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Reta, Haimanot, Sebsebe Demissew, and Zemede Asfaw. "Plant Diversity Study on Kelekal Protected Forest in Debre Markos Town District, East Gojjam, Amhara Region, Ethiopia." Sustainability in Environment 4, no. 2 (May 24, 2019): p98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/se.v4n2p98.
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This research was aimed to investigate floristic composition and structure of Kelekal protected forest established since 1999. For plant data collection, 33 different quadrnts having 400 m2 along seven different line transect were used. The structural data like Frequencies, Density, DBH, Hight, Relative dominance, Relative density and IVI values were calculated for each species and for the selectedwoody plants. The woody plant species having DBH?2.5 cm and height greater than 2.5 m were measured. A hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to classify different plant communities. Shannon winner diversity indices and Sorensen’s similarity indices were used to compare the identified plant communities. Endemic and economically important plants were identified from Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea books. This research resulted 103 different vascular plants. Eight (7.77%) plants are endemic and the “K” partitioning in the R program using hierarchical cluster analysis resulted three-plant community types. The general distribution pattern of these woody plants at different DBH and height classes showed an inverted Jshape pattern. Four different population patterns were investigated from the density of these species recorded at different DBH class. The result of the structural data provides pertinent information for future forest management techniques in Kelekal protected forest.
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Nigussie, Dereje, Belete Adefris Legesse, Gail Davey, Abebaw Fekadu, and Eyasu Makonnen. "Ethiopian medicinal plants used for their anti-inflammatory, wound healing or anti-infective activities: protocol for systematic literature review and meta-analysis." BMJ Open Science 4, no. 1 (September 2020): e100064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjos-2020-100064.
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ObjectivesMedicinal plants are used globally as alternative medicines in the management of a range of disease conditions and are widely accepted across differing societies. Ethiopia hosts a large number of plant species (>7000 higher plant species), of which around 12% are thought to be endemic, making it a rich source of plant extracts potentially useful for human health. The aim of this review is to evaluate Ethiopian medicinal plants for their anti-inflammatory, wound healing, antifungal or antibacterial activities.Methods and analysisThe guidance of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) statement will be used. This review will consider all controlled studies of anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties (both in vivo and in vitro) and in vitro anti-infective properties of medicinal plants found in Ethiopia. Data sources will be EMBASE, PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Google Scholar. Guidance documents on good in vitro methods and checklists for reporting in vitro studies will be used for quality assessment of in vitro studies. The risk of bias tool for animal intervention studies (the SYRCLE RoB tool) will be used to assess the validity of studies. The main outcomes will be percent inhibition of inflammation, time of epithelisation and tissue tensile strength in wounds and microbial growth inhibition.Ethics and disseminationThe findings of this systematic review will be disseminated by publishing in a peer-reviewed journal and via conference presentations. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Research Governance & Ethics Committee (RGEC) and Addis Ababa University, College of Health Science, Institutional Review Board.PROSPERO registration numberThis systematic literature review has been registered with PROSPERO (registration number CRD42019127471).
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Kebede, Mamo, Eshetu Yirdaw, Olavi Luukkanen, and Mulugeta Lemenih. "Plant community analysis and effect of environmental factors on the diversity of woody species in the moist Afromontane forest of Wondo Genet, South Central Ethiopia." Biodiversity: Research and Conservation 29, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/biorc-2013-0003.
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Abstract Floristic diversity and the composition of vascular plants are described for the moist Afromontane forest (MAF) of Wondo Genet, south-central Ethiopia. A total of 75 (20 x 20 m) quadrats were sampled and data on species identity, abundance, elevation, slope and aspect were recorded. Different diversity indices and ordination techniques were used to analyze the data. A total of 240 plant species including seven endemic plant species were found representing 94 families and 210 genera, of which trees constitute 23.8%, shrubs 25%, herbs 35%, lianas 11.3% and ferns 5%. Cluster and indicator species analyses revealed five plant communities described as: Teclea nobilis-Calpurnia aurea, Erythrococca trichogyne-Millettia ferruginea, Croton macrostachyus-Vernonia hochstetteri, Protea gaguedi-Rhus retinorrhoea and Dodonaea angustifolia-Hypericum quartinianum. Elevation (R2=0.48, P<0.001), slope (R2=0.14, P<0.001) and aspect (R2=0.04, P<0.01) correlated significantly and negatively with species richness, whereas only elevation (R2=0.30, P<0.001) and slope (R2=0.13, P<0.001) related significantly and negatively with abundance. Sørensen’s similarity coefficient indicates that the forest of Wondo Genet is similar to moist montane forests of southwestern and southeastern Ethiopia. Given the high diversity, coupled with the existence of endemic species, ecosystem conservation and restoration strategies with further research are warranted.
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Agathokleous, Evgenios, Zhaozhong Feng, Elina Oksanen, Pierre Sicard, Qi Wang, Costas J. Saitanis, Valda Araminiene, et al. "Ozone affects plant, insect, and soil microbial communities: A threat to terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity." Science Advances 6, no. 33 (August 2020): eabc1176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc1176.
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Elevated tropospheric ozone concentrations induce adverse effects in plants. We reviewed how ozone affects (i) the composition and diversity of plant communities by affecting key physiological traits; (ii) foliar chemistry and the emission of volatiles, thereby affecting plant-plant competition, plant-insect interactions, and the composition of insect communities; and (iii) plant-soil-microbe interactions and the composition of soil communities by disrupting plant litterfall and altering root exudation, soil enzymatic activities, decomposition, and nutrient cycling. The community composition of soil microbes is consequently changed, and alpha diversity is often reduced. The effects depend on the environment and vary across space and time. We suggest that Atlantic islands in the Northern Hemisphere, the Mediterranean Basin, equatorial Africa, Ethiopia, the Indian coastline, the Himalayan region, southern Asia, and Japan have high endemic richness at high ozone risk by 2100.
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Ejigu, D., A. Bekele, and L. Powell. "Feeding ecology of Walia Ibex Capra walie (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Bovidae) in Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 5 (April 26, 2021): 18132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6228.13.5.18132-18140.
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Walia Ibex Capra walie is an endemic and endangered species residing in Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia. It has shifted its range within the Park in the last decade, and in this study our main objective was to provide information on their feeding ecology to inform recovery goals. We used a scan sampling method to collect foraging information during October 2009 to November 2011. Our observations suggest a diverse diet of more than 28 species of grasses, forbs, and shrubs. The most commonly used plants were Festuca sp., Lobelia rhynchopetalum, Helichrysum citrispinum, and Helichrysum horridum. Walia Ibex were active in feeding before and after mid-day, and time spent feeding was the highest compared with other diurnal activities. The percentage of time spent feeding on major plant species did not differ between wet and dry seasons (p> 0.05). Walia Ibex, however, tended to spend more time browsing than grazing. The generalist nature of foraging behaviour in Walia Ibex most likely contributes to complaints from the local people who witness Walia Ibex raiding crops cultivated in and around the Park. Thus, the contribution of crop raiding to the shifts in the species’ range towards higher altitudes at Sebatminch within Simien Mountains National Park emphasizes the need to consider foraging ecology as community-based conservation efforts are developed to support Walia Ibex in the Park.
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Bjorå, Charlotte Sletten, MARTE ELDEN, INGER NORDAL, ANNE K. BRYSTING, TESFAYE AWAS, SEBSEBE DEMISSEW, and MIKA BENDIKSBY. "Speciation in the genera Anthericum and Chlorophytum (Asparagaceae) in Ethiopia—a molecular phylogenetic approach." Phytotaxa 297, no. 2 (February 27, 2017): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.297.2.2.
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Sister group relations of Ethiopian species of Anthericum and Chlorophytum and variation patterns in the C. gallabatense and C. comosum complexes were studied using molecular phylogenetic analyses, morphometrics, and scanning electron microscopy of seed surfaces. Results indicate that molecular data largely support previous morphological conclusions, and that speciation has occurred in Ethiopia at least three times in Anthericum and repeatedly within different subclades of Chlorophytum. Areas particularly rich in endemic species are the lowland area around Bale Mountains in SE Ethiopia and in the Beninshangul Gumuz regional state in W Ethiopia near the border to Sudan. A new species, Chlorophytum mamillatum Elden & Nordal, is described, and the names C. tordense and C. tetraphyllum are re-instated.
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Asmerom, Demoze, Gebremedhin Solomon Hailu, Ebrahim M. Yimer, Helen Bitew, and Getu Kahsay. "Antimicrobial Evaluation of Latex and TLC Fractions from the Leaves of Aloe adigratana Reynolds." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (March 27, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8312471.
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Background. The highest prevalence and emergence of microbial infections coupled with the threat of antimicrobial resistance constitute a global concern, which entails searching for novel antimicrobial agents. Medicinal plants are among the major sources of medicines for novel drug discovery. Aloe adigratana is one of the endemic Aloe species in Ethiopia where the leaf latex of the plant is traditionally used for the treatment of various pathogenic conditions such as wound, dandruff, malaria, and diabetes. In spite of such claims, there was no scientific study done so far. The aim of the current study was, therefore, to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of leaf latex of A. adigratana and its thin layer chromatography (TLC) fractions. Methods. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) separation was employed for isolation of bioactive compounds. Agar well diffusion and microdilution assay method were used to evaluate the antimicrobial actions of the leaf latex and TLC fractions against six bacterial strains and four Candida species of reference and clinical isolate microbial strains. Results. Three major fractions, AA01, AA02, and AA03, were identified by TLC. Among the tested microbial strains, the reference strain of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (MIC = 0.06 mg/mL) and clinical Candida krusei 242/18 (MIC = 0.14 mg/mL) exhibited higher susceptibility towards AA02, while reference strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603 (MIC = 0.19 mg/mL) revealed the highest susceptibility towards AA01. The leaf latex displayed the highest activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and clinical Candida krusei 242/18 with a MIC value of 0.19 mg/mL. Conclusion. The leaf latex and TLC fractions were found to be active against the tested bacterial and Candida species. Therefore, this finding supports the traditional claim of Aloe adigratana and the need for characterization of the TLC fractions to provide as lead compounds for further comprehensive antibacterial and antifungal activities.
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Wang, Sheng‐Wei, Biyansa Hirpo Boru, Antony Waigwa Njogu, Anne Christine Ochola, Guang‐Wan Hu, Ya‐Dong Zhou, and Qing‐Feng Wang. "Floristic composition and endemism pattern of vascular plants in Ethiopia and Eritrea." Journal of Systematics and Evolution 58, no. 1 (August 12, 2019): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jse.12527.
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Meve, U., and S. Liede. "A new species from Ethiopia and an interesting disjunction in Tylophora (Asclepiadaceae)." Edinburgh Journal of Botany 53, no. 3 (November 1996): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960428600003760.
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A new species of Tylophora, T. corollae Bullock ex Meve & Liede (Asclepiadaceae), is described from Ethiopia. This delicate twiner is characterized by yellow, shield-shaped corona lobes with apical appendages.The non-twining shrub up to lm high, T. fleckii (Schltr.) N.E. Br., so far known to be endemic to Namibia, is for the first time recorded from NE Africa. The interesting biogeographical implications resulting from the extraordinary gap of 4500km in its distribution are discussed.
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Niemelä, T., P. Renvall, and K. Hjortstam. "Hagenia abyssinica and its fungal decayers in natural stands." Edinburgh Journal of Botany 55, no. 3 (November 1, 1998): 473–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960428600003309.
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Hagenia abyssinica J.F. Gmel. (Rosaceae) is an Afromontane endemic, whose range extends from Ethiopia in the north to Zimbabwe and Mozambique in the south. This thick-stemmed but low-growing tree is restricted to East African high mountains, and is one of the dominants of upper montane forests, often making up the timberline. In this paper 17 aphyllophoroid basidiomycetes are reported on Hagenia from Tanzania. Trees which have been partly debarked by elephants are often troubled by Hymenochaete ochromarginata Talbot. A new species, Hyphodontia submucronata Hjortstam & Renvall is described. Dendrothele griseocana (Bres.) Bourdot & Galzin is reported for the first time from Africa.
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GIL-NOVOA, JORGE ENRIQUE, MARÍA E. MORALES-PUENTES, and JORGE D. MERCADO GÓMEZ. "Biogeographic origins and floristic affinities of the bryophytes of the Tota-Bijagual-Mamapacha complex in the Páramos of Boyacá, Colombia." Phytotaxa 477, no. 2 (December 24, 2020): 171–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.477.2.3.
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Páramos are Neotropical high-elevation isolated ecosystems in the Andes. These areas are inhabited by many distinct plant species, such as bryophytes, which provide environmental services including the storage and regulation of surface and groundwater; however, the diversity and biogeographic affinities of bryophytes are still unknown. We used phytogeographic analysis and biogeographic regionalization approaches to determine the biogeographic origins and floristic affinities of this flora in the Tota-Bijagual-Mamapacha (TBM) páramos complex. We found 219 species of bryophytes, 145 mosses, and 75 liverworts. These species are mainly of Neotropical origin, although we also found relationships with Ethiopian, Nearctic, Australian, Antarctic, Palearctic and Oriental regions. According to Morrone (2014), the TBM is located in the South American Transition Zone, the Páramo province, and the Páramos de la cordillera Oriental biogeographic district. The TBM had important floristic relationships with the South Brazilian subregion and the Magdalena province. We found no endemic species to the TBM complex, but identified several endemic species for the Andean páramos.
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Friis, Ib, Michael G. Gilbert, Odile Weber, Paulo Van Breugel, and Sebsebe Demissew. "The Gerire Hills, SE Ethiopia: ecology and phytogeographical position of an additional local endemic, Anacampseros specksii (Anacampserotaceae)." Webbia 74, no. 2 (July 3, 2019): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00837792.2019.1670020.
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Davis, C. J. S. "Malva aethiopica, a new name for Lavatera abyssinica (Malvaceae): an endemic species of the Ethiopian Highlands." Phytotaxa 13, no. 1 (December 6, 2010): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.13.1.5.
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Goldblatt, P. "New species of Sparaxis and Ixia (Iridaceae: Ixioideae) from Western Cape, South Africa, and taxonomic notes on Ixia and Gladiolus." Bothalia 29, no. 1 (September 30, 1999): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v29i1.571.
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Sparaxis auriculata is a new species of this western Cape and western Karoo genus It resembles S. villosa (Burm.f.)Goldblatt in its (lowers but is probably allied to S. galeata (Jacq.) Ker Gawl. Sparaxis metelerkampiae, currently a subspecies of S. variegata Sweet is raised to species rank. We propose changes to the infrageneric classification of the southern African winter rainfall genus Ixia. and describe a new species, I. aurea It is related to I odorata Ker Gawl. but differs in the larger deep yellow or orange flowers which are unscented In Gladiolus, we propose the new name. G saxatilis. for the Mpumalanga endemic, originally described as G litliicola Goldblatt J.C.Manning, a homonym for an Ethiopian species.
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Moller, Andersen N. "Cladistic biogeography of marine water striders (Insecta, Hemiptera) in the Indo-Pacific." Australian Systematic Botany 4, no. 1 (1991): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9910151.
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More than 120 species of marine water striders (Hemiptera, Gerromorpha), representing three families and eight genera, are distributed throughout the lndo-Pacific region. They live in marine habitats such as mangroves, intertidal coral reef flats and the sea surface near coral and rocky coasts. Five species of sea skaters, Halobates (Gerridae), have colonised the surface of the open ocean. Adult marine water striders are wingless but may disperse along coasts, chains of islands and possibly across wider stretches of open sea. Although some species of coral bugs, Halovelia (Veliidae) and Halobates are widespread, most species of marine water striders have rather restricted distributions. Cladistic hypotheses are now available for the genera Halovelia, Xenobates (Veliidae) and Halobates. Based upon distributional data for about 110 species, a number of areas of endemism can be delimited within the Indo-Pacific region. The results of component analyses of taxon-area cladograms for several monophyletic species-groups of marine water striders are presented. The faunas of northern New Guinea, the Bismarck and Solomon Islands (Papuasia) are closely related and show much greater affinity with Maluku, Sulawesi and the Philippines than with the fauna of northern Australia. Relationships between the faunas of Papuasia + Sulawesi + the Philippines and those of Borneo + Jawa + Malaya are relatively weak. Marine water striders endemic to islands of the western Pacific show relationships among themselves and with Australia. Most marine water striders from the Indian Ocean (East Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles and Maldives) can be derived from the Indian-South-east Asian fauna. Composite faunas of marine water striders (either of different age or origin) are found in New Guinea, New Caledonia, Fiji Islands, the Philippines, tropical Australia and East Africa. The biogeography of marine water striders does not support the traditional division of the Indo- Pacific into the Ethiopian, Oriental and Australian regions. The distributional patterns are more compatible with a set of hierarchical relationships between more restricted areas of endemism.
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Puff, C., and Sileshi Nemomissa. "The Simen Mountains (Ethiopia): Comments on Plant Biodiversity, Endemism, Phytogeographical Affinities and Historical Aspects." Systematics and Geography of Plants 71, no. 2 (2001): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3668732.
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PRABHUKUMAR, KONICKAL MAMBETTA, ZACHARY S. ROGERS, VADAKKOOT SANKARAN HAREESH, and INDIRA BALACHANDRAN. "Reinstatement and lectotypification of Gnidia sisparensis (Thymelaeaceae), a species endemic to India." Phytotaxa 372, no. 2 (October 12, 2018): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.372.2.5.
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Gnidia sisparensis Gardner (1847: 457–458) was first described based on (at least) two collections made from Sispara Pass in the Nilgiri Mountains in southwestern India. Wight (1852: 18, text explanation sub plate 1860) translated the original Latin description of G. sisparensis into English (almost verbatim), adding the following comment: “In its general aspect this plant is so like the other [i.e. G. eriocephala Wall. ex J. Graham (1839: 176)] that it might be passed as such, but on closer examination it proves a very distinct species”. In that publication, Wight also provided the first illustrations of G. sisparensis (plate 1860), and the plant closely matches the description included in Gardner’s protologue. Without personally examining any specimen, Meisner (1857) transferred the species to the very closely related genus Lasiosiphon Fresenius (1838: 602–603), creating L. sisparensis (Gardner) Meisner (1857: 598), on the basis of the protologue (Gardner 1847) and the plate published in Wight (1852). Hooker (1886: 197) synonymized L. sisparensis and several other names [e.g. Lasiosiphon hugelii Meisner (1857: 598), L. metzianus Miquel (1851: 15), G. insularis Gardner (1847: 456)] under a broadly circumscribed L. eriocephalus (Wall. ex J. Graham) Decaisne (1844: 148), noting that there were no distinguishing characters available to separate them. Later, Gamble (1925) cited Gardner’s Sispara material along with two other collections from Palghat Hills (=Palakkad) and Mysore (=Mysuru), made by Beddome and Lobb, respectively. Additionally, Gamble (1925) recognized the taxon at the varietal rank as L. eriocephalus var. sisparensis (Gardner) Gamble (1925: 1244), mentioning differences related to leaf shape and the color of the trichomes within the inflorescences. Townsend (1981) was the first to treat L. eriocephala, and its basionym, Gnidia eriocephala, as synonyms of the widespread African Gnidia glauca (Fresenius 1838: 603) Gilg (1894: 227) [≡ Lasiosiphon glaucus Fresenius(1838: 603)], writing on page 506 that the “Indian material is often more abruptly and less sharply pointed in the leaf than African, but this is by no means consistent”. Additionally, Townsend recognized two infraspecific taxa of G. glauca, the var. glauca, ranging from Southwest India to tropical Africa (Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, through Sudan and Ethiopia and west to Nigeria), and var. insularis (Gardner) Townsend (1981: 507), a more pubescent Sri Lankan variety (Gnidia sisparensis was not mentioned in the publication). Kumari (1987) recognized that Townsend’s treatment implied a transfer of L. eriocephalus var. sisparensis to Gnidia, and published the new combination G. glauca var. sisparensis (Gardner) Kumari (1987: 214). Kumari went on to indicate the Ramanathapuram District of Tamil Nadu as its native range, without citing any voucher specimens. Moreover, Naithani (1990) also recognized the variety and extended its distribution, reporting three adjacent Indian states (Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala), but likewise without citing any supporting vouchers. Gnidia sisparensis is reinstated here as a distinct species and a lectotype is designated for the name.
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Serbessa Tolera, Bekele, Kifle Dagne Woldegebriel, Abel Teshome Gari, Mulatu Geleta Dida, and Kassahun Tesfaye Geletu. "Analyses of genetic diversity and population structure of anchote (Coccinia abyssinica (Lam.) Cogn.) using newly developed EST-SSR markers." Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 68, no. 6 (February 17, 2021): 2337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-021-01132-5.
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AbstractAnchote (Coccinia abyssinica (Lam.) Cogn.) is a perennial root crop belonging to Cucurbitaceae family. It is endemic to Ethiopia and distributed over wide range of agro-ecologies. For further improvement and efficient conservation of this crop, characterization of its genetic diversity and its pattern of distribution is a vitally important step. Expressed sequence tags-simple sequence repeats (EST-SSRs) markers were developed from publicly available watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] ESTs in the GenBank database. Among those novel markers, eight were polymorphic and subsequently used for genetic diversity and population structure analyses of 30 anchote accessions collected from western Ethiopia. A total of 24 alleles were obtained across the eight polymorphic loci and 30 accessions that revealed moderate level of genetic diversity in this minor crop. Among the eight loci, locus CA_06 was the most informative with six alleles and polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0.76. The accessions showed about threefold variation in terms of genetic diversity, with expected heterozygosity (He) ranging from 0.15 (accession An) to 0.44 (accession Dg). Other accessions with higher genetic diversity include Ar and Gu (He = 0.43 and 0.41, respectively). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that the variation within accessions and among accessions accounted for 84.7% and 15.3% of the total variation, respectively. The study revealed low but significant population differentiation in this crop with no clear pattern of population structure. The EST-SSR markers developed in this study are the first of their kind for anchote and can be used for characterization of its wider genetic resources for conservation and breeding purposes.
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Newcomb, M., M. Acevedo, H. E. Bockelman, G. Brown-Guedira, B. J. Goates, E. W. Jackson, Y. Jin, et al. "Field Resistance to the Ug99 Race Group of the Stem Rust Pathogen in Spring Wheat Landraces." Plant Disease 97, no. 7 (July 2013): 882–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-12-0200-re.
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Wheat landraces provide a source of genetic variability for breeding. The emergence and spread of highly virulent races of the stem rust pathogen (Ug99 race group of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) threaten wheat production globally. Spring wheat landraces were screened for resistance in eight field seasons at the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Njoro, where the Ug99 race group has become endemic. Accessions showing resistance in one season were retested and screened with molecular markers associated with resistance genes Sr2, Sr24, Sr36, and Lr34/Yr18; two height-reducing genes; and a photoperiod insensitivity allele. Of 2,509 accessions tested, 278 were categorized as resistant based on results from at least two seasons. Of these resistant accessions, 32 were positive for one or more markers for Sr2, Sr36, Rht-B1b, or Rht-D1b, indicating that they do not fit the definition of “landrace” because these genes were likely introduced via modern breeding practices. Thus, 246 resistant “landrace” accessions were identified. Of countries with more than five tested accessions, Afghanistan, Iran, Portugal, Ethiopia, Uzbekistan, Greece, Tajikistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia had at least 10% of tested accessions that were resistant to the Ug99 race group. Future research will characterize the resistance to determine its novelty and incorporate novel genes into improved lines.
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Kassa, Fentaye, Teshome Nedi, Aklilu Feleke, Tadesse Eguale, Haile Alemayehu, and Workineh Shibeshi. "In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of 80% Methanol Extract and Solvent Fractions of Urtica simensis Hochst. ex. A. Rich. (Urticaceae) Leaves against Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi." Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Journal 36, no. 2 (July 20, 2021): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/epj.v36i2.3.
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Medicinal plants have been used for the treatment of infectious diseases since a long time. Urtica simensisHochst. ex. A. Rich. is one of the endemic medicinal plants used for the treatment of bacterial and fungalinfections in Ethiopian folklore medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activityof 80% methanol extract and solvent fractions of the leaves of U. simensis. The 80% methanol extract wasprepared by maceration and the solvent fractions were obtained by successive fractionation of the 80%methanol extract with chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and distilled water. The antimicrobial activity ofthe extracts was evaluated on eight bacterial and two fungal species using agar well diffusion method atconcentrations of 200, 400 and 800 mg/ml. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined bybroth microdilution method. From the gram positive bacteria tested, the most susceptible species wasStreptococcus pneumoniae (MIC of 1.36 mg/ml), while Klebsiella pneumoniae and Aspergillus niger weremost susceptible gram negative bacterial and fungal species with MIC values of 2.54 and 3.13 mg/ml,respectively. The least values of MIC, MBC and MFC were 1.36, 5.21 and 6.25 mg/ml, respectively. Resultsof the present study revealed that the 80% methanol extract and solvent fractions, of the leaves of U.simensis, with the exception of the aqueous fraction, possess activity against the growth of selected pathogenic bacterial and fungal species. Among the solvent fractions, the n-butanol fraction was the most active fraction against the gram positive bacteria tested, while the ethyl acetate fraction was the most active fraction against the other tested organisms. Further studies are needed to isolate the active principles, elucidate the mechanism of antimicrobial action, determine in vivo antimicrobial activity and effect of the extracts on other pathogens including clinical isolates.
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Friis, Ib, Michael G. Gilbert, Alan J. Paton, Odile Weber, Paulo van Breugel, and Sebsebe Demissew. "The Gerire Hills, a SE Ethiopian outpost of the transitional semi-evergreen bushland: vegetation, endemism and three new species, Croton elkerensis (Euphorbiaceae), Gnidia elkerensis (Thymelaeaceae), and Plectranthus spananthus (Lamiaceae)." Webbia 73, no. 2 (July 3, 2018): 203–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00837792.2018.1505379.
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Girmay, Mehari, Tamrat Bekele, Sebsebe Demissew, and Ermias Lulekal. "Ecological and floristic study of Hirmi woodland vegetation in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia." Ecological Processes 9, no. 1 (October 12, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13717-020-00257-2.
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Abstract The dryland area in Ethiopia covers a substantial region endowed with diverse plant resources. However, the landmass has received less attention even if it has high ecological, environmental, and economic uses. The present study was conducted in Hirmi woodland vegetation, which is one of the dryland areas in Ethiopia, with the objective of investigating the floristic composition, plant community types, vegetation structure, community-environment relations and its regeneration status. Vegetation and environmental data were collected from 80 sampling plots with a size of 25 m × 25 m designated as the main plots. Diameter at breast height (DBH), height, basal area, density, vertical structure, importance value index (IVI), and frequency were computed. Species diversity and evenness were analyzed using Shannon diversity and evenness indices. The plant community types and vegetation-environment relationships were analyzed using classification and ordination tools, respectively. A total of 171 vascular plant species belonging to 135 genera and 56 families were recorded. About 5.3% of the species were endemic and near-endemic to Ethiopia. The highest number of species was recorded in families Fabaceae (16.4%) and Poaceae (11.7%) followed by Asteraceae (7.0%), Combretaceae, Lamiaceae, and Moraceae (3.5% each). Five plant communities were identified. According to the results from ordination analysis, the floristic composition of these plant communities was significantly affected by altitude, slope, sand, silt, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and disturbance. The vegetation structure reveals that a large number of individual species was categorized in the lower DBH, frequency, and height classes. The highest Shannon diversity index and evenness values of the study area were 4.21 and 0.95, respectively. Anogeissus leiocarpa, Combretum hartmannianum, Ziziphus mucronata, Terminalia macroptera, and Acacia polyacantha were the species with high IVI. Some endemic plants were in the IUCN red list categories of Ethiopia and Eritrea. The overall regeneration status of the study area was poor because of anthropogenic disturbances and grazing pressures. Although the study area is endowed with high plant species diversity including endemism, it is under poor regeneration status due to various disturbances. To overcome this challenge, integrated management measures including monitoring and application of restoration techniques by taking into consideration the significant environmental factors associated with species diversity as well as observed regeneration status and IUCN threat level of the species are highly recommended.
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Brand, Robert F., Leslie R. Brown, and Pieter J. Du Preez. "A floristic analysis of the vegetation of Platberg, eastern Free State, South Africa." Koedoe 52, no. 1 (March 11, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v52i1.710.
Full textAbstract:
A checklist of vascular plants of Platberg was compiled to determine species richness, rarity and endemism. The floristic analysis is part of the Department of Economic, Tourism and Environmental Affairs Free State biodiversity assessment programme and conservation management plan for Platberg. The analysis identified a total of 669 species belonging to 304 genera and 95 families, with 214 species belonging to the Monocotyledoneae and 438 species to the Dicotyledoneae. The largest family is Asteraceae with 126 species, followed by Poaceae with 73 species, Cyperaceae with 39 species, Fabaceae with 33 species, and Scrophulariaceae with 27 species. Various fynbos species were found, as well as 26 endemic/near-endemic species belonging to the Drakensberg Alpine Centre or Eastern Mountain Region. The results of this study revealed that Platberg shares inselberg floral richness and endemism that can be tracked via the Afromontane archipelago-like string of inselbergs and mountains, which stretch north through the Chimanimani Mountains, into Malawi, the Eastern Arc Mountains via Tanzania and north through Ethiopia, into Eurasia.Conservation implications: Platberg, as an inselberg, is a site of significant biological diversity, with high species richness, vegetation selection and ecosystem complexity. It shares floral richness and endemism via inselbergs and mountains throughout Africa. The high species richness, Red Data species and ecosystems make this area an important conservation site that should be legislated and protected.
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Wairasho, Peter S. "Dwarf Ravens kill and eat a Spotted Thicknee." Biodiversity Observations 10 (April 5, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.15641/bo.v10i0.602.
Full textAbstract:
Dwarf Ravens kill and eat a Spotted Thicknee
The Dwarf Raven or Somali Crow Corvus edithae is an endemic resident in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somali, Kenya and SE Sudan (C Hillary Fry & Stuart Keith et al. 2000). In Kenya they are locally found mostly in the North from around Kapedo, Laisamis, Mado Gashi and Wajir areas. These birds belong to the Corvidae family. They are medium to large passerine birds. They are conspicuous, bold, inquisitive and highly adaptable. As a family they occupy a wide range of habitats including forest, woodland, grassland, tundra, desert and cliffs but more often around human habitation (C Hillary Fry & Stuart Keith et al. 2000).
These species in particular inhabits deserts, semi-deserts, arid plains, dry savannas and open thorn bush from sea level to usually around 2000 m ASL (C Hillary Fry & Stuart Keith et al. 2000). Their general behavior is not well documented but are known to be solitary or in pairs and in flocks of up to 100 in the non-breeding season. They are usually fearless and aggressive.
Their food consists of small ground-dwelling animals, carrion, and some plants, also bird eggs, tick and lice (C Hillary Fry & Stuart Keith et al. 2000) and largely considered to be scavengers. So while at Turkana in May 2018 I was surprised to witness a small group of the species behave like raptors in pursuit of their prey. A murder of three Dwarf Ravens landed about 50 m from where I was standing, and begun rummaging through the small dry bushes around. I had not even taken much notice of two fully grown Spotted Thicknees (Burhinus capensis) nearby, thanks to their cryptic plumage blending well with the sun bleached volcanic rocks spewed all over this vast arid region interspersed by short dry grass and bushes. Before long I noticed something emerge fast from the short bushes apparently disturbed by the ravens. It was a young Spotted Thicknee, not fully grown but just as tall as the parents who were close by. The ravens actively pursued the young Thicknee, caught it and relentlessly attacked it. The vicious attack was briefly interrupted when an Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus landed nearby and again when a White-headed Vulture Trigonoceps occipitalis also landed nearby. The parents of the young Thicknee watched from a safe distance away and made no attempts to rescue the fledgling. Eventually the murder of crows killed the Thicknee before proceeding to dismember it and devour it. We could not find other records of Corvids actively hunting and killing live prey but it is likely desert dwelling corvids will often resort to catching live prey (of any taxa)
Acknowledgements
Many thanks to Dr. Peter Njoroge for his advice in the presentation of this record.
References
Fry, C. H., Keith, S. and Urban, E.K. (Eds) (2000). The Birds of Africa Vol. VI Academic Press, London.
Checklist of the Birds of Kenya, Fourth Edition, OS-c EANHS September 2009
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Awoke, Sisay, and Chalachew Gedamu. "Chemical Studies and Antibacterial Activity of the Root of Rumex abyssinicus." Earthline Journal of Chemical Sciences, July 28, 2020, 155–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.34198/ejcs.4220.155173.
Full textAbstract:
One of the Ethiopian endemic plants used traditionally as medicine for different diseases is Rumex abyssinicus. It is widely known as ‘Meqmeqo’ in Amharic. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize compounds from the root of R. abyssinicus and to test their bioactivities of solvent fractions of the extract. The crude extract was extracted from dried powdered root of the plant with methanol. Then it was fractionated with n‑hexane and ethyl acetate with increasing polarity. The yellow powder obtained from ethyl acetate fractionation was applied to column chromatographic separation that led to the isolation of two compounds, diisobutyl phthalate and emodine. Finally, antibacterial evaluation of the ethyl acetate and methanol soluble portions were carried out against four pathogenic bacteria. Both methanol and ethyl acetate soluble portions inhibited all selected bacterial in better at high concentrations.