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1
Heidel, Bonnie L. Demographic monitoring of Penstemon lemhiensis, Dillon Resource Area, Bureau of Land Management: 1992 progress report. Helena, Mont: Montana Natural Heritage Program, 1993.
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3
Bogan, Michael A., and T. R. Mollhagen. Baseline surveys for mammals in the Henry Mountains, Utah: Annual report. [Hanksville, Utah]: [U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Henry Mountain Resource Area], 1996.
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4
Ghahari, Hassan, Gary A. P. Gibson, and Gennaro Viggiani, eds. Chalcidoidea of Iran (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248463.0000.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Within Hymenoptera, the superfamily Chalcidoidea (chalcidoid wasps) is the second largest superfamily after Ichneumonoidea. Because of the preponderance of parasitoid species, Chalcidoidea is one of the most important groups in applied biological control. This book provides a comprehensive, accurate checklists for the chalcidoid fauna of Iran. The species listed in each family chapter include all the species recorded in the literature from Iran through 2019, with one exception as noted in Chapter 10 (Eurytomidae). Each family chapter includes differential characters to distinguish the family, hypothesized phylogenetic relationships with other families, and general biological attributes of the family. Previous cataloguing efforts of the Iranian fauna for the family are summarized, as well as the information included in the checklist of species for the family. This summary information includes the number of species recorded from Iran, any newly recorded species, a comparison of the Iranian fauna with those of adjacent countries, and major host attributes of the family in Iran. Also included for each species record are host records and plant associates in Iran, when known, and additional comments as necessary. The final chapter tabulates the species diversity of Iranian Chalcidoidea by family, the species newly exclude from Iran, the species presently considered as endemic to Iran and the number of species of each family that are known from each of the 31 provinces that comprise Iran. Because of the importance of chalcidoids for biological control of pests in Iran, host information for parasitoid species that is provided throughout the chapters is synthesized in an Appendix at the end of the book.
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Radović, Milan, and Adalbert Schiller. Balkan endemic nephropathy. Edited by Adrian Covic. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0090_update_001.
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Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) is a chronic, slowly progressive tubulointerstitial nephritis, with familial clustering, occurring in several endemic rural regions in countries of the Balkan Peninsula. BEN is characterized by anaemia, tubular proteinuria, renal shrinkage, and slowly declining glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Up to one-third of patients may also develop upper urothelial tumours. The aetiology of BEN is unclear; chronic exposure to aristolochic acid and a polygenic predisposition are the most likely contributing factors. The major pathological characteristics of BEN are symmetrically shrunken, smooth-shaped kidneys, with interstitial fibrosis, mild interstitial inflammation, and tubular atrophy. Diagnosis is usually based upon positive family history of BEN, past or current residence in endemic regions, tubular proteinuria, tubular dysfunctions (such as urine acidification defects, salt wasting, and impaired excretion of ammonia, uric acid, and phosphate), scant urinary sediment, bilateral and symmetrically reduced kidney size, accompanied by severe anaemia, disproportionate to the degree of GFR reduction. There is no specific therapy for BEN; patients should therefore be treated as all patients with chronic kidney disease, in general. The use of distant water supplies or moving to another residence area should be advised to affected families. Careful evaluation for urothelial cancers is mandatory in patients with haematuria.
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Asenso, Okyere W., ed. Socio-economic approach to the control of schistosomiasis in endemic areas in Ghana: A feasibility study in the Densu River Basin area. Legon: Institute of Statistical, Social, and Economic Research, University of Ghana, 1988.
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Restrepo, Angela, Angel A. Gónzalez, and Beatriz L. Gómez. Endemic dimorphic fungi. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0016.
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Endemic dimorphic infections are acquired by inhalation of fungal spores which undergo a thermal transition to a yeast-like phase in the host. The causative organisms are geographically restricted and are isolated from the environment; likewise, the infections are associated with people living in, or visiting, these endemic regions. The clinical presentations range from asymptomatic to chronic, and disseminated, depending on the host immune status and other risk factors. The infections and their causative agents are: histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum), paracoccidioidomycosis (Paracoccidioides brasiliensis/lutzii), blastomycosis (Blastomyces dermatitidis/gilchristii), coccidioidomycosis (Coccidioides immitis/posadasii), talaromycosis (previously penicilliosis; Talaromyces [Penicillium] marneffei), and emmonsiosis (Emmonsia species). Diagnosis relies on microscopy and culture, histology, and immunological detection. Owing to their infectious nature, all of these organisms must be handled using biosafety level-3 containment. Treatment is based around azole administration, usually itraconazole, with amphotericin B for the more severe forms or for the most at risk patients.
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1951-, Rossbach M., ed. Total diet survey in goiter endemic areas in Indonesia. Jülich: Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 1995.
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J, Stattersfield A., and BirdLife International, eds. Endemic bird areas of the world: Priorities for biodiversity conservation. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International, 1998.
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J, Stattersfield A., and BirdLife International, eds. Endemic bird areas of the world: Priorities for biodiversity conservation. Cambridge [England]: BirdLife International, 1998.
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12
Totterdell, CJ, AB Costin, DJ Wimbush, and M. Gray. Kosciuszko Alpine Flora: Field Edition. CSIRO Publishing, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486309122.
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Around Australia’s highest mountain lies a rare ecosystem, an alpine area of outstanding beauty and diversity, strikingly different from other alpine ecosystems of the world but with common features.
Kosciuszko Alpine Flora describes and illustrates the area’s 212 flowering plants and ferns, of which 21 are endemic. It discusses the geological and human history of the area, the life-forms and habitats of the plants, and explores the various plant communities and their environmental relationships.
Ideal for the tourist or general interest reader, this field edition excludes the detailed taxonomic section.
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Cressy, Robert. Venture Capital. Edited by Anuradha Basu, Mark Casson, Nigel Wadeson, and Bernard Yeung. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199546992.003.0014.
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Venture capital has, in recent years become a substantial and growing area of academic research. It is still a comparatively young field and several of the fundamental questions raised by scholars working within it remain to be answered. The survey in this article aims to provide an overview of the current scholarly answers to several questions. In doing so it attempts as far as possible to cut through the jargon and hyperbole endemic to the subject and to provide convenient access to the main issues.
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Costin, AB, M. Gray, CJ Totterdell, and DJ Wimbush. Kosciuszko Alpine Flora. CSIRO Publishing, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643101142.
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Around Australia’s highest mountain lies a rare ecosystem, an alpine area of outstanding beauty and diversity, strikingly different from other alpine ecosystems of the world but with common features.
Kosciuszko Alpine Flora describes and illustrates the area’s 212 flowering plants and ferns, of which 21 are endemic. It discusses the geological and human history of the area, the life-forms and habitats of the plants, and explores the various plant communities and their environmental relationships.
The book contains identification keys, detailed descriptions, and distribution and habitat notes for each species. Superb colour photographs show details of flowers, fruit, foliage, and ecology.
Finalist Scholarly Reference section - The Australian Awards for Excellence in Educational Publishing 2001
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Thompson, John D. Plant Evolution in the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198835141.001.0001.
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Plant Evolution in the Mediterranean: Insights for conservation brings together a diverse literature on the Mediterranean flora in a detailed but synthetic account of plant evolutionary ecology. The central themes of ecological dynamics and evolutionary differentiation are developed at two spatial scales: habitat variation across the landscape and biogeographic processes across the Mediterranean. The history of the Mediterranean region is at the heart of this account and is described within a triptych that links geological and climatic history to the advent and history of human activities. The Mediterranean region is a hotspot of plant biodiversity, a key ingredient of which is its richness in endemic species. A primary question motivating this book concerns the role of historical factors and spatial environmental variation in the evolution of endemism. The Mediterranean landscape is a mosaic of ecological conditions, often with variation over short distances. A second focus is on the ecological and historical factors that mediate dispersal, reproduction, and adaptive trait variation in this mosaic landscape. With an ever-growing human footprint on the Mediterranean region, this book addresses a third major theme concerning the vulnerability and conservation of the flora. Alongside a traditional approach to rare species and protected area management, the book argues for the integration of the loss of evolutionary potential as a priority in conservation policy and practice. This accessible text is aimed at students and researchers in plant evolution, ecology, biogeography, and conservation science. It will be of interest to scientists and natural history societies worldwide.
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Burdmann, Emmanuel A., and Vivekanad Jha. Rickettsiosis. Edited by Vivekanand Jha. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0193.
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Rickettsiae are obligate intracellular bacteria transmitted by arthropods to a vertebrate host. Clinically relevant rickettsioses have a similar clinical pattern, manifesting as an acute febrile disease accompanied by headache, articular and muscle pain, and malaise.Epidemic typhus is a worldwide distributed disease caused by the Rickettsia prowazekii, with a human louse as a vector. Data on epidemic typhus-related renal injury is extremely scarce.Murine typhus is caused by the Rickettsia typhi and has a rodent flea as the vector. It is one of the most frequent rickettsioses, and is usually a self-limited febrile illness. Proteinuria, haematuria, elevations in serum creatinine (SCr) and/or blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and AKI have been reported. The real frequency of renal involvement in murine typhus is unknown. Renal abnormalities recover after the infectious disease resolution.Scrub typhus, caused by the Orientia tsutsugamushi, has the Leptotrombidium mite larva as vector. It is endemic in the Tsutsugamushi triangle delimited by Japan, Australia, India, and Siberia. It can manifest either as a self-limiting disease or as a severe, life-threatening multiorgan illness. Early administration of adequate antibiotics is essential to prevent adverse outcomes. Proteinuria, haematuria, and acute kidney injury (AKI) are frequent.Tick-borne rickettsioses are caused by bacteria from the spotted fever group and have ticks as vectors. Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is caused by Rickettsia rickettsii. It is the most severe of the spotted fever rickettsial diseases, causing significant morbidity and lethality. RMSF occurs in North, Central, and South America. Renal impairment is frequent in severe forms of RMSF. Mediterranean spotted fever is caused by Rickettsia conorii, and is endemic in the Mediterranean area. It is usually a benign disease, but may have a severe course, clinically similar to RMSF. Haematuria, proteinuria, increased serum creatinine, and AKI may occur. Japanese spotted fever is caused by Rickettsia japonica. Lethal cases are reported yearly and AKI has occurred in the context of multiple organ failure.
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Esler, Karen J., Anna L. Jacobsen, and R. Brandon Pratt. The Biology of Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739135.001.0001.
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The world’s mediterranean-type climate regions (including areas within the Mediterranean, South Africa, Australia, California, and Chile) have long been of interest to biologists by virtue of their extraordinary biodiversity and the appearance of evolutionary convergence between these disparate regions. Comparisons between mediterranean-type climate regions have provided important insights into questions at the cutting edge of ecological, ecophysiological and evolutionary research. These regions, dominated by evergreen shrubland communities, contain many rare and endemic species. Their mild climate makes them appealing places to live and visit and this has resulted in numerous threats to the species and communities that occupy them. Threats include a wide range of factors such as habitat loss due to development and agriculture, disturbance, invasive species, and climate change. As a result, they continue to attract far more attention than their limited geographic area might suggest. This book provides a concise but comprehensive introduction to mediterranean-type ecosystems. As with other books in the Biology of Habitats Series, the emphasis in this book is on the organisms that dominate these regions although their management, conservation, and restoration are also considered.
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Bell, Stephen, Christine Rockley, and Anne Llewellyn. Flora of the Hunter Region. CSIRO Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486311033.
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The Hunter Region, between the Hawkesbury and Manning rivers in eastern New South Wales, hosts a rich diversity of vegetation, with many species found nowhere else. Spanning an area from the coast to the tablelands and slopes, its rainforests, wet and dry sclerophyll forests, woodlands, heathlands, grasslands and swamps are known for their beauty and ecological significance.
Flora of the Hunter Region describes 54 endemic trees and large shrubs, combining art and science in a manner rarely seen in botanical identification guides. Species accounts provide information on distribution, habitat, flowering, key diagnostic features and conservation status, along with complete taxonomic descriptions. Each account includes stunning botanical illustrations produced by graduates of the University of Newcastle's Bachelor of Natural History Illustration program. The illustrations depict key diagnostic features and allow complete identification of each species.
This publication will be a valuable resource for those interested in the plants of the region, including researchers, environmental consultants, horticulturalists and gardeners, bush walkers, herbaria, and others involved in land management.
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Cardona-Arias, Jaiberth Antonio, Luis Felipe Higuita Gutiérrez, and Juan Carlos Cataño Correa. Vínculos entre minería aurífera y salud: un estudio en Buriticá, Antioquia. Ediciones Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/9789587602876.
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The research about the relation of mining and health has traditionally been carried out ex post, that is, with evaluation of the effects of mining on the health profiles of miners or exposed people, time after to the start of this economic activity. This limits the evaluation of the impact of mining on health, given the lack of knowledge about health indicators prior to the start of mining, or due to the absence of a baseline to analyze series of time. In addition, specific indicators such as vector-borne diseases (for example, malaria morbidity or mortality in endemic areas with mining activity), respiratory problems, effects of contamination with materials used in mining, among other topics, are generally investigated in illegal mining contexts. In Colombia there are few publications about the health profiles in legal mining areas, prior to the mining phase, as a determining aspect to establish a baseline that allows quantitative evaluation of the impacts of this economic activity on the health of the exposed people. This research analyzes the health profile of the residents of a geographic area with the presence of underground gold mining in Buriticá-Antioquia, according to sociodemographic conditions during 2019. The central outcomes of this profile were risk factors related to health services and lifestyle, felt morbidity, overweight and obesity, high blood pressure, STIs, breast disorders, lung conditions, all with their potential socio-economic risks.
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Debus, Stephen. Australasian Eagles and Eagle-like Birds. CSIRO Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486306930.
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Eagles are awe-inspiring birds that have influenced much human endeavour. Australia is home to three eagle species, and in Melanesia there are four additional endemic species. A further three large Australian hawks are eagle-like. Eagles, being at the top of the food chain, are sensitive ecological barometers of human impact on the Earth’s ecosystem services, and all of the six Australian species covered in this book are threatened in at least some states (one also nationally). Three of the four Melanesian tropical forest endemics are threatened or near-threatened.
In Australasian Eagles and Eagle-like Birds, Dr Stephen Debus provides a 25-year update of knowledge on these 10 species as a supplement to the Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds (HANZAB) and recent global treatises, based partly on his own field studies. Included are the first nest or prey records for some Melanesian species. This book places the Australasian species in their regional and global context, reviews their population status and threats, provides new information on their ecology, and suggests what needs to be done in order to ensure the future of these magnificent birds.
Australasian Eagles and Eagle-like Birds is an invaluable resource for raptor biologists, birdwatchers, wildlife rescuers and carers, raptor rehabilitators and zookeepers.
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Chang, Ellen T., and Allan Hildesheim. Nasopharyngeal Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0026.
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The main epithelial malignancy arising in the nasopharynx is nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Although rare throughout most of the world, NPC has a unique geographic distribution, with high-risk endemic areas in southern China and parts of Southeast Asia, intermediate incidence rates elsewhere in Southeast Asia, North Africa, the Arctic, the Middle East, and among Asian and Pacific Islander migrants, and very low risk in other areas. The great majority of NPC cases worldwide are non-keratinizing tumors; these predominate in endemic, high-incidence areas and comprise up to half of tumors in low-incidence populations. The other histologic subtype of NPC, keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma, accounts for 40%–50% of cases in low-incidence areas. Infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a necessary but not sufficient cause of non-keratinizing NPC, though it is more weakly associated with keratinizing squamous cell tumors. Tobacco smoking increases the risk of both subtypes.
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Rentz, David. Tettigoniidae of Australia Volume 3. CSIRO Publishing, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643105324.
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This third volume in the series will assist with identification and study of this important genus. Specialised collecting techniques, and the rearing of immature specimens, have yielded many more species than would otherwise have been recorded using only normal collecting techniques.
The work accounts for four subfamilies, two of which, the Tympanophorinae and Microtettigoniinae, are endemic to Australia. Each of these endemic subfamilies is represented by a single genus containing several species.
Tettigonidae of Australia Volume 3 will be a valuable resource for orthoptera researchers and academics, general entomologists, as well as those with an interest in the ecology and conservation issues related to grasshoppers.
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Moriuchi, Hiroyuki. Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190604813.003.0010.
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Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), a human retrovirus that infects an estimated 10–20 million people worldwide, has endemic foci in Japan, West and Central Africa, the Caribbean, Central and South America, and Melanesia. Also, it is the etiological agent of a lymphoproliferative malignancy, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), as well as chronic inflammatory diseases such as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-1 can be transmitted vertically, sexually, or by blood-borne transmission. ATLL occurs in approximately 5% of carriers who are infected during early childhood, and primary prevention is the only strategy likely to reduce this fatal disease. Children born to carrier mothers acquire the virus predominantly from breastfeeding. In endemic areas, mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) can be significantly reduced by screening pregnant women for the HTLV-1 antibody, followed by replacing breastfeeding with exclusive formula feeding. Indications for serological screening and recommendations for prevention of perinatal transmission are reviewed in this chapter.
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Rostagno, Massimo, Carlo Altavilla, Giacomo Carboni, Wolfgang Lemke, Roberto Motto, Arthur Saint Guilhem, and Jonathan Yiangou. Monetary Policy in Times of Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895912.001.0001.
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The 20th anniversary of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) offers an opportunity to look back on the record of the European Central Bank (ECB) and learn lessons that can improve the conduct of policy in the future. This volume charts the way the ECB has defined, interpreted, and applied its monetary policy framework—its strategy—over the years from its inception, in search of evidence and lessons that can inform those reflections. Our ‘Tale of Two Decades’ is largely a tale of ‘two regimes’: one—stretching slightly beyond the ECB’s mid-point—marked by decent growth in real incomes and a distribution of shocks to inflation almost universally to the upside; and the second—starting well into the post-Lehman period—characterized by endemic instability and crisis, with the distribution of shocks eventually switching from inflationary to continuously disinflationary. We show how the most defining feature of the ECB’s monetary policy framework, its characteristic definition of price stability with a hard 2 per cent ceiling, functioned as a key shock absorber in the relatively high-inflation years prior to the crisis, but offered a softer defence in the face of the disinflationary forces that hit the euro area in its aftermath. The imperative to halt persistent disinflation in the post-crisis era therefore called for a radical, unprecedented policy response, comprising negative policy rates, enhanced forms of forward guidance, a large asset purchase programme and targeted long-term loans to banks. We study the multidimensional interactions among these four instruments and quantify their impact on inflation and the macroeconomy.
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Tibbett, Mark, ed. Mining in Ecologically Sensitive Landscapes. CSIRO Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643106369.
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Mining in Ecologically Sensitive Landscapes explores the interface between geology and botany, and mining and conservation. Many areas of unusual geology that contain ore-bearing bodies also support unique ecological communities of plants and animals. Increasing demand to exploit rich mineral deposits can lead to a conflict between mining and conservation interests in such landscapes.
This book brings together experts in the field of mining and conservation to grapple with this pressing issue and to work toward a positive outcome for all. Chapters are grouped into four themes: Introduction, Concepts and Challenges; Endemism in Ironstone Geosystems; Progress in Bauxite Mining; and Ways Forward.
The book focuses on natural and semi-natural ecosystems, where landscape beauty, biodiversity and conservation value are at their highest measure and the mineral wealth they contain can bring affluence of regional or even national importance. Examples of conflicts ranging from threatened floristic endemics to human ecology are included, from Africa, the Americas and Australasia.
Mining in Ecologically Sensitive Landscapes is an important reference for environmental managers, NGOs, restoration ecologists, academics, undergraduate and postgraduate students of ecology and environmental studies, conservation biologists, as well as mine managers, mining environmental specialists, consultants, regulators and relevant government departments.
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Guideline for Preventive Chemotherapy for the Control of Taenia solium Taeniasis. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275123720.
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The larval stage of the parasite Taenia solium can encyst in the central nervous system causing neurocysticercosis, which is the main cause of acquired epilepsy in the countries in which the parasite is endemic. Endemic areas are those with the presence (or likely presence) of the full life cycle of Taenia solium. The parasite is most prevalent in poor and vulnerable communities in which pigs roam free, open defecation is practiced, basic sanitation is deficient, and health education is absent or limited. Several tools are available for the control of Taenia solium. Preventive chemotherapy for Taenia solium taeniasis, which is directed at the adult tapeworm, is one of them. Other tools focus on pig management, pig vaccination and treatment, sanitation and hygiene, and community education. Three potential drugs—niclosamide, praziquantel, and albendazole—have been considered for use for preventive chemotherapy in Taenia solium taeniasis control programs through mass drug administration or targeted chemotherapy. In this Guideline, we provide recommendations for preventive chemotherapy in Taenia solium-endemic areas using niclosamide, praziquantel, or albendazole, including at which dose and in which population groups. The development of this Guideline is based on the latest standard World Health Organization methods for guideline development, including the use of systematic search strategies, synthesis, quality assessment of the available evidence to support the recommendations, and participation of experts and stakeholders in the Guideline Development Group and External Review Group. The recommendations are intended for a wide audience, including policymakers and their expert advisers, and technical and program staff at governmental institutions and organizations involved in the planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of preventive chemotherapy programs for the control of Taenia solium.
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Richardson, Ken. Australia's Amazing Kangaroos. CSIRO Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643097407.
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This book provides an authoritative source of information on kangaroos and their relatives. Topics include: species characteristics and biology, adaptations and function, and conservation. The book also discusses culling and the commercial kangaroo harvest, as well as national attitudes to kangaroos and their value for tourism.
There are 71 recognised species of kangaroo found in Australasia. Of these, 46 are endemic to Australia, 21 are endemic to the island of New Guinea, and four species are found in both regions. The various species have a number of common names, including bettong, kangaroo, pademelon, potoroo, quokka, rat kangaroo, rock wallaby, tree kangaroo, wallaby and wallaroo.
Illustrated in full colour, Australia’s Amazing Kangaroos will give readers insight into the world of this intriguing marsupial – an animal that has pride of place on the Australian Coat of Arms.
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Thakur, Kiran. Malaria. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0163.
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Malaria persists despite efforts for global eradication and vaccine development, and continues to prove lethal in endemic regions. The neurological manifestations of malaria are often devastating, with a high mortality rate and significant morbidity in survivors. A major life threatening complication of malaria infection is cerebral malaria (CM), most commonly occurring in children in sub-Saharan Africa and adults in Southeast Asia. There should be a high suspicion for CM in patients who present in coma residing in or having recently traveled to malaria endemic regions. Other neurological manifestations posing significant morbidity include postmalaria neurological syndrome and side effects due to antimalarial medications. Discussions in this chapter are focused around the neurobiology of malaria infection, and the host- and pathogen-related factors that contribute to neurological manifestations of the mosquito-borne illness.
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Merino, Esperanza, and Eliseo Pascual. Brucellar arthritis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0104.
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Joint infection is the most common local complication of brucellosis and is a frequent cause of infectious arthritis in endemic areas. Brucellosis is prevalent in countries of the Mediterranean basin, the Near East, South America, and possibly sub-Saharan Africa. Brucella melitensis and B. abortus are the most common species. Arthralgia occurs in 70% of patients with brucellosis, Large peripheral joints are a common site of localized infection. The sacroiliac joint is frequently involved (30–75%) in recent series. First-line treatment is with doxycycline combined with either streptomycin or gentamycin.
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Monath, Thomas P., and J. Erin Staples. Yellow fever. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0045.
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Yellow fever is an acute mosquito-borne flavivirus infection characterized in its full-blown form by fever, jaundice, albuminuria, and haemorrhage. Two forms are distinguished: urban yellow fever in which the virus is spread from person to person by peridomestic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and jungle (sylvan) yellow fever transmitted by tree-hole breeding mosquitoes between non-human primates and sometimes humans. Yellow fever is endemic and epidemic in tropical areas of the Americas and Africa but has never appeared in Asia or the Pacific region. Prevention and control are effected principally through yellow fever vaccination.
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Parvini, Neema. Shakespeare's Moral Compass. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474432870.001.0001.
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This ground-breaking study fearlessly combines latest research in evolutionary psychology, historical scholarship and philosophy to answer a question that has eluded critics for centuries: what is Shakespeare’s moral vision? At a political and cultural moment in which many of us are taking stock and looking for meaning, and in which moral outrage and polarisation seem endemic, this book radically reimagines how we might approach great works of literature to find some answers.
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Mesquita, Emersom C., and Fernando A. Bozza. Diagnosis and management of viral haemorrhagic fevers in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0293.
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In a globalized scenario where widespread international travel allows viral agents to migrate from endemic to non-endemic areas, health care providers and critical care specialists must be able to readily recognize a suspected case of viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF). Early suspicion is pivotal for improving patient outcome and to ensure that appropriate biosafety measures be applied. VHFs are acute febrile illnesses marked by coagulation disorders and organ specific syndromes. VHFs represent a great medical challenge because diseases are associated with a high mortality rate and many VHFs have the potential for person-to-person transmission (Filoviruses, Arenavioruses, and Bunyaviroses). Dengue is the most frequent haemorrhagic viral disease and re-emergent infection in the world and, due to its public health relevance, severe dengue will receive special attention in this chapter. The diagnosis of VHFs is made by detecting specific antibodies, viral antigens (ELISA) and viral nucleic acid (RT-PCR) on blood samples. Supportive care is the cornerstone in the treatment of VHFs. Ribavirin should be started as soon as a case of VHF is suspected and discontinued if a diagnosis of Filovirus or Flavivirus infection is established. Adjunctive antimicrobial therapy is usually implemented to treat co-existing or secondary infections. Antimalarial treatment should also be initiated if a malaria test (thick blood films) is not quickly available and/or reliable and patients travel history is compatible. It is always recommended to apply appropriate biosafety measures and notify local infection control unit and state and national authorities.
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Wang, Qiao-Ping, and Zhao-Rong Lun. Angiostrongylus cantonensis and Human angiostrongylosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0066.
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Angiostrongylus cantonensis was first discovered in rats in Guangzhou (Canton), China in 1935 (Chen 1935). A. cantonensis is a zoonotic pathogen, which causes human angiostrongylosis with the main clinical manifestation of eosinophilic meningitis. The first case of human angiostrongylosis was reported in Taiwan in 1945. Subsequently several outbreaks of this disease occurred in Pacific Islands (Rosen et al. 1961; Kliks and Palumbo 1992). In the past decade, a number of outbreaks of human angiostrongylosis have emerged in some endemic regions, especially in China (Wang et al. 2008). Additionally, increasing numbers of travellers are diagnosed with eosinophilic meningitis caused by A. cantonensis after returning from endemic regions (Lo et al. 2001; Slom et al. 2002; Bartschi et al. 2004; Podwall et al. 2004; Kumar et al. 2005; Leone et al. 2007; Ali et al. 2008). The parasite continues to threaten human beings, especially people living in the Pacific Islands and Asia. So far, at least 2,825 cases have been recorded; of them, 1,337 were reported in Thailand, 769 in China (Hong Kong and Taiwan), 256 in Tahiti, 116 in the USA (Hawaii and Samoa) and 114 cases in Cuba (Wang et al. 2008).
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Rentz, DCF. Tettigoniidae of Australia Volume 2. CSIRO Publishing, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643105317.
Full textAbstract:
This volume covers three subfamilies, all endemic to Australia. The Phasmodinae are a small group with one genus and four species living in the heath habitats of Western Australia. The Zaprochilinae are represented in the literature by two genera, each with a single species. This volume reveals that four genera are present in Australia, one with more than twelve species. Like the Phasmodinae, the Zaprochilinae feed on flowers but, unlike that group where the flower is destroyed, evidence suggests that only pollen and nectar are eaten and the flower remains intact.
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Shaner, Katherine A. Epilogue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190275068.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
Power struggles involving the ambiguous status of enslaved persons in leadership roles were endemic to first- and second-century religious practices within Ephesian groups, including early Christian groups. Indeed, these power struggles illustrate a fundamental problem in the study of slavery both ancient and contemporary: stable definitions of slavery are often declared in service to reifying kyriarchal leadership and power. Early Christian communities, like communities today, are not immune to this problem despite declarations of equality within them. Future scholarship as well as the contemporary religious communities need to reckon with the challenge to configure power differently from enslaved, kyriarchal logics.
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Tan, Tina Q., John P. Flaherty, and Melvin V. Gerbie. Travel Vaccines. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190604776.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
Vaccines for travelers visiting countries or regions in which vaccine preventable infectious disease is endemic are discussed. This chapter also discusses vaccination recommendations for health-care workers, animal handlers, veterinarians, and others who are in regular contact with bodily fluids, human waste, live animals, or animal parts. Specific illnesses such as yellow fever, typhoid fever, cholera, and rabies are discussed in detail relating to their geographic sites, clinical courses, incubation periods, transmissibilities, treatments, and vaccine prophylaxes. Typhoid fever history in the US is discussed. The need and usefulness of certified Travel Clinics are emphasized. Each illness has specific FAQs providing useful responses to patient concerns.
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Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng, and Anne Bardsley. Vitamin A in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
Vitamin A is critical for visual and reproductive function, supports resistance to infection, and is required for the development of multiple organ systems. including the heart, lungs, kidneys, and skeleton. Both excess and deficiency of vitamin A in pregnancy are associated with birth defects. High intakes of vitamin A, either in the form of supplements or in concentrated food sources such as liver, should be avoided in pregnancy, particularly between day 15 and day 60 post conception. However, in areas with endemic vitamin A deficiency, supplementation in late pregnancy is recommended to prevent night blindness. Most women who are at low nutritional risk can meet their early pregnancy vitamin A requirement from food sources, but should increase their vitamin A intake from food during the third trimester and through lactation.
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Allen, William. 2. Epic. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199665457.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
Epic was a prestigious but also malleable and enduring ancient literary form. ‘Epic’ shows that in societies where warfare was endemic, a genre which both celebrated and explored such concepts as military heroism, loyalty, and masculinity would never lose its relevance or popularity. From Homer's Iliad and Odyssey— tales of the Trojan War and Odysseus' return to Ithaca — to Appollonius' Argonautica, Ennius' Annals, and Virgil's Aeneid, the classical epic settings of the mythical world of gods and heroes are described. The didactic epic, whose aim was to instruct the reader in subjects as varied as farming, hunting, philosophy, and science, is also considered.
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Garland, David. 6. Problems. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199672660.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
The welfare state is, at its core, a problem-solving apparatus, designed to manage dysfunctions that are endemic to the economic and social life of modern nations. But welfare states also generate problems of their own—such as moral hazards, excessive bureaucracy, soaring costs, and labour market rigidities—that sometimes threaten to bring the whole enterprise into disrepute. ‘Problems’ shows that these issues are troubling and consequential, but in weighing their significance we ought always to ask: ‘what can be done?’ and ‘what are the alternatives?’ That the welfare state has its problems is undeniable. The real question is whether these problems are manageable and how they compare to those of other arrangements.
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Natarajan, Pavithra, and Nick Beeching. Protozoal infection: Gut organisms. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0316.
Full textAbstract:
Protozoa are single-celled (unicellular) eukaryotic organisms. There are many protozoa causing parasitic infection in humans. This chapter will concentrate on the three that most commonly causes gastrointestinal disease worldwide and have the biggest impact in the UK: Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium spp., and Entamoeba histolytica. These three infections are of great significance worldwide, but are less common in Western settings. In the UK, they tend to be seen in more commonly in travellers returning from endemic countries, migrant populations, men who have sex with men, and the immunocompromised. The clinical features of all three infections vary from asymptomatic small- or large-bowel carriage with passage of cysts to infect others, to more serious manifestations.
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Budke, Christine M., Hélène Carabin, and Paul R. Torgerson. Health impact assessment and burden of zoonotic diseases. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
Numerous zoonotic diseases cause morbidity, mortality and productivity losses in both humans and animal populations. Recent studies suggest that these diseases can produce large societal impacts in endemic areas. Estimates of monetary impact and disease burden provide essential, evidence-based data for conducting cost-benefit and cost-utility analyses that can contribute to securing political will and financial and technical resources. To evaluate burden, monetary and non-monetary impacts of zoonoses on human health, agriculture and society should be comprehensively considered. This chapter reviews the framework used to assess the health impact and burden of zoonoses and the data needed to estimate the extent of the problem for societies. Case studies are presented to illustrate the use of burden of disease assessment for the zoonotic diseases cystic echinococcosis, Taenia solium cysticercosis, brucellosis and rabies.
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Michael, Damian, and David Lindenmayer. Rocky Outcrops in Australia. CSIRO Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486307913.
Full textAbstract:
Rocky outcrops are landscape features with disproportionately high biodiversity values relative to their size. They support specialised plants and animals, and a wide variety of endemic species. To Indigenous Australians, they are sacred places and provide valuable resources. Despite their ecological and cultural importance, many rocky outcrops and associated biota are threatened by agricultural and recreational activities, forestry and mining operations, invasive weeds, altered fire regimes and climate change.
Rocky Outcrops in Australia: Ecology, Conservation and Management contains chapters on why this habitat is important, the animals that live and depend on these formations, key threatening processes and how rocky outcrops can be managed to improve biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes, state forests and protected areas. This book will be an important reference for landholders, Landcare groups, naturalists interested in Australian wildlife and natural resource managers.
Recipient of the 2018 Whitley Certificate of Commendation for Landscape Zoology
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Bittleston, Leonora S. Commensals of Nepenthes pitchers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779841.003.0023.
Full textAbstract:
Carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants contain aquatic ecosystems within each fluid-filled pitcher. Communities of arthropods and microbes colonize pitcher pools, and some organisms are endemic to the pitcher habitat. Flies and mites are the most apparent colonizers, and together with numerous protists, fungi, and bacteria, they form a food web of predators, decomposers, and primary producers. Bacterial diversity and composition are correlated strongly with fluid pH. Closely related organisms co-occur within pitchers, suggesting that competition is not the primary structuring force of pitcher communities. Pitchers are ephemeral habitats when compared with surrounding soil, and the former communities have fewer organisms and are less predictable than the latter. It is still unknown to what extent pitcher plants and their inhabitants influence one another’s fitness.
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Brock, Paul D., and Jack W. Hasenpusch. Complete Field Guide to Stick and Leaf Insects of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643097087.
Full textAbstract:
Australia has a rich diversity of phasmids – otherwise known as stick and leaf insects. Most of them are endemic, few have been studied and new species continue to be found. Stick insects are, by far, Australia’s longest insects – some of them reach up to 300 mm in body length, or more than half a metre if you include their outstretched legs. Many stick insects are very colourful, and some have quite elaborate, defensive behaviour. Increasingly they are being kept as pets.
This is the first book on Australian phasmids for nearly 200 years and covers all known stick and leaf insects. It includes photographs of all species, notes on their ecology and biology as well as identification keys suitable for novices or professionals.
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Burk, Dan L. Patents and Related Rights. Edited by Rochelle Dreyfuss and Justine Pila. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198758457.013.22.
Full textAbstract:
Patents, along with the related systems of utility models and plant breeders’ rights, are the forms of intellectual property most closely associated with technological innovation. Some form of patent system is found in essentially all modern states, and patents have become a ubiquitous feature of the global legal and technical environment. Patents and related rights are therefore highly dynamic areas of law, displaying constant evolution of doctrine simultaneously in multiple jurisdictions. The shifting diversity of national approaches offers an opportunity to consider how characteristic themes and problems of patent law have been approached from different perspectives, and lend a sense of better, worse, and alternative solutions to the problem of prompting technical innovation. Consequently, this chapter surveys particular doctrinal problems in patent law and allied laws, uses them to illustrate both broad theoretical issues endemic to such laws, and ties those issues to ongoing controversies that have attracted widespread interest.
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Denis, Blandine, Fanny Lanternier, and Olivier Lortholary. Fungal infections among patients with AIDS. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0033.
Full textAbstract:
Fungal infections are the most common opportunistic infections occurring in HIV-infected patients, though their incidence has decreased dramatically with the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Most cases occur in untreated/non-compliant patients or patients whose multiple antiretroviral regimens have failed. They are a good marker of the severity of cellular immunodepression. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia remains a frequent opportunistic infection in rich resource settings, and cryptococcosis a major problem in the Southern Hemisphere. In endemic areas, infections due to dimorphic fungi are an important group. An exhaustive search for dissemination should be made in HIV-infected patients—at least for those at an advanced stage of immune deficiency. Introduction of cART in combination with antifungal treatment depends on the risk of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) progression, and on the risk of cumulative toxicity and the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome if introduced too early. Fungal infections remain a problem in the cART era.
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Cohen, Jeffrey A., Justin J. Mowchun, Victoria H. Lawson, and Nathaniel M. Robbins. A 44-Year-Old Man with Bilateral Facial Droop. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190491901.003.0017.
Full textAbstract:
Facial neuropathy is most commonly seen as an idiopathic unilateral palsy known as Bell’s palsy. Generally, acute onset of typical lower motor neuron facial weakness that is not associated with other atypical or suspicious features, remains unilateral, and recovers completely requires no further workup. A recurrent or bilateral peripheral facial palsy makes an idiopathic cause less likely and prompts a more in-depth workup. The appropriate work-up of unilateral or bilateral facial palsy guided by the presence or absence of associated clinical findings is discussed. The major differentials for bilateral facial paresis include brainstem (especially pontine and prepontine) tumors, Lyme disease (especially in endemic areas), basal menigitides, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and sarcoidosis.
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Mayr, Roman, and Maximilian Burger. Squamous cell bladder cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0080.
Full textAbstract:
In the developed countries, over 90% of the bladder cancer cases are transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), adenocarcinomas, and rare types of bladder cancer comprising the remaining 10% of bladder cancer cases. In Western regions, pure SCC of the bladder constitutes 1.2–4.5% of all bladder tumours. SCC can occur in both non-bilharzial and bilharzial bladders; the two subtypes differ in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical outcome. Squamous cell carcinoma in the bilharzial bladder is an endemic disease in many regions of the Middle East, Africa, Southeast Asia, and South America. The knowledge of SCC of the bladder is nevertheless important due to different aetiology, clinical pathways, and clinical outcome.
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Bicanic, Tihana, and Thomas S. Harrison. Fungal central nervous system infections. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0022.
Full textAbstract:
Infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are amongst the most severe of all fungal infections. Cryptococcus neoformans is the commonest cause of adult meningitis in many countries with high HIV prevalence. C gattii is usually seen in the tropics in apparently immunocompetent patients. Meningitis is also caused by Candida in premature babies, and by the dimorphic fungi in endemic areas. CNS infections with Aspergillus, the mucormycetes, and less common moulds usually present as intracranial mass lesions in immunocompromised hosts. Early suspicion, prompt imaging, and appropriate samples for culture, histology, and antigen and molecular tests are all critical for early diagnosis. Organism-specific antifungal therapy relies largely on liposomal amphotericin B and voriconazole, with therapeutic drug monitoring for the latter. Amphotericin B plus flucytosine is recommended for cryptococcal meningitis. Management of underlying conditions is also critical. Targeted prophylaxis in highest risk groups and pre-emptive therapy for HIV-associated cryptococcosis hold promise for prevention and improved outcome.
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Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng, and Anne Bardsley. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
Riboflavin is a cofactor for enzymes involved in energy generation, biosynthesis, detoxification, and electron-scavenging pathways, as well as in the metabolism of other B vitamins. Deficiency is rare in developed countries; it is encountered almost invariably in combination with deficit of other B vitamins in areas of poor overall nutrition. Deficiency is endemic in populations whose staple diet consists of rice and wheat, with low or no consumption of meat and dairy products. Infants of riboflavin-deficient mothers tend to be deficient themselves at birth and remain deficient through breastfeeding and weaning. To ensure adequate riboflavin supply in both mother and infant, an increase in dairy products and/or meat consumption, particularly during lactation, may be necessary in some women.