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Karpukhin, M. Y., and A. V. Abramchuk. "The problem of introduction of rare and endangered plants of the middle Urals’ flora." E3S Web of Conferences 176 (2020): 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017603008.
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The problem of gene pool protection of wild plant species has gained a special relevance in modern times. In connection with the growth of population there is an increase in economic activity of human beings and their active influence on nature: wild lands plowing, overpasses plotting, construction of new and widening the boundaries of existing settlements. In addition, intensive harvesting of plants as medicinal, decorative, food, forage, etc is in progress. All this has a negative effect on the condition of wild plants: their stocks are declining, and some species are disappearing at all. A number of plants such as: spring adonis (Adonis vernalis L.), martagon lily [Liliumpilosisculum(Freyn)) Miscz,L.], butterfly orchid [Platantherabifolia(L.) Rchb], PaeoniaanomalaL. , rosewort (Rhodiolarosea L.) in their status, they belong to the group of rare and endangered species, they are listed in the Red Book of the Middle Urals, and their conservation requires introduction. The study found that the species studied are culturally resistant, adapting well to new conditions. During the growth process, they went through all phenological phases, ending the development cycle with the fruiting phase with seed formation. Seeds with high enough sowing properties was provided by martagon lily, for which self-seeding is characteristic; low germination of seeds is noted in Rhodiolarosea L. and Platantherabifolia (L.) Rchb.
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Batty, A. L., K. W. Dixon, M. Brundrett, and K. Sivasithamparam. "Long-term storage of mycorrhizal fungi and seed as a tool for the conservation of endangered Western Australian terrestrial orchids." Australian Journal of Botany 49, no. 5 (2001): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt01029.
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The impact of seed drying, seed storage and development of testing procedures for seed viability assessment was undertaken for a selection of common taxa with congeners that are rare and endangered (Caladenia, Diuris, Pterostylisand Thelymitra). Freshly collected seed showed significantly lower levels of germination compared with seed that had been subjected to drying over silica gel for 24 h. Seed dried over silica gel for 24 h and plunged into liquid nitrogen exhibited a further increase in germination levels. Germination of seed stored at 4, 18 or 22˚C for 1 year was substantially higher than freshly collected seed (4 weeks after dehiscence), but germination was highest overall after storage of dried seed in liquid nitrogen (–196˚C). Mycorrhizal fungi that promote the germination and growth of plants were also successfully preserved in liquid nitrogen. The use of cryoprotectants on fungal isolates had no observable deleterious effects on fungal regeneration. Histochemical staining procedures (tetrazolium, fluorescein diacetate and Evans blue) substantially overestimated seed viability, relative to symbiotic seed germination, for most seed treatments indicating a need for re-evaluation of the effectiveness of staining procedures for testing viability. The implications of the long-term ex situ storage of orchid seed and fungal symbionts for the conservation of endangered orchids is discussed.
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Belogrudova, Inta, Dace Grauda, Lita Lapiņa, Gunta Jakobsone, Daina Roze, Reinis Ornicāns, Oksana Fokina, and Isaak Rashal. "Genetic Diversity of Liparis loeselii in Latvia." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 72, no. 6 (December 1, 2018): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2018-0042.
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Abstract According to the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation, 75% of endangered species should be preserved in ex situ collections till 2020. The genus Liparis has a lot of recognised taxons, but only one species, Liparis loeselii (L.) Rich., grows in Europe. L. loeselii is a rare and endangered orchid species occurring in Europe. In Latvia L. loeselii is classified as the third category of endangered and protected species. To develop the best conservation strategy, the knowledge concerning the genetic differences of protected plants in a particular area is crucial. For this purpose, the genetic diversity of L. loeselii populations from different Latvian habitats was tested. The inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism method (iPBS) was used for population genetic diversity evolution. In total, 54 accessions from nine habitats were collected and analysed. L. loeselii leaves have a high content of phenols that reduce the quality of extracted DNA. It was found that the percentage of polymorph loci varied among the populations of L. loeselii growing in different habitats; some of the populations were genetically homogeneous. The genetic diversity levels of L. loeselii populations are related with the population age and the growing conditions.
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Koval, L. V., L. M. Horshkova, L. O. Kuzmenko, O. M. Mehem, L. V. Burchak, and A. S. Polyakova. "Sozological peculiarities of the flora of the Desna Plateau (Ukraine)." Biosystems Diversity 26, no. 1 (February 9, 2018): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/011806.
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According to the goals and objectives of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation for 2011–2020 studying and monitoring the rare component of regional floras is highly relevant. This article presents the results of a nature conservation study of the flora of the Desna Plateau (Кrolevets’ and Hlukhiv geobotanic region), situated in the northeast part of Ukraine at the border line of two geomorphological regions (the Central Russian Upland and the Polesia-Dnipro lowland) and of two physical-geographical zones (Novhorod-Sivers`ke Polesia and the Sums`ky forest-steppe. In the orographic aspect, the territory is made up of the western spurs of the Central Russian Upland with the dissectioned forms of the relief. The studied area consists of about 4000 km2. Field route studies aimed at compiling floral lists, geobotanical description and herbarizing were conducted in the period 2002–2016. Separate sites of nature conservation interest were re-examined in different seasonal periods. The basis of the annotated summary of the rare species of vascular plant flora is made up by the materials of original research, as well as herbarium (KW) and literary reviews. The complex floristic analysis of the rare component of the regional flora was carried out in cameral conditions, which made it possible to identify the systematic, geographical, ecological, phytocenological and nature conservation structures of the rare species of vascular plant flora in the investigated area. According to the data received, the total number of species of vascular plants endangered by anthropogenic impact is composed of 85 species belonging to 32 families, 54 genera. Among the families, the following predominate: Orchidaceae (14 genera), Asteraceae, Ranunculaceae (8 genera in each), Iridaceae (5), Aspidiaceae, Cyperaceae (4 genera in each). Among the genera, the following predominate – Carex (4 species); Dryopteris, Orchis, Iris, Jurinea – 3 species in each. It was concluded that among the rare species there are plant species of different physical and geographical zones and this corresponds to the ecotone location of the region. Among species at the edge of their range, 14 are on the extreme northern border of their typical range (Linum flavum L., Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindb., Centaurea ruthenica Lam., Trinia multicaulis Schishk, Aster amellus L., Galatella linosyris (L.) Rchb. f., Stipa tirsa Steven), 7 species are found on the southern border of their range (Cypripedium calceolus L., Pedicularis sceptrum-carolinum L., Parnassia palustris L., Lycopodium annotinum L., 4 species (Anemone nemorosa L., Salix myrsinifolia Salisb., Galanthus nivalis L., Gladiolus imbricatus L. are found on the eastern border of their distribution. The nature conservation structure includes 4 species from the Bern Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Dracocephalum ruyschiana L., Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill s.l., Salvinia natans L., Ostericum palustre (Bess) Bess); 3 species from the supplement to the CITES Convention (Adonis vernalis L., Cypripedium calceolus L., Orchis militaris L.), 27 species from the Red Book of Ukraine (Lilium martagon L., Allium ursinum L., Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich, Stipa pennata L.), 49 species from Sumy region rare species list (Clematis recta L., Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill., Eremogone saxatilis (L.) Ikonn., Drosera rotundifolia L., Pedicularis kaufmannii Pinzg., Carex limosa L., C. umbrosa Host.). In addition, we suggest including into this list Sanquisorba officinalis L., Briza media L., Beckmania eruciformis (L.) Host., Melica nutans L., Coronilla varia L., Salvia nutans L., Scilla siberica Haw., Corydalis solida (L.) Clairv., Valeriana officinalis L., Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medic., Menyanthes trifoliata L., Hesperis matronalis L., Naumburgia thyrsiflora (L.) Rchb., Thalictrum aquilegifolium L., T. minus L., Verbascum nigrum L., Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. It was found that among the rare species of the region mesophytes predominate and they are confined to meadow and forest habitats. To a lesser extent, xeromesophytes and xerophytes of meadow-steppe, as well as hygrophytes and hydrophytes of shoreline and water habitats are represented. The nature reserve fund of the region was analyzed according to the methodology of assessing the nature reserves by botanical value priority criteria. To optimize the region's nature reserve fund, a rationale for creating a landscape reserve of local significance “Zvenyhorods'ky” with a total area of 2,000 hectares was compiled, giving it the status of a regional biodiversity centre.
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Davis, Stephen, and Thomas S. Elias. "Conservation and Management of Rare and Endangered Plants." Kew Bulletin 44, no. 2 (1989): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4110815.
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Tiehm, Arnold, and Thomas S. Elias. "Conservation and Management of Rare and Endangered Plants." Brittonia 40, no. 2 (April 1988): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2807014.
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Hossain, Mohammad Musharof. "Ex Vitro Seedling Development from In Vitro Rhizome-Like Bodies in Eulophia promensis Lindl.: A New Technique for Orchid Propagation." Journal of Botany 2015 (January 14, 2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/207694.
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This communication describes in vitro seed germination, embryo differentiation, and ex vitro seedling production from in vitro rhizome-like bodies of a terrestrial orchid, Eulophia promensis Lindl. Effects of two nutrient media, namely, Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Phytotechnology Orchid Seed Sowing medium (P723) supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP; 0.5–1.0 mgL−1) and/or α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA; 0.5–1.0 mgL−1) and activated charcoal (2.0 gL−1), were studied on seed germination and subsequent development of embryos. Maximum seed germination (100%) was recorded in P723 medium fortified with 1.0 mgL−1 BAP + 2.0 gL−1 activated charcoal. The different developmental stages of protocorm morphogenesis were traced out. In subsequent subcultures, the protocorms proliferated profusely and developed rhizome-like bodies (RLBs) with numerous hair-like structures. These RLBs were transferred to pots containing potting mixture composed of humus + coir dust + saw dust (1 : 1 : 1) where ∼80% of RLBs survived and produced 1–3 seedlings per RLB. This is the first time report for in vitro germination of seeds and ex vitro seedling production from in vitro raised RLBs in Eulophia promensis. This is a time saving and cost effective protocol that could be extended to other economically important, rare, and endangered orchids for propagation and conservation.
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Saw, L. G., L. S. L. Chua, M. Suhaida, W. S. Y. Yong, and M. Hamidah. "Conservation of some rare and endangered plants from Peninsular Malaysia." Kew Bulletin 65, no. 4 (December 2010): 681–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12225-011-9251-6.
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Dimitrov, D., and V. Vutov. "BIODIVERSITY OF PLANTS AND NATURAL HABITATS IN THE VICINITIES OF ARAPYA BAY, ROPOTAMO NATURAL RESERVE, ALEPU BEACH, SINEMORETS AND SILISTAR CAPE (BULGARIAN SOUTHERN BLACK SEA COAST)." Trakia Journal of Sciences 17, no. 4 (2019): 358–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2019.04.011.
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The flora in the vicinities of Arapya Bay, Alepu beach, Sinemorets and Silistar cape of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast (which includes three beach zones and two protected natural areas) is rich in rare psammophytic and halophytic species: Hypecoum ponticum Velen., Pancratium maritimum L., Silene thymifolia Sm., Eryngium maritimum L., Limonium latifolium (Sm.) Kuntze, Tulipa thracica Davidov, Centaurea arenaria M. Bieb., Trachomitum venetum (L.) Woodson and Maresia nana (DC.) Batt. Within these areas some Mediterranean geo elements reach their northernmost point: Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth and Romulea linaresii Parl. All of the species mentioned above have been included in the Red List of Bulgarian vascular plants (1) The Tulipa thracica Davidov species fall under a Critically Endangered (CR) category. Nine species have an Endangered (EN) status: Hypecoum ponticum Velen., Pancratium maritimum L., Silene thymifolia Sm., Eryngium maritimum L., Trachomitum venetun (L.) Woodson, Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth, Cistus salviifolius L., Verbascum bugulifolium Lam. and Serapias vomeracea (Burm.) Briq. Six species fall under a Vulnerable (VU) category: Limonium latifolium (Sm.) Kuntze, Centaurea arenaria M. Bieb., Maresia nana (DC.) Batt. and Romulea linaresii Parl., Limodorum abortivum (L.) Schwarz and Orchis papilionacea L. Under a Least Concern (LC) are the following species: Fritillaria pontica Wahlenb. and Mespilus germanica L. Legally protected by (2) are: Pancratium maritimum L., Eryngium maritimum L., Limonium latifolium (Sm.) Kuntze, Tulipa thracica Davidov, Centaurea arenaria M. Bieb., Trachomitum venetum (L.) Woodson, Maresia nana (DC.) Batt, Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth, Romulea linaresii Parl., Verbascum bugulifolium Lam., Cistus salviifolius L., Serapias vomeracea (Burm.) Briq., Limodorum abortivum (L.) Schwarz, Orchis papilionacea L., Fritillaria pontica Wahlenb. In addition, there are five species from the Orchidaceae family with different conservation status: the Endangered Serapias vomeracea (Burm.) Briq., the Vulnerable Limodorum abortivum (L.) Schwarz and Orchis papilionacea L. and two species from the CITES convention - Orchis purpurea Huds.and Orchis morio L. Three habitats were with an Endangered Conservation status: 01B1 Pontic sand beach annual communities, 02B1 Pontic embryonic dunes and 04B1 Southwestern Pontic fixed dunes (3).
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Wu, Jianrong, Huancheng Ma, Mei Lü, Sufen Han, Youyong Zhu, Hui Jin, Junfeng Liang, Li Liu, and Jianping Xu. "Rhizoctonia fungi enhance the growth of the endangered orchid Cymbidium goeringii." Botany 88, no. 1 (January 2010): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b09-092.
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Orchids are among the most prized ornamental plants in many societies throughout the world. As a result, consumer demands have created a significant pressure on wild populations of many species, including Cymbidium goeringii Rchb. f., a rare terrestrial orchid endemic in China, Korea, and Japan. To help conserve natural populations of C. goeringii, we recently started investigating methods to cultivate these orchids. Here we fulfilled Koch’s postulates and demonstrated that fungal strains isolated from the roots of natural Cymbidium plants increased fresh mass, plant height, number of leaves, and root length of C. goeringii, and that the two fungal strains originally isolated from C. goeringii showed overall greater effects on growth than two other strains from other Cymbidium species. Internal transcribed spacer sequence analyses revealed that the four fungal strains likely represented at least two new taxonomic groups, both belonging to the family Ceratobasidiaceae of the Rhizoctonia fungi. Our study demonstrated that these fungal strains could potentially help the commercial cultivation of the increasingly rare and endangered orchid C. goeringii.
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Kawakami, Kiyohisa, Shin-ichi Fuji, and Kazumitsu Miyoshi. "Endangered wild populations of endemic Calanthe orchids on an isolated Japanese island tested for viruses." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 8 (2007): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt07093.
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Leaf samples of endangered endemic orchid Calanthe izu-insularis Ohwi & Satomi collected at the time of full-bloom from two natural habitats on Mikurajima Island on (33°50′N, 139°37′E), ~200 km south of Tokyo, Japan, were examined for nine species of virus. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was detected by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) and hybridisation in 4 of the 104 leaf samples from different plants of C. izu-insularis. Five plants were removed from their natural habitat and cultivated in a greenhouse. Concentrations of detectable CMV in these plants increased and CMV was detected in all five plants after 2 weeks of cultivation. However, after an additional 10 weeks of cultivation, CMV was not detected in any of the plants. Thus, it seems possible that almost all of the plants of this species in their natural habitat might harbour CMV at concentrations that are lower than the limit of detection by RT–PCR and hybridisation. The importance of these results for the conservation in situ is discussed.
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Phillips, Ryan D., Noushka Reiter, and Rod Peakall. "Orchid conservation: from theory to practice." Annals of Botany 126, no. 3 (May 14, 2020): 345–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa093.
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Abstract Background Given the exceptional diversity of orchids (26 000+ species), improving strategies for the conservation of orchids will benefit a vast number of taxa. Furthermore, with rapidly increasing numbers of endangered orchids and low success rates in orchid conservation translocation programmes worldwide, it is evident that our progress in understanding the biology of orchids is not yet translating into widespread effective conservation. Scope We highlight unusual aspects of the reproductive biology of orchids that can have important consequences for conservation programmes, such as specialization of pollination systems, low fruit set but high seed production, and the potential for long-distance seed dispersal. Further, we discuss the importance of their reliance on mycorrhizal fungi for germination, including quantifying the incidence of specialized versus generalized mycorrhizal associations in orchids. In light of leading conservation theory and the biology of orchids, we provide recommendations for improving population management and translocation programmes. Conclusions Major gains in orchid conservation can be achieved by incorporating knowledge of ecological interactions, for both generalist and specialist species. For example, habitat management can be tailored to maintain pollinator populations and conservation translocation sites selected based on confirmed availability of pollinators. Similarly, use of efficacious mycorrhizal fungi in propagation will increase the value of ex situ collections and likely increase the success of conservation translocations. Given the low genetic differentiation between populations of many orchids, experimental genetic mixing is an option to increase fitness of small populations, although caution is needed where cytotypes or floral ecotypes are present. Combining demographic data and field experiments will provide knowledge to enhance management and translocation success. Finally, high per-fruit fecundity means that orchids offer powerful but overlooked opportunities to propagate plants for experiments aimed at improving conservation outcomes. Given the predictions of ongoing environmental change, experimental approaches also offer effective ways to build more resilient populations.
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Frankel, Susan J., Janice Alexander, Diana Benner, Janell Hillman, and Alisa Shor. "Phytophthora pathogens threaten rare habitats and conservation plantings." Sibbaldia: the International Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture, no. 18 (February 21, 2020): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24823/sibbaldia.2020.288.
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Phytophthora pathogens are damaging native wildland vegetation including plants in restoration areas and botanic gardens. The infestations threaten some plants already designated as endangered and degrade high-value habitats. Pathogens are being introduced primarily via container plant nursery stock and, once established, they can spread to adjacent areas where plant species not previously exposed to pathogens may become infected. We review epidemics in California – caused by the sudden oak death pathogen Phytophthoraramorum Werres, De Cock & Man in ‘t Veld and the first USA detections of P. tentaculata Kröber & Marwitz, which occurred in native plant nurseries and restoration areas – as examples to illustrate these threats to conservation plantings.
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Saakian, Alexander. "Ex situ conservation of plant species of the Red Book of Russia in botanical gardens." АгроЭкоИнфо 2, no. 44 (March 23, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/20212211.
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Russian botanical gardens are actively involved in the conservation of rare and endangered plants. They pay special attention to the species included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation. At present, 377 species of higher plants are cultivated in living collections of botanical gardens out of 514 species presented in the Red Book of Russia, which is 73%. Thus, the Russian Federation has practically met the requirement of goal 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation. The vast majority of rare plant species are represented by samples in the collections of many botanical gardens and the reliability of their protection under cultural conditions is beyond doubt. In the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an in vitro collection of rare and endangered plants is preserved, including 82 species, which is 17.3% of the total number of angiosperms included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation. As a result of many years of research, the features of the cultivation and preservation of ex situ plants belonging to different families have been revealed. The main methodological aspects at the stages of obtaining a sterile culture, micropropagation proper and long-term deposition are reflected. The compositions of nutrient media and cultivation factors were optimized for slowed growth of explants of the studied cultures and preservation of their viability. Keywords: RARE AND ENDANGERED PLANT SPECIES, RED BOOK OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, EX SITU CONSERVATION, LONG-TERM IN VITRO CONSERVATION
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Wan, Kaiyuan. "On plant nutrition in ex situ conservation strategies for rare and endangered plants." Biodiversity Science 14, no. 2 (2006): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/biodiv.050195.
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Subbaiyan, B., P. Samydurai, M. Karthik Prabu, R. Ramakrishnan, and V. Thangapandian. "Inventory of Rare, Endangered and Threatened (RET) Plant Species in Maruthamalai Hills, Western Ghats of Tamilnadu, South India." Our Nature 12, no. 1 (March 3, 2015): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v12i1.12255.
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The present study deal with identification of rare, endanger and threatened plants in Maruthamalai Hills, part of Southern Western Ghats of Coimbatore District, Tamilnadu. In this investigation 30 rare, endangered and threatened (RET) plant species belongs to 15 families were identified and documented. Names of plants and RET category was gathered from IUCN annual reports and standard research articles. Enumerated plants were categorized in rare, endangered, endemic and threatened, species such as Caralluma bicolor, Terminalia arjuna, Ceropegia juncea, Rubia cordifolia, Celastrus paniculatus, Gloriosa suberpa, Gymnema sylvestres and so on. Finally it has been suggested that the RET medicinal plants are need to be proper conservation and management plans before it lost forever. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v12i1.12255Our Nature (2014), 12(1): 37-43.
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OREDSSON, ALF. "Threatened species not necessarily rare, rare species not necessarily threatened." Environmental Conservation 24, no. 3 (September 1997): 207–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892997000283.
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In the beautifully-illustrated book of rare and threatened plants of Greece (Phitos et al. 1995), the selection of species is based strictly on the four World Conservation Union (IUCN) categories of ‘extinct’, ‘endangered’, ‘vulnerable’ and ‘rare’ (Lucas & Synge 1978). The Swedish ‘red data’ book of plants (Aronsson et al. 1995) adds ‘care-demanding species’ to the list. Five percent of the total number of vascular plant species in Greece are included in the Greek book, while 23% of the vascular plant species in Sweden are in the Swedish book. This latter percentage may appear to be sufficiently large, but is it?
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Molkanova, Olga, Yuri Gorbunov, Irina Shirnina, and Daria Egorova. "Collection of rare and endangered plant species in the meristem bank of the RAS Main Botanical Garden." E3S Web of Conferences 254 (2021): 06006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125406006.
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Results of many research years on in vitro formation and conservation of genetic plants' bank of rare and endangered species in the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Peculiarities of plants' cultivation and conservation in vitro related to different families were revealed. The main methodological aspects at the stages of obtaining axenic culture, micropropagation and long-term deposition are reflected. The main criterion in choosing the optimal explant type for both taxa introduction into the culture in vitro and for long-term reproduction and conservation is the plants’ life form. The nutrient media formulations and cultivation factors for slow explants’ growth of the studied crops and conservation of their viability were optimized. It was revealed that when selecting optimal conditions of cultivation and conservation it is necessary to consider the biological features of the taxon.
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Brundrett, Mark C. "Scientific approaches to Australian temperate terrestrial orchid conservation." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 3 (2007): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06131.
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This review summarises scientific knowledge concerning the mycorrhizal associations, pollination, demographics, genetics and evolution of Australian terrestrial orchids relevant to conservation. The orchid family is highly diverse in Western Australia (WA), with over 400 recognised taxa of which 76 are Declared Rare or Priority Flora. Major threats to rare orchids in WA include habitat loss, salinity, feral animals and drought. These threats require science-based recovery actions resulting from collaborations between universities, government agencies and community groups. Fungal identification by DNA-based methods in combination with compatibility testing by germination assays has revealed a complex picture of orchid–fungus diversity and specificity. The majority of rare and common WA orchids studied have highly specific mycorrhizal associations with fungi in the Rhizoctonia alliance, but some associate with a wider diversity of fungi. These fungi may be a key factor influencing the distribution of orchids and their presence can be tested by orchid seed bait bioassays. These bioassays show that mycorrhizal fungi are concentrated in coarse organic matter that may be depleted in some habitats (e.g. by frequent fire). Mycorrhizal fungi also allow efficient propagation of terrestrial orchids for reintroduction into natural habitats and for bioassays to test habitat quality. Four categories of WA orchids are defined by the following pollination strategies: (i) nectar-producing flowers with diverse pollinators, (ii) non-rewarding flowers that mimic other plants, (iii) winter-flowering orchids that attract fungus-feeding insects and (iv) sexually deceptive orchids with relatively specific pollinators. An exceptionally high proportion of WA orchids have specific insect pollinators. Bioassays testing orchid-pollinator specificity can define habitats and separate closely related species. Other research has revealed the chemical basis for insect attraction to orchids and the ecological consequences of deceptive pollination. Genetic studies have revealed that the structure of orchid populations is influenced by pollination, seed dispersal, reproductive isolation and hybridisation. Long-term demographic studies determine the viability of orchid populations, estimate rates of transition between seedling, flowering, non-flowering and dormant states and reveal factors, such as grazing and competition, that result in declining populations. It is difficult to define potential new habitats for rare orchids because of their specific relationships with fungi and insects. An understanding of all three dimensions of orchid habitat requirements can be provided by bioassays with seed baits for fungi, flowers for insects and transplanted seedlings for orchid demography. The majority of both rare and common WA orchids have highly specific associations with pollinating insects and mycorrhizal fungi, suggesting that evolution has favoured increasing specificity in these relationships in the ancient landscapes of WA.
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Mayzlish-Gati, Einav, Margareta Walczak, Alon Singer, Tomer Faraj, Sivan Golan, Dikla Lifshitz, Dana Bar, et al. "Ex-situ conservation strategies for endangered plants in the Israel Gene Bank." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 65, no. 3-4 (December 5, 2018): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22238980-00001073.
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Israel is a geographically small and relatively new state (founded in 1948) with high population density, industrial development and economic growth, all of which negatively affect the environment, particularly biodiversity. There is, however, a growing awareness in the country of the need for environmental and biodiversity protection. The Israel Nature and Parks Authority (INPA), the official body legally responsible for protecting natural habitats, biodiversity and ecosystems in Israel, established a program to protect and conserve the endangered, near-threatened and very rare (ENtR) plants listed in the Israel Red Data Book of flora at risk. In this communication, we describe the ex-situ conservation strategies of the Israel Gene Bank (IGB) within this program. The IGB has expanded its role in the conservation of ENtR species from only ex-situ seed conservation to active involvement in whole-plant conservation and reintroducing ENtR species back into nature. In the past 10 years, 1289 accessions belonging to 68% of the species in the Red List were collected to form the IGB core collection of endangered and rare species. The germination unit of the IGB developed 198 new protocols and propagated 87 different ENtR species.
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Khan, Musharaf, and Shahana Musharaf. "Ethnomedicinal and Conservation Status of Plant Species in Tehsil Takht Bhai, District Mardan, Pakistan." International Letters of Natural Sciences 37 (April 2015): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.37.18.
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The study was design to draw attention to correlation of locals with plants and their conservation status. The research work was carried out in tehsil Takht Bhai, district Mardan during 2008-2010. Fieldwork was conducted using an arrangement of interviews, questioners and personal observation. The IUCN 2001, Red Data List Categories and Criteria was used to determine the conservation status of plants. The present study documents the ethno medicinal and conservation status of 34 plant species belonging to 20 families. Among these 12 species were found to be rare, vulnerable (11 species), endangered (9 species) and Infrequent (2 species). From this study we have concluded that most plant species are going to become endangered and no one plant specie was found dominant because the natural vegetation area was change into urbanization and agricultural reason
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Hogbin, Patricia M., Rod Peakall, and Marita A. Sydes. "Achieving practical outcomes from genetic studies of rare Australian plants." Australian Journal of Botany 48, no. 3 (2000): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt98080.
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An increasing number of genetic studies of rare plants are motivated by the potential contribution they can make to the conservation of the species concerned. However, while these studies frequently identify conservation implications, few have demonstrated practical conservation outcomes. In this paper, we criticallyevaluate the practical outcomes of our genetic study of three endangered plant species: Haloragodendron lucasii, Zieria prostrata and Wollemia nobilis. Each genetic study provided a number of conservation implications or management recommendations for the species concerned. However, for three reasons, not all of the implications actually led to practical outcomes. First, similar recommendations were already in place. Second, management recommendations, while sound, were not relevant to the current management priorities. Third, irrespective of the genetic outcome, a given recommendation prevailed as the preferred management option. In order to achieve effective and cost-efficient recovery of threatened flora, we need to identify those cases where genetic studies are likely to produce practical outcomes for conservation management. This may best be achieved by first, assessing and critically evaluating the outcomes of genetic research already conducted, and second, evaluating the potential for practical outcomes of future research by considering the range of possible outcomes in the context of the management options available for the species.
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Kougioumoutzis, Konstantinos, Panayiota Kotsakiozi, Efthalia Stathi, Panayiotis Trigas, and Aristeidis Parmakelis. "Conservation Genetics of Four Critically Endangered Greek Endemic Plants: A Preliminary Assessment." Diversity 13, no. 4 (March 31, 2021): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13040152.
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The Mediterranean basin constitutes one of the largest global biodiversity hotspots, hosting more than 11,000 endemic plants, and it is recognised as an area with a high proportion of threatened taxa. Nevertheless, only a tiny fraction of the threatened Mediterranean endemics have their genetic diversity assessed, and we are unaware if and how climate change might impact their conservation status. This is even more pronounced in Eastern Mediterranean countries with a rich endemic flora, such as Greece, which hosts a large portion of the plant taxa assessed at the European level under the IUCN criteria. Using inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers and species distribution models, we analysed the genetic diversity and investigated the impacts of climate change on four critically endangered and extremely narrow and rare Greek island endemic plants, namely Aethionema retsina, Allium iatrouinum, Convolvulus argyrothamnos, and Saponaria jagelii. All four species are facing intense anthropogenic threats and display moderate genetic diversity (uHe: 0.254–0.322), while climate change is expected to have a profound impact on their range size during the coming decades. A combination of in- and ex-situ measures, such as population reinforcement and seed bank conservation, are urgently needed in order to preserve these highly threatened and rare Greek endemics.
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Al-Quran, S. "Species level conservation of four rare endangered medicinal plants in Wadi Rum, southern Jordan." Acta Botanica Hungarica 54, no. 1-2 (March 2012): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/abot.54.2012.1-2.1.
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Gao, Wenyuan, Wei Jia, Xianfu Gao, Renfeng Wang, and Peigen Xiao. "In vitro culture and cultivation of Chinese medicinal plants for industrial utilization and genetic resource conservation." Plant Genetic Resources 3, no. 2 (August 2005): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pgr200577.
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In China, medicinal plants enjoy an inherent and prominent role in the general health service. Due to excessive collection in the wild of rare and endangered plants, the natural resources of medicinal plants are depleting fast. In order to protect the medicinal plant resources, the Chinese government has implemented Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) programmes to cultivate the main popular medicinal plants in China. Thus far, around 800 GAP cultivation bases have been established nationwide and the total cultivation area of medicinal plants has reached 5000 km2. Besides GAP cultivation of medicinal plants, tissue cultural biotechnology has been applied to serve as an alternative for the supply of medicinal plant materials in China. Thus far, shoot production by tissue culture technology has been successful in medicinal plants such as Anoectochilus formosanus, Dalbergia odorifera, Dendrobium, Momordica grosvenorii, Pseudostellaria heterophylla and Taxus chinensis. In addition, the cell culture of Lithospermum erythrorhizon and Saussurea involucrata has been industrialized in 300–20,000-litre bioreactors. Besides the production of shoot and cell culture in bioreactors, tissue culture technology is also being practised for the conservation of rare medicinal plants.
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Petit, Sophie, and Catherine Ruth Dickson. "Grass-tree (Xanthorrhoea semiplana, Liliaceae) facilitation of the endangered pink-lipped spider orchid (Caladenia syn. Arachnorchis behrii, Orchidaceae) varies in South Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 53, no. 5 (2005): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04034.
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We examined the role of the grass-tree Xanthorrhoea semiplana F.Muell. canopy in the survival of the nationally endangered orchid Caladenia (syn. Arachnorchis) behrii Schltdl. at three sites in the northern Adelaide region. We compared grazing and pollination of the flowering orchids within and away from the grass-tree canopy. Grass-trees generally provided significant protection from grazing, but orchids protected by grass-trees experienced reduced pollination for 2 out of 5 years. The net effect of these interactions, as measured by seed set, varied across years. When grazing pressure is high, orchids may benefit from grass-tree protection (facilitation), but under low grazing pressure, it is more probable that orchids set seeds away from grass-trees than under their canopy. Grazing pressure probably does not decrease in view of habitat fragmentation the importance of fragments as wildlife refuges. Therefore, factors affecting the survival of grass-trees, such as Phytophthora cinnamomi, may also affect orchid survival. Kangaroos which are often assumed to be responsible for most grazing in the Adelaide Hills are not the only predators of orchids, and a culling program has so far not resulted in a decrease of grazing pressure for the orchids. Translocation and fencing programs should examine the role of facilitative plants and grazers before spending precious conservation resources.
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Brundrett, Mark C. "Using vital statistics and core-habitat maps to manage critically endangered orchids in the Western Australian wheatbelt." Australian Journal of Botany 64, no. 1 (2016): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt15087.
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Vital-statistics data concerning population viability were gathered for four of the rarest orchids in Western Australia using surveys to define population sizes and habitat areas and annual measurements of plant demographics. These orchids were Caladenia melanema, C. graniticola, C. williamsiae and Drakaea isolata from the wheatbelt of Western Australia. This agricultural area has a Mediterranean climate with unreliable rainfall, and is >80% cleared of native vegetation. Surveys with 10–30 volunteers increased population-size estimates by up to 10 times and provided spatial data to define core habitat areas. These areas included most of the individuals of a species, but were only 2–10 ha in size. Within these areas, orchids were often highly aggregated in patches a few metres wide, potentially resulting in a high degree of intraspecific competition. Vital statistics were obtained using 4-m wide and 30–50-m-long transects to measure rates of emergence, flowering, grazing and seed-set for each orchid. Plants emerging at the same position in different years were considered to be the same individual, but most emerged in new positions. Many plants emerged just once in 4 years, and 2–3 years of dormancy was common. Emergence frequencies were used to provide estimates of population sizes that were two or three times larger than suggested by data from a single year. Seed production was typically very low. Grazing by kangaroos and rabbits was most severe for C. melanema, but was greatly reduced by fencing. Severe drought prevented flowering of C. graniticola in the driest year, whereas other species were more resilient. These orchids are likely to persist as long as there are some years where rainfall is sufficient for flowering and seed set followed by a year with adequate rain for seed germination. Populations of all these orchids were stable or increasing, but they are still at high risk of extinction because of the impacts of increasing soil salinity or fire on their habitats. These species are unlikely to spread elsewhere in the highly cleared and fragmented wheatbelt. Intervention by hand-pollination, grazing protection and translocation to new locations is required to mitigate these risks. Results were summarised in vital statistics report cards with thresholds set to inform conservation management for these species. Core habitat maps and vital-statistics report cards should also be valuable new tools for terrestrial-orchid conservation in other biomes.
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Kiew, Ruth, and Lim Chung-Lu. "Checklist of vascular plants of Klang Gates Quartz Ridge, Malaysia, a 14-km long quartz dyke." PhytoKeys 166 (October 29, 2020): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.166.55778.
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The Klang Gates Quartz Ridge (KGQR) is proposed for protection as National Heritage and as a UNESCO World Heritage Site because of its spectacular size, exceptional beauty and significant biodiversity. The checklist of vascular plants documents 314 species that comprise a unique combination that grows on lowland quartz and that is distinct from the surrounding lowland equatorial rain forest by the absence of orchids, palms, gingers and tree canopy families. The Rubiaceae, Gramineae, Moraceae, Apocynaceae, Melastomataceae and Polypodiaceae are the most speciose families. The summit vegetation at 200–400 m elevation is dominated by Baeckea frutescens (Myrtaceae) and Rhodoleia championii (Hamamelidaceae) and shows similarities to the plant community on rocky mountain peaks above 1500 m. About 11% of its species are endemic in Peninsular Malaysia and four are endemic to KGQR: Aleisanthia rupestris (Rubiaceae), Codonoboea primulina (Gesneriaceae), Spermacoce pilulifera (Rubiaceae), and Ilex praetermissa (Aquifoliaceae). All four are provisionally assessed as Critically Endangered. Two, Eulalia milsumi (Gramineae) and Sonerila prostrata (Melastomataceae), are endemic to KGQR and a few neighbouring smaller quartz dykes. They are assessed as Endangered. The KGQR is a fragile habitat and conservation management is urgently required to halt the spread of the aggressive alien grass, Pennisetum polystachion and to prevent further habitat degradation from visitors. Based on KGQR being a threatened habitat, its biodiverse flora, and endangered species, it qualifies as an Important Plant Area.
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Kaninski, Andrei I., Ivanka Ivanova, Sergey Bistrichanov, Nadejda Zapryanova, Bistra Atanassova, and Elena T. Iakimova. "Ex situ conservation of endangered Limonium species in the Bulgarian flora." Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research 20, no. 1 (October 1, 2012): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10290-012-0009-5.
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ABSTRACT Native populations of endemic, rare and threatened Limonium species (L. meyeri, L. bulgaricum, L. latifolium, L. vulgare, L. asterotrichum and L. gmelinii) in Bulgaria were monitored and found seriously declined. To preserve these wild genotypes, an approach involving in vitro propagation of explants isolated from immature inflorescence stems was applied at the Institute of Ornamental Plants, Sofia. The rooted plantlets produced were acclimated and grown outdoors under an optimized cultivation regime, which resulted in the establishment of an ex situ plantation. Plant performance ex situ (determined by leaf rosette diameter, plant height and the number of flower stems) was substantially improved and the variation in the biometric indices was found remarkably lower than in natural environment. The developmental stages of ex situ plants appeared with a delay in relation to their onset in the native environment, but occurred synchronously within each species. Analysis of germination of seeds harvested from ex situ and in situ grown plants showed species-specific behaviour, but in general, seed vitality remained relatively low in laboratory conditions, in the soil and in vitro. In order to assess the potential for protecting the native Limonium species from uncontrolled harvesting, the possibility for the production of cut flowers in ex situ conditions was studied. High yield of cut flowers from ex situ plants in comparison with the potential yield from the wild plants and extended vase life in comparison with commercially produced Limonium sinuatum were obtained. The results demonstrated that the applied micropropagation and agrotechnique for protected cultivation are reliable tools for ex situ conservation of the endangered Limonium genotypes in the Bulgarian flora. In addition to its advantage as a rescue measure, the developed system was shown to be suitable for obtaining cut flowers of competitive market quality.
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Baalim, Fraser, Catherine Peters, and Hugo Cota-Sánchez. "Distribution and natural history of carnivorous plants of Saskatchewan, Canada." Check List 9, no. 4 (September 1, 2013): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/9.4.883.
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We provide distribution maps of carnivorous plants as well as an assessment of rarity status and potential threats to diversity of carnivorous taxa in Saskatchewan using a biodiversity informatics approach. Saskatchewan is home to ten carnivorous species ranging from the Mixed Grassland ecoregion in the southwest to the Selwyn Lake Upland ecoregion in the northeast. Several areas exhibiting high carnivorous plant diversity including rare and endangered species are: the Nesbitt Provincial Forest, the Prince Albert National Park, and the Athabasca Sand Dunes. We propose these areas as deserving conservation priority.
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Kim, Jung Sung, Hyoung Tae Kim, Sung-Won Son, and Joo-Hwan Kim. "Molecular identification of endangered Korean lady’s slipper orchids (Cypripedium, Orchidaceae) and related taxa." Botany 93, no. 9 (September 2015): 603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2014-0255.
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Reliable and accurate species identification is essential to establish a strategy for monitoring and manipulation of plant populations for conservation biology. However, identification of nonflowering plants is difficult. Based on recent advances in molecular biological techniques, various molecular identification methodologies have been proposed and applied in plant science, with a focus on medicinally valuable species. Lady’s slipper orchids (Cypripedium) are a representative terrestrial orchid group that includes many endangered species. Of 46 species, 3 (Cypripedium japonicum Thunb., Cypripedium macranthos Sw., and Cypripedium guttatum var. koreanum Nakai) were reported from Korea and categorised as endangered species or at risk of becoming endangered because of the rapidly decreasing population. We generated an accurate molecular identification system for these species using the sequence variation and species-specific SNPs of two plastid loci, rpoC2 and the IGS region between atpF and atpH. We selected the atpF-H region for molecular identification of the Korean Cypripedium and related Taiwan-endemic taxon Cypripedium formosanum Hayata. Cypripedium guttatum var. koreanum contained large deletions of over 300 bp, and could be distinguished by electrophoresis. For the other three species, we designed new primers based on a specific insertion (C. macranthos) and SNPs (C. japonicum and C. formosanum). We confirmed that molecular identification enables detection of each species using species-specific primers.
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Hauptvogel, R., R. Kuna, P. Štrba, and P. Hauptvogel. "GIS design for in situ conservation of rare and endangered species." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 46, Special Issue (March 31, 2010): S50—S53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/696-cjgpb.
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Two projects: Conservation and use of genetic resources of non-traditional crops, related wild species and wild species for food and agriculture; and Characterization and evaluation of diversity of wheat and their wild relatives and utilising in breeding involve research into rare and endangered species in the territory of Slovakia. In Slovakia, many threatened and rare plant species occur. In this group of plants, <I>Aegilops cylindrica </I>Host and <I>Arctous alpina </I>(L.) Nied are also listed. They are registered in the Red Data Book of Slovakia. To locate the occurrences of these species, we have used a GPS system. In this article, we illustrate using GIS (Geographic Information System) in plant conservation.
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Sangma, Dingsmit B., and Manohara TN. "The role of Garo tribes of Meghalaya (India) in the conservation and management of medicinal plants diversity used in treating livestock diseases." Plant Science Today 5, no. 4 (October 2, 2018): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2018.5.4.416.
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The Garo tribe of Meghalaya, India have rich local health traditions and large numbers of traditional healers have been practicing herbal medicines for many years. The present study aims at quantifying the plant species used for ethno-veterinary purposes and to identify their conservation status. Out of 90 informants 22 were traditional healers and 68 were farmers. A total of 75 ethnoveterinary medicinal plant species belonging to 71 genera and 49 families were documented and identified for treating 24 different livestock ailment. Most of the medicinal plants (83%) were collected from the wild and leaves were the most frequently used (58%) parts for formulation of drugs; oral application is most frequently employed (56%), followed by the dermal application which accounts for 31%. The medicinal plants collected are mostly trees (31%), followed by herbs (25%). The study indicates that some species are rare or endangered and their use is therefore unsustainable. The strategies for effective conservation of endangered medicinal plant are discussed here.
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Andrade, Bianca Ott, Carina Kozera, Gustavo Ribas Curcio, and Franklin Galvão. "Vascular grassland plants of Tibagi River Spring, Ponta Grossa, Brazil." Check List 7, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/7.3.257.
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A systematic survey was carried out on wet grasslands found over Histosols at Upper Tibagi River basin, between Ponta Grossa and Palmeira municipalities, in the state of Paraná, Brazil, place of high importance because of soil water retention capability and soil carbon pool composition. We provide a checklist containing 146 species, 96 genera and 42 plant families for the area. Families with higher species richness were Asteraceae (27 species; 21 genera), Poaceae (24; 16) and Cyperaceae (18; 6). Four species were classified as endangered or rare, and one as exotic. The specific richness in wet grassland environments at the state of Paraná underlines the need for conservation efforts encompassing these formations.
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González-Orenga, Sara, Ma Pilar Donat-Torres, Josep V. Llinares, Albert Navarro, Francisco Collado, P. Pablo Ferrer-Gallego, Emilio Laguna, Oscar Vicente, and Monica Boscaiu. "Multidisciplinary studies supporting conservation programmes of two rare, endangered Limonium species from Spain." Plant and Soil 466, no. 1-2 (July 13, 2021): 505–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-05059-9.
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Abstract Background and aims Two local threatened endemics from Valencian salt marshes were analysed from a multidisciplinary perspective combining field studies with experiments performed under greenhouse-controlled conditions. The work aimed to investigate the habitat of the two species but also to explore their limits of tolerance to severe drought and salinity and the mechanisms behind their stress responses. Methods The number of individuals in several populations, climatic conditions, soil characteristics and accompanying vegetation in the natural habitats were analysed in the field study. Plants obtained by seed germination were grown in the greenhouse and subjected to one month of water and salt stress treatments. Growth and biochemical parameters were analysed after the treatments were finalised. Results No correlation between climatic parameters and the number of individuals censed of the two Limonium species could be established. Although L. dufourii was found in more saline soils in the natural habitats, under controlled greenhouse conditions, this species was more severely affected by salt treatment than L. albuferae, which is more susceptible to water stress. A common biochemical response was the increase of proline under all stress treatments, but mostly in water-stressed plants. Oxidative stress markers, MDA and H2O2, did not indicate significant differences between the treatments. The differences in the two species' responses to the two kinds of stress were correlated with the activation of the antioxidant enzymes, more pronounced in conditions of salt stress in L. albuferae and of water stress in L. dufourii. Conclusions Although L. albuferae is found in sites with lower salinity in the natural habitats, the greenhouse experiment indicated that it tolerates higher concentrations of salt than L. dufouri, which is more resistant to drought. The two species efficiently mitigate oxidative stress by activation of antioxidant enzymes. The results obtained may be helpful for the conservation management of the two species: whereas salinity is not problematic, as the two species tolerated under controlled conditions salinities far beyond those in their natural environments, water scarcity may be a problem for L. albuferae, which proved to be more susceptible to water deficit.
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Locky, David A., and Suzanne E. Bayley. "Plant diversity, composition, and rarity in the southern boreal peatlands of Manitoba, Canada." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 6 (June 2006): 940–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-049.
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Plant diversity and rarity have been relatively well studied for bryophytes in Canadian western boreal peatlands, but little information exists for vascular plants. Diversity, community composition, and rarity of bryophytes and vascular plants were determined and relationships examined among these and environmental variables in five peatland types at Duck Mountain, Manitoba: wooded bogs, black spruce swamps, wooded moderate-rich fens, open moderate-rich fens, and open extreme-rich fens. Total diversity was 298 species comprising 86 bryophytes and 212 vascular plants. Mean diversity followed a unimodal distribution over a bog – rich fen gradient. Wooded moderate-rich fens (59.0) and black spruce swamps (53.4) had the highest mean diversity, whereas wooded bogs (32.3) and open extreme-rich fens (34.7) had the lowest mean diversity. Occurrences of locally rare species followed the same general pattern, and provincially rare vascular plants were found primarily in wooded moderate-rich fens and black spruce swamps and were mostly orchids. Reasons for these patterns are complex, but high diversity appears to be related to high habitat heterogeneity and moderate environmental variables, e.g., pH and alkalinity, and low diversity appears to be related to environmental extremes, e.g., pH and alkalinity. Boreal wooded moderate-rich fens and black spruce swamps have comparatively high plant diversity and rarity and require consideration if the focus is biodiversity conservation. This will become increasingly important in landscapes where development pressures are high.
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An, Jiae, Pyoung Beom Kim, Hyeong Bin Park, Seongjun Kim, Hwan Joon Park, Chang Woo Lee, Byoung-Doo Lee, Nam Young Kim, and Jung Eun Hwang. "Effects of Different Growth Media on In Vitro Seedling Development of an Endangered Orchid Species Sedirea japonica." Plants 10, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): 1193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10061193.
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Sedirea japonica is becoming endangered, and even extinct, due to habitat destruction and illegal collection, and the development of an optimized artificial propagation system is necessary for its conservation and reintroduction. Thus, the effects of plant growth medium strength (Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Hyponex media) and the addition of activated charcoal (AC) and organic supplements on seedling growth of S. japonica were investigated through in vitro seed culture. The results showed that seedling growth was higher in half-strength (1/2) media than in full-strength media. After the addition of AC, the highest leaf area (2.14 cm2) was recorded in the seedlings grown in 1/2 Hyponex medium, and after the addition of organic supplements, root development increased regardless of the media type. Among the sixteen suitable media tested at later seedling growth stages, 1/2 MS medium with the addition of 0.6 g·L−1 AC, 30 g·L−1 banana homogenate and 10 g·L−1 apple homogenate was generally effective in fresh weight (6.13 g) and root length (9.59 cm). We demonstrated which organic supplements are preferred for in vitro growth of seedlings developed from S. japonica protocorms by asymbiotic seed culture, which can be used for mass production and conservation of this rare epiphytic orchid.
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Kiseleva, O. A. "Red-listed plants in the ornamental herbaceous perennials collection of the Institute Botanic garden UB RAS." Bulletin of the State Nikitsky Botanical Gardens, no. 136 (January 8, 2021): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36305/0513-1634-2020-136-8-13.
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The inventory of the current status for the ornamental perennials collection of Institute Botanic garden UB RAS with clarification of composition and conservation status of the samples was carried out. A total of 213 red-book listed species (112 genera from 42 plant families) revealed to document the flora. The most valuable specimens of rare declining in number plants and endangered (under threat of extinction) species are noted
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Kiseleva, O. A. "Red-listed plants in the ornamental herbaceous perennials collection of the Institute Botanic garden UB RAS." Bulletin of the State Nikitsky Botanical Gardens, no. 136 (January 8, 2021): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36305/0513-1634-2020-136-8-13.
Full textAbstract:
The inventory of the current status for the ornamental perennials collection of Institute Botanic garden UB RAS with clarification of composition and conservation status of the samples was carried out. A total of 213 red-book listed species (112 genera from 42 plant families) revealed to document the flora. The most valuable specimens of rare declining in number plants and endangered (under threat of extinction) species are noted
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Rynear, Juliet, Cheryl L. Peterson, and Matthew L. Richardson. "Variables influencing germination and initial survival of two critically endangered plants: Warea amplexifolia and Lupinus aridorum." Botany 91, no. 5 (May 2013): 323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2012-0242.
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One challenge of ex situ conservation is developing propagation methods that promote a high rate of survival and genetic diversity. Developing successful propagation methods is especially important for rare species to prevent their extinction. Clasping warea, Warea amplexifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. (Brassicaceae), and scrub lupine, Lupinus aridorum McFarlin ex Beckner (Fabaceae), are two rare species endemic to imperiled Florida sandhill and scrub habitats, respectively. We tested whether the collection site of seeds, seed stratification temperature, and several propagation methods influenced germination and initial survival of W. amplexifolia and L. aridorum. The collection site of seeds and type of pot influenced percent germination of W. amplexifolia, whereas soaking seeds in water and stratification temperature did not. The site where seeds were collected did not influence germination of L. aridorum and treating seedlings with salicylic acid, nitrogen, or salicylic acid and nitrogen sometimes reduced, but did not increase, initial survival of seedlings. Overall, our results will inform additional experiments on ex situ conservation and may be applicable to other herbs endemic to Florida.
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STYLES, DAVID G. A., and ULRICH MEVE. "Ceropegia heidukiae (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae)—a morphologically intriguing and rare novelty from South Africa." Phytotaxa 497, no. 1 (April 16, 2021): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.497.1.2.
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A new species of Ceropegia (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae-Ceropegieae-Stapeliinae) is described from Ngome in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. This new species shares a subset of vegetative and floral characters with the long-lost C. rudatisii, but is clearly separated by its sophisticated floral morphology. Ceropegia heidukiae occurs in Northern Zululand Mistbelt Grassland, an endangered vegetation type. A comprehensive species description is provided together with information on habitat and distribution; photographs of plants in habitat are also provided. A preliminary assessment of conservation status according to IUCN criteria suggests that C. heidukiae is Critically Endangered (CR).
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Bayramova, A., and Z. Tagiyev. "Efficient Use and Protection of the Lesser Caucasus Nature Reserves Plant Cover." Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, no. 6 (June 15, 2020): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/55/10.
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While using of food crops, feed crops, medicinal plants which found in nature reserves criteria for the rare and endangered species should be met the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Although there is wild fruit spread in 12 Families, 22 Genera belong to 46 species are not used effectively in nature reserves. Apple tree, Arachis, Pyrus, sea buckthorn, Mespilus, Crataegus, Rubus, Cornus, Ribes, etc. are considered expedient to use the raw material reserves of these fruits for industrial purposes.
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C. Gardener, Mark, and Curtis C. Daehler. "Documenting floral visitors to rare Hawaiian plants using automated video recordings." Pacific Conservation Biology 12, no. 3 (2006): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc060189.
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Many plant species require the services of an animal pollinator. In Hawai'i most endemic plant species are declining, yet their pollinators are often unknown because floral visitors are uncommon, or because visits occur at night, making them difficult to observe. Information about the pollination ecology of rare plants is needed to help develop a conservation strategy. We used an automated, infrared-equipped video system to record animal visits to the flowers of rare plant species on the island of O'ahu, Hawaii. Over 500 hours of recordings were made on four plant species. For the first time, a nocturnal moth was observed visiting Cyrtandra hawaiensis. Also for the first time, native masked bees, presumed to be Hylaeus connectans, were recorded visiting the flowers of two endangered lobeliads, Cyanea pinnatifida and Cyanea superba. An introduced bird, the Japanese White-eye Zosterops japonicus also visited the Cyanea species, but it appeared to act as a nectar robber. A third lobeliad, Clermontia kakeana, was observed continuously for several days and nights but only visits by ants were recorded and no fruits were produced. While it was not always possible to determine the actual species of invertebrate floral visitors, the continuous nature of our video recording allowed us to document floral visitors that were not previously known. Furthermore, the recordings can be made without potential artefacts introduced by the presence of human observers near the flowers. This methodology can be used to document many difficult-to-observe ecological interactions between animals and rare plants.
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Guimaraes, Paulo José Fernandes, Caio Baez, Patrícia Rosa, Gustavo Martinelli, and Diego Nunes Da Silva. "The importance of rediscovering rare and endemic plants: Two species of Pleroma D.Don (Melastomataceae), an update of conservation status, and improved descriptions." Webbia 75, no. 2 (November 18, 2020): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/jopt-8902.
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The remaining portion of Atlantic Forest in the state of Rio de Janeiro constitutes a strategic challenge in the conservation of the biome, by concentrating high richness and endemism of species that are distributed in distinct vegetative fragments covering the mountainous regions. In the state, the genus Pleroma presents a high diversity, currently 45 species, of which 14 are endemic and several of these have knowledge gaps. This paper aims to document rediscoveries in the Três Picos State Park of two species of Pleroma that had not been collected for 69 and 100 years respectively. These discoveries resulted from the actions of the National Center for Plant Conservation, a division of the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden. Updated descriptions, geographic information and distribution maps, and cited collections for these two species of Pleroma are presented here together with an assessment of their current conservation status. Based on IUCN criteria, we recommend a classification of Critically Endangered (CR) and Endangered (EN) for Pleroma virgatum and P. elegans, respectively.
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Laguna, Emilio, Simón Fos, Juan Jiménez, and Sergei Volis. "Role of micro-reserves in conservation of endemic, rare and endangered plants of the Valencian region (Eastern Spain)." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 63, no. 4 (February 6, 2016): 320–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.2016.1256131.
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Since 1998 the Valencian Community (Spain) has pioneered the establishment of plant micro-reserves (PMR), which has resulted in a network currently comprising 299 sites. The PMR are compatible with large protected areas including natural parks (NP, 22 areas). In fact, 73 PMR are included within the NP network (internal subnet of PMR) and 226 PMR are outside NP (external subnet). Here we analyze how the PMR network complements that of NP in capturing rare (RS, twp categories), endemic (ES, three categories) and endangered (TS, four categories) plants. The external subnet increases the number of plant species with territorial protection by 10.8% in RS, 15.8% in ES and 21.0% in TS categories. Additionally, when comparing number of species in the external and internal PMR subnets not shared with the alternative subnet type, the former has higher absolute and relative values for the nine categories analyzed. We propose that the internal network should be increased only to capture populations of the species that are not included in the external subnet.
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Arif Ahmad, Amit Kumar, Gopal Singh Rawat, and G.V. Gopi. "Recent record of a threatened holoparasitic plant Sapria himalayana Griff. in Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 10 (July 26, 2020): 16399–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5168.12.10.16399-16401.
Full textAbstract:
In this note, we report the opportunistic observation of Sapria himalayana a rare and endangered plant species in Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary during our camera trapping for mammals. We recorded the plant in two locations inside the sanctuary. We found three flowers near Mehao lake and five flowers near Sally lake. Considering the restricted distribution and limited information available on Sapria himalayana it is suggested that further ecological studies to document their host plants, population and threat assessment will aid in their conservation.
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Spałek, Krzysztof, and Jarosław Proćków. "New, Rare and Constant Habitats for Endangered Aquatic Plant Communities: The Importance of Microhabitats for Global biodiversity." Diversity 11, no. 6 (June 20, 2019): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11060096.
Full textAbstract:
Natural water reservoirs are very valuable floristic sites, with springs particularly important for the preservation of floral biodiversity. This paper presents, as a case study, a community of water plants that is new to limnocrene karst springs in Europe: Potametum alpini (Potametea), found in Poland. The paper provides the floristic composition and ecological requirements of this plant association, which is rare and endangered in Europe. According to our knowledge, the habitat data presented here are unique as they are published for the first time for this plant community, and thus it is currently not possible to compare them with data from other authors. Our study confirms the importance of rare microhabitats for global biodiversity. Research on as yet unknown physical and chemical factors limiting the range and development of patches of different plant associations should be conducted intensively, because plant communities, including rare, endangered and protected examples, are an important element of biodiversity at both continental and local scales. All the issues discussed in the paper (rare microhabitats, endangered aquatic plant communities, global biodiversity) are important because they are related to the conservation and management of inland waters.
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Reiter, Noushka, Björn Bohman, Marc Freestone, Graham R. Brown, and Ryan D. Phillips. "Pollination by nectar-foraging thynnine wasps in the endangered Caladenia arenaria and Caladenia concolor (Orchidaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 67, no. 7 (2019): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt19033.
Full textAbstract:
Prior to undertaking conservation translocations of plants with specialised pollination systems, it is important to ensure the presence of pollinators at recipient sites. Here, for two threatened species, Caladenia concolor Fitzg. and Caladenia arenaria Fitzg. (Orchidaceae), we determine (i) the pollination strategy used, (ii) which floral visitors are involved in pollination, and (iii) whether the pollinator species are present at potential translocation sites. For both orchid species, pollination was primarily achieved by nectar-foraging thynnine wasps, with a single species responsible for pollination in C. concolor, whereas C. arenaria utilised at least two species to achieve pollination. Both orchid species secreted meagre quantities of sucrose on the upper surface of the labellum. Visits to C. concolor occurred primarily in the late afternoon, with some wasps perching on the flowers overnight. Surveys revealed that pollinators were present at all extant populations and most potential translocation sites for both orchids. The specialisation on one pollinator species in C. concolor means that the distribution of the pollinator needs to be considered for conservation translocations. With C. arenaria, the risk of hybridisation with other Caladenia that are known to share one of its pollinator species needs to be taken into account when selecting translocation sites.
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Kiril'chuk, Iraida, YUliya Vyertakova, Ol'ga Belyakova, and Ivan Tyurin. "DEVELOPMENT OF A CROWDSOURCING INTERNET PORTAL FOR THE DETECTION AND CONTROL OF THE NUMBER OF RARE AND ENDANGERED PLANT SPECIES IN THE URBAN ECOSYSTEM ON THE EXAMPLE OF KURSK." Actual directions of scientific researches of the XXI century: theory and practice 9, no. 2 (July 16, 2021): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/2308-8877-2021-9-2-103-116.
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Currently, at least 10% of plant species and even more animals are threatened with extinction on the planet Earth. The rate of extinction of species is 50-100 times higher than the natural rate. This trend has continued over the past 20-25 years. There are 439 endangered species in the Kursk region. Of these, 160 species of fauna, 265 species of plants and 14 species of fungi. The problem of conservation of rare and endangered plant species can be solved by their timely detection, subsequent monitoring and protection in specific habitats. Based on this, the purpose of this study is to develop tools for creating the most complete databases of rare and endangered plant species in urban ecosystems based on crowdsourcing methods and modern information technologies. At the initial stage of the implementation of projects for the conservation of biodiversity, the main difficulty lies in the mass identification of the presence of plant and animal species that are subject to protection on the territory of the city. It is possible to solve this problem using crowdsourcing methods. The team of the Southwestern State University has developed an Environmental crowdsourcing portal of the Kursk Region. This portal is designed on a modular basis, it includes various modules, including a module designed to solve the problem of biodiversity conservation. The module is developed using HTML5, CSS3, JavaScript, PHP and functions in user and administrator modes. Additionally, the functional blocks of thematic databases are designed using MySQL. Based on the database tables and the Yandex Maps API documentation, blocks for loading and displaying information on an interactive map have been developed. The module ensures the involvement of a wide range of urban population to identify the presence of plant and animal species that are subject to protection on the territory of the city. The module of the Environmental Crowdsourcing Portal of the Kursk Region considered in the article provides not only a solution to the problem of filling the database of rare and endangered species of plants and animals, but, like all crowdsourcing environmental projects, contributes to improving the level of environmental education of citizens, forming their consciousness and active life position.
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Creech, D. L., and D. McDonald. "CAD/GIS AS A TOOL IN NATIVE PLANT SPECIES CONSERVATION." HortScience 28, no. 4 (April 1993): 273B—273. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.4.273b.
Full textAbstract:
Texas is botanically diverse with approximately 5500 native plants identified: east Texas contains about 40% of the total. While most species are stable, many are classified as rare, threatened, vulnerable, or endangered. Databases for east Texas plant communities and vegetative analyses are numerous. However, they are not yet integrated into easy-to-sort-and-query computer files. Computer-Assisted Drafting (CAD) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology offers powerful applications to the storage, management, and spatial analysis of species inventories, plant community dynamics, and long-term habitat monitoring. At SFASU, the College of Forestry's GIS Center is being utilized to develop comprehensive east Texas resource inventories on a ten-station HP Apollo/ArcInfo platform. In the horticulture program, a twenty-station PC/AutoCad teaching laboratory is being used to create layered maps of the SFASU Arboretum, the on-campus landscape and off-campus plant communities. The integration of CAD and GIS projects through a DXF format takes advantage of the attributes of both technologies.