Dissertations / Theses: 'Endemic area'

1

Silva, Caso Wilmer, J. Ruiz, Valle Mendoza Juana Del, and Maria J. Pons. "Antibiotic resistance in Bartonella bacilliformis clinical isolates from an endemic area of Peru." Elsevier B.V, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/579762.

Full text

Abstract:

Bartonella bacilliformis is a facultative, intracellular, aerobic, Gram-negative coccobacillus causing the so-called Carrión's disease, a human infection endemic to specific areas mainly inhabited by low-income communities of Peru but also present in other Andean communities. It is considered a truly neglected tropical disease and is transmitted through the bite of female sandflies of the genus Lutzomyia [1]. Carrión's disease has two different clinical presentations; an initial febrile and haemolytic anaemia phase, known as Oroya fever, which has a mortality rate ranging from 44% to 88% in untreated patients; and a second phase characterised by the development of dermal eruptions known as Peruvian wart [1,2].
The study was supported by internal funds from the Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (Lima, Peru); by a grant from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain [PI11/00983], which included FEDER funds; by the UBS Optimus Foundation; and by Generalitat de Catalunya, Departament d’Universitats, Recerca i Societat de la Informació [2014 SGR 26]. MJP has received a postdoctoral fellowship from CONCYTEC/FONDECYT. JR has received a fellowship from the program I3 of the ISCIII [grant no. CES11/012].
Revisión por pares

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Tafatatha, Terence Thawe. "Lymphatic filariasis control in an HIV endemic area in northern Malawi." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2018. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3028723/.

Full text

Abstract:

Lymphatic filariasis (LF) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are major public health problems in Malawi. Coinfections are widespread and there is possibility of important interactions between these two pathogens with consequences for LF control and elimination. There is little available evidence on co-infection and interaction of LF and HIV infections and the study set out to investigate associations and interactions between these two pathogens and determine possible consequences for LF control and elimination through annual mass drug administration (MDA). This thesis presents results from adult study participants in two rural sites in Karonga district, northern Malawi, a region endemic for both LF and HIV. Stored blood samples and data from two geographically separate studies were used. One was a clinical trial of anti-filarial agent dosing regimens in Songwe in the northern part of the district (the Songwe clinical trial), and the other a whole population annual HIV sero-survey with longitudinal follow up data from the southern part of the district (the Karonga Health and Demographic Surveillance System or KHDSS). The main objectives were: 1. To determine the prevalence of LF and HIV co-infections as quantified by the Og4C3 ELISA in a large cross-sectional study in Karonga district, rural northern Malawi. 2. To investigate whether higher and/or more frequent doses of albendazole and ivermectin were more effective in eliminating Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae than the World Health Organisation (WHO) approved standard regimen. 3. To determine the relationship of circulating filarial antigen (CFA) and microfilaria count (MF) by HIV status. 4. To monitor the impact of Mass Drug Administration (MDA) on LF antigenaemia by HIV status by following a cohort of LF antigen positive individuals identified in objective one. 5. To assess the contribution of insecticide treated bed nets (ITNs) to changes in CFA. These objectives were met through three filarial research studies using data from two distinct geographical locations: Study 1, cross-sectional assessment of the relationship of HIV and markers of LF infection; Study 2, clinical trial of anti-filarial dosing regimens and Study 3, longitudinal assessment of the impact of MDA on LF antigenaemia by HIV status. In study 1 (cross-sectional assessment), 1,851 consecutive adult volunteers from the Songwe area of Karonga district were screened for HIV and LF infection. Overall CFA prevalence was 24.1% (447/1851) while CFA prevalence was 25.4% (43/169) in HIV-positive and 23.6% (351/1487) in HIV-negative participants (p=0.57). Geometric mean concentrations (GMC) of CFA were 859 and 1660 antigen units per ml of blood (Ag/ml) respectively, geometric mean ratio (GMR) 0.85, 95% CI 0.49-1.50. In addition, a further 7,863 adults from the KHDSS part of the district had an overall CFA prevalence of 23.8% (1875/7863), a CFA prevalence of 20.9% (86/411) in HIV-positive and 24.0% (1789/7452) in HIV-negative participants (p=0.15) at baseline. GMC CFA was 630 and 839 Ag/ml respectively (GMR 0.75, 95% CI 0.60-0.94). In the HIV-positive group, antiretroviral therapy (ART) use was associated with a lower CFA prevalence, 12.7% (18/142) vs. 25.3% (67/265), (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.24-0.76). Prevalence of CFA decreased with duration of ART use, 15.2% 0-1 year (n=59), 13.6% > 1-2 years (n=44), 10.0% > 2-3 years (n=30) and 0% > 3-4 years treatment (n=9), p < 0.01 ?2 for linear trend. In study 2 (clinical trial), seventy individuals with confirmed circulating LF antigen had microfilarial counts > 80 microfilariae/ml and were randomised as part of a controlled open label clinical trial. The clinical trial compared three modified treatment groups to standard dosage of ivermectin and albendazole in adults. Participants were followed up every six months for two years for repeat microfilarial counts and safety assessments. All treatment groups achieved a significant reduction of microfilariae levels by 12 and 24 months of follow up. Doubling the standard dose and giving it twice yearly showed a non-significant tendency towards faster and more complete clearance. There were no serious adverse reactions. In study 3 (longitudinal assessment), the cohort was derived from study 1 and comprised of 1722 baseline CFA positive individuals who had a follow up blood sample and a random sample of 939 baseline CFA negative individuals. Of the 1722 baseline CFA positive individuals, 524 (30.4%) remained CFA-positive, a clearance rate of 325/1000 person years of follow up while all but two of the 939 CFA-negative individuals at baseline remained negative at follow up, an incidence of 1/1000 person years of follow up. Using logistic regression, two doses of annual MDA was independently associated with decreased CFA positivity while bed net ownership and HIV status were not associated with CFA positivity. In the HIV-positive subgroup, ART use did not show any association with CFA positivity at follow up. This is the first investigation of this magnitude into HIV and LF co-infection in Malawi and it adds significantly to existing knowledge in the field. The cross-sectional study of two distinct LF-exposed populations confirms that there is no evidence that HIV infection has an impact on LF epidemiology that will interfere with LF control measures. A significant association of ART use with lower CFA prevalence merits further investigation to understand this apparent beneficial impact of ART. At follow up, MDA effectively reduced CFA prevalence and worm burden and the effectiveness of MDA treatment is unaffected by HIV co-infection and ART status.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

West, Emily S. "Risk factors for trichiasis recurrence in a trachoma-endemic area of central Tanzania." Available to US Hopkins community, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/dlnow/3068228.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Gomes, Cláudia, Noemí Palma, Isabel Sandoval, Carmen Tinco, Carlos Gutarra, Mayumi Kubota, Joaquim Ruiz, Valle Mendoza Juana Del, and Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC). "Carrion’s Disease: diagnostic and antibody levels in a northern endemic area of Peru." Joint International Tropical Medicine Meeting, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/566979.

Full text

Abstract:

The objective of this study was to compare 2 different techniques used in Peru for diagnostic and evaluate the antibody titters for B. bacilliformis in inhabitants of both post-outbreak and one established endemic area.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Antel, Katherine Rae. "Lymphoma: Understanding the diagnostic challenges and improving outcomes in a TBand HIV-endemic area." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33628.

Full text

Abstract:

Background and aims Diagnosing lymphoma can be challenging: even in the best-resourced settings, lymphoma diagnosis may be delayed owing to the insidious onset of symptoms and/or difficulties in obtaining lymph node biopsy for diagnosis. In TB-endemic countries the diagnostic challenges in lymphoma may be further compounded by symptoms overlapping with those of TB and by resource limitations that may impede obtaining a diagnostic biopsy. New lymphoma diagnostic modalities, including the use of nextgeneration sequencing, are evolving rapidly and informing both prognosis and therapy in the field of lymphoma. These modalities of testing are likely to mean that less tissue is needed for assessment, or even that diagnosis can be made from peripheral blood. In this thesis we identify and describe local barriers in the diagnosis of lymphoma; and describe methods used to decrease the time-to-diagnosis of lymphoma and to subtype the most common lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Our four main aims have been to: (i) Describe the pathway to a diagnosis of lymphoma in South Africa, with emphasis on the examination of local barriers to diagnosis (including overlapping symptomatology with TB) by retrospectively studying a cohort of patients with lymphoma. (ii) Investigate the diagnostic utility of the newest TB diagnostic test (the Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra); and apply this test in a diagnostic algorithm for lymphadenopathy of unknown aetiology, both on a fine-needle aspirate (FNA) from a lymph node and on tissue obtained by corebiopsy. (iii) Investigate whether a rapid-access lymph node biopsy clinic that used a core-biopsy method for lymph node biopsy was able to reduce the time-to-diagnosis of lymphoma, and to subtype accurately lymphomas for which subtyping is clinically relevant. (iv) Describe the subtype of DLBCL by HIV status using an immunohistochemical algorithm, in order both to describe the pattern of DLBCL by the most current diagnostic classification and to lay the foundations for further genetic work potentially capable of identifying mutations that could be used for genetic testing in DLBCL locally. Methods Four cohorts were analysed: (i) In the first, a group of 163 patients with lymphoma, the time-to-diagnosis and factors causing a delay in diagnosis were analysed. (ii) In the second, 99 patients with lymphadenopathy of unknown cause were recruited and the sensitivity and specificity of the Ultra were analysed using both fine-needle aspirate (FNA) and a core-biopsy technique. (iii) In the third cohort (n = 130), which included the second cohort of n = 99), outcomes from a rapid-access lymph node biopsy clinic – which used the core-biopsy method for the diagnosis of lymphoma – were analysed. (iv) In the fourth cohort (n = 182), the tissue of patients with DLBCL was analysed based on further immunohistochemical stains using the Hans algorithm in order to determine the molecular subtypes of DLBCL and determine their effect on prognosis. Results (i) In the first cohort ((n = 163), 29% HIV-infected), which was studied retrospectively, it took a median of 7 weeks for the diagnosis of lymphoma to be made from the time the patient sought medical attention. The longest time delay was in the healthcare practitioner interval (time from first healthcare visit to diagnostic biopsy). On multivariable logistic regression analysis, diagnostic delay > 6 weeks was associated with late-stage disease at presentation (odds ratio (OR) 2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–5.2) and a diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.1–8.0). HIV status was not associated with diagnostic delay (OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.3–2.2). The median time to diagnosis for patients on TB treatment was a month longer than for patients not on TB treatment. However, this was not statistically significant owing likely to a small sample size (n = 16, p = 0.28). (ii) In the second cohort, the diagnostic utility of the Ultra on lymph node aspirate and tissue were prospectively evaluated. The Ultra was found to be a sensitive and specific test for diagnosing TB of the lymph node. When compared with culture, the Ultra on aspirate had a sensitivity of 78% (40–97; 7/9) and on tissue 90% (55–100; 9/10). When using a composite reference score that combined both ‘definite TB' (culture positive) and ‘probable TB' (histological and clinical criteria), the Ultra was superior to currently used methods of diagnosing TB of the lymph node, including the detection of AFBs from an aspirate or on tissue biopsy or tissue culture (which had sensitivities of 26%, 33% and 39% respectively). The detection of granulomas on histology had high sensitivity (83%) but the lowest specificity. (iii) In the third cohort, which was studied prospectively, we obtained two important outcomes. Firstly, we showed that a rapid-access lymph node biopsy clinic was able to decrease the time-to-diagnosis of lymphoma when compared with that of cohort one (the historical cohort) to a diagnostic interval of 13.5 days compared with 48 days (p = 0.002). Secondly, the core-biopsy was able to detect lymphoma with a high rate of accuracy. The first-attempt core-biopsy was able to diagnose lymphoma in 84% of cases, and provided sufficient tissue to subtype lymphoma in a high proportion of the lymphoma cases (27/30, 90%). (iv) In the fourth, retrospectively evaluated cohort of patients with DLBCL (n = 181, 51 HIVpositive), there was a similar distribution of germinal centre (GC) and activated B cell (ABC) subtypes in the HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected groups. In contrast to what is reported in HIV-negative DLBCL literature, there were no statistically significant differences in overall survival by DLBCL subtype. Moreover, no significant difference in 5-year overall survival was demonstrated between the GCB and ABC subtypes (HR 1.2, 95% CI 0.8–1.9). Patients with HIV infection with a CD4 count of < 150 CD4 cells/mm3 had significantly poorer survival than those with no HIV infection (HR 2.4, 95% CI 1.3–4.1). Conclusions Making a diagnosis of lymphoma in South Africa is challenging. Two of the greatest challenges are overlapping symptomatology with TB and obtaining an adequate lymph node sample. The Ultra test on lymph node tissue is rapid, sensitive and specific; and can be performed on both FNA and tissue obtained through core-biopsy. Making an accurate diagnosis of TB is of critical importance, as TB is the most common cause for enlarged lymph nodes in TB-endemic areas. A reliable TB test on lymph node tissue will enable both an accurate TB diagnosis and the identification of patients who are negative for TB. The latter will require further investigation with a lymph node biopsy (via core needle or excision). As diagnostic testing and methods evolve in the direction of next-generation platforms, it is important to understand the tumour biology in our local setting, and in HIV-lymphoma, in order to be able to apply these new methods. This thesis describes the subtypes and outcomes seen in HIV DLBCL – knowledge that will be important in developing genetic next-generation sequencing methods that are specific to the type of lymphoma to be found in our context (and which may include genetic mutations induced by the Epstein–Barr virus). A clear diagnostic algorithm for the investigation of lymphadenopathy is presented, pulling together the four aims presented at the start of this section. Considering the prevalence of TB in South Africa, the goal is, in the first instance, to diagnose or exclude TB adenitis. In patients who test negative for TB, the goal then becomes to proceed with a diagnostic biopsy and, from our findings, to support the use of core-biopsy. This method, we have demonstrated, is able to provide sufficient tissue for the diagnosis and subtyping of lymphoma.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Giralico, Leah Catherine. "Drivers and Benefits of Canine Lyme Borreliosis Prevention Methods in a Lyme-Endemic Area." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1587641743548822.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Alver, Kathryn, Anne Simacek, Richard Cosgrove, and David Nix. "Efficacy of Fluconazole Prophylaxis of Coccidiodiomycosis in Post-Transplant Patients in an Endemic Area." The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/614115.

Full text

Abstract:

Class of 2015 Abstract
Objectives: To assess the efficacy of fluconazole prophylaxis in the prevention of coccidioidomycosis in the post-heart transplant patient and to identify risk factors for coccidioidomycosis infection. Methods: Heart transplant patients with ICD-9 code V42.1 from October 2001 to October 2013, were selected and electronic medical records were retrospectively reviewed for coccidioidomycosis history, Coccidiodes serologies, reason for transplantation, immunosuppressive drug therapy regimens, rejection treatment course, fluconazole dose, and demographics. Negative Coccidiodes serology results post transplantation relative to negative Coccidiodes serology results prior to transplantation will be determined using a Chi Square test. Risk factors for disease contraction will be analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Results: Between October 2001 and October 2013, 244 patients received a heart transplant at this institution. Fourteen (5.7%) heart transplant recipients with a negative Coccidiodes serology pre-transplantation had a positive Coccidiodes serology post-transplantation. Nine (64.2%) of those recipients received antifungal prophylaxis (p=0.16). Risk factors for developing a positive Coccidiodes serology included using tacrolimus (p=0.05) and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (p=0.04). Conclusions: Antifungal prophylaxis does not reduce the risk of developing a positive Coccidiodes serology after heart transplantation. Risk factors for developing a positive Coccidiodes serology include the use of tacrolimus and having non-ischemic cardiomyopathy prior to transplant.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

De, Camargo Rafael Xavier. "Effects of Habitat Change on Bird Species Richness in Ontario, Canada." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26258.

Full text

Abstract:

It is generally assumed that when natural habitat is converted to human-dominated cover such area is “lost” to its native species. Extinctions will ensue. The literature generally assumes that species are extirpated as natural area is reduced, following the well-known species-area relationship (SAR). However, SARs have consistently over-estimated species losses resulting from conversion of natural habitat to human-dominated land covers. We hypothesize that the overestimation occurs because these area-based models assume that converted habitat is “lost”, eliminating all species. However, in the real world, conversion of natural land cover to human-dominated cover frequently produces new land covers, different from the original habitat, but not necessarily completely inhospitable to biodiversity. We evaluated the responses of total avian richness, forest bird richness and open habitat bird richness to remaining natural area within 991 quadrats, each 100 km2, across southern Ontario. Total bird species richness does not follow SAR predictions; rather, the number of bird species peaks at roughly 50% natural land cover. The richness of forest birds does follow the usual SAR power-law as a function of forested area. In contrast, richness of birds that prefer open-habitat does not increase monotonically with either natural- or human-dominated land cover. However, we can partition human-dominated land cover into an “available human-dominated” component and “lost” habitat. Richness of open-habitat species relates to the amount of available human-dominated cover. Distinguishing three habitat types (natural, available human-dominated, and lost) permits accurate predictions of species losses in response to natural habitat conversion.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Barbknecht, Andrea Ellen. "Ecology of elk parturition across winter feeding opportunities in the brucellosis endemic area of Wyoming." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Edmunds, David R. "Epidemiology of chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer in the endemic area of Wyoming." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1597631971&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Angus, Stephen Dalziel. "The epidemiology of trypanosomiasis in village livestock in an endemic sleeping sickness area of Western Kenya." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1996. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5426/.

Full text

Abstract:

A longitudinal epidemiological study of trypanosome infections in domestic livestock was carried out over thirteen months in Busia District, an endemic area of Rhodesian sleeping sickness. It was demonstrated that chemoprophylaxis of domestic livestock with Samorin ® (Rhône Poulenc, France) could virtually eliminate the reservoir of potentially human infective T. brucei spp. infections in domestic animals. In addition to being a potentially useful control measure during outbreaks of sleeping sickness, chemoprophylaxis showed a net economic benefit in the productivity of local cattle. The duration of chemoprophylaxis of domestic livestock with Ethidium ® (Laprovet, France) was much less, as was the economic benefit to livestock production, however the level of challenge was much less in this trial. From the relative preference of tsetse flies for each species of domestic animal and the prevalence and incidence of trypanosome infections, it was concluded that cattle and to a lesser extent pigs were the most important species of domestic livestock in the animal reservoir of Rhodesian sleeping sickness in Busia District. Of the risk factors investigated for cattle acquiring trypanosome infections, the most important was an existing trypanosome infection. The effect on the epidemiology of sleeping sickness of a greater than expected interaction between species of trypanosome infecting cattle offers a possible mechanism for the natural control of the animal reservoir of Rhodesian sleeping sickness. Various parasitological diagnostic techniques for the detection of trypanosome infections in cattle in the field were assessed. Maximum sensitivity of diagnosis and minimum bias in the relative importance of each species of trypanosome was achieved by selecting a suitable combination of diagnostic techniques.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Curran, Kathleen L. "Ecology and control of nymphal Ikodes scapularis (Acari : ixodidae) in a residential Lyme-disease endemic area /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487844948075173.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Geleta, Assefa Regassa. "Antibody response to Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis by vaccinated and unvaccinated cattle in an endemic area of South Africa." Diss., Electronic thesis, 2001. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03232005-132023/.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Velez, Maria Rita Perdigão. "Epidemiology and control of canine leishmaniosis: characterization of a previously undescribed endemic area in Catalonia and CaniLeish® vaccine field trial." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664654.

Full text

Abstract:

Leishmaniosis is an important vector-borne zoonosis caused by Leishmania infantum. The disease is widespread across several continents and endemic in the Mediterranean region. The domestic dog is the main vertebrate reservoir for the parasite and control of canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is deemed to be essential for the control of human cases of the disease. Due to the heterogeneous distribution of infection in endemic areas, epidemiological surveillance should be carried out focally, including both screening of canine populations and vector detection, the two determinant factors for parasite survival and expansion. CanL control measures are usually directed at the canine reservoir through the detection and treatment of infected individuals, as well as disease prevention through insecticide treatments and/or canine immunoprophylaxis. Vaccination against CanL is relatively recent and evidence of its impact in infection control at the community level is still insufficient. This is also the case for CaniLeish® vaccine, the first CanL vaccine to be licensed in Europe, in 2011. Pre-licensing studies were performed exclusively in homogeneous populations of beagle dogs, experimentally infected or introduced in endemic areas, and very little is known regarding this vaccine’s performance in native and heterogeneous dog populations from L. infantum endemic areas. The study presented in this thesis is divided into two parts. The first consists of a CanL epidemiological study in Girona province, a previously uncharacterized region of north-eastern Spain. The results obtained confirmed the endemicity of CanL in Girona province, characterized by a high prevalence of L. infantum infection in dogs (19.5%), together with the detection of a significant proportion of asymptomatic infected individuals (93.2%). The increase of dogs’ age and lower altitude of the kennel location were identified as risk factors. The two antigens tested to assess dog exposure to Phlebotomus perniciosus (SGH and rSP03B salivary antigens) proved to be suitable, with specific antibodies showing a marked decrease during the non-transmission season, which allowed detection of recent host exposure to vectors. In addition, detected levels of antibodies against both SGH and rSP03B were associated with seropositivity to L. infantum. The second part of this thesis describes a one year field trial of CaniLeish® vaccine, performed in a native heterogeneous canine population from Girona province. These dogs were kept in their natural housing conditions throughout the study and were naturally exposed to an L. infantum transmission season. Results showed that CaniLeish® vaccine induces the production of non-specific antibodies interfering with the serological diagnosis of L. infantum infection in dogs and that this interference could have a greater impact between one and four months post-vaccination. Vaccine trial results did not confirm CaniLeish® reported efficacy in preventing active L. infantum infection or clinical disease in dogs during the first year post-vaccination. These results were supported by an apparently short-lived vaccine-induced cellular mediated immunity, assessed in this study through the quantification of gamma-interferon (IFN-γ) produced by trial dogs at one and nine months post-vaccination. The results presented in this thesis support the need for maintaining and extending epidemiological surveillance in CanL endemic areas, in order to better characterize current CanL distribution and to anticipate possible L. infantum expansion trends. Additionally, further CaniLeish® evaluation studies are needed, together with active vaccine surveillance, to definitely assess the utility of this vaccine in CanL control at the community level in L. infantum endemic areas.
La leishmaniosis es una zoonosis de transmisión vectorial que en la región mediterránea está causada por Leishmania infantum y presenta al perro como principal reservorio. Su distribución heterogénea hace que la vigilancia epidemiológica deba realizarse de manera focalizada, abarcando tanto la detección de perros infectados como de los flebotomos vectores. Las medidas de control de la leishmaniosis canina (LCan) incluyen la vacunación de perros. En Europa, la primera vacuna para la LCan (CaniLeish®) se autorizó en 2011 y los estudios previos a la licencia se realizaron exclusivamente en poblaciones homogéneas de perros beagle, infectados experimentalmente o introducidos en áreas endémicas. La primera parte de la tesis incluye un estudio epidemiológico de la LCan en la provincia de Girona, previamente sin caracterizar. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron una alta prevalencia de infección por L. infantum (19,5%) y una proporción significativa de individuos infectados asintomáticos (93,2%). Se identificaron como factores de riesgo el aumento de la edad de los perros y la menor altitud de la ubicación de las perreras. El estudio de la exposición de los perros a los flebotomos a través del análisis de los antígenos salivales de Phlebotomus perniciosus (SGH y rSP03B) mostró ser útil. Los niveles de anticuerpos detectados mostraron una marcada disminución durante la temporada de no transmisión, lo que permitiría la detección de la exposición reciente a los vectores, y una asociación significativa con la seropositividad frente a L. infantum. La segunda parte describe un ensayo de campo de un año de CaniLeish®, realizado en una población canina heterogénea natural de Girona. Los perros se mantuvieron en condiciones habituales de alojamiento y estuvieron naturalmente expuestos a una temporada de transmisión. La vacuna indujo la producción de anticuerpos no específicos que interferirían en el diagnóstico serológico de la infección por L. infantum, con un impacto mayor entre uno y cuatro meses después de la vacunación. Los resultados no confirmaron la eficacia de CaniLeish® en la prevención de la infección activa por L. infantum o la enfermedad clínica en perros durante el primer año post-vacunación. Estos resultados fueron respaldados por una inmunidad mediada por células inducida por la vacuna aparentemente de corta duración, evaluada a través de la cuantificación del interferón gamma (IFN-γ).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Bardales-Valdivia, J. N., M. D. Bargues, C. Hoban-Vergara, C. Bardales-Bardales, C. Goicochea-Portal, H. Bazán-Zurita, Valle-Mendoza J. Del, P. Ortiz, and S. Mas-Coma. "Spread of the fascioliasis endemic area assessed by seasonal follow-up of rDNA ITS-2 sequenced lymnaeid populations in Cajamarca, Peru." Elsevier B.V, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/657338.

Full text

Abstract:

Fascioliasis is a worldwide emerging snail-borne zoonotic trematodiasis with a great spreading capacity linked to animal and human movements, climate change, and anthropogenic modifications of freshwater environments. South America is the continent with more human endemic areas caused by Fasciola hepatica, mainly in high altitude areas of Andean regions. The Peruvian Cajamarca area presents the highest human prevalences reported, only lower than those in the Bolivian Altiplano. Sequencing of the complete rDNA ITS-2 allowed for the specific and haplotype classification of lymnaeid snails collected in seasonal field surveys along a transect including 2007–3473 m altitudes. The species Galba truncatula (one haplotype preferentially in higher altitudes) and Pseudosuccinea columella (one haplotype in an isolated population), and the non-transmitting species Lymnaea schirazensis (two haplotypes mainly in lower altitudes) were found. Climatic seasonality proved to influence G. truncatula populations in temporarily dried habitats, whereas L. schirazensis appeared to be more climatologically independent due to its extreme amphibious ecology. Along the southeastern transect from Cajamarca city, G. truncatula and L. schirazensis shared the same site in 7 localities (46.7% of the water collections studied). The detection of G. truncatula in 11 new foci (73.3%), predominantly in northern localities closer to the city, demonstrate that the Cajamarca transmission risk area is markedly wider than previously considered. Lymnaea schirazensis progressively increases its presence when moving away from the city. Results highlight the usefulness of lymnaeid surveys to assess borders of the endemic area and inner distribution of transmission foci. Similar lymnaeid surveys are still in need to be performed in the wide northern and western zones of the Cajamarca city. The coexistence of more than one lymnaeid transmitting species, together with a morphologically indistinguishable non-transmitting species and livestock movements inside the area, conform a complex scenario which poses difficulties for the needed One Health control intervention.
Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad
Revisión por pares

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Silva, Ana Claudia Silveira da. "Zoonoses transmitidas por carrapatos: aspectos regionais e vigilância no vale do Paraíba, Estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6137/tde-26082009-151822/.

Full text

Abstract:

Introdução: A OMS recomendou às Américas, em 2004, implementar e aperfeiçoar sistemas específicos de vigilância epidemiológica das rickettsioses, caracterizando as áreas de transmissão dos diferentes agravos, investindo em vigilância epidemiológica e ambiental ativas. Estas são zoonoses relacionadas aos fatores fundamentais da expansão urbana, bem como ao aumento populacional de vetores e hospedeiros em contato com a população humana. Nas regiões do Vale do Paraíba paulista não há situação de endemia reconhecida, porém esta apresenta semelhanças ambientais e socioeconômicas com outras regiões ditas endêmicas, do Estado de São Paulo, não rara é a ocorrência de carrapatos das espécies descritas como vetores de doenças e ocorre importante intercâmbio de pessoas com objetivos de trabalho e lazer ao longo desta região, inclusive com freqüente fluxo internacional. Método: Avaliação do potencial de risco de transmissão de zoonoses por carrapatos em áreas selecionadas. Através de informações ambientais, prevalência de carrapatos transmissores de zoonoses e acessibilidade da população humana a áreas infestadas, criou-se uma escala para caracterização do risco. Resultados: Em 252 áreas das 6 microrregiões do Vale do Paraíba Paulista, no período de mai./2008 a mar./ 2009, foram encontrados 7.800 carrapatos adultos, além de ninfas e larvas, muitas das quais em criações familiares de coelhos e galinheiros. A classificação final apontou 42,5% das áreas inspecionadas em situação de risco iminente de transmissão de zoonoses por carrapatos. Outros 33% correspondeu ao risco limitado ou moderado. Nos restantes 24% da área estudada a classificação foi risco potencial para transmissão rickettsioses. Recomendações: Às áreas sob risco iminente, de situação de risco de transmissão de zoonoses por carrapatos, recomenda-se que os serviços de saúde locais mantenham uma vigilância acarológica programada e orientações à população. Às áreas sob risco limitado ou moderado, recomenda-se a manutenção de rotina de vigilância acarológica e inclusão da vigilância ambiental, com envolvimento da população. Às áreas sob risco potencial para transmissão de zoonoses, recomenda-se imediata elaboração de estratégias controle para as espécies encontradas, envolvendo os setores de saúde e a população. O aprimoramento da articulação com os serviços regionais e profissionais veterinários é de fundamental importância. Além disso, a estruturação dos serviços de saúde da região, adequação da área física, recursos humanos e materiais, são indispensáveis.
Introduction: OMS recommended America, in the year of 2004, implement and to improve specific systems of epidemic surveillance of the rickettsiasis, characterizing the areas of transmission of the different offences and investing in active epidemic and environmental surveillance. Those zoonosis are related to the fundamental factors of the urban expansion, as well as to the population increase of vectors and hosts in contact with the human population. In the areas called Vale do Paraíba from State of São Paulo there is no situation of recognized endemy, however this presents environmental and socioeconomic similarities with other recognized endemic areas of the State of São Paulo, no rare it is the occurrence of ticks described as vectors of diseases and it happens important exchange of people with work and leisure purposes there, besides with frequent international flow. Method: Evaluation of potential risk of zoonosis transmission by ticks in selected categorized areas. Through environmental information, the prevalence of vector ticks and accessibility of the human population to infested areas, a scale for characterization of the risk was build. Results: In 252 areas of the 6 districts of the Vale do Paraíba, in the Estado de São Paulo, on period between may/2008 and march/ 2009, they were found 7.800 adult ticks, also nymphs and larvas, many of which in family nurturing of rabbits and hen houses. The final classification pointed 42,5% of the inspected areas corresponding to the situation of imminent risk of transmission of zoonosis by ticks. Other 33% correspond to limited risk in the scale. In the remaining 24% of the studied area the classification went potential risk for transmission of tick related rickettsiasis. Recommendations: For the imminent risk areas, it is recommended that the local health services maintain proper vector surveillance and educational programmes for its populations. For the limited risk areas, it is recommended the maintenance of a proper vector surveillance routine and also the inclusion of an environmental surveillance. For the areas under potential transmission risk of those illnesses, priority elaboration of vectors control strategies is strongly recommended with proper engagement of all local health services, as well as the population. The enhancement of the articulation with the regional services and professional veterinarians is fundamental. Besides, an adequate structuring for the local health services administration, with rational and efficient managing of material and human resources, is indispensable.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Ouma, John Henry. "Transmission of Schistosoma Mansoni in an endemic area of Kenya with special reference to the role of human defaecation behaviour and sanitary practices." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.574266.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Palomares-Reyes, Carlos, Wilmer Silva-Caso, Valle Luis J. del, Miguel Angel Aguilar-Luis, Claudia Weilg, Johanna Martins-Luna, Adriana Viñas-Ospino, et al. "Dengue diagnosis in an endemic area of Peru: Clinical characteristics and positive frequencies by RT-PCR and serology for NS1, IgM, and IgG." Elsevier B.V, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/625181.

Full text

Abstract:

This work was supported by Cienciativa of CONCYTEC Peru, under contract number 164-2016-FONDECYT, and the Programa Nacional de Innovación para la Competitividad y Productividad (Innóvate Perú), under contract number 116-PNICP-PIAP-2015.
Background: Huánuco is a central eastern region of Peru whose geography includes high forest and low jungle, as well as a mountain range that constitutes the inter-Andean valleys. It is considered a region endemic for dengue due to the many favorable conditions that facilitate transmission of the virus. Methods: A total of 268 serum samples from patients in Huánuco, Peru with an acute febrile illness were assessed for the presence of dengue virus (DENV) via RT-PCR and NS1, IgM, and IgG ELISA during December 2015 and March 2016. Results: DENV was detected in 25% of samples via RT-PCR, 19% of samples by NS1 antigen ELISA, and 10.5% of samples by IgM ELISA. DENV IgG was detected in 15.7% of samples by ELISA. The most frequent symptoms associated with fever across all groups were headache, myalgia, and arthralgia, with no significant difference between the four test methods Conclusions: In this study, DENV was identified in up to 25% of the samples using the standard laboratory method. In addition, a correlation was established between the frequency of positive results and the serological tests that determine NS1, IgM, and IgG. There is an increasing need for point-of-care tests to strengthen epidemiological surveillance in Peru.
Revisión por pares
Revisión por pares

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Sousa, Mariana Silva. "Up-converting phosphor - lateral flow caa, kato-katz and poc-cca: a comparative analysis in Schistosoma mansoni infection diagnosis in a low endemic area." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=13457.

Full text

Abstract:

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
A esquistossomose acomete pelo menos 230 milhÃes de pessoas e estÃ associada com pelo menos 200.000 mortes anualmente no mundo. A detecÃÃo dos antÃgenos circulantes de Schistosoma estÃ se tornando uma ferramenta promissora para o diagnÃstico de infecÃÃes ativas. Os nÃveis sÃricos desses antÃgenos estÃo relacionados com a carga parasitÃria e a intensidade de infecÃÃo e diminuem rapidamente apÃs o tratamento medicamentoso, demonstrando ser uma abordagem Ãtil tambÃm na avaliaÃÃo da resposta terapÃutica. Foi avaliada a prevalÃncia da infecÃÃo ativa pelo S. mansoni atravÃs do ensaio Up- Converting Phosphor Lateral Flow (UCP-LF) para determinaÃÃo do AntÃgeno AnÃdico Circulante (CAA) na urina e comparada com a da tÃcnica de Kato-Katz para a detecÃÃo de ovos nas fezes e com a do teste Point-of-Care â CCA (POC-CCA), que detecta o AntÃgeno CatÃdico Circulante (CCA) na urina. AlÃm disso, a resposta terapÃutica foi avaliada pelos mÃtodos que detectam os antÃgenos circulantes seis semanas apÃs o tratamento. O estudo foi realizado na localidade de Bananeiras, Capistrano, uma Ãrea endÃmica no Estado do CearÃ. De 297 habitantes da localidade, 285 aceitaram participar do estudo, dos quais 159 receberam o tratamento. Destes, 128 entregaram as amostras de urina e fezes requisitadas antes e apÃs o tratamento e foram avaliados pelos trÃs mÃtodos. O ensaio UCP-LF CAA detectou 44 positivos (34,4%). A tÃcnica de Kato-Katz revelou apenas duas amostras de fezes positivas (1,6%) e o POC-CCA detectou 8 positivos (6,2%). As sensibilidades dos diferentes ensaios foram determinadas contra um padrÃo ("ouro") de positividade de infecÃÃo combinado, mostrando-se maior para o ensaio UCP-LF CAA (92%), seguido pelo POC-CCA (17%), enquanto o Kato-Katz (trÃs lÃminas) teve uma sensibilidade muito baixa (4%). A maior taxa de prevalÃncia de infecÃÃes ativas encontrada foi em pessoas com idades de 30 a 39 anos. As concentraÃÃes de CAA antes do tratamento variaram de 0,16 a 61,12 pg CAA / ml de urina, havendo um decrÃscimo significativo dos nÃveis de CAA apÃs seis semanas do tratamento (Wilcoxon, P = 0,003). Dessa maneira, tendo em conta essas observaÃÃes promissoras, o UCP-LF CAA mostrou um valor potencial para a determinaÃÃo da prevalÃncia de esquistossomose mansoni em Ãreas de baixa endemicidade; contudo, outros estudos mais amplos sÃo necessÃrios.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Barão, Sandra Cristina. "Prevalencia da infecção por Leishmania chagasi em area de autoctonia recente, Araçatuba/SP." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/311143.

Full text

Abstract:

Orientador: Mariangela Ribeiro Resende
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T21:35:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barao_SandraCristina_D.pdf: 3775784 bytes, checksum: ffb11ed337f2da69883370a4bf0d4b32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: As informações que existem acerca da leishmaniose visceral humana, provêm em sua maioria das notificações realizadas nas áreas de alta endemicidade. Por isso, ainda há muitos aspectos a respeito da transmissão urbana e dos quadros de infecção assintomática que precisam ser elucidados. O dimensionamento real da prevalência da infecção por Leishmania chagasi pode contribuir para a definição e avaliação do impacto das medidas de controle. Com o objetivo de determinar a prevalência da infecção por L. chagasi em área de autoctonia recente, município de Araçatuba e, avaliar os fatores associados em relação aos casos humanos de leishmaniose visceral notificados, foi realizado um estudo transversal, com amostra estratificada de fase única, realizada em duas áreas urbanas de níveis sócio-econômicos distintos, designadas A1 (periférica, menor nível sócio-econômico) e A2 (central, melhor nível sócio-econômico). A soroprevalência foi avaliada com a utilização do teste imunocromatográfico com antígeno recombinante K39 (Ag-RK39). A prevalência observada foi de 18,4% (23/125) em A1 e 4,8% (6/125) em A2. A proporção entre indivíduos assintomáticos e casos de doença ativa nas áreas 1 e 2 foram respectivamente 1,35:1 e 2:1. Não houve diferença significativa da soropositividade na distribuição por idade, nem por sexo, entre as áreas. Contudo, foi observada diferença na proporção de casos assintomáticos entre as áreas, possivelmente associada aos níveis sócio-econômicos e intensidade de transmissão. Também houve relação com a presença canina nos últimos dois anos e a soropositividade para o Ag-rK39. As informações obtidas sugerem a associação da soroprevalência à presença canina nos dois últimos anos e reforça a estratégia de controle adotada
Abstract: Many information exist about human visceral leishmaniasis are origin to thepontificated cases, moreover, almost all data substantiating derive high levels transmission. So, there are many aspects about the urban transmission and asymptomatic infection to need to elucidated. The real comprehensive measurements about the Leishmania chagasi infection to be able to contribute to improve the assessment impact about the measures control. The objective to this study was determining the prevalence of asymptomatic visceral leishmaniasis infection in Araçatuba city, a recent autoctone area. This was a cross-sectional survey on a random sample of the population in two urban different areas, called A1 (outskirts, low social-economic condition) and A2 (central, good social-economic condition). The seroprevalence was assessing by the Immunochromatographic test with recombinant antibody K39 dipstick. The prevalence was 18.4% (23/125) in A1 and 4.8% (6/125) in A2. And the proportion between the asymptomatic and active disease in areas 1 and 2 was 1.35:1 and 2:1, respectively. There was no significant difference in age, nor gender, distribution of seropositivity between the areas. But we observed a difference in asymptomatic infection rates between the two areas, possibly associated with socioeconomic levels and transmission intensity. The data from this study suggest an associate between the human symptomatic seroprevalence and the presence of dogs in last two years old
Doutorado
Ciencias Basicas
Doutor em Clínica Médica

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Lima, Shirlene Telmos Silva de. "InfluÃncia de fatores ambientais e socioculturais relacionados com os processos de transmissÃo da Esquistossomose mansoni em Ãrea de baixa endemicidade no estado do CearÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=10831.

Full text

Abstract:

A esquistossomose mansoni apresenta-se como uma doenÃa parasitÃria de importÃncia para a saÃde pÃblica, nÃo sÃ por sua ampla distribuiÃÃo no mundo, mas tambÃm pelos impactos causados por ela nas atividades da populaÃÃo infectada. A esquistossomose deve ser analisada como um processo dependente da interaÃÃo de vÃrios fatores, como fatores ambientais, sociais e econÃmicos, importantes para reduzir a transmissÃo da doenÃa bem como para interromper o ciclo do parasito. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a influÃncia de fatores ambientais e socioculturais na transmissÃo da esquistossomose em Ãrea de baixa endemicidade no Estado do CearÃ, na localidade do Planalto do Cajueiro, atravÃs da anÃlise de questionÃrios aplicados no ano de 2009 e em 2012. O estudo foi desenvolvido em duas etapas. A primeira consiste em um estudo transversal, onde foram analisados 167 questionÃrios dos pacientes que forneceram material sorolÃgico para a realizaÃÃo do mÃtodo ELISA, que serviu como triagem. A segunda etapa consiste em um estudo de caso controle, onde foram aplicados e analisados questionÃrios em 54 indivÃduos ELISA reativo e nÃo reativo que entregaram amostra fecal para anÃlise. As anÃlises dos questionÃrios das 167 pessoas mostraram que a maioria delas eram adultos jovens (19,76% na faixa etÃria de 15 a 25anos e 29,94% entre 26 a 46 anos), do sexo feminino (67,66%) e que 29% nÃo eram naturais de Maranguape. Em torno de 52,5% dos pacientes que afirmaram utilizar Ãgua do rio, tiveram resultado Elisa reativo para esquistossomose. Na segunda etapa, observou-se que a diferenÃa entre os sexos masculinos e femininos era insignificante, nos casos positivos para esquistossomose. Com relaÃÃo Ã escolaridade, a maioria (68,32%) possuÃa apenas o ensino fundamental incompleto. Nas associaÃÃes entre variÃveis ambientais e resultado positivo para a doenÃa, observou-se que 34,2% dos indivÃduos responderam nÃo ter contato com coleÃÃes hÃdricas e 37,5% disseram que tiveram contato. Este ponto ainda estÃ em anÃlise mais aprofundada. A comunidade do Planalto do Cajueiro em Maranguape-CE mantÃm caracterÃsticas ambientais semelhantes Ã de comunidades rurais (mesmo sendo peri-urbana) e a transmissÃo da esquistossomose sofre grande influencia dos fatores comportamentais.
Schistosomiasis mansoni is presented as a parasitic disease of public health importance, not only for its wide distribution in the world, but also the impacts caused by it in the activities of the infected population. Schistosomiasis should be analyzed as a process dependent on the interaction of various factors, such as environmental, social and economic importance to reduce transmission of the disease and to stop the cycle of the parasite. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of environmental and sociocultural factors in the transmission of schistosomiasis in low endemic area in the state of CearÃ, in the locality of the Planalto do Cajueiro- Maranguape-Ce, through the analysis of questionnaires applied in 2009 and 2012. The study was conducted in two stages. The first consists of a cross-sectional study, which analyzed 167 questionnaires from patients who provided material for the realization of the serological ELISA, which served as a screen. The second stage consists of a case-control study where questionnaires were applied and analyzed in 54 individuals ELISA reactive and nonreactive who delivered fecal sample for analysis. The analysis of the questionnaires of 167 people showed that most of them were young adults (19.76% in the age group of 15 to 25years and 29.94% between 26-46 years), female (67.66%) and 29% were not natives of Maranguape. Around 52.5% of patients reported using water from the river, had reactive ELISA result for schistosomiasis. In the second stage, it was observed that the difference between male and female sexes was negligible in cases positive for schistosomiasis. With regard to education, the majority (68.32%) had only elementary education. Associations between environmental variables and positive for the disease, it was observed that 34.2% of subjects reported not to have contact with water collections and 37.5% said they had contact. This point is still under further investigation. The community of Planalto do Cajueiro, Maranguape-Ce maintains environmental characteristics similar to rural communities (even as peri-urban) and schistosomiasis transmission is greatly influences behavioral factors.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Muchiri, Eric Miceni. "Evaluation and validation of dipstick hematuria by reagent strips, and effect of treatment in a community-based Schistosoma haematobium control progam in an endemic area of Kenya." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1057674493.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Balling, Anneliese. "Studien zur Prävalenz von Antikörpern gegen das Frühsommer-Meningoenzephalitis-Virus bei Wildtieren und Hunden im Freistaat Sachsen." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-178354.

Full text

Abstract:

Einleitung Die Frühsommer-Meningoenzephalitis (FSME) zählt europaweit zu den bedeutendsten Zecken-übertragenen Krankheiten und ist verantwortlich für mehrere tausend Tote jedes Jahr. Hauptüberträger in Zentraleuropa ist Ixodes ricinus, der Gemeine Holzbock. In Deutschland konzentrieren sich die humanen Fälle vorrangig auf Süddeutschland mit anteilig 83,8% der Fälle, wobei anhand einer Falldefinition, die sich auf humane Meldedaten stützt, Risikogebiete definiert werden. Dabei wird ein Landkreis dann als Risikogebiet gewertet, wenn in einem Fünf-Jahresintervall die Inzidenz von einem Fall pro 100.000 Einwohnern pro Jahr überschritten wird. In Sachsen erscheint diese Risikoabschätzung erschwert, da hier nur wenige sporadische Fälle gemeldet werden. Jedoch wurde im April 2014 der Vogtlandkreis als erstes sächsisches Risikogebiet ernannt. Ziele der Untersuchungen Eine Risikobewertung, die sich alleine auf humane gemeldete Erkrankungsfälle stützt, erscheint überholt, weshalb schon in der Vergangenheit nach einem optimalen Sentineltier für Seroprävalenzstudien gesucht wurde. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurden zwei Veröffentlichungen angefertigt, in denen mithilfe von Seroprävalenzstudien bei Wildtieren und bei Hunden das Risiko für eine Infektion mit der FSME in Sachsen bewertet werden sollte. Materialien und Methoden In der ersten Veröffentlichung wurden 1.886 Wildtierseren, vorrangig von Wildschweinen, auf das Vorhandensein von Antikörpern gegen das FSMEV untersucht. Die zweite Veröffentlichung befasste sich mit 331 Seren von Hunden, die Sachsen in den letzten fünf Jahren nicht verlassen hatten. Für die Untersuchung wurde zunächst ein ELISA (Enzyme-linked-immunosorbent Assay) und zur Bestätigung der positiven Proben ein SNT (Serumneutralisationstest) durchgeführt. Ergebnisse Bei den Wildtierseren wurde eine Gesamtprävalenz von 10,5% ermittelt. Im aktuell ernannten Risikogebiet Vogtlandkreis wurden 20% seropositive Tiere gefunden, im Kreis Meißen sogar 23% flächendeckend nachgewiesen. Sieben der untersuchten Hundeseren waren positiv, wobei vier Tiere hiervon Hunde von Förstern waren. Die positiven Proben kamen aus den Landkreisen Mittelsachsen (1), Erzgebirgskreis(1), Leipziger Land (2) und Sächsische-Schweiz-Osterzgebirge (3). Schlussfolgerungen In ganz Sachsen konnten Antikörper gegen das FSMEV gefunden werden was auf ein flächendeckendes Vorkommen des Virus in Sachsen hinweist. Die Eignung von Wildtieren und Hunden als Sentinels wurde bestätigt. Die jeweiligen Vor- und Nachteile werden dargestellt. Eine stichprobenhafte Untersuchung auf FSME im Rahmen von Screeningprogrammen könnte auch zukünftig zur besseren Lokalisation von FSMEV-Naturherden in Sachsen beitragen. Weiterhin ungeklärt bleibt die Diskrepanz zwischen der hohen ermittelten Seroprävalenz bei den Wildtieren und den wenigen humanen gemeldeten Fällen. Auch die Hundestudie konnte hierzu keine weiteren Informationen liefern. Eine Impfung ist vor allem für Menschen sinnvoll, die sich im Vogtlandkreis aufhalten.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Sulleiro, Igual Elena. "Aplicación de las técnicas moleculares en el diagnóstico y seguimiento de pacientes con enfermedad de chagas crónica en un área no endémica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670281.

Full text

Abstract:

La Enfermedad de Chagas (EC) es la enfermedad parasitaria más importante en América latina, donde es endémica. Debido a los movimientos migratorios de las últimas décadas, la EC se ha convertido en un problema de salud global. La EC presenta una fase aguda, caracterizada por una alta parasitemia, seguida de una fase crónica en la que la parasitemia es baja e intermitente. Por esta razón, la sensibilidad de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) en esta segunda fase es muy variable. El objetivo de esta tesis es evaluar la utilidad de la técnica de la PCR a tiempo real (qPCR) en el diagnóstico y seguimiento de pacientes en la fase crónica de la EC seguidos en dos centros de Medicina Tropical en Barcelona. La qPCR presenta baja sensibilidad en nuestra cohorte y un resultado positivo no se relaciona con la aparición de alteraciones viscerales características de la fase crónica. A pesar de ello, los resultados de parasitemia obtenidos en pacientes no tratados, pueden aportar datos sobre la dinámica del parásito y los diferentes factores que pueden influir en su presencia en sangre periférica. Sin embargo, un resultado positivo de qPCR en pacientes tratados es un maracador útil para detectar fracasos de tratamiento, tanto en la práctica clínica habitual como en el contexto de ensayos clínicos. En la cohorte seguida en nuestro centro, la tasa de fracaso a Benznidazol es muy baja. Sin embargo, el fracaso de dos pautas diferentes de Posaconazol, evaluadas en el contexto del ensayo clínico Chagasazol, fue cercana al 90%. Según la experiencia recogida en esta tesis, en la fase crónica de la EC la mayor utilidad de la qPCR es la monitorización de la respuesta al tratamiento. Este seguimiento, a falta de nuevos biomarcadores precoces de curación, debe realizarse de forma periódica y durante un largo período de tiempo. La utilización de un control de calidad externo de los resultados de qPCR confiere una mayor robustez a los resultados y permite evaluar de forma precoz los posibles errores de protocolo.
Chagas disease (CD) is the most important parasitic disease in Latin America, where it is endemic. Due to the migratory movements of the last decades, CD has become a global health problem. CD presents a sharp phase characterized by high parasitaemia followed by a chronic phase in which the parasitaemia is low and intermittent. For this reason, the polymerase’s chain reaction (PCR) sensitivity in the chronic phase is variable. The main objective of this thesis is to evaluate the usefulness of the real-time PCR technique (qPCR) in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients in the chronic phase of CD, followed in two centers of Tropical Medicine in Barcelona. The qPCR shows low sensitivity in our cohort and a positive result is not related to the appearance of the visceral involvement characteristic of the chronic phase. Despite this, the results of parasitemia obtained in untreated patients can provide data on the dynamics of the parasite and the different factors that may influence its presence in peripheral blood. However, a positive result of qPCR in treated patients is a good surrogate marker of therapeutic failure both in routine clinical practice and to evaluate new treatment patterns in clinical trials. In the cohort followed in our center, the failure rate to Benznidazole was very low, which reinforces its effectiveness as trypanocidal. However, the failure of two different treatment regimes with Posaconazole, evaluated in the context of the Chagasazol clinical trial, was close to 90%. According to the experience gathered in this thesis, the greatest utility of qPCR in the chronic phase of CD is monitoring the response to trypanocidal treatment. In the absence of new early healing biomarkers, this monitoring should be carried out periodically and over a long period of time. The use of external quality control of qPCR results makes them more robust and allows an early evaluation of possible protocol errors.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Vinnemeier, Christof David [Verfasser], Jürgen [Akademischer Betreuer] May, Uwe [Akademischer Betreuer] Groß, and Tim [Akademischer Betreuer] Friede. "Establishment of a clinical algorithm for the diagnosis of P. falciparum malaria in children from an endemic area using a Classification and Regression Tree (CART) model / Christof David Vinnemeier. Gutachter: Uwe Groß ; Tim Friede. Betreuer: Jürgen May." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1065882017/34.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Edmunds, W. J. "The epidemiology and control of hepatitis B virus in highly endemic areas." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361052.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Ariza, Liana de Moura. "Introduction: Systematic data of tungiasis epidemiology are still scarce in endemic areas." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2009. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6156.

Full text

Abstract:

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
IntroduÃÃo: Existe pouco conhecimento sistemÃtico sobre a epidemiologia da tungÃase em Ãreas endÃmicas. SÃo necessÃrios mÃtodos de avaliaÃÃo rÃpida para delimitar Ãreas em risco e possibilitar a implementaÃÃo e avaliaÃÃo do impacto de intervenÃÃes. Objetivo: Desenvolver e avaliar um mÃtodo epidemiolÃgico rÃpido para estimar a prevalÃncia geral e a gravidade da tungÃase em comunidades endÃmicas com diferentes caracterÃsticas demogrÃficas, sÃcio-culturais e ambientais. Material e MÃtodos: AnÃlise de dez estudos transversais realizados em cinco comunidades, trÃs do Brasil (dados secundÃrios) e duas da NigÃria (dados primÃrios), no perÃodo de 2001-2008. A tungÃase foi diagnosticada clinicamente a partir da presenÃa de lesÃes de Tunga penetrans na epiderme dos indivÃduos. Para elaborar o mÃtodo rÃpido, seis localizaÃÃes topogrÃficas dos pÃs foram selecionadas como potenciais indicadores de infestaÃÃo em nÃvel comunitÃrio. Foram feitas regressÃes lineares, calculados coeficientes de determinaÃÃo (R2) e os valores p. CritÃrios operacionais como rapidez e facilidade do exame tambÃm foram utilizados para a escolha do mÃtodo mais adequado. Resultados: Ao todo, nos dez estudos transversais foram incluÃdos 7.121 indivÃduos. As prevalÃncias da tungÃase variaram entre 21% e 54%. Nas duas comunidades nigerianas a prevalÃncia geral da tungÃase nas 302 pessoas examinadas foi 47% (intervalo de confianÃa 95%: 41%-53%). Os homens foram mais infestados do que as mulheres (51% vs. 44%, p=0,2), assim como as crianÃas em comparaÃÃo aos indivÃduos >15 anos (60% vs. 33%, p<0,0001). Na anÃlise dos potencias mÃtodos rÃpidos, os coeficientes de determinaÃÃo foram altos, variaram entre 70% e 96% para as seis localizaÃÃes topogrÃficas, com valores p significantes (todos <0,002). A prevalÃncia na area periungueal dos pÃs apresentou o mais alto coeficiente de determinaÃÃo (96%), alÃm da maior rapidez e facilidade do exame. As prevalÃncias gerais estimadas a partir da equaÃÃo da reta Y= 1,12 x prevalÃncia na Ãrea periungueal + 5,0 apresentaram mÃdia do erro absoluto de 1,9%. PrevalÃncias graves (> 20 lesÃes), estimadas pela equaÃÃo da reta Y= 0,24 x prevalÃncia na Ãrea periungueal - 3,4, apresentaram erro absoluto mÃdio de 0,9%. ConclusÃo: A tungÃase Ã um problema de saÃde pÃblica em comunidades pesqueiras na NigÃria. A identificaÃÃo de T. penetrans na Ãrea periungueal dos pÃs pode ser usada como mÃtodo rÃpido e confiÃvel de avaliaÃÃo epidemiolÃgica. Sua aplicaÃÃo auxiliarÃ na delimitaÃÃo de Ãreas endÃmicas, bem como no planejamento de medidas que visem Ã reduÃÃo da tungÃase em Ãreas endÃmicas. .
. Rapid assessment methods are needed to delimitation of risk communities and to enable implementation and evaluation of impact interventions. Objective: To develop and assess a rapid epidemiologic method to estimate the overall prevalence of tungiasis and severity of disease in endemic communities with distinct demographic, socio-cultural and environment characteristics. Material and Methods: Analysis data from ten population-based surveys on tungiasis, performed in five endemic communities â three in Brazil (secondary data) and two Nigeria (primary data) â between 2001 and 2008. In all surveys, tungiasis was clinically diagnostic by presence of Tunga penetrans into epidermis of participants. To elaborate rapid assessment method six topographic sites of the feet were selected as potential infestation indicator in community level. Linear regression analyses were performed as well strength of associations (R2) and p values were calculated. Estimated prevalences were calculated for each of the ten surveys and compared to true prevalences. The most useful topographic localization to define a rapid assessment method was select based on the strength of association and operational aspects. Result: In total, 7121 individuals of the five communities were examined. Prevalence of tungiasis varied between 21.1% and 54.4%. In the two Nigerian communities the combined overall prevalence was 47% (142/302; 95% confidente intervale: 41%-53%). Tungiasis were more common in males than in females (51,5% vs. 46,3%; p=0,2). Children prevalence (<14 years) was statistically higher then adolescents and adults prevalence (60% vs. 33%, p<0,0001). In the ten surveys, all strength coefficients were high for the six localizations (ranged between 70% and 96%) and p values were significant (all <0,002). The presence of periungual lesions on the toes showed the highest strength coefficient (R2=96%; P<0.0001) and it was identified as the most useful and rapid localization to estimate the prevalence of tungiasis. Estimating prevalence of tungiasis by equation [estimated prevalence] = 1,12 x [prevalence on periungual sites] + 5,0), the mean absolute error was 1,9%. Tungiasis on this topographic site also reliably estimated prevalence of severe disease (>20 lesions) using the equation [estimated prevalence] = 0,24 x [prevalence on periungual sites] â 3,4); mean absolute error was 0,9%. Conslusion: Tungiasis is a public health problem in the fishing communities in Nigeria. Identification of T. penetrans in the periungual area of the feet can be used as a rapid and reliable method to assess the epidemiological situation of endemic areas. This approach will help to delimit endemic communities and to plan control measures aimed at the reduction of tungiasis. Key-words: Tungiasis; Tunga penetrans; Epidemiology; Rapid assessment method; Public Health; Africa; Brazil

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Guenther, Tanya. "Towards home- and community-based approaches for managing childhood fever in malaria endemic areas." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26486.

Full text

Abstract:

Febrile illnesses associated with malaria and pneumonia account for a large proportion of child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Three sub-studies were conducted to contribute to the development and evaluation of programs to improve home and community management of childhood fever. The first sub-study evaluated the ability of caregivers to identify fever in their child using palpation through a systematic review. Combination of results from 12 studies demonstrated that caregivers perform well in identifying fever. The second sub-study explored the nature and determinants of caregiver fever management practices using logistic regression and community-level data from Uganda. Caregiver education level, child age and household size were associated with home treatment while distance, region and initial home treatment practices were associated with care seeking. Clustering of fever management practices was significant at the village level. The third sub-study prepared a set of proposal guidelines and sample size framework for a multicentre, cluster-randomized trial of an integrated approach.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Silvestrini, Paolo. "New clinico-pathological findings and prognostic factors of canine leishmaniasis in endemic and nonendemic areas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/385106.

Full text

Abstract:

Canine Leishmaniasis (CanL) is due to Leishmania infantum (syn. Leishmania chagasi) and is endemic in Mediterranean countries, Portugal, Latin America and Southern Asia. In the last few decades, imported and even autochthonous cases have been recorded in traditionally non-endemic areas such as Central and Northen Europe and Northen America. This is possibly due to a wider spread of the vector and especially to a larger numbers of travelling dogs. Many studies about CanL have been published in the last years and have contributed in understanding different aspects of this disease, including the alternative ways of transmission and the pathologic mechanisms underlying the clinical findings. However, CanL still remains a very challenging disease to diagnose, treat and prevent. Moreover, it is still very difficult to predict the outcome given the low numbers of controlled studies evaluating markers of prognosis. So, the main aims of the present thesis were to investigate new clinico-pathological aspects of CanL and to possibly identify useful prognostic factors. The first study demonstrated that a significant proportion of dogs with leishmaniasis have increased serum cTnI concentration, suggesting that CanL can cause cardiac disease, mainly myoand endocarditis. In the second study, the iron status and its relationship with C-reactive protein (CRP) was for the first time investigated in CanL. The results indicated that dogs with leishmaniasis have decreased serum iron, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UBIC) and percentage of transferrin saturation and increased concentrations of ferritin. Increased CRP and decreased TIBC are also risk factors for moratility. Finally, since the disease is progressively changing its geographical distribution, the last investigation was conducted in the United Kingdom (UK), currently considered a non-endemic country. The majority of dogs that were diagnosed of leishmaniasis have been adopted from an endemic area (especially from the Mediterranean countries) respect a minority that have travelled to those regions. No autochthonous cases were recognised. Purebreed dogs and those that were classified in stage D according to the Canine Leishmaniasis Working Group guidelines were at higher risk of death. Differently to what has been reported in endemic countries, serology titre at diagnosis and IRIS staging for chronic kidney disease did not influence the outcome.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Ferrari, Augusto. "Filogenia, biogeografia e revisão de Nezara amyot & serville, análise filogenética de nezarini e áreas endêmicas de Pentatomidae na região neotropical (Hemiptera, Heteroptera)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/17317.

Full text

Abstract:

O gênero Nezara foi revisado e foram propostas as relações de parentesco entre as espécies. É fornecida uma diagnose para o gênero e para as espécies, além de uma chave dicotômica para separação das espécies. A análise cladística incluiu 15 táxons e 34 caracteres. O cladograma foi enraizado em Carpocoris purpureipennis (DeGeer) por representar uma linhagem basal de Pentatomidae. O grupo externo ainda incluiu Aehtemenes chloris (Dallas) e Pseudoacrosternum cachani Day, grupo irmão de Nezara. Os resultados demonstraram a monofilia do gênero. Cenários biogeográficos sobre a evolução do grupo são apresentados. A regionalização no trabalho dos sistematas é apontada como uma das principais causas da fragmentação do conhecimento e da falta de propostas hierárquicas para Pentatomidae no nível de sub-familia e tribo. Em uma proposta recente a tribo Nezarini está composta por 21 gêneros, com um total de 206 espécies. Foi realizada uma análise cladística, com o objetivo de testar as relações do grupo Nezara com outros gêneros propostos para Nezarini, e com táxons empiricamente relacionados pertencentes às tribos Antestini, Bathycoeliini e Pentatomini. A análise incluiu 32 taxons terminais, sendo 17 do grupo interno, representando 13 gêneros de Nezarini. O grupo externo incluiu 15 taxons pertencentes às tribos Antestini (6 spp.), Bathycoeliini (1 sp.), Carpocorini (2 spp.), Pentatomini (5 spp.) e Thyanta perditor (unplaced). Dos 51 caracteres analisados, 11 referem-se a caracteres de cabeça, nove de tórax, cinco de abdômen, 10 de genitália de fêmea e 16 de genitália de macho. Não foi possível corroborar uma hipótese de monofilia para Nezarini. Com o objetivo de analisar os padrões de distribuição de 14 gêneros predominantemente neotropicais de Pentatomidae (Agroecus Dallas, Antiteuchus Dallas, Arocera Spinola, Brachystethus Laporte, Cataulax Spinola, Chinavia Orian, Dichelops Spinola, Pallantia Stål, Rio Kirkaldy, Thyanta Stål, Serdia Stål e grupo Evoplitus) foi aplicada uma Análise de Endemicidade (EA), com o software NDN (eNDemisM), para identificação das áreas. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com áreas previamente delimitadas. Utilizou-se um consenso flexível, com a opção de 40% de similaridade mínima de espécies endêmicas para o agrupamento das áreas inicialmente encontradas. Foram encontradas quatro áreas endêmicas para a análise baseada em quadriculas de 2,5° latitude-longitude e 17 áreas para quadrículas de 5° latitude-longitude.
Nezara Amyot & Serville is reviewed and a hypothesis of relationships among its species is proposed. Diagnosis for the genus and the included species, as well a key to separate the species are also provided. The cladistic analysis included 15 taxa and 34 characters. Cladogram was rooted in Carpocoris purpureipennis (DeGeer) which represents a basal lineage within Pentatomidae; outgroup comparision also included species of the sister-groups Aehtemenes chloris (Dallas), and Pseudoacrosternum cachani Day. The results showed Nezara as a monophyletic taxon. Biogeographical scenarios of the evolution of Nezara were discussed. A key to separate the species is also provided. The lack of robust higher classifications in Pentatomidae, using cladistics, are due to the regional work of the taxonomists. Nezarini was proposed to include 21 genera and 206 species. A cladistic analysis was performed to test the relationships of the Nezara group with other genera belonging to Nezarini, and to the tribes Antestini, Bathycoeliini and Pentatomini. The analysis included 32 terminal taxa; the ingroup comprised 17 taxa representing 13 Nezarini genera. Outgroup included 15 taxa belonging to Antestini (6 spp.), Bathycoeliini (1 sp.), Carpocorini (2 spp.), Pentatomini (5 spp.) and Thyanta perditor (unplaced). Fifty one characters were considered, 11 related to head morphology, nine of thorax, five of abdomen, 10 of female genitalia, and 16 of male genitalia. A hypothesis of Nezarini monophyly was not obtained. Distributional patterns of 14 neotropical genera of Pentatomidae (Agroecus Dallas, Antiteuchus Dallas, Arocera Spinola, Brachystethus Laporte, Cataulax Spinola, Chinavia Orian, Dichelops Spinola, Pallantia Stål, Rio Kirkaldy, Thyanta Stål, Serdia Stål, and Evoplitus group) were searched through an Endemicity Analysis (EA) with the NDM (eNDemisM) software for identification of the areas. The results were compared with areas previously set by others studies. Flexible consensus was applied, with 40% of minimum similarity of endemic species for the grouping of areas initially found. Four endemic areas for the analysis based in grids of 2,5° latitude-longitude and 17 areas in grids of 5° latitude-longitude were found.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Mazulis, Fernando, Claudia Weilg, Urcia Carlos Alberto Alva, Maria J. Pons, and Valle Mendoza Juana Del. "Is glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency more prevalent in Carrion's disease endemic areas in Latin America?" Elsevier B.V, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/595273.

Full text

Abstract:

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is a cytoplasmic enzyme with an important function in cell oxidative damage prevention. Erythrocytes have a predisposition towards oxidized environments due to their lack of mitochondria, giving G6PD a major role in its stability. G6PD deficiency (G6PDd) is the most common enzyme deficiency in humans; it affects approximately 400 million individuals worldwide. The overall G6PDd allele frequency across malaria endemic countries is estimated to be 8%, corresponding to approximately 220 million males and 133 million females. However, there are no reports on the prevalence of G6PDd in Andean communities where bartonellosis is prevalent.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Verbsky, Matthew Paul. "A Cross Sectional Pilot Study of Lyme Disease in Case Associated Dogs to Determine Endemic Areas in Ohio." The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1392059969.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Valles, Carlos Mariano Alvez. "Biogeography and conservation of Amazon palms." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2017. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/6607.

Full text

Abstract:

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-03-27T19:45:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 carlosmarianoalvesvalles.pdf: 5972976 bytes, checksum: 908806a8077c5751983d6b9690d566cd (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-04-09T19:22:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carlosmarianoalvesvalles.pdf: 5972976 bytes, checksum: 908806a8077c5751983d6b9690d566cd (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-09T19:22:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carlosmarianoalvesvalles.pdf: 5972976 bytes, checksum: 908806a8077c5751983d6b9690d566cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-22
-
Palms are abundant in tropical forests and are recognized as effective bioindicators of hot climates. Moreover, play an important ecological and economic role for local populations. Though palms remain relatively well-conserved, they are under increasing pressure from deforestation. Therefore, endemicity is important for the delimitation of conservation areas. The purposes of the study is 1) to synthesize available information in the literature on species diversity, ecological aspects, use and conservation of Amazon palms (Chapter 1); to analyse palms species richness patterns relative to the latitudinal gradient, sample efforts, and deforestation in the Amazon region (Chapter 2); to compare richness and floristic similarities patterns among the Amazonian sub-regions (Chapter 2); to detect endemic areas for palms in the Amazon region (Chapter 3); and to determine whether the species that define these endemic areas are protected within conservation units (Chapter 3). Records of occurrences were extracted from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). The final dataset consisted of 17,310 records, for 177 species of Amazonian palms. The areas with the greatest richness were in the western, central and northeastern Amazon, principally at latitudes 0–5ºS. Most palms species grow in different habitats, but the highest species richness are found in terra firme forest. Palms are widely used with different category of use according to the regions and species, principally are used for human consumption, elaboration of utensils and tools, and construction of houses. Highest rates of deforestation (>2000 km2) were found in the southern and eastern brazilian Amazon, which coincide with low species richness and gaps in records. Similarity analysis resulted in two groups of sub-regions: the first included the Amazon s.s., Andes and Guiana, and the other group included the Plateau and Gurupi sub-region. The combination of PAE and NDM-VNDM analyses resulted in eight endemic palm areas in western Amazon shared with Andean sub-region. Of the species that define the endemic areas, five are threatened with extinction in one of three IUCN categories (EN, VU, NT), and they are not protected in any conservation units. In conclusion, the western Amazon, besides having high palm richness, also has palm endemic areas, especially, near the Andean sub-region and the Peruvian Amazon, and areas with low species richness, especially those areas with data deficiency, need to be further researched for a better knowledge of their diversity and richness patterns.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Zuloaga, Villamizar Juan Gerardo. "Species Endemism: Predicting Broad-Scale Patterns and Conservation Priorities." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37149.

Full text

Abstract:

Do thermal barriers limit biotic composition and community similarity, potentially helping to shape biodiversity patterns at continental scales? Are environmental variables responsible for broad-scale patterns of species endemism? Are these patterns predictable? And, how can patterns of endemism can inform global conservation strategies? These are some of the questions that I attempted to answer during my doctoral research. In the first chapter, I tested one of the most contentious hypotheses in ecology: Do thermal barriers, which grow stronger along elevational gradients across tropical mountains, create a dispersal barrier to organisms and consequently contribute to the isolation and divergence of species assemblages? If so, do patterns potentially generated by this mechanism detectably relate to dissimilarity of biotic assemblages along altitudinal gradients across the mountains in the Americas? We found that mountain passes are not only higher in tropical realms, as initially thought by Janzen (1967), and extensively popularized and assumed in further research, but they are also present in temperate regions along the western coast of North America. We also found that the stronger the thermal barrier, the higher the dissimilarity between communities. However, the variance explained was low, suggesting thermal barriers play a minor role in creating and maintaining patterns of biodiversity. The second chapter raises the question of why are there more small-ranged species in some places than in others. I tested four macroecological hypotheses (H1: climate velocity; H2: climate seasonality; H3: climate distinctiveness or rarity; and, H4: spatial heterogeneity in contemporary climate, topography or habitat) to predict broad-scale patterns of species endemism, using a cross-continental validation approach. We found that there is no empirical reason, from the standpoint of model fitting, parameter estimates, and model validation, to claim that any of these hypotheses creates and maintains broad-scale patterns of endemism. Although we found statistically significant relationships, they failed stronger tests of a causal relationship, namely accurate prediction. That is, the hypotheses did not survive the test of cross-continental validation, failing to predict observed patterns of endemism. Climate velocity was dropped from some models, suggesting that early correlations in some places probably reflect collinearity with topography. The effect of richness on endemism was in some cases negligible, suggesting that patterns of endemism are not driven by the same variables as total richness. Despite low explained variance, spatial heterogeneity in potential evapotranspiration was the most consistent predictor in all models. The third chapter is aimed to evaluate the extent to which global protected areas (PAs) have included endemic species (species with small range size relative to the median range size). We measure the relative coverage of endemic species by overlapping species geographic ranges for amphibians, mammals, and birds, with the world database of PAs (1990-2016). Then we measure the rate of expansion of the global PA network and the rate of change in endemic species coverage. We found that ~30% of amphibian, ~6% of bird and ~10% of mammal endemic species are completely outside PAs. Most endemic species’ ranges intersect the PA network (amphibian species = 58%; birds = 83%; mammals = 86%), but it usually covers less than 50% of their geographic range. Almost 50% of species outside the PA network are considered threatened (critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable). We identified that ecoregions in tropical Andes, Mesoamerica, Pacific Islands (e.g., New Guinea, Solomon), Dry Chaco, and Atlantic forests are major conservation priorities areas. The historic rates of new PAs added every year to the network is between ~6,000 to ~15,000. In contrast, we found that rates of including endemic species within the PA network have been fairly slow. Historic data shows that every year, the entire geographic range of 3 (amphibians) to 6 (birds and mammals) endemic species is 100% included inside the PA network (amphibians = from 162 to 233; mammals = 10 to 84; and, amphibians = 16 to 99). Based on these trends, it is very unlikely PAs will include all endemic species (14% total endemic species, that is ~1,508 out of 11,274) currently outside the PA network by 2020. It will require five times the effort made in the last two decades. However, projections also showed that is very likely that some portions of the geographic ranges for all endemic birds and mammals, but not for all endemic amphibians, will be covered by the future PA network. I sum, I found that none of the hypotheses tested here can explain broad-scale patterns of total species richness and total species endemism. My main contribution on this research area is clearly rejecting these hypotheses from potential candidates that may explain biodiversity patterns. By removing them, we advance in this field and open possibilities to test new hypotheses and evaluate their mechanisms. I proposed that other drivers and mechanisms (whether biotic and biotic) acting at local scales, and escaping the detection of macroecological approaches, might be responsible for these patterns. Finally, in terms of conservation planning, I proposed that the international community has an opportunity to protect a great number of endemic species and their habitats before 2020, if they strategically create new PAs.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Gelanew, Taye Tesfaye [Verfasser]. "Molecular epidemiology and population genetics of Leishmania donovani strains isolated from different ethiopian visceral Leishmaniasis endemic areas / Tesfaye Gelanew Taye." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1026174821/34.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Pons, Maria J., Cláudia Gomes, Ruth Aguilar, Diana Barrios, Miguel Angel Aguilar-Luis, Joaquim Ruiz, Carlota Dobaño, Valle-Mendoza Juana del, and Gemma Moncunill. "Immunosuppressive and angiogenic cytokine profile associated with Bartonella bacilliformis infection in post-outbreak and endemic areas of Carrion's disease in Peru." Public Library of Science, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/622210.

Full text

Abstract:

Analysis of immune responses in Bartonella bacilliformis carriers are needed to understand acquisition of immunity to Carrion’s disease and may allow identifying biomarkers associated with bacterial infection and disease phases. Serum samples from 144 healthy subjects from 5 villages in the North of Peru collected in 2014 were analyzed. Four villages had a Carrion’s disease outbreak in 2013, and the other is a traditionally endemic area. Thirty cytokines, chemokines and growth factors were determined in sera by fluorescent bead-based quantitative suspension array technology, and analyzed in relation to available data on bacteremia quantified by RT-PCR, and IgM and IgG levels measured by ELISA against B. bacilliformis lysates. The presence of bacteremia was associated with low concentrations of HGF (p = 0.005), IL-15 (p = 0.002), IL-6 (p = 0.05), IP-10 (p = 0.008), MIG (p = 0.03) and MIP-1α (p = 0.03). In multi-marker analysis, the same and further TH1-related and pro-inflammatory biomarkers were inversely associated with infection, whereas angiogenic chemokines and IL-10 were positively associated. Only EGF and eotaxin showed a moderate positive correlation with bacteremia. IgM seropositivity, which reflects a recent acute infection, was associated with lower levels of eotaxin (p = 0.05), IL-6 (p = 0.001), and VEGF (p = 0.03). Only GM-CSF and IL-10 concentrations were positively associated with higher levels of IgM (p = 0.01 and p = 0.007). Additionally, IgG seropositivity and levels were associated with high levels of angiogenic markers VEGF (p = 0.047) and eotaxin (p = 0.006), respectively. Our findings suggest that B. bacilliformis infection causes immunosuppression, led in part by overproduction of IL-10. This immunosuppression probably contributes to the chronicity of asymptomatic infections favoring B. bacilliformis persistence in the host, allowing the subsequent transmission to the vector. In addition, angiogenic markers associated with bacteremia and IgG levels may be related to the induction of endothelial cell proliferation in cutaneous lesions during chronic infections, being possible candidate biomarkers of asymptomatic infections.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Mello, Ramon José Correa Luciano de. "Sistemática de Pyrgotidae do Novo Mundo (Diptera, Schizophora)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41133/tde-26092011-102115/.

Full text

Abstract:

Neste trabalho, é apresentada a revisão taxonômica dos Pyrgotidae pertencentes à fauna do Novo Mundo, atualmente composta por 66 nomes válidos de espécies distribuídas em 15 gêneros. A revisão taxonômica resultou na descrição de dois novos gêneros e de duas novas espécies e na sinonímia de quatro gêneros e 18 espécies e uma espécie foi revalidada. De acordo com esses resultados a fauna de Pyrgotidae do Novo Mundo possui 51 espécies válidas dispostas em 12 gêneros. Análises filogenéticas foram processadas com o intuito de testar o monofiletismo dos gêneros e estabelecer o relacionamento entre suas espécies, além de testar o desempenho dos caracteres contínuos na filogenia de Pyrgotidae. Com este propósito foram levantados 54 caracteres morfológicos dos adultos, sendo 14 contínuos e 40 discretos. Os caracteres contínuos e discretos foram analisados separadamente e em evidência total. As análises em que se utilizaram apenas caracteres discretos e as que utilizaram os caracteres em evidência total, resultaram em topologias muito semelhantes entre si, divergindo apenas nas posições entre três terminais. Na topologia obtida em evidência total, o suporte dos ramos aumentou na maioria dos ramos o que demonstra que os caracteres contínuos são filogeneticamente informativos para serem utilizados em Pyrgotidae.
This work presents a taxonomic revision of New World Pyrgotidae, currently composed of 66 valid species names distributed in 15 genera. The taxonomic revision resulted in the description of two new genera and two species, synonymy of four genera and 18 species and revalidation of 1 species. According to these results, the Pyrgotidae of the New World contains 51 valid species arranged in 12 genera. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted to test the monophyly of the genera, establish the relationships among their species, and test the performance of continuous characters in the phylogeny of Pyrgotidae. Fifty-four morphological characters of adults were coded and divided as: 14 continuous and 40 discrete. Continuous and discrete characters were analyzed separately and under total evidence. The analyses using only discrete characters and in total evidence each resulted in one tree, which were very similar, diverging only in the positions of three terminals. In the tree obtained using total evidence, the branch support increased in more branches, which demonstrates that continuous characters are phylogenetically informative for use in analyses of the Pyrgotidae.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Rikhotso, Boetie Oupa. "The impact of two dipping systems on endemic stability of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in cattle at four communal grazing areas in Limpopo Province, South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25781.

Full text

Abstract:

A twelve-month study was conducted at four communal grazing areas namely, Oakley, Cunningmore, Mkhuhlu and Ronaldsy in the Bushbuckridge region, Limpopo Province, South Africa. The main objective of the study was to investigate the impact of reduced acaricide application on the endemic stability to bovine babesiosis (Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis) and anaplasmosis in a sample of the local cattle population. The study should be of assistance to farmers who are attempting to move from intensive to strategic tick control strategies and reduce the frequency of dipping, whilst maintaining endemic stability. Sixty cattle per communal grazing area were bled at the beginning and the end of the experimental period and the sera were assayed for B. bovis, B. bigemina and Anaplasma antibodies. Cattle in the intensively dipped group were dipped 26 times and maintained on a fourteen-day dipping interval throughout the study, whereas, cattle in the strategic group had their acaricide application frequency reduced and were only dipped 13 times. Three cattle per village were selected from which adult ticks were collected and immature ticks were also collected by dragging the veld. A questionnaire to assess the prevalence of clinical cases of tick-borne diseases, abscessation and mortalities was completed by an Animal Health Technician at each diptank during dipping. This was done to determine the number of clinical cases of bovine babesiosis, anaplasmosis as well as abscessation. An increase in seroprevalence to B. bovis and B. bigemina and a decrease in seroprevalence to Anaplasma was detected in the strategically dipped group whilst in the intensively dipped group a decrease in seroprevalence to B. bovis and B. bigemina and an increase in seroprevalence to Anaplasma was detected. Amblyomma hebraeum was the most abundant tick species found on the cattle in this region, whilst Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus were also collected and R. (B.) microplus was the more abundant of the two species. Drag samples yielded more A. hebraeum immatures than Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) and a seasonal pattern was displayed. An increase in the number of clinical cases of tick-borne diseases and abscesses was recorded at the beginning of the survey in the strategically dipped group.
Dissertation (MSc (Veterinary Tropical Diseases))--University of Pretoria, 2005.
Veterinary Tropical Diseases
unrestricted

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Souza, Savina Silvana Aparecida Lacerra de. "Ecologia e tecnicas de amostragem de ixodideos em areas endemicas para febre maculosa brasileira na região de Campinas - S.P." [s.n.], 2004. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/314115.

Full text

Abstract:

Orientador: Angelo Pires do Prado
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T20:33:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_SavinaSilvanaAparecidaLacerrade_M.pdf: 1185569 bytes, checksum: 6cf23304cb17e2abe8f752396cb2c862 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004
Mestrado

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Bryson, Nigel Robert. "Trapping of free-living, unfed adult and nymphal Amblyomma hebraeum in heartwater endemic areas of South Africa, and the prevalence of Cowdria ruminantium in a sample of adult ticks." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27937.

Full text

Abstract:

The main objective of this study was to use the Attraction-aggregation-attachment¬pheromone/carbon dioxide (AAAP/C02) trap on a sustainable basis at six different field sites in South Africa. This trap was developed in Zimbabwe, but had not been used successfully in the field for the collection of free-living adult and nymphal A. hebraeum. A two-year collection survey was carried out at one of the sites, the Rietgat communal grazing area (CGA) where 1 196 adult and 292 nymphal A. hebraeum were trapped with the AAAP/CO2. Only free-living, unfed adult and nymphal A. hebraeum were collected, as these ticks were considered to be epidemiologically more credible than ticks collected off hosts. A distinct seasonal appearance of adult ticks was noted in both 1996 and 1997, and this could explain the difficulty experienced in collecting these ticks in the field in the past. Peak numbers of adult ticks were collected from late spring (September/October) to midsummer (November - January). This was followed by a sharp decline to very low counts for the remainder of the year (February - August). Field work was also conducted at five other sites in South Africa. At three of these sites, the AAAP/CO2 trap was used successfully, these included a farm near East London (n = 187 adults, 17 nymphs) Kruger National Park (KNP) (n = 447 adults) and the Songimvelo Game Reserve (SGR) (n = 48 adults). At the two other sites, namely the MEDUNSA campus (n = 31 adults) and at a farm near Warmbaths (n = 25 adults), the AAAP/CO2 trap was not really successful. A total of 1 934 adult and 309 nymphal A. hebraeum were collected with the AAAP/CO2 trap. A sample (n = 570) of the adult ticks collected from the Rietgat CGA (n = 434), the KNP (n = 88) and the SGR (n = 48) was tested for C. ruminantium with a specific PCR assay developed at the UFIUS AID/SADC Healtwater Research Project in Harare, Zimbabwe. Nearly nine per cent (8.9%) of the ticks from the Rietgat CGA, 5.7% from the KNP and 25% from the SGR were positive for C. ruminantium. The overall infection rate of 9.8% for the total sample (n = 570) is similar to others recorded in southern Africa. This was the first time that a large, statistically-relevant sample of free-living, unfed adult A. hebraeum collected with a AAAP/C02 trap, from a variety of different ecological areas has been processed with a C. ruminantium-specific PCR. The epidemiological data from this project should be more credible than those from many of the previous surveys, where feeding ticks were collected off hosts, and indirect methods used to determine C. ruminantium prevalence.
Dissertation (MMedVet)--University of Pretoria, 2000.
Veterinary Tropical Diseases
unrestricted

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Lima, Ana Wladia Silva de. "Reações adversas ao tratamento em massa com a Dietilcarbamazina em populações de areas endemicas de filariose linfática no Recife - PE." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2006. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/3918.

Full text

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2012-05-07T14:43:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 000009.pdf: 530464 bytes, checksum: 7574dcf7fd4791207d6a2911e4d83a93 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006
Uma das estratégias propostas pela OMS para a erradicação da filariose linfática tem sido o tratamento em massa anual com drogas antifilariais, de populações de áreas endêmicas. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estimar a prevalência de efeitos adversos após o uso da DEC em duas áreas alvo do tratamento em massa e descrever a distribuição, tipo e gravidade das reações adversas e manifestações secundárias, após a dose do medicamento. A pesquisa constou de um estudo de prevalência e de um estudo de série de casos. A dose de DEC administrada na Área I foi de ~ 6 mg/kg/dose para ambos os sexos, tendo por base o peso médio estimado para cada faixa etária. Na Área II, a dose foi semelhante, porém, ajustada de acordo com o sexo. Os dados para o estudo de prevalência foram coletados por meio de um questionário, enquanto para o estudo de série de casos as informações foram obtidas das fichas de notificação preenchidas por profissionais de saúde durante o atendimento. A prevalência de efeitos adversos e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95 por cento foram estimados e a associação entre as variáveis testadas pelo cálculo da Razão de Prevalência, da Diferença de Prevalência, Intervalo de Confiança de 95 por cento e valor de p. Entre as 438 pessoas entrevistadas, na Área I, obteve-se uma prevalência de 23,6 por cento(IC de 95 por cento:19,1-29,5). Na Área II, entre 365 entrevistados, a prevalência foi de 16,2 por cento(IC de 95 por cento: 11,9-21,5). A prevalência de reações adversas foi significativamente mais elevada nas mulheres do que nos homens, na Área I (RP=1,77; IC de 95 por cento: 1,23-2,53). Na Área II, embora a prevalência de efeitos tenha sido maior entre as mulheres, a diferença não foi estatisticamente significante (RP=1,43; IC de 95 por cento: 0,88-2,83). Houve um excesso de prevalência de efeitos adversos na Área I em relação à Área II (DP=7,6; IC de 95 por cento: 2,1-3,4, p=0,007). O cálculo das diferenças de prevalência estratificadas por sexo, na Área I em relação à Área II, constatou um excesso de prevalência no sexo feminino, de 11,1 por cento (IC de 95 por cento: 3,1-19,1; p=0,008). Pela vigilância passiva, foram registrados 58 atendimentos por reações adversas ao DEC, em 2003, e 33 em 2004, a maioria de mulheres (67,3 por cento, em 2003 e 57,6 por cento, em 2004). O maior percentual dos casos foi moderado ou leve. Embora a maior parte das reações adversas tenha sido leve ou moderada, a prevalência foi considerada elevada

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Vieira, Leandro Tavares 1982. "Padrões de diversidade da flora lenhosa dos cerrados do nordeste do Brasil." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315890.

Full text

Abstract:

Orientadores: Fernando Roberto Martins, Antonio Alberto Jorge Farias Castro
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T23:22:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vieira_LeandroTavares_D.pdf: 7635886 bytes, checksum: 45fc56134fa579c8535dcd8758bab3d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012
Resumo: O Cerrado é um domínio fitogeográfico que apresenta diversas fitofisionomias que vão do campestre (campo limpo), passando pelo savânico (campo sujo, campo cerrado e cerrado sensu stricto) até o florestal (cerradão). Cerrado com inicial maiúscula refere-se ao domínio fitogeográfico enquanto com inicial minúscula às diferentes fitofisionomias. O Cerrado é o segundo maior domínio fitogeográfico do Brasil e abrange vários estados em sua área central, além de diversas áreas disjuntas na Amazônia, Caatinga e Mata Atlântica. Conhecido por sua grande biodiversidade e endemismo, o Cerrado é um dos 25 "hotspots" de biodiversidade com prioridade para conservação devido à sua baixa porcentagem de área protegida em unidades de conservação. Além disso, a destruição dos ecossistemas que constituem o Cerrado continua de forma muito acelerada, resultado da expansão econômica da região central do Brasil iniciada nos anos de 1970, restando hoje 51,54% de sua vegetação. A flora do Cerrado pode ser dividida em seis províncias fitogeográficas distintas. O Cerrado do nordeste, uma dessas províncias, faz fronteiras com outros domínios fitogeográficos: Caatinga a leste, Amazônia a oeste-noroeste, Mata Atlântica a sudeste e com cerrado central ao sul-sudoeste. A pressão antrópica por novas áreas de cultivos de grãos e oleaginosas em direção ao norte do Cerrado faz com que os cerrados nordestinos sejam foco de atenção conservacionista e pesquisa para que se garanta sua diversidade biológica e funcionalidade ecossistêmica em longo prazo. O primeiro capítulo desta tese introduz ao banco de dados FLORACENE (FLORA do CErrado do nordeste - NE), também utilizado nos demais capítulos, em que foram reunidos 160 levantamentos florísticos. Foram contabilizadas 936 espécies de plantas lenhosas em 376 gêneros e 84 famílias, mostrando que o cerrado nordestino é muito mais rico do que se pensava e diferente do cerrado central. Mostramos como a estrutura florística encontrada para o cerrado nordestino pode ser fruto da história evolutiva do Cerrado. No segundo capítulo, foi avaliado áreas de endemismo locais dentro dos cerrados do nordeste, que por sua vez, é uma área de endemismo regional dentro do domínio fitogeográfico Cerrado, também endêmico. Cinco áreas de endemismo foram determinadas: cerrados litorâneos, Chapada do Araripe, Chapada Diamantina, região norte do estado do Piauí e região sudoeste do cerrado nordestino (oeste da Bahia e sudoeste do Maranhão). A flora de cada uma das áreas de endemismo sofreu influências diferentes dos domínios fitogeográficos adjacentes. As características e semelhanças ambientais de cada área, além da história evolutiva, poderia ter causado tal padrão. No terceiro e último capítulo, foi testado se a severidade ambiental do nordeste poderia causar um agrupamento filogenético nas plantas do cerrado, ou se a competição por recursos limitados ou a influência dos domínios fitogeográficos adjacentes teriam causado uma dispersão filogenética. Através do índice de parentesco líquido (net relatedness index - NRI) e do índice do táxon mais próximo (nearest taxon index - NTI) verificou-se uma leve indicação para o agrupamento filogenético como um todo, e um padrão geral de que severidade climática e condições de solo relacionadas à seca podem agir como filtros abióticos
Abstract: The Cerrado is a phytogeographic domain which has many different physiognomies, ranging from pure grassland ("campo limpo"), through savanna ("campo sujo", "campo cerrado", "cerrado sensu stricto"), to pure forest ("cerradão"). The Cerrado is the second largest phytogeographic domain of Brazil, covering several states in the central area, as well as several disjunct areas in the Amazon, Caatinga and Atlantic Forest. Widely known for its high biodiversity and endemism, the Cerrado is one of 25 "hotspots" of biodiversity with priority for conservation due to its low percentage of protected area in conservation units. Furthermore, the destruction rate of the Cerrado's ecosystems remains high as a result of the economic expansion in central Brazil that started early 1970s. Today, there are 51.54% of the Cerrado vegetation remnants. The flora of the Cerrado can be divided into six distinct phytogeographic provinces. The Northeast Cerrado, one of these provinces, is located in an area under influence from others phytogeographic domains: Caatinga at east, Amazonia at west-northwest, Atlantic Forest at southeast and Cerrado central at south-southwest. The anthropic pressure for new areas for grain and oilseed crops makes the northeastern cerrados a focus for conservation actions and scientific research to ensure that its biological diversity and ecosystem function be guaranteed in the long term. The first chapter of this thesis introduces the database FLORACENE (flora of the cerrado of northeast), also used in the other chapters, which 160 floristic surveys were gathered. We recorded 936 species of woody plants in 376 genera and 84 families, showing that the northeastern cerrado is much richer than previously thought and different from the core cerrado. The floristic structure found for northeastern cerrado may be an outcome of the evolutionary history of the Cerrado. In the second chapter, we evaluate local areas of endemism within northeastern cerrado, which, in its turn, is a regional area of endemism within the Cerrado phytogeographical domain, also endemic. We found five areas of endemism: coastal cerrados, Araripe plateau, Diamantina plateau, the northern state of Piauí and southwestern of northeast region (western Bahia and southwestern Maranhão). The flora of each area of endemism was differently influenced by its adjacent phytogeographic domains. We discuss the similarities and environmental characteristics of each area, and evolutionary history that could have produced such a pattern. In the third and last chapter, we tested whether the environmental severity of the northeast region could have produced a phylogenetic clustering, or if the competition for limited resources or the influences of adjacent phytogeographic domains have produced a phylogenetic overdispersion in the cerrado wood species analyzed. Using the net relatedness index (NRI) and nearest taxon index (NTI) there was a slight overall indication for the phylogenetic clustering, and a general pattern that harsh climate and soil conditions related to drought may act as abiotic filters, leading to phylogenetic clustering
Doutorado
Ecologia
Doutor em Ecologia

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Gonçalves, Deise Josely Pereira 1986. "Vochysiaceae na região do Planalto de Diamantina e padrões de distribuição geográfica das espécies na Cadeia do Espinhaço, Brasil." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315173.

Full text

Abstract:

Orientador: João Semir
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T08:39:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Goncalves_DeiseJoselyPereira_M.pdf: 27113628 bytes, checksum: 003e585fa3662d163dda06241869a617 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: O resumo poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: The abstract is available with the full electronic document
Mestrado
Biologia Vegetal
Mestra em Biologia Vegetal

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Silva, Marcio Bernardino da. "Biogeografia de opiliões Gonyleptidae na Mata Atlântica, com revisão sistemática de Hernandariinae (Arachnida, Opiliones)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41133/tde-29052008-145445/.

Full text

Abstract:

Os opiliões são um bom modelo para o estudo da biogeografia histórica, especialmente na Mata Atlântica, onde existe a maior diversidade de espécies do grupo no mundo. A presente tese foi dividida em três capítulos: o primeiro objetiva a delimitação de áreas de endemismo para a Mata Atlântica, usando a ocorrência de espécies de Gonyleptidae; o segundo objetiva encontrar um padrão geral de relação histórica entre essas áreas de endemismo que explique a diversificação no bioma, usando as filogenias de sete subfamílias de Gonyleptidae; o terceiro é a revisão sistemática da subfamília Hernandariinae. Foram delimitadas 12 áreas de endemismo para a Mata Atlântica, usando a ocorrência de 109 espécies. Foram usados os métodos numéricos PAE (Análise de Parcimônia de Endemicidade) e NDM, e desenvolvidos seis Critérios Combinados para a avaliação e delimitação das áreas. Para procurar por um padrão geral histórico de relação entre essas áreas, foram usados os métodos de biogeografia cladística para construção de cladogramas gerais de áreas. As 12 áreas de endemismo se relacionam historicamente formando três blocos principais na Mata Atlântica, com a separação do componente norte (Pernambuco e Bahia) inicialmente e posterior separação do componente central (Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo) do componente sul (sul de São Paulo, Paraná e Santa Catarina). São discutidos os principais eventos históricos geológicos, climáticos e biológicos que determinaram essas divisões e a diversificação da fauna de opiliões no bioma. A subfamília Hernandariinae, após a presente revisão, é composto por 23 espécies em 6 gêneros. Nova classificação é proposta baseada em uma análise cladística usando 67 caracteres morfológicos. Quatro novas combinações foram propostas: Hernandaria armatifrons, H. una, Acrogonyleptes granulatus e A. pectinifemur. Três revalidações de espécies são propostas: A. granulatus, A. pectinifemur e A. spinifrons. Oito espécies novas são propostas: quatro de Hernandaria, duas de Acrogonyleptes e duas de Pseudotrogulus. Seis sinonímias são propostas: Proweyhia e Metaxundarava = Hernandaria, Apembolephaenus calcaratus = H. armatifrons, Paraproweyhia = Acrogonyleptes, Paraproweyhia curitibae = A. exochus, e Melloleitaniana curitibae = A. spinifrons. Ariaeus é transferido para Gonyleptinae.
Harvestmen are a good model to historical biogeography studies, especially in Atlantic Rain Forest of Brazil, where harbors the greatest species diversity of the group in the world. This thesis was divided in three chapters: the first one aimed to delimit areas of endemism for Atlantic Forest, using the occurrence of species of Gonyleptidae; the second one aimed to search for a general pattern of historical relationships among areas of endemism that explain the diversification of bioma, using phylogenies of seven Gonyleptidae subfamilies; the third one reviewed the subfamily Hernandariinae. Twelve areas of endemism were delimited for Atlantic Forest, using the occurrence of 109 species. Numerical methods PAE (Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity) and NDM were employed. Six Combined Criteria for evaluation and delimitation of areas were proposed. Methods of Cladistic Biogeography was used for constructing general cladograms of areas, which represent the general historic pattern. The 12 areas of endemism historically relate among them, forming three main components in Atlantic Forest, with separation of a northern component (Pernambuco and Bahia) firstly and a second separation of central component (Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo) from a southern component (south of São Paulo, Paraná, and Santa Catarina). The main geological, climatical and biological events which determined those divisions and the diversification of harvestmen in the Atlantic Forest were discussed. The subfamily Hernandariinae, after this review, is composed by 23 species in 6 genera. A new classification is presented based on an cladistic analysis, using 67 morphological characters. Four new combinations are proposed: Hernandaria armatifrons, H. una, Acrogonyleptes granulatus, and A. pectinifemur. Three species are revalidated: A. granulatus, A. pectinifemur, and A. spinifrons. Eight new species are proposed: four of Hernandaria, two of Acrogonyleptes, and two of Pseudotrogulus. Six synonimies are proposed: Proweyhia and Metaxundarava = Hernandaria, Apembolephaenus calcaratus = H. armatifrons, Paraproweyhia = Acrogonyleptes, Paraproweyhia curitibae = A. exochus, and Melloleitaniana curitibae = A. spinifrons. Ariaeus is transferred to Gonyleptinae.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Floriani, Mireli Moura Pitz. "Florística na Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Complexo Serra da Farofa, estrutura e efeitos ambientais da antropização na comunidade arbustivo-arbórea, Santa Catarina, Brasil." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2015. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/526.

Full text

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:42:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV15DA013.pdf: 15037964 bytes, checksum: 47abd4c0a1804357ba3a6efa2cc693f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-20
The Mixed Ombrophylous Forest (MOF) belongs to the Atlantic Forest Bioma and it is a forest formation rich in endemic vegetation species. It occurs mostly in South Brazil. This study aimed to survey the floristic composition, structure and environmental effects of the anthropization on the shrub-arboreal community in Complexo Serra da Farofa State Natural Patrimony Particular Reservation Plot VI in the Municipality of Rio Rufino, Santa Catarina State. The floristic survey of species of all habitats was done in all the area within a period of the 24 months (2011/2013) and in plots of 60 x 20m which were installed from the antique roads towards the interior of the forest fragment. The plots were splitted at each 10m which made possible to measure the gradient-edge (0-30m) and interior (30-60m). Were assessed the environmental variables: temperature (ºC), air relative humidity (%),covering canopy (%), diameter at breast height (DBH), higher or equal to 05 cm at 1.30 m height, total height (m) of all the live arboreal individuals, number of individuals and identification of species. The data were analyzed through the Mann-Withney Test, nonparametric multivariate variance analysis (NPMANOVA), non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS), where the vectors of the significant environmental variables (p ≤ 0.01) were plotted a posteriori, besides the analysis of the indicator species. The floristic-structure groups were partitioned due to their higher or lower anthropization.The floristic survey registered 178 genus, 82 families and 269 species.Were listed 90 herbaceous species, 85 arboreous species, 43 shrub, 22 epiphytes and 29 lianas and or climbing vine plants. Sequently, the data of phytosociology of the area showed the structural profile of woody component which resulted in 1,365 individuals belonging to 72 species, distributed in 48 genus and 27 families. The mostly of the families sampled (54,84%) was represented by only one specie which points out a high diversity in the area. The species with higher Importance Value (IV) were Clethra scabra Pers, Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong, Drimys angustifolia Miers, Lamanonia ternata Vell e Myrceugenia myrcioides (Cambess.) O. Berg.. The diversity indexes of Shannon and the Pielou were 3.11 and 0.73, respectively showing a high diversity and equity in distribuition of individuals per species. Were observed significant differences between the sectors, but not between the edge and the interior of the plots inside the sectors.The data surveyed through this study infer the existence of a diverse forest remaining with a presence of endemic and extinction threatened species. Due to the great ecologic importance to the fauna, flora and production of water in the region, this remaining must be considered as High Conservation Value Area (HCVA) and it must be protected and conserved. The heterogeneity of vegetation observed in the environment reinforces the importance of these places as environments in full process of environmental self-recovery and thus as places considered for the conservation of in situ of native vegetation species in environment of Upper Montane Mixed Ombrophylous Forest
A Floresta Ombrófila Mista (FOM) pertence ao Bioma Mata Atlântica e trata-se de uma formação florestal rica em espécies vegetais endêmicas, ocorrente preferencialmente na região Sul do Brasil. O trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer a composição florística, a estrutura e os efeitos ambientais da antropização na comunidade arbustivo-arbórea na Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Estadual Complexo Serra da Farofa (Bloco VI) no município de Rio Rufino, Santa Catarina. O levantamento florístico de espécies de todos os hábitos foi realizado em toda a área em um período de 24 meses (2011/2013) e em parcelas de 60 x 20m que foram instaladas a partir de estradas antigas adentrando ao fragmento florestal. As parcelas foram subdivididas a cada 10m, o que possibilitou medir os gradientes borda (0-30m) e interior (30-60m). Foram avaliadas as variáveis ambientais: temperatura (ºC) e umidade relativa do ar (%), densidade de copas (%), diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP), maior ou igual a 05 cm a 1,30 m de altura, altura total (m) de todos os indivíduos arbóreos vivos, número de indivíduos e identificação das espécies. Os dados foram analisados por meio do teste de Mann-Withney, análise de variância multivariada não-paramétrica (NPMANOVA), escalonamento multidimensional não-métrico (NMDS), em que os vetores das variáveis ambientais significativas (p ≤ 0,01) foram plotados a posteriori, além de análise de espécies indicadoras. Os grupos florístico-estruturais foram particionados em função da maior ou menor antropização. O levantamento florístico realizado registrou 82 famílias, 178 gêneros e 269 espécies. Foram listadas 90 espécies de ervas, 85 de arbóreas, 43 de arbustivas, 22 de epífitas e 29 lianas e/ou trepadeiras. Os dados fitossociológicos da área serviram para demonstrar o perfil estrutural do componente lenhoso, que resultou em 1365 indivíduos pertencentes a 72 espécies, reunidas em 48 gêneros e 27 famílias. A maioria das famílias amostradas (54,84%) é representada por apenas uma espécie o que indica elevada diversidade na área. As espécies com maiores Índices de Valor de Importância (IV) foram Clethra scabra Pers, Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong, Drimys angustifolia Miers, Lamanonia ternata Vell e Myrceugenia myrcioides (Cambess.) O. Berg.. Os índices de diversidade de Shannon e de Pielou foram 3,11 e 0,73 respectivamente, demonstrando alta diversidade e equidade na distribuição dos indivíduos por espécie. Foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os setores, mas não entre a borda e o interior das parcelas dentro dos setores. Os dados levantados neste estudo indicam um remanescente florestal com presença de espécies endêmicas e ameaçadas de extinção. Devido a grande importância ecológica para a fauna, flora e produção de água na região, este remanescente deve ser considerado uma Área de Alto Valor de Conservação (AAVC) e deve ser protegido e conservado. A heterogeneidade da vegetação observada no ambiente reforça a importância destes locais como ambientes em pleno processo de restauração ambiental e desta forma, locais para conservação in situ de espécies vegetais nativas em ambiente de FOM Altomontana

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Sant'Anna, Bruna Klassa Cardoso. "Estudos de biogeografia e diversidade filogenética dentro da infraordem Tabanomorpha (Diptera, Brachycera) e implicações para a conservação biológica." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2017.

Find full text

Abstract:

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Charles Morphy D. dos Santos
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Evolução e Diversidade, 2017.
O conhecimento da história da vida na Terra é fundamental para entender a atual distribuição dos organismos e para prevê-la no futuro. O estabelecimento de áreas de endemismo e a análise da estruturação filogenética dessas áreas são os primeiros passos para que se possa compreender a história evolutiva e as interações ecológicas entre organismo-espaço e organismo-organismo, a fim de fornecer subsídios para ações conservacionistas. A infraordem Tabanomorpha (Diptera, Brachycera), um grupo antigo, de distribuição global e pouca resolução biogeográfica, é um bom modelo de estudo para discutir a relação entre biodiversidade, padrões filogenéticos e conservação. Os objetivos desta tese foram: i) estudar aspectos biogeográficos dos grupos de Tabanomorpha, em particular identificar áreas de endemismo neotropicais e globais, e ii) estudar o índice de diversidade filogenética de Faith. Para isso, um banco de dados com registros de ocorrência de ~5.000 espécies de Tabanomorpha foi compilado. As áreas de endemismo foram delimitadas a partir de uma análise de endemicidade, utilizando o programa NDM/VNDM. Na região Neotropical, 13 áreas de endemismo foram identificadas, compreendendo cinco componentes: Norte da América do Sul (NSA), Sudeste da América do Sul (SESA), América Central (CA), Savana Brasileira (BS), Andes Central (CAn). De modo geral, estes componentes são congruentes com as propostas de regionalização mais recentes para a região Neotropical. Na análise global, 18 áreas de endemismo foram identificadas: seis áreas na região Neártica, duas na região Paleártica, as regiões Oriental, Australiana e Africana tiveram três áreas cada, e a região Neotropical apareceu como uma área única. Essas áreas foram comparadas com estudos realizados para diversos táxons, apresentando congruências e evidenciando a possibilidade de utilização dos insetos na determinação de padrões globais de endemismo. A partir dos resultados de ambas as análises de endemicidade, a família Rhagionidae foi utilizada como modelo para sugestão de um protocolo de análise de biogeografia histórica, utilizando três distintos de biogeografia cladística: (1) um método baseado em padrão (BPA), um método baseado em eventos (DIVA) e um método baseado em barreiras (SAV). O método baseado em padrão descreve o padrão geral das relações das áreas, com possíveis áreas problemáticas a serem explicadas pelo método baseado em eventos (sob interpretação de diferentes processos: vicariância, dispersão, duplicação, extinção). O método baseado em barreiras testa a história biogeográfica estabelecida pelos métodos anteriores, apontando possíveis barreiras. Essas informações biogeográficas mais amplas facilitam a incorporação subsequente da história evolutiva nas análises de diversidade. Por fim, foi realizada uma análise de diversidade filogenética da família Tabanidae nas áreas de endemismo identificadas na região Neotropical, baseada no Índice de Diversidade Filogenética de Faith. O resultado mostrou que a distribuição geral dos gêneros de tabanídeos é agrupada filogeneticamente, ou seja, constituída por gêneros estreitamente relacionados. A presente tese configura o início de um inventário de dípteros tabanomorfos em áreas neotropicais potencialmente favorável aos estudos de biogeografia da conservação por tratar explicitamente da determinação de áreas de endemismo Neotropicais baseadas na distribuição de Tabanomorpha, e avaliadas em sua diversidade filogenética em Tabanidae, a família mais abrangente da infraordem.
The knowledge of the history of life on Earth is fundamental to understand the current distribution of organisms and to predict it in the future. The establishment of areas of endemism and the analysis of the phylogenetic structure of these areas are the first steps in understanding the evolutionary history and the ecological interactions between organismspace and organism-organism, in order to provide subsidies for conservation actions. The infraorder Tabanomorpha (Diptera, Brachycera), an ancient group with a global distribution and low biogeographic resolution, is a good study model to discuss the relationship between biodiversity, phylogenetic patterns and conservation. The objectives of this PhD thesis were: i) to study biogeographical aspects of groups of Tabanomorpha, particularly identifying Neotropical and global areas of endemism, and ii) to study Faith's phylogenetic diversity index. For this purpose, a database with occurrence records of ~ 5,000 species of Tabanomorpha was compiled. The areas of endemism were delimited from an endemicity analysis of this database, using the NDM/VNDM program. In the Neotropical region, 13 areas of endemism were identified for the Neotropical region, comprising five components: Northern South America (NSA), Southeastern South America (SESA), Central America(CA), Brazilian Savannah (BS), and Central Andes (CAn). In general, those components are congruent with the most recent bioregionalization proposals of Neotropical region. In the global analysis, 18 areas of endemism were identified: six areas in Neartic region, two areas in Palearctic region, Oriental, Australian and African regions presented three areas each, and Neotropical region appeared as a single area. Those areas were compared with global studies carried out for several taxa, presenting congruencies and showing the possibility of using insects in the determination of global patterns of endemism. From the results of both analyzesof endemicity, the family Rhagionidae was used as a model to suggest a protocol for historical biogeography analyses using three distinct methods of cladistic biogeography: (1) a pattern based method (BPA), an event-based method (DIVA) and a barrier-based method (SAV). The pattern-based method depicts the general pattern of area relationships, with possible problematic areas to be explained by the event-based method (under interpretation of different processes: vicariance, dispersion, duplication, extinction). The barrier-based method tests the biogeographical history established by the previous methods, revealing possible barriers. This broader biogeographical information facilitates the subsequent incorporation of evolutionary history into diversity analyses. Finally, an analysis of the phylogenetic diversity of the family Tabanidae was carried out in the areas of endemism identified in the Neotropical region, based on Faith¿s Phylogenetic Divers ty index. The result of the analysis showed that the general distribution of the tabanid genera in the five main areas of endemism in theNeotropical region is phylogenetically clustered, that is, composed of closely related genera. The present thesis is the beginning of an inventory of dipterans of infraorder Tabanomorpha in Neotropical areas, potentially favorable to conservation biogeography studies by explicitly determining Neotropical areas of endemism based on the Tabanomorpha distribution, and evaluating their phylogenetic diversity in Tabanidae, the major family of the infraorder.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Tocchet, Caroline de Bianchi. "Análise da distribuição de pequenos mamíferos (Didelphimorphia, Rodentia): uma abordagem biogeográfica do Cerrado." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/1536.

Full text

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:26:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TOCHET_Caroline_2013_V_ 1.pdf: 367702 bytes, checksum: e45cebba8c597ec047bc77ddd848aef5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-29
Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos
The Cerrado biome is located in Central Brazil Plateau occupying 2,036.448 km². Its weather is characterized by seasonality and the landscape by a vegetation mosaic. Those factors contribute for Cerrado to be known as the richest savanna in the world. It is considered one of the 20 World Hotspots, because of its high level of diversity and threat. The Cerrado is still poorly known, especially in relation to its history, origin and distribution through time, which are important factors to comprehend its recent diversity. This project aims to determine the historically stable areas within Cerrado by modelling 14 marsupial and small rodent species potential distribution for past and present scenarios, to relate the detected areas with endemism levels, to compare the identified patterns with known biogeography hypothesis of other Cerrado organism groups, and to suggest priority areas for inventory. To generate the potential distribution maps I used the digital bases available by WWF and IBGE and the SIG ARCMAP 10.1 software. The potential distribution modelling was implemented by maximum-entropy algorithm (MAXENT), using WORLDCLIM 1.4 and PALEOCLIMATE MODELING INTERCOMPARISON PROJECT (PMIP) climate variables data. The open vegetation biomes of South America were the base area for modelling, with 2.5 layers resolution (ca. 5 km²). To statistically evaluate model performance, I used the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) plot. All models presented high AUC values. The hypothesis that during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) the open formations expanded and the forest ones retracted, while the open formations retracted and forests expanded during the Last Interglacial (LIG) were supported by 20 of the 28 proposed models. The historically stable areas include the Parecis , Chapada dos Guimarães, Chapada Diamantina and Central Brazil Plateaus, the western Minas Gerais and the Espinhaço range. Those areas agree to other historically stable areas and/or endemism areas already proposed for other taxa, such as birds, squamate reptiles, anuran, lepdoptera and plants. They also reflect lack of inventory data. So, the fauna of those areas should be better investigated and its material used in future phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies. Conservation should also be considered in the light of their climatic stability, resulting in the possible creation, increasing or maintaining of Conservation Units.
O bioma Cerrado localiza-se no planalto do Brasil Central e ocupa uma área de 2.036.448 km²; tem seu clima marcado pela sazonalidade e é constituído por um mosaico de diferentes fitofisionomias, um dos fatores que mais contribui para que seja a savana com maior riqueza de espécies do mundo. Por ser um bioma com alto nível de diversidade e estar dentre os mais ameaçados do planeta, é considerado um dos 20 hotspots mundiais. Apesar disto, pouco se conhece a respeito do Cerrado, em especial sobre sua história, incluindo sua origem e distribuição ao longo do tempo, fatores muito importantes para a compreensão da atual diversidade presente no bioma. Este projeto tem como objetivos determinar áreas historicamente estáveis no Cerrado a partir de modelos de distribuição potencial de 14 espécies de marsupiais e pequenos roedores para cenários passados e atuais, relacionar as áreas detectadas com aquelas que atualmente possuem maior concentração de espécies endêmicas, e comparar os padrões levantados em relação a hipóteses biogeográficas já propostas para outros organismos que habitam o Cerrado, além de sugerir áreas prioritárias para inventário. Para produzir os mapas de distribuição potencial foram utilizadas bases digitalizadas disponibilizadas pela WWF e pelo IBGE e o software SIG ARCMAP 10.1. Para a modelagem foi utilizado o algoritmo de máxima entropia (MAXENT). As variáveis climáticas foram obtidas a partir da base de dados do WORLDCLIM 1.4 e do PALEOCLIMATE MODELING INTERCOMPARISON PROJECT (PMIP) e a área considerada para gerar os modelos foi aquela que incluiu as formações abertas da América do Sul, conhecida como Diagonal Seca , com resolução das camadas ambientais de 2.5 (ca. 5 km²). Para verificar o desempenho dos modelos produzidos foi utilizada a análise da área sob a curva (area under the curve, AUC) ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic). Todos os modelos gerados apresentaram alto valor de AUC. A hipótese de que durante os períodos glaciais, como o Último Máximo Glacial (Last Glacial Maximum LGM), as formações abertas teriam se expandido e as áreas florestadas se retraído, e durante os períodos inter-glaciais, como o Último Inter-glacial (Last Interglacial LIG), o oposto teria acontecido, isto é, expansão das formações florestais e retração das áreas abertas, foi corroborada por 20 dos 28 modelos propostos. As áreas historicamente estáveis geradas pelos modelos das 14 espécies incluem o Planalto dos Parecis e a Chapada dos Guimarães (MT), o Planalto Central brasileiro (GO e DF), o oeste de Minas Gerais, na região leste do Triângulo Mineiro, a Serra do Espinhaço (MG) e a Chapada Diamantina (BA). Essas áreas aqui identificadas condizem com áreas historicamente estáveis e/ou áreas de concentração de endemismos anteriormente propostas para outros táxons como aves, répteis Squamata, anuros, lepidópteros e plantas. Os modelos também apontaram estas áreas como áreas de lacunas de amostragem, representando regiões a serem melhor investigadas em campo quanto à sua fauna e possível fonte de material para estudos futuros de filogenia e filogeografia. Além disso, são importantes para conservação, tendo em vista sua estabilidade climática, representando possíveis áreas alvo de criação, ampliação e manutenção de Unidades de Conservação.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Tapia, Armijos María Fernanda [Verfasser], Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] Leuschner, Holger [Gutachter] Kreft, Dirk [Gutachter] Gansert, and Erwin [Gutachter] Bergmeier. "Definition of areas with high conservation priority in Southern Ecuador – An approach combining spatial and temporal patterns of deforestation and human impact with endemic plant diversity : Deforestation and forest fragmentation in South Ecuador since the 1970s – losing a hotspot of biodiversity / María Fernanda Tapia Armijos ; Gutachter: Holger Kreft, Dirk Gansert, Erwin Bergmeier ; Betreuer: Christoph Leuschner." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1117908518/34.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

MENDES, Poliana. "Prioridades globais para a conservação e características biológicas associadas ao risco de extinção em morcegos (Chiroptera:mammalia)." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/2553.

Full text

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:21:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao Poliana Mendes.pdf: 900873 bytes, checksum: 549aa0a8671a1a0cdfa3dc72f555ddc7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-04
The species loss in recent decades can be comparable to a mass extinction event. This scenario emphasizes the need for biodiversity conservation before it disappears, but the resources devoted to this purpose are limited. In this context, identifying species that possess characteristics that predispose them to a greater sensitivity to environmental changes may help understanding how species losses occur. In addition, proposals for conservation strategies from existing knowledge about species are practical ways of minimizing the loss of biodiversity. The greater ecological diversity of the order Chiroptera, when compared with other groups of mammals, suggests that this may be a good study group to research in conservation biology. In this scenario, Chapter 1 uses a scoring methodology that considered four parameters to define priorities for conservation of bats: risk of extinction, endemism, originality and the public interest. Later, we checked if priority species and areas are covered by any protected areas. It was also verified if priority areas for bats are more congruent with global priorities, focused on pro-active or reactive strategies. The three species with the highest score for conservation priority were Acerodon humilis, Acerodon jubatus and Latidens salimali. The priority areas for bat conservation are in South Amercia, Madagascar, some spots in Africa, Australia, New Zealand and Indonesian Islands. The sites covered by reactive strategies have greater priority level for conservation of bats, but we observed both reactive and pro-active strategies, within priority boxes. Only one quarter of the priority squares for bats have 10% or more of conserved areas within I-IV criteria, idealized values for 2010 Conservation Biodiversity (CBD). The results suggest that tropical areas, which also have more species of bats, are the ones that require more attention from conservation programs and much of these areas are minimally represented by conservation units, emphasizing the importance of investments for biodiversity conservation in these locations. Both reactive and pro-active strategies are important for biodiversity maintenance of bats, despite the reactive strategies being more representative in grid cells with the highest values of priority. In chapter 2, we checked if there is a relationship between bats biological features and extinction risk. Features used were: body mass, litter size, forearm size, wing length, gestational length and age of sexual maturity. Since the relationship between these features and the risk of extinction may be biased by phylogenetic relationships, we used a Phylogenetic Eigenvectors regression analysis (PVR) to remove the phylogenetic components of predictors. All variables addressed except gestational length are phylogenetically structured. Body mass, forearm length, wing length and litter size are related to the extinction risk. Since higher residual values for body mass and forearm size are associated with extinction risk and lower residual values for wing length and litter size are more related to the extinction risk. Smaller wing length as predictor of extinction risk may be associated with the species largest mobility capacity with larger wings. Body mass is a commonly associated feature with extinction risk, and this relationship can be explained by the relationship of this variable with slow life history features, higher species threat due to hunting, greater environmental resource acquisition or larger life area. Despite the small body size in mammals is associated with the lower extinction risk, bats unlike most small mammals have a slow life history, a factor that increases the susceptibility to species extinction.
A perda de espécies das últimas décadas é equiparável a um evento de extinção em massa. Esse cenário enfatiza a necessidade da conservação da biodiversidade antes que ela desapareça, porém os recursos destinados a esse propósito são limitados. Sob esse contexto, identificar espécies que possuem características que as predispõe a uma maior sensibilidade a alterações ambientais pode auxiliar no entendimento de como ocorre a perda de espécies. Além disso, propostas de estratégias de conservação, a partir do conhecimento já existente sobre as espécies, são maneiras práticas de tentar minimizar a perda da biodiversidade. A grande diversidade ecológica da ordem Chiroptera, quando comparada com outros grupos de mamíferos, sugere que este pode ser um bom grupo de estudo para a pesquisa em biologia da conservação. Diante deste cenário, no Capítulo 1 utilizamos uma metodologia de pontuação que considerou quatro parâmetros para definir prioridades de conservação para morcegos: risco de extinção, endemismo, originalidade e interesse público. Posteriormente, verificamos se áreas e espécies prioritárias são cobertas por alguma área protegida. Foi também verificado se as áreas prioritárias para morcegos são mais congruentes com prioridades globais, focadas em estratégias proativas ou reativas. As três espécies com maior pontuação de prioridade de conservação foram Acerodon humilis, Acerodon jubatus e Latidens salimali. As áreas prioritárias para a conservação de morcegos estão na América do Sul, Madagascar, alguns locais na África, Austrália, Nova Zelândia e Ilhas da Indonésia. Os locais cobertos por estratégias reativas possuem maior valor de prioridade de conservação para morcegos, porém observamos tanto estratégias proativas quanto reativas, dentre as quadrículas prioritárias. Somente um quarto das quadrículas prioritárias para morcegos possuem 10% ou mais de áreas preservadas dentro dos critérios de I a IV, valor idealizado para 2010 na Convenção da Biodiversidade (CBD). Os resultados obtidos sugerem que as áreas tropicais, onde também existem mais espécies de morcegos, são as que necessitam mais atenção dos programas de conservação e grande parte destas áreas ainda não estão minimamente representadas por unidades de conservação, enfatizando a importância de investimentos para a conservação da biodiversidade nesses locais. Tanto estratégias de conservação reativas como proativas são importantes para manter a biodiversidade prioritária de morcegos, apesar das estratégias reativas serem mais representativas nas quadrículas com os maiores valores de prioridade. No Capítulo 2 verificamos se há relação entre características biológicas dos morcegos e o risco de extinção. As características utilizadas foram: massa corporal, tamanho da ninhada, tamanho do antebraço, comprimento da asa, duração da gestação e idade da maturidade sexual. Como a relação entre essas características e o risco de extinção pode estar enviesada pelas relações filogenéticas, utilizamos uma Análise de Regressão por Autovetores Filogenéticos (PVR) para retirar o componente filogenético das variáveis preditoras. Todas as variáveis abordadas, exceto duração da gestação estão estruturadas filogeneticamente. Massa corporal, tamanho do antebraço, comprimento da asa e tamanho da ninhada estão relacionados com o risco de extinção. Sendo que maiores valores residuais para massa corporal e tamanho do antebraço estão relacionados com o risco de extinção e menores valores residuais para comprimento da asa e tamanho da ninhada estão mais relacionados com o risco de extinção. Menores comprimentos da asa como preditor do risco de extinção pode estar associado com a maior capacidade de locomoção de espécies com maiores asas. A massa corporal é uma característica comumente associada com o risco de extinção, e essa relação pode ser explicada através da relação desta variável com características relacionadas a uma história de vida lenta, maior ameaça das espécies maiores devido a caça, maior aquisição de recursos do ambiente ou maior área de vida. Apesar do pequeno tamanho corporal em mamíferos ser associado com menor risco de extinção, os morcegos ao contrário da maioria dos mamíferos de pequeno porte, possuem história de vida lenta, fator que aumenta a predisposição de espécies à extinção. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que é possível utilizar características intrínsecas das espécies para predizer o risco de extinção, e isso pode ser útil para estabelecer estratégias de conservação para espécies classificadas como Deficientes de Dados, pois devido a suas características elas podem ser aproximadas das espécies ameaçadas ou não ameaçadas. Além disso, é possível propor estratégias para estabelecer prioridades de conservação de forma simples através da metodologia de pontuação, apesar da arbitrariedade dessa metodologia ao definir as pontuações para cada parâmetro.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Piorski, Nivaldo Magalhães. "Diversidade genética e filogeografia das espécies Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794) e Prochilodus lacustris Steindachner, 1907 no Nordeste do Brasil." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/5384.

Full text

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:20:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3078.pdf: 3949929 bytes, checksum: 0375aaec7134412a51147cc0d80c7620 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-21
The State of Maranhão is considered as a transitional area between northeastern semiarid and amazonian rainforest. Various perennial rivers such as the rivers Parnaíba, Itapecuru, Mearim, Pindaré and Gurupi are found in Maranhão. Distribution patterns analysis indicated the region as an endemism area for Neotropical freshwater fishes. However, only few studies have been performed in the region. Therefore the relationships between the hidrographic set and the respective neighbour areas are not fully comprehended. One complication is the insufficient cientific knowledge about the endemism level in the region due to insufficient establishment of taxonomic bounds for several species in the area. This study examines the hypothesis that freshwater fishes from Maranhão rivers are valid taxonomic unities, and whether its hydrographic set can be considered as an endemism area for Neotropical fishes. The study is focused on the analsis of genetic differentiation of Hoplias malabaricus and Prochilodus lacustris. The geographic variation of H. malabaricus was studied using sequences of the DNAmt control region as well by geometric morphometrics. Besides the mitochondrial marker, the variation analyses of P. lacustris employed sequences of the S7 intron 1. Both species exhibited high genetic variability which may be related to its own ecological features. The genetic diversity of H. malabaricus, a sedentary species, is influenced by drainage architeture. On the other hand, the migratory behavior of P. lacustris and the results obtained had suggested that the variability found was influenced by historical factors. Because the most resolution of the P. lacustris data, the molecular clock hypothesis was tested and divergence times between populations sampled were estimated. These estimates matching with geological informations enabled us to identify several putative events that may play an important role in differentiation of the maranhense ichthyofauna. Under the taxonomic point of view, the hypothesis that H. malabaricus is a species complex was reinforced and the analyses suggested that putative criptic species occur in the region. The P. lacustris specimens constitute a taxonomic unit, but did not support the hypothesis that the species is endemic for the Parnaíba and Mearim rivers. Considering these results, we suggest that the most closely indication of endemism areas could be the ecoregions established by Secretaria de Recursos Hídricos from Ministério do Meio Ambiente.
O Estado do Maranhão é geralmente considerado uma área de transição entre o semiárido nordestino e a floresta amazônica, onde está localizado um conjunto de rios perenes, tais como, Parnaíba, Itapecuru, Mearim, Pindaré e Gurupi. Análises baseadas em padrões de distribuição têm indicado que a região constitui uma área de endemismo para peixes neotropicais. No entanto, devido ao reduzido número de estudos, as interrelações desse conjunto hidrográfico com áreas vizinhas são pouco compreendidas. Uma das dificuldades que surge do esquálido conhecimento científico é a identificação do nível de endemismo que a região abriga, uma vez que há problemas na definição dos limites taxonômicos de várias espécies com ocorrência registrada na área. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo testar as hipóteses de que as espécies de peixes dos rios do Maranhão são unidades taxonômicas válidas e, consequentemente, o conjunto hidrográfico pode ser considerado uma área de endemismo. O estudo foi centrado na análise de diversidade genética das espécies Hoplias malabaricus e Prochilodus lacustris. Em H. malabaricus a variação geográfica foi estudada usando sequências da região controle do DNAmt e através de morfometria geométrica. Além do marcador mitocondrial, na análise da variação em P. lacustris foram utilizadas sequências do íntron 1 do gene S7. Ambas as espécies apresentaram alta variabilidade genética que parece estar associada às características ecológicas de cada uma. H. malabaricus, sendo sedentária, teve sua diversidade genética influenciada por arquitetura de drenagem. Por outro lado, dado o comportamento migratório de P. lacustris, os resultados sugeriram que a variabilidade observada foi influenciada por fatores históricos. A maior resolução dos dados em P. lacustris permitiu testar a hipótese de relógio molecular e estimar tempos de divergências entre as populações amostradas. Estas estimativas foram combinadas com informações geológicas disponíveis, possibilitando a identificação de vários eventos que provavelmente exerceram papéis importantes na diferenciação da ictiofauna maranhense. Do ponto de vista taxonômico, as análises reforçaram a hipótese de que H. malabaricus é um complexo de espécie, sugerindo a possibilidade de ocorrência de espécies crípticas na área. As amostras de P. lacustris, por sua vez, constituem uma unidade taxonômica, mas não são consistentes com a hipótese de que a espécie é endêmica para os rios Parnaíba e Mearim. Diante dos resultados obtidos, sugerimos que a indicação mais aproximada de áreas de endemismo seja a de ecorregiões definidas pela Secretaria de Recursos Hídricos do Ministério do Meio Ambiente.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Endemic area'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles