capacity to conduct event-based surveillance and track the 14 priority diseases and events in real-time, an essential indicator of the GHSA Real-time Surveillance Action Package.ConclusionsGuinea’s IDSR strengthening activities are an important step towards achieving the GHSA objective of establishing a functional public health surveillance system capable of detecting events of significance for public health, animal health, and health security. The updated case notification forms, coupled with the use of DHIS2 for real-time reporting, provide critical tools to promote more complete, accurate, and timely data; however, successful implementation will rely on effectively training health workers throughout the system and providing on-going supportive supervision. The multi-sectoral approach to developing IDSR tools helped establish a foundation for future collaboration across ministries using a One Health approach to strengthen Guinea’s national health surveillance system. While the IDSR activities have focused heavily on building capacity for human disease surveillance, it is critical that similar attention is given to animal health. The MoH and surveillance partners should continue to work with the Ministries of Agriculture and Environment to build surveillance capacity for detecting and controlling zoonotic threats while they are still in animal populations and to develop compatible human and animal surveillance data fields for more efficient, integrated data systems.References1. McNamara LA, Schafer IJ, Nolen LD, Gorina Y, Redd JT, Lo T, Ervin E, Henao O, Dahl BA, Morgan O, Hersey S, Knust B. Ebola surveillance – Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. MMWR Suppl. 2016; 65(3):35-43; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.15585/mmwr.su6503a62. Bell BP, Damon IK, Jernigan DB, et al. Overview, Control Strategies, and Lessons Learned in the CDC Response to the 2014–2016 Ebola Epidemic. MMWR Suppl. 2016;65(Suppl-3):4–11. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.su6503a23. Ministere de la Santé-République de Guinée, Direction Nationale de la Prevention et Santé Communautaire, Division Prevention et Lutte Contre la Maladie. Plan de Renforcement de la Surveillance des Maladies à Potentiel Epidémique en Guinée (2015-2017), August 2015.

Weet u nog wat de arbeidsinkomensquote is? Drie decennia geleden was deze quote leidend bij de loononderhandelingen tussen de vakbeweging en werkgevers, maar ze is nu totaal uit het oog verloren. Deze quote geeft weer welk deel van de in Nederland geproduceerde toegevoegde waarde toekomt aan de productiefactor arbeid en hoeveel resteert voor de productiefactor kapitaal, grofweg de winst voor de werkgevers. Daalde de quote dan schroefde de vakbeweging de looneisen op, en als de quote steeg waren de werkgevers nauwelijks geneigd aan de looneisen toe te geven. Als een gevolg van de decentralisatie van deze onderhandelingen speelt deze quote geen prominente rol meer in de loononderhandelingen.Begin jaren tachtig was de tijd waarin de arbeidsinkomensquote hard opliep tot boven de 90%, volgens de toen geldende berekeningsmethode. Deze hoge arbeidsinkomensquote en de deplorabele staat van de Nederlandse economie waren aanleiding voor het akkoord van Wassenaar. In dat akkoord beloofde de vakbeweging de looneisen te matigen in ruil voor werkzekerheid. Werkgevers beloofden in ruil voor loonmatiging banen in stand te houden. Bij elke cao-onderhandeling kwam de hoge arbeidsinkomensquote weer ter sprake en werd de vakbeweging gemaand de lonen te matigen. Werkgevers, en daarmee Nederland, konden alleen overleven als de lonen werden gematigd.Het akkoord was succesvol, tenminste in de zin dat in de jaren na het akkoord de arbeidsinkomensquote langzaam daalde. Vanaf begin jaren tachtig is de arbeidsinkomensquote, eerst hard, later wat langzamer, gedaald om te stabiliseren op iets beneden de 80%. Zelfs in de afgelopen jaren, waarin werkgevers toch ook het tij tegen hadden, is de arbeidsinkomensquote niet gestegen. En dat is uitzonderlijk. Normaal gesproken loopt in tijden van crisis de arbeidsinkomensquote op, want de winsten staan in slechte tijden onder druk en lonen moeten gewoon worden uitbetaald.Hoe hebben de werkgevers dit voor elkaar gekregen? Het korte antwoord is doordat werkgevers er in geslaagd zijn een groot deel van het ondernemersrisico af te schuiven op de werknemers. Het langere antwoord leest u in het onderstaande stuk.Het eerste deel van het antwoord is de in Nederland lang volgehouden loonmatiging. Sinds de jaren tachtig is loonmatiging standaardbeleid geworden. Het argument in tijden van crisis was dat de loonkosten niet verder mochten oplopen om de Nederlandse concurrentiepositie te verbeteren. Het argument in economisch goede tijden was dat de loonkosten niet mochten oplopen om een volgende crisis te vermijden.Maar dat was het niet alleen. Sinds de jaren tachtig zijn er nog andere ontwikkelingen geweest die de werkgevers in de kaart hebben gespeeld. Eind jaren negentig lag daar de flexwet, op advies van de SER, dus op basis van overeenstemming tussen werkgevers, werknemers en deskundigen. Die wet maakte het mogelijk op grotere schaal de inzet van arbeid te flexibiliseren. Als er extra vraag naar arbeid was, werd die ingehuurd via een uitzendbureau of op basis van tijdelijke contracten. De wet beoogde aan de ene kant de inzet van flexibele arbeid mogelijk te maken en aan de andere kant de werknemers enige zekerheid te geven door de tijdelijke contracten te maximeren. Werkgevers hadden al snel door hoe ze flexibele arbeid het best konden benutten. Daardoor is bij sommige bedrijven, denk eens aan supermarkten of universiteiten, de flexibele schil rondom een vaste kern van werknemers wel heel groot geworden.Een, wellicht onbedoeld, gevolg van deze flexwet was dat een deel van het ondernemersrisico bij de werknemers kwam te liggen. Bij economische tegenwind waren het niet de ondernemers die pijn leden, nee het waren de flexibele werknemers die de tegenwind voelden. Contracten werden niet verlengd en uitzendkrachten werden naar huis gestuurd.Het was ook de tijd waarin werknemers ineens verantwoordelijk werden voor hun eigen employabiliteit. De baangarantie voor het leven verviel en om employabel te worden moesten werknemers ineens gaan investeren in hun eigen employabiliteit. Niet langer was de werkgever verantwoordelijk voor het wel en wee van de werknemer, zoals in een verder verleden de paternalistische werkgevers dat voelden, maar was de werknemer zelf verantwoordelijk voor zijn eigen wel en wee. De zorgplicht werd deels afgeschoven op de werknemer.Maar dit is nog niet alles. Ook de arbeidsvoorwaarden zijn een stuk flexibeler geworden en ook daardoor is een deel van het ondernemersrisico bij de werknemers komen te liggen. Sinds de jaren tachtig zijn in meer en meer bedrijven verschillende vormen van prestatiebeloning ingevoerd. Bij deze systemen hangt de beloning van de werknemer af van zijn prestatie. Maar de prestaties van de werknemers zijn afhankelijk van de stand van de conjunctuur. In hoogtijdagen gaat alles van een leien dakje, terwijl je in laagtijdagen nog zo goed je best kunt doen en toch de beloning misloopt. Bij dergelijke beloningssystemen wordt impliciet een deel van het ondernemersrisico bij de werknemer gelegd.Deze ontwikkelingen, volgehouden loonmatiging, flexibilisering van de arbeidsrelatie, employability van werknemers, flexibilisering van de arbeidsvoorwaarden, hebben ertoe geleid dat de arbeidsinkomensquote gestaag is gedaald. Werkgevers zijn er steeds beter in geslaagd zich een groter deel van het inkomen toe te eigenen. Risico’s werden beetje bij beetje, stap voor stap, afgeschoven op de werknemers. Het lijkt wel alsof werkgevers nauwelijks nog hoeven te ondernemen om goed beloond te worden.En werkgevers geven nog meer geluiden af. Het ontslagrecht moet worden versoepeld. De voorzitter van de FME opperde onlangs in een radio-uitzending helemaal van de cao af te willen. Ook de voorzitter van het MKB laat zich niet ongemoeid. Hij wil af van de toeslagen op het werk in de avond en het weekend. Werkgevers willen concurreren op basis van arbeidsvoorwaarden in plaats van op basis van ondernemerschap. Dat is op lange termijn niet gezond.Het wordt tijd dat de vakbonden de arbeidsinkomensquote weer gaan ontdekken en weer als leidraad gaan gebruiken voor loononderhandelingen. Waar is de tijd dat de loonruimte gelijkstond aan de inflatie plus de ontwikkelingen in arbeidsproductiviteit? Dat is lang geleden. Vanaf de jaren tachtig hebben werknemers ingeleverd. Het wordt tijd dat om te draaien.

Introduction: Our current obsession with the lives of others “Biography—that is to say, our creative and non-fictional output devoted to recording and interpreting real lives—has enjoyed an extraordinary renaissance in recent years,” writes Nigel Hamilton in Biography: A Brief History (1). Ian Donaldson agrees that biography is back in fashion: “Once neglected within the academy and relegated to the dustier recesses of public bookstores, biography has made a notable return over recent years, emerging, somewhat surprisingly, as a new cultural phenomenon, and a new academic adventure” (23). For over a decade now, commentators having been making similar observations about our obsession with the intimacies of individual people’s lives. In a lecture in 1994, Justin Kaplan asserted the West was “a culture of biography” (qtd. in Salwak 1) and more recent research findings by John Feather and Hazel Woodbridge affirm that “the undiminished human curiosity about other peoples lives is clearly reflected in the popularity of autobiographies and biographies” (218). At least in relation to television, this assertion seems valid. In Australia, as in the USA and the UK, reality and other biographically based television shows have taken over from drama in both the numbers of shows produced and the viewers these shows attract, and these forms are also popular in Canada (see, for instance, Morreale on The Osbournes). In 2007, the program Biography celebrated its twentieth anniversary season to become one of the longest running documentary series on American television; so successful that in 1999 it was spun off into its own eponymous channel (Rak; Dempsey). Premiered in May 1996, Australian Story—which aims to utilise a “personal approach” to biographical storytelling—has won a significant viewership, critical acclaim and professional recognition (ABC). It can also be posited that the real home movies viewers submit to such programs as Australia’s Favourite Home Videos, and “chat” or “confessional” television are further reflections of a general mania for biographical detail (see Douglas), no matter how fragmented, sensationalized, or even inane and cruel. A recent example of the latter, the USA-produced The Moment of Truth, has contestants answering personal questions under polygraph examination and then again in front of an audience including close relatives and friends—the more “truthful” their answers (and often, the more humiliated and/or distressed contestants are willing to be), the more money they can win. Away from television, but offering further evidence of this interest are the growing readerships for personally oriented weblogs and networking sites such as MySpace and Facebook (Grossman), individual profiles and interviews in periodical publications, and the recently widely revived newspaper obituary column (Starck). Adult and community education organisations run short courses on researching and writing auto/biographical forms and, across Western countries, the family history/genealogy sections of many local, state, and national libraries have been upgraded to meet the increasing demand for these services. Academically, journals and e-mail discussion lists have been established on the topics of biography and autobiography, and North American, British, and Australian universities offer undergraduate and postgraduate courses in life writing. The commonly aired wisdom is that published life writing in its many text-based forms (biography, autobiography, memoir, diaries, and collections of personal letters) is enjoying unprecedented popularity. It is our purpose to examine this proposition. Methodological problems There are a number of problems involved in investigating genre popularity, growth, and decline in publishing. Firstly, it is not easy to gain access to detailed statistics, which are usually only available within the industry. Secondly, it is difficult to ascertain how publishing statistics are gathered and what they report (Eliot). There is the question of whether bestselling booklists reflect actual book sales or are manipulated marketing tools (Miller), although the move from surveys of booksellers to electronic reporting at point of sale in new publishing lists such as BookScan will hopefully obviate this problem. Thirdly, some publishing lists categorise by subject and form, some by subject only, and some do not categorise at all. This means that in any analysis of these statistics, a decision has to be made whether to use the publishing list’s system or impose a different mode. If the publishing list is taken at face value, the question arises of whether to use categorisation by form or by subject. Fourthly, there is the bedeviling issue of terminology. Traditionally, there reigned a simple dualism in the terminology applied to forms of telling the true story of an actual life: biography and autobiography. Publishing lists that categorise their books, such as BookScan, have retained it. But with postmodern recognition of the presence of the biographer in a biography and of the presence of other subjects in an autobiography, the dichotomy proves false. There is the further problem of how to categorise memoirs, diaries, and letters. In the academic arena, the term “life writing” has emerged to describe the field as a whole. Within the genre of life writing, there are, however, still recognised sub-genres. Academic definitions vary, but generally a biography is understood to be a scholarly study of a subject who is not the writer; an autobiography is the story of a entire life written by its subject; while a memoir is a segment or particular focus of that life told, again, by its own subject. These terms are, however, often used interchangeably even by significant institutions such the USA Library of Congress, which utilises the term “biography” for all. Different commentators also use differing definitions. Hamilton uses the term “biography” to include all forms of life writing. Donaldson discusses how the term has been co-opted to include biographies of place such as Peter Ackroyd’s London: The Biography (2000) and of things such as Lizzie Collingham’s Curry: A Biography (2005). This reflects, of course, a writing/publishing world in which non-fiction stories of places, creatures, and even foodstuffs are called biographies, presumably in the belief that this will make them more saleable. The situation is further complicated by the emergence of hybrid publishing forms such as, for instance, the “memoir-with-recipes” or “food memoir” (Brien, Rutherford and Williamson). Are such books to be classified as autobiography or put in the “cookery/food & drink” category? We mention in passing the further confusion caused by novels with a subtitle of The Biography such as Virginia Woolf’s Orlando. The fifth methodological problem that needs to be mentioned is the increasing globalisation of the publishing industry, which raises questions about the validity of the majority of studies available (including those cited herein) which are nationally based. Whether book sales reflect what is actually read (and by whom), raises of course another set of questions altogether. Methodology In our exploration, we were fundamentally concerned with two questions. Is life writing as popular as claimed? And, if it is, is this a new phenomenon? To answer these questions, we examined a range of available sources. We began with the non-fiction bestseller lists in Publishers Weekly (a respected American trade magazine aimed at publishers, librarians, booksellers, and literary agents that claims to be international in scope) from their inception in 1912 to the present time. We hoped that this data could provide a longitudinal perspective. The term bestseller was coined by Publishers Weekly when it began publishing its lists in 1912; although the first list of popular American books actually appeared in The Bookman (New York) in 1895, based itself on lists appearing in London’s The Bookman since 1891 (Bassett and Walter 206). The Publishers Weekly lists are the best source of longitudinal information as the currently widely cited New York Times listings did not appear till 1942, with the Wall Street Journal a late entry into the field in 1994. We then examined a number of sources of more recent statistics. We looked at the bestseller lists from the USA-based Amazon.com online bookseller; recent research on bestsellers in Britain; and lists from Nielsen BookScan Australia, which claims to tally some 85% or more of books sold in Australia, wherever they are published. In addition to the reservations expressed above, caveats must be aired in relation to these sources. While Publishers Weekly claims to be an international publication, it largely reflects the North American publishing scene and especially that of the USA. Although available internationally, Amazon.com also has its own national sites—such as Amazon.co.uk—not considered here. It also caters to a “specific computer-literate, credit-able clientele” (Gutjahr: 219) and has an unashamedly commercial focus, within which all the information generated must be considered. In our analysis of the material studied, we will use “life writing” as a genre term. When it comes to analysis of the lists, we have broken down the genre of life writing into biography and autobiography, incorporating memoir, letters, and diaries under autobiography. This is consistent with the use of the terminology in BookScan. Although we have broken down the genre in this way, it is the overall picture with regard to life writing that is our concern. It is beyond the scope of this paper to offer a detailed analysis of whether, within life writing, further distinctions should be drawn. Publishers Weekly: 1912 to 2006 1912 saw the first list of the 10 bestselling non-fiction titles in Publishers Weekly. It featured two life writing texts, being headed by an autobiography, The Promised Land by Russian Jewish immigrant Mary Antin, and concluding with Albert Bigelow Paine’s six-volume biography, Mark Twain. The Publishers Weekly lists do not categorise non-fiction titles by either form or subject, so the classifications below are our own with memoir classified as autobiography. In a decade-by-decade tally of these listings, there were 3 biographies and 20 autobiographies in the lists between 1912 and 1919; 24 biographies and 21 autobiographies in the 1920s; 13 biographies and 40 autobiographies in the 1930s; 8 biographies and 46 biographies in the 1940s; 4 biographies and 14 autobiographies in the 1950s; 11 biographies and 13 autobiographies in the 1960s; 6 biographies and 11 autobiographies in the 1970s; 3 biographies and 19 autobiographies in the 1980s; 5 biographies and 17 autobiographies in the 1990s; and 2 biographies and 7 autobiographies from 2000 up until the end of 2006. See Appendix 1 for the relevant titles and authors. Breaking down the most recent figures for 1990–2006, we find a not radically different range of figures and trends across years in the contemporary environment. The validity of looking only at the top ten books sold in any year is, of course, questionable, as are all the issues regarding sources discussed above. But one thing is certain in terms of our inquiry. There is no upwards curve obvious here. If anything, the decade break-down suggests that sales are trending downwards. This is in keeping with the findings of Michael Korda, in his history of twentieth-century bestsellers. He suggests a consistent longitudinal picture across all genres: In every decade, from 1900 to the end of the twentieth century, people have been reliably attracted to the same kind of books […] Certain kinds of popular fiction always do well, as do diet books […] self-help books, celebrity memoirs, sensationalist scientific or religious speculation, stories about pets, medical advice (particularly on the subjects of sex, longevity, and child rearing), folksy wisdom and/or humour, and the American Civil War (xvii). Amazon.com since 2000 The USA-based Amazon.com online bookselling site provides listings of its own top 50 bestsellers since 2000, although only the top 14 bestsellers are recorded for 2001. As fiction and non-fiction are not separated out on these lists and no genre categories are specified, we have again made our own decisions about what books fall into the category of life writing. Generally, we erred on the side of inclusion. (See Appendix 2.) However, when it came to books dealing with political events, we excluded books dealing with specific aspects of political practice/policy. This meant excluding books on, for instance, George Bush’s so-called ‘war on terror,’ of which there were a number of bestsellers listed. In summary, these listings reveal that of the top 364 books sold by Amazon from 2000 to 2007, 46 (or some 12.6%) were, according to our judgment, either biographical or autobiographical texts. This is not far from the 10% of the 1912 Publishers Weekly listing, although, as above, the proportion of bestsellers that can be classified as life writing varied dramatically from year to year, with no discernible pattern of peaks and troughs. This proportion tallied to 4% auto/biographies in 2000, 14% in 2001, 10% in 2002, 18% in 2003 and 2004, 4% in 2005, 14% in 2006 and 20% in 2007. This could suggest a rising trend, although it does not offer any consistent trend data to suggest sales figures may either continue to grow, or fall again, in 2008 or afterwards. Looking at the particular texts in these lists (see Appendix 2) also suggests that there is no general trend in the popularity of life writing in relation to other genres. For instance, in these listings in Amazon.com, life writing texts only rarely figure in the top 10 books sold in any year. So rarely indeed, that from 2001 there were only five in this category. In 2001, John Adams by David McCullough was the best selling book of the year; in 2003, Hillary Clinton’s autobiographical Living History was 7th; in 2004, My Life by Bill Clinton reached number 1; in 2006, Nora Ephron’s I Feel Bad About My Neck: and Other Thoughts on Being a Woman was 9th; and in 2007, Ishmael Beah’s discredited A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier came in at 8th. Apart from McCulloch’s biography of Adams, all the above are autobiographical texts, while the focus on leading political figures is notable. Britain: Feather and Woodbridge With regard to the British situation, we did not have actual lists and relied on recent analysis. John Feather and Hazel Woodbridge find considerably higher levels for life writing in Britain than above with, from 1998 to 2005, 28% of British published non-fiction comprising autobiography, while 8% of hardback and 5% of paperback non-fiction was biography (2007). Furthermore, although Feather and Woodbridge agree with commentators that life writing is currently popular, they do not agree that this is a growth state, finding the popularity of life writing “essentially unchanged” since their previous study, which covered 1979 to the early 1990s (Feather and Reid). Australia: Nielsen BookScan 2006 and 2007 In the Australian publishing industry, where producing books remains an ‘expensive, risky endeavour which is increasingly market driven’ (Galligan 36) and ‘an inherently complex activity’ (Carter and Galligan 4), the most recent Australian Bureau of Statistics figures reveal that the total numbers of books sold in Australia has remained relatively static over the past decade (130.6 million in the financial year 1995–96 and 128.8 million in 2003–04) (ABS). During this time, however, sales volumes of non-fiction publications have grown markedly, with a trend towards “non-fiction, mass market and predictable” books (Corporall 41) resulting in general non-fiction sales in 2003–2004 outselling general fiction by factors as high as ten depending on the format—hard- or paperback, and trade or mass market paperback (ABS 2005). However, while non-fiction has increased in popularity in Australia, the same does not seem to hold true for life writing. Here, in utilising data for the top 5,000 selling non-fiction books in both 2006 and 2007, we are relying on Nielsen BookScan’s categorisation of texts as either biography or autobiography. In 2006, no works of life writing made the top 10 books sold in Australia. In looking at the top 100 books sold for 2006, in some cases the subjects of these works vary markedly from those extracted from the Amazon.com listings. In Australia in 2006, life writing makes its first appearance at number 14 with convicted drug smuggler Schapelle Corby’s My Story. This is followed by another My Story at 25, this time by retired Australian army chief, Peter Cosgrove. Jonestown: The Power and Myth of Alan Jones comes in at 34 for the Australian broadcaster’s biographer Chris Masters; the biography, The Innocent Man by John Grisham at 38 and Li Cunxin’s autobiographical Mao’s Last Dancer at 45. Australian Susan Duncan’s memoir of coping with personal loss, Salvation Creek: An Unexpected Life makes 50; bestselling USA travel writer Bill Bryson’s autobiographical memoir of his childhood The Life and Times of the Thunderbolt Kid 69; Mandela: The Authorised Portrait by Rosalind Coward, 79; and Joanne Lees’s memoir of dealing with her kidnapping, the murder of her partner and the justice system in Australia’s Northern Territory, No Turning Back, 89. These books reveal a market preference for autobiographical writing, and an almost even split between Australian and overseas subjects in 2006. 2007 similarly saw no life writing in the top 10. The books in the top 100 sales reveal a downward trend, with fewer titles making this band overall. In 2007, Terri Irwin’s memoir of life with her famous husband, wildlife warrior Steve Irwin, My Steve, came in at number 26; musician Andrew Johns’s memoir of mental illness, The Two of Me, at 37; Ayaan Hirst Ali’s autobiography Infidel at 39; John Grogan’s biography/memoir, Marley and Me: Life and Love with the World’s Worst Dog, at 42; Sally Collings’s biography of the inspirational young survivor Sophie Delezio, Sophie’s Journey, at 51; and Elizabeth Gilbert’s hybrid food, self-help and travel memoir, Eat, Pray, Love: One Woman’s Search for Everything at 82. Mao’s Last Dancer, published the year before, remained in the top 100 in 2007 at 87. When moving to a consideration of the top 5,000 books sold in Australia in 2006, BookScan reveals only 62 books categorised as life writing in the top 1,000, and only 222 in the top 5,000 (with 34 titles between 1,000 and 1,999, 45 between 2,000 and 2,999, 48 between 3,000 and 3,999, and 33 between 4,000 and 5,000). 2007 shows a similar total of 235 life writing texts in the top 5,000 bestselling books (75 titles in the first 1,000, 27 between 1,000 and 1,999, 51 between 2,000 and 2,999, 39 between 3,000 and 3,999, and 43 between 4,000 and 5,000). In both years, 2006 and 2007, life writing thus not only constituted only some 4% of the bestselling 5,000 titles in Australia, it also showed only minimal change between these years and, therefore, no significant growth. Conclusions Our investigation using various instruments that claim to reflect levels of book sales reveals that Western readers’ willingness to purchase published life writing has not changed significantly over the past century. We find no evidence of either a short, or longer, term growth or boom in sales in such books. Instead, it appears that what has been widely heralded as a new golden age of life writing may well be more the result of an expanded understanding of what is included in the genre than an increased interest in it by either book readers or publishers. What recent years do appear to have seen, however, is a significantly increased interest by public commentators, critics, and academics in this genre of writing. We have also discovered that the issue of our current obsession with the lives of others tends to be discussed in academic as well as popular fora as if what applies to one sub-genre or production form applies to another: if biography is popular, then autobiography will also be, and vice versa. If reality television programming is attracting viewers, then readers will be flocking to life writing as well. Our investigation reveals that such propositions are questionable, and that there is significant research to be completed in mapping such audiences against each other. This work has also highlighted the difficulty of separating out the categories of written texts in publishing studies, firstly in terms of determining what falls within the category of life writing as distinct from other forms of non-fiction (the hybrid problem) and, secondly, in terms of separating out the categories within life writing. Although we have continued to use the terms biography and autobiography as sub-genres, we are aware that they are less useful as descriptors than they are often assumed to be. In order to obtain a more complete and accurate picture, publishing categories may need to be agreed upon, redefined and utilised across the publishing industry and within academia. This is of particular importance in the light of the suggestions (from total sales volumes) that the audiences for books are limited, and therefore the rise of one sub-genre may be directly responsible for the fall of another. Bair argues, for example, that in the 1980s and 1990s, the popularity of what she categorises as memoir had direct repercussions on the numbers of birth-to-death biographies that were commissioned, contracted, and published as “sales and marketing staffs conclude[d] that readers don’t want a full-scale life any more” (17). Finally, although we have highlighted the difficulty of using publishing statistics when there is no common understanding as to what such data is reporting, we hope this study shows that the utilisation of such material does add a depth to such enquiries, especially in interrogating the anecdotal evidence that is often quoted as data in publishing and other studies. Appendix 1 Publishers Weekly listings 1990–1999 1990 included two autobiographies, Bo Knows Bo by professional athlete Bo Jackson (with Dick Schaap) and Ronald Reagan’s An America Life: An Autobiography. In 1991, there were further examples of life writing with unimaginative titles, Me: Stories of My Life by Katherine Hepburn, Nancy Reagan: The Unauthorized Biography by Kitty Kelley, and Under Fire: An American Story by Oliver North with William Novak; as indeed there were again in 1992 with It Doesn’t Take a Hero: The Autobiography of Norman Schwarzkopf, Sam Walton: Made in America, the autobiography of the founder of Wal-Mart, Diana: Her True Story by Andrew Morton, Every Living Thing, yet another veterinary outpouring from James Herriot, and Truman by David McCullough. In 1993, radio shock-jock Howard Stern was successful with the autobiographical Private Parts, as was Betty Eadie with her detailed recounting of her alleged near-death experience, Embraced by the Light. Eadie’s book remained on the list in 1994 next to Don’t Stand too Close to a Naked Man, comedian Tim Allen’s autobiography. Flag-waving titles continue in 1995 with Colin Powell’s My American Journey, and Miss America, Howard Stern’s follow-up to Private Parts. 1996 saw two autobiographical works, basketball superstar Dennis Rodman’s Bad as I Wanna Be and figure-skater, Ekaterina Gordeeva’s (with EM Swift) My Sergei: A Love Story. In 1997, Diana: Her True Story returns to the top 10, joining Frank McCourt’s Angela’s Ashes and prolific biographer Kitty Kelly’s The Royals, while in 1998, there is only the part-autobiography, part travel-writing A Pirate Looks at Fifty, by musician Jimmy Buffet. There is no biography or autobiography included in either the 1999 or 2000 top 10 lists in Publishers Weekly, nor in that for 2005. In 2001, David McCullough’s biography John Adams and Jack Welch’s business memoir Jack: Straight from the Gut featured. In 2002, Let’s Roll! Lisa Beamer’s tribute to her husband, one of the heroes of 9/11, written with Ken Abraham, joined Rudolph Giuliani’s autobiography, Leadership. 2003 saw Hillary Clinton’s autobiography Living History and Paul Burrell’s memoir of his time as Princess Diana’s butler, A Royal Duty, on the list. In 2004, it was Bill Clinton’s turn with My Life. In 2006, we find John Grisham’s true crime (arguably a biography), The Innocent Man, at the top, Grogan’s Marley and Me at number three, and the autobiographical The Audacity of Hope by Barack Obama in fourth place. Appendix 2 Amazon.com listings since 2000 In 2000, there were only two auto/biographies in the top Amazon 50 bestsellers with Lance Armstrong’s It’s Not about the Bike: My Journey Back to Life about his battle with cancer at 20, and Dave Eggers’s self-consciously fictionalised memoir, A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius at 32. In 2001, only the top 14 bestsellers were recorded. At number 1 is John Adams by David McCullough and, at 11, Jack: Straight from the Gut by USA golfer Jack Welch. In 2002, Leadership by Rudolph Giuliani was at 12; Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson by Robert Caro at 29; Portrait of a Killer: Jack the Ripper by Patricia Cornwell at 42; Blinded by the Right: The Conscience of an Ex-Conservative by David Brock at 48; and Louis Gerstner’s autobiographical Who Says Elephants Can’t Dance: Inside IBM’s Historic Turnaround at 50. In 2003, Living History by Hillary Clinton was 7th; Benjamin Franklin: An American Life by Walter Isaacson 14th; Dereliction of Duty: The Eyewitness Account of How President Bill Clinton Endangered America’s Long-Term National Security by Robert Patterson 20th; Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith by Jon Krakauer 32nd; Leap of Faith: Memoirs of an Unexpected Life by Queen Noor of Jordan 33rd; Kate Remembered, Scott Berg’s biography of Katharine Hepburn, 37th; Who’s your Caddy?: Looping for the Great, Near Great and Reprobates of Golf by Rick Reilly 39th; The Teammates: A Portrait of a Friendship about a winning baseball team by David Halberstam 42nd; and Every Second Counts by Lance Armstrong 49th. In 2004, My Life by Bill Clinton was the best selling book of the year; American Soldier by General Tommy Franks was 16th; Kevin Phillips’s American Dynasty: Aristocracy, Fortune and the Politics of Deceit in the House of Bush 18th; Timothy Russert’s Big Russ and Me: Father and Son. Lessons of Life 20th; Tony Hendra’s Father Joe: The Man who Saved my Soul 23rd; Ron Chernow’s Alexander Hamilton 27th; Cokie Roberts’s Founding Mothers: The Women Who Raised our Nation 31st; Kitty Kelley’s The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty 42nd; and Chronicles, Volume 1 by Bob Dylan was 43rd. In 2005, auto/biographical texts were well down the list with only The Year of Magical Thinking by Joan Didion at 45 and The Glass Castle: A Memoir by Jeanette Walls at 49. In 2006, there was a resurgence of life writing with Nora Ephron’s I Feel Bad About My Neck: and Other Thoughts on Being a Woman at 9; Grisham’s The Innocent Man at 12; Bill Buford’s food memoir Heat: an Amateur’s Adventures as Kitchen Slave, Line Cook, Pasta-Maker, and Apprentice to a Dante-Quoting Butcher in Tuscany at 23; more food writing with Julia Child’s My Life in France at 29; Immaculée Ilibagiza’s Left to Tell: Discovering God amidst the Rwandan Holocaust at 30; CNN anchor Anderson Cooper’s Dispatches from the Edge: A Memoir of War, Disasters and Survival at 43; and Isabella Hatkoff’s Owen & Mzee: The True Story of a Remarkable Friendship (between a baby hippo and a giant tortoise) at 44. In 2007, Ishmael Beah’s discredited A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier came in at 8; Walter Isaacson’s Einstein: His Life and Universe 13; Ayaan Hirst Ali’s autobiography of her life in Muslim society, Infidel, 18; The Reagan Diaries 25; Jesus of Nazareth by Pope Benedict XVI 29; Mother Teresa: Come be my Light 36; Clapton: The Autobiography 40; Tina Brown’s The Diana Chronicles 45; Tony Dungy’s Quiet Strength: The Principles, Practices & Priorities of a Winning Life 47; and Daniel Tammet’s Born on a Blue Day: Inside the Extraordinary Mind of an Autistic Savant at 49. Acknowledgements A sincere thank you to Michael Webster at RMIT for assistance with access to Nielsen BookScan statistics, and to the reviewers of this article for their insightful comments. Any errors are, of course, our own. References Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC). “About Us.” Australian Story 2008. 1 June 2008. ‹http://www.abc.net.au/austory/aboutus.htm>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. “1363.0 Book Publishers, Australia, 2003–04.” 2005. 1 June 2008 ‹http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/1363.0>. Bair, Deirdre “Too Much S & M.” Sydney Morning Herald 10–11 Sept. 2005: 17. Basset, Troy J., and Christina M. Walter. “Booksellers and Bestsellers: British Book Sales as Documented by The Bookman, 1891–1906.” Book History 4 (2001): 205–36. Brien, Donna Lee, Leonie Rutherford, and Rosemary Williamson. “Hearth and Hotmail: The Domestic Sphere as Commodity and Community in Cyberspace.” M/C Journal 10.4 (2007). 1 June 2008 ‹http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0708/10-brien.php>. Carter, David, and Anne Galligan. “Introduction.” Making Books: Contemporary Australian Publishing. St Lucia: U of Queensland P, 2007. 1–14. Corporall, Glenda. Project Octopus: Report Commissioned by the Australian Society of Authors. Sydney: Australian Society of Authors, 1990. Dempsey, John “Biography Rewrite: A&E’s Signature Series Heads to Sib Net.” Variety 4 Jun. 2006. 1 June 2008 ‹http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117944601.html?categoryid=1238&cs=1>. Donaldson, Ian. “Matters of Life and Death: The Return of Biography.” Australian Book Review 286 (Nov. 2006): 23–29. Douglas, Kate. “‘Blurbing’ Biographical: Authorship and Autobiography.” Biography 24.4 (2001): 806–26. Eliot, Simon. “Very Necessary but not Sufficient: A Personal View of Quantitative Analysis in Book History.” Book History 5 (2002): 283–93. Feather, John, and Hazel Woodbridge. “Bestsellers in the British Book Industry.” Publishing Research Quarterly 23.3 (Sept. 2007): 210–23. Feather, JP, and M Reid. “Bestsellers and the British Book Industry.” Publishing Research Quarterly 11.1 (1995): 57–72. Galligan, Anne. “Living in the Marketplace: Publishing in the 1990s.” Publishing Studies 7 (1999): 36–44. Grossman, Lev. “Time’s Person of the Year: You.” Time 13 Dec. 2006. Online edition. 1 June 2008 ‹http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1569514%2C00.html>. Gutjahr, Paul C. “No Longer Left Behind: Amazon.com, Reader Response, and the Changing Fortunes of the Christian Novel in America.” Book History 5 (2002): 209–36. Hamilton, Nigel. Biography: A Brief History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2007. Kaplan, Justin. “A Culture of Biography.” The Literary Biography: Problems and Solutions. Ed. Dale Salwak. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996. 1–11. Korda, Michael. Making the List: A Cultural History of the American Bestseller 1900–1999. New York: Barnes & Noble, 2001. Miller, Laura J. “The Bestseller List as Marketing Tool and Historical Fiction.” Book History 3 (2000): 286–304. Morreale, Joanne. “Revisiting The Osbournes: The Hybrid Reality-Sitcom.” Journal of Film and Video 55.1 (Spring 2003): 3–15. Rak, Julie. “Bio-Power: CBC Television’s Life & Times and A&E Network’s Biography on A&E.” LifeWriting 1.2 (2005): 1–18. Starck, Nigel. “Capturing Life—Not Death: A Case For Burying The Posthumous Parallax.” Text: The Journal of the Australian Association of Writing Programs 5.2 (2001). 1 June 2008 ‹http://www.textjournal.com.au/oct01/starck.htm>.

Introduction In this paper, I examine the practices of representing Deaf ‘voices’’ to hearing audiences in two recent US television crime dramas. More literally I look at how American Sign Language is framed and made visible on the screen through various production decisions. Drawing examples from an episode of CSI: New York that aired in December 2006 and an episode of Law and Order: Criminal Intent that aired in April 2007, I examine how the practices of filming Deaf people and the use of American Sign Language intersect with the production of a Deaf ‘voice’ on the screen. The problem of representing a Deaf ‘voice’ on the screen is akin to the problem of representing other minority languages. Film and television producers in the United States have to make choices about whether the majority audience of English speakers will have access to the minority language or not. In the face of this dilemma media producers have taken several approaches: subtitling foreign speech, translating foreign speech through other characters, or leaving the language inaccessible except to those who use it. The additional difficulty with representing national sign languages is that both the language and the recording medium are visual. Sometimes, filmmakers make the choice of leaving some portions of the signed dialogue inaccessible to a non-signing hearing audience. On the one hand this choice could indicate a devaluing of the signed communication, as its specific content is considered irrelevant to the plot. On the other hand it could indicate that Deaf people have a right to be visible on television using their own language without accommodating hearing people. A number of choices made in the filming and editing can subtly undermine positive representations of Deaf ‘voices’ particularly to a Deaf audience. These choices often construct an image of sign languages as objectified, exoticised, disjointed, incomplete, or a code for spoken language. Simple choices such as using simultaneous speaking and signing by Deaf characters, cropping the scene, translating or not translating the dialogue have powerful implications for the ways that Deaf ‘voices’ are becoming more visible in the 21st century. Typical filming and editing conventions effectively silence the Deaf ‘voice.’ Over 20 years ago, in the comprehensive book, Hollywood Speaks: Deafness and the Film Entertainment Industry (1988), Schuchman’s complaint that the filming and editing techniques of the day often did not attend to preserving the visibility and comprehensibility of sign language eon the screen, still applies today. As editing techniques have evolved over the years, fr om reliance on wide and medium shots to frequent intercutting of close-ups, the tendency to cut sign language off the screen, and out of the comprehensible view of the audience, may have even increased. Recent Portrayals of Deaf People on Television During one television season in the United States between August 2006 and April 2007, 30 episodes of six different serial television programs portrayed signing Deaf characters. Three of these programs had on-going Deaf characters that appeared in a number of episodes throughout the season, while three other programs portrayed Deaf people in a one-off episode with a Deaf theme. Initial air date for the season Program and Season # of Episodes 1 14 Aug. 2006 Weeds, Season 2 5 2 20 Sep. 2006 Jericho, Season 1 13 3 28 Jan. 2007 The L Word, Season 4 9 Table 1. Dramas with Ongoing Deaf Characters during the 2006-2007 USA Television Season Initial air date Program, Season, Episode Episode Title 1 13 Dec. 2006 CSI: New York, Season 3, Episode 12 “Silent Night” 2 3 Apr. 2007 Law and Order: Criminal Intent, Season 6, Episode 18 "Silencer" 3 12 Apr. 2007 Scrubs, Season 6, Episode 16 “My Words of Wisdom” Table 2. One-off Episodes with Signing Deaf Characters during the 2006-2007 USA Television Seasons Ironically, although the shows with ongoing characters sometimes allow the Deafness of the character to be incidental to the character, it is only the one-off crime dramas that show Deaf people relating with one another as members of a vibrant community and culture based in sign language. Often, in the ongoing series, the characters remain isolated from the Deaf community and their interactions with other Deaf people are sparse or non-existent. For example, out of the 27 episodes with an ongoing Deaf character only two episodes of The L-Word have more than one Deaf character portrayed. In both Weeds and The L-Word the Deaf character is the love interest of one of the hearing characters, while in Jericho, the Deaf character is the sister of one of the main hearing characters. In these episodes though some of realities about Deaf people’s lives are touched on as they relate to the hearing characters, the reality of signing Deaf people’s social lives in the Deaf community is left absent and they are depicted primarily interacting with hearing people. The two episodes, from CSI: New York, and Law and Order: Criminal Intent, focus on the controversial theme of cochlear implants in the Deaf community. Though it is true that generally the signing Deaf community in the U.S.A. sees cochlear implants as a threat to their community, there is no record of this controversy ever motivating violent criminal acts or murder as portrayed in these episodes. In the episode of CSI: New York entitled “Silent Night” a conflict between a young Deaf man and Deaf woman who were formerly romantically involved is portrayed. The murdered young woman who comes from a Deaf family does not want her Deaf baby to have a cochlear implant while the killer ex-boyfriend who has a cochlear implant believes that it is the best option for his child. The woman’s Deaf parents are involved in the investigation. The episode of Law and Order: Criminal Intent, entitled “Silencer,” is also ultimately about a conflict between a Deaf man and a Deaf woman over cochlear implants. In the end, it is revealed that the Deaf woman is exploring the possibility of a cochlear implant. Her boyfriend projecting the past hurt of his hearing sister leaving him behind to go off and live her own life, doesn’t want his girlfriend to leave him once she gains more hearing. So he shoots the cochlear implant surgeon in the hand to prevent him from being able to perform the surgery. Then he accidentally kills him by crushing his voice box to prevent him from screaming. Analyzing Two Crime Dramas In both television dramas, the filmmakers use both sound and video editing techniques to mark the experiential difference between hearing and Deaf characters. In comparing the two dramas two techniques are evident : muting/distorting sounds and extreme close-ups on lips talking or hands signing. Though these techniques may heighten awareness of deaf experience to a non-signing audience they also point to a disabling stereotyping of the experience of being Deaf as lacking — framing their experience as hearing loss rather than Deaf gain (Bauman & Murray; Shakespeare 199). By objectifying sign language through extreme close ups American Sign Language is portrayed as something strange and unusual that separates Deaf signers from hearing speakers. The auditory silences can either jolt the hearing non-signer into awareness of the sensory aspect of sound that is missing or it can jolt them into awareness of the visual world that they often don’t really see. In the opening few scenes of the episodes both CSI: New York and Law and Order: Criminal Intent use sound editing alternately muting or distorting sounds as they cut between a ‘deaf’ auditory perspective and a ‘hearing’ perspective on the action as it unfolds. Even though the sound editing does play a part in the portrayal of Deaf people’s experience as lacking sound, the more important aspects of film production to attend to are the visual aspects where Deaf people are seen authentically signing in their own language. Scene Analysis Methodology In taking a closer look at a scene from each episode we can see exactly how the filming and editing techniques work to create an image of sign language. I have chosen comparable scenes where a Deaf individual is interviewed or interrogated by the police using a sign language interpreter. In each scene it can be assumed that all the communication is happening in both English and ASL through an interpreter, so at all times some signing should be occurring. In transcribing the scenes, I noted each point when the editor spliced different camera shots adjacent to each other. Because of the different visual aesthetics in each program where one relied heavily on continuous panning shots, I also noted where the camera shifted focus from one character to another marking the duration of screen time for each character. This allowed for a better comparison between the two programs. In my transcripts, I included both glosses of the ASL signs visible on the screen as well as the flow of the spoken English on the audio track. This enabled me to count how many separate shifts in character screen time segments contained signing and how much of these contained completely visible signing in medium shots. CSI:NY Witness Interview Scene In the first signing scene, Gina (played by Marlee Matlin) is brought in for an interview with Detective Taylor and a uniformed officer interpreter. The scene opens with a medium shot on Detective Taylor as he asks her, “What do you think woke you up?” The shot cuts to an extreme close up of her face and hands and pans to only the hands as she signs FOOTSTEPS. Then the scene shifts to an over the shoulder medium shot of the interpreter where we can still see her signing VIBRATIONS and it cuts to a close up of her face as she signs ALISON NOISE. Though these signs are cropped, they are still decipherable as they happen near the face. Throughout this sequence the interpreter voices “Footsteps, I felt vibrations. I thought maybe it was Alison.” Next we have a close-up on Detective Taylor’s face as he asks her why her family moved and whether she had family in the area. During his question the camera shifts to a close up reaction of Gina listening and then back to a close up on Taylor’s face, and then to a medium shot of the interpreter translating the last part of the question. Next, while Gina responds the camera quickly cuts from a medium shot to a close-up side view of the hands to a close-up bird’s eye view of the hands to a close up of Gina’s face with most of the signs outside of the frame. See the transcript below: [medium shot] NOT PLAN HAVE MORE CHILDREN,[close-up side view of hands] PREGNANT,[close-up from bird’s eye view] DECIDE RAISE ELIZABETH[close-up Gina’s face signs out of frame] SAFE While this sequence plays out the interpreter voices, “My husband and I weren’t planning on having any more children. When I got pregnant my husband and I decided to raise Elizabeth outside of the city where it’s safe.” The kind of quick cuts between close-ups, medium shots and reaction shots of other characters sets the visual aesthetic for this episode of CSI: NY. In this particular clip, the camera shifts shot angles no less than 50 times in the space of one minute and 34 seconds. Yet there are only 12 conversational turns back and forth between the two characters. This makes for a number of intercut reaction shots, interpreter shots as well as close-ups and other angles on the same character. If only counting shifts in screen time on a particular character, there are still 37 shifts in focus between different characters during the scene. Out of the 22 shots that contain some element of signing — we only see a medium shot with all of the signing space visible 4 times for approximately 2 seconds each. Even though signing is occurring during every communication via the interpreter or Gina, less than half of the shots contain signs and 18 of these are close ups from various angles. The close ups in this clip varied from close-ups on the face, which cut out part of the signs, to close ups on the hands caught in different perspectives from a front, side, top or even table top reflected upside-down view. Some of the other shots were over the back shoulder of Gina catching a rear view of the signs as the camera is aimed in a medium shot of the detective and interpreter. The overall result from a signing perspective is a disjointed jumble of signs leaving the impression of chaos and heightened emotion. In some ways this can be seen as an exoticisation of the signs making them look surreal, drawing attention to the body parts displaying the signs and objectifying them. Such objectification may seem harmless to a non-signing hearing audience or media producer as a mere materializing of the felt amazement at signed communication moving at such a pace. But if we were to propose a hypothetical parallel situation where a Korean character is speaking in her native tongue and we are shown extreme close ups and quick cuts jumping from an image of the lips moving to the tongue tapping the teeth to a side close up of the mouth to an overhead image from the top of the head – this type of portrayal would immediately be felt to be a de-humanization of Korean people and likely labeled racist. In the case of sign language, is it merely thought of as visual artistry? Law & Order: Suspect Interrogation Scene Law & Order: Criminal Intent has a different film aesthetic. The scene selected is an interview with a potential suspect in the murder of a cochlear implant surgeon. The Deaf man, Larry is an activist and playwright. He is sitting at a table with his lawyer across from the male detective, Goren, and the interpreter with the female detective, Eames, standing to the side. Unlike the CSI: NY scene there are no quick cuts between shots. Instead the camera takes longer shots panning around the table. Even when there are cuts to slightly different angles, the camera continues to pan in the same direction as the previous shot giving the illusion that almost the entire scene is one shot. In this 45-second scene, there are only five cuts to different camera angles. However, the act of panning the camera around the room even in a continuous shot serves to break up the scene further as the camera pulls focus zooming in on different characters while it pans. For the purposes of this analysis, in addition to dividing the scene at shifts in camera angles performed through editing, I also divide the scenes at shifts in camera angles focusing on different characters. As the camera moves to focus on a different interlocutor (serving the same purpose as a shift done through editing), this brings the total shifts in camera angles to ten. At several points throughout this Law & Order: CI episode, the cinematographer uses the technique of zooming into an extreme close-up on the hands and then pulling out to see the signer. But in this particular scene all of the visible signed sequences are filmed in medium shots. While this is positive because we can actually see the whole message including hand and face, the act of panning behind the backs of seated characters while Larry is signing blocks some of his message just as much as shifting the edit to a reaction shot would do. Of the ten shots, only one shot does not contain any signing: when Detective Eames reacts to Larry’s demands and incredulously says, “A Deaf cop?” While all of the other shots contain some signing, there are only two signed interchanges that are not interrupted by some sort of body block. Ironically, both of these shots are when the hearing detective is speaking. The first is the opening shot. The camera, in a wide shot on 5 characters, opens on their reflections in the mirrored window located in the interview room. As the camera pulls back into the room, it spins around and pans across Detective Eames’ face to settle on Detective Goran. While Goran begins talking the shot widens out to include the interpreter sitting next to him and catch the signed translation. Goran says, “Larry? There’s a lot of people pointing their finger at you.” With a bit of lag time the interpreter signs: A-LOT PEOPLE THINK YOU GUILTY. Overall Comparison of the Two Scenes For both scenes there were only four segments with unobstructed medium shots of signers in the act of signing. In the case of Law & Order: CI this might be considered a good showing as there were only nine segments in the entire scene and 8 contained signing. Thus potentially yielding 50% visibility of the signs during the entire stream of the conversation (however not all signs were actually fully visible). In the case of CSI: NY, with its higher ratio of segments split by different camera shots, 22 segments contained signing, yielding a ratio of 18% visibility of signs. Though this analysis is limited to only one scene for comparison it does reveal that both episodes prioritize the spoken language stream of information over the sign language stream of information. CSI: New York Law & Order: CI Time duration of the clip 1 min 34 sec 45 sec # shifts in character conversational turns 12 times 10 times # edited camera shots to different angle 50 5 #shifts in screen time of the characters (edited or panned) 37 9 Total # screen time segments with signing 22 8 # medium shot segments with signing fully visible 4 4 # segments containing close ups of signs, cropped off signs or blocked 18 4 Table 3. Count comparison between the two scenes Filmmakers come from a hearing framework of film production where language equals sound on an audio track. Within that framework sound editing is separate from video editing and can provide continuity between disjointed visual shots. But this kind of reliance on sound to provide the linguistic continuity fails when confronted with representing American Sign Language on the screen. The sound stream of translated English words may provide continuity for the hearing audience, but if left to rely on what is available in the visual modality Deaf viewers may have to rely on closed captioning to understand the dialog even when it is portrayed in their own language. Disjointed scenes showing quick cuts between different angles on a signed dialog and flashing between reacting interlocutors leaves the signing audience with a view on a silenced protagonist. Recommendations How can media producers give voice to sign language on the screen? First there needs to be an awareness and concern amongst these same media producers that there is actually value in taking the care required to make sign language visible and accessible to the signing Deaf audience and perhaps raise more awareness among the non-signing hearing audience. It may be entirely possible to maintain a similar visual aesthetic to the programs and still make sign language visible. Hearing producers could learn from Deaf cinema and the techniques being developed there by emerging Deaf film producers (Christie, Durr, and Wilkins). In both examples used above careful planning and choreography of the filming and editing of the scenes would make this possible. With the quick cutting style of frequent close up shots found in CSI: NY, it would be necessary to reduce the number of close ups or make sure they were wide enough to include enough of the signs to maintain intelligibility as with signs that are made near the face. In addition, medium shots of the interpreter or the interpreter and the hearing speaker would have to become the norm in order to make the interpreted spoken language accessible as well. Over the shoulder shots of signers are possible as well, as long as the back of the signer does not obscure understanding of the signs. In order to avoid objectification of sign language, extreme close-ups of the hands should be avoided as it de-humanizes sign languages and reduces language to animalistic hand gestures. In addition, with adopting the visual aesthetic of panning continuous shots such as those found in Law and Order: CI, care would need to be taken not to obstruct the signs while circling behind other participants. Other possibilities remain such as adapting the visual aesthetic of 24 (another United States crime drama) where multiple shots taking place simultaneously are projected onto the screen. In this manner reaction shots and full shots of the signing can both be visible simultaneously. Aside from careful choreography, as suggested in previous work by scholars of Deaf cinema, (Schuchman, Hollywood; Jane Norman qtd. in Hartzell), hearing media producers would need to rely on excellent ASL/Deaf culture informants during all stages of the production; typically, cinematographers, directors and editors likely will not know how to make sure that signs are not obscured. Simultaneous signing and talking by Deaf and hearing characters should be avoided as this method of communication only confirms in the minds of hearing signers that sign language is merely a code for spoken language and not a language in and of itself. Instead, hearing media producers can more creatively rely on interpreters in mixed settings or subtitling when conversations occur between Deaf characters. Subtitling is already a marker for foreign language and may alert non-signing hearing audiences to the fact that sign language is a full language not merely a code for English. Using these kinds of techniques as a matter of policy when filming signing Deaf people will enable the signing voice some of the visibility that the Deaf community desires. Acknowledgements This article is based on work originally presented at the conference “Deaf Studies Today!”, April 2008, at Utah Valley State University in Orem, Utah, USA. I am grateful for feedback that I received from participants at this presentation. An earlier version of this article is published as part of the conference proceedings Deaf Studies Today! Mosaic edited by Brian K. Eldredge, Flavia Fleischer, and Douglas Stringham. References Bauman, H-Dirksen, and Joseph Murray. "Reframing from Hearing Loss to Deaf Gain." Deaf Studies Digital Journal (Fall 2009). < http://dsdj.gallaudet.edu/ >. Chaiken, Ilene (writer). The L Word. Television series. Season 4. 2007. Chbosky, S., J. Schaer, and J.E. Steinbert (creators) Jericho. Television series. Season 1 & 2. 2006-2007. Christie, Karen, Patti Durr, and Dorothy M. Wilkins. “CLOSE-UP: Contemporary Deaf Filmmakers.” Deaf Studies Today 2 (2006): 91-104. Hartzell, Adam. “The Deaf Film Festival.” The Film Journal (May 2003) < http://www.thefilmjournal.com/issue5/deaf.html >. Kohan, J. (creator), M. Burley (producer). Weeds. Television series. Lawrence, B. (creator), V. Nelli Jr. (director). “My Words of Wisdom.” Scrubs. Television series episode. Season 6, Episode 16. 12 Apr. 2007. Lenkov, P. M., and S. Humphrey (writers), A.E. Zulker (story), and R. Bailey (director). “Silent Night.” CSI: New York. Television series episode. Season 3, episode 12. CBS, 13 Dec. 2006. O'Shea, M. (writer), D. White (director), M.R. Thewlis (producer). "Silencer." Law and Order Criminal Intent. Television series episode. Season 6, Episode 18. New York: Universal, 3 April 2007. Schuchman, John. S. Hollywood Speaks: Deafness and the Entertainment Industry. Urbana & Chicago, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. 1988. ———. “The Silent Film Era: Silent Films, NAD Films, and the Deaf Community's Response.” Sign Language Studies 4.3 (2004): 231-238.