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Journal articles on the topic 'Ending morpheme'
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DEACON, S. HÉLÈNE, and DILYS LEUNG. "Testing the statistical learning of spelling patterns by manipulating semantic and orthographic frequency." Applied Psycholinguistics 34, no. 6 (2012): 1093–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716412000173.
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ABSTRACTThis study tested the diverging predictions of recent theories of children's learning of spelling regularities. We asked younger (Grades 1 and 2) and older (Grades 3 and 4) elementary school–aged children to choose the correct endings for words that varied in their morphological structure. We tested the impacts of semantic frequency by including three types of words ending in -er: derived and inflected forms, the first of which are far more frequent across the language, and one-morpheme control forms. Both younger and older children were more likely to choose the correct ending for derived forms over one-morpheme control words. This difference emerged for inflected forms only for the older children. We also tested the impacts of orthographic frequency by contrasting performance on the two derived allomorphs -er and -or, the first of which is far more frequent, and comparison one-morpheme forms. Both younger and older children were more likely to choose the correct spelling for the derivational -er over the same letter pattern in control words. This difference did not emerge in either group for the -or ending. The implications of these findings for current models of children's spelling development are discussed.
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Johnsen, Sverre Stausland. "Variation in Norwegian retroflexion." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 35, no. 2 (2012): 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586512000194.
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A phonological process in Norwegian takes morpheme-initial alveolar /t d n s/ to retroflex [ʈ ɖ ɳ ʂ] after a morpheme ending in the tap /ɾ/, a process which earlier descriptions in the literature have classified as obligatory. This paper reports on production experiments with both existing and novel words, which show that Norwegian speakers treat retroflexion of morpheme-initial /s/ as optional, and that they are more likely to apply retroflexion to a morpheme in /s-/ when the /s/ is followed by a consonant (/sC-/) than when the /s/ is followed by a vowel (/sV-/).
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Nazira, Mira. "Morfem Bahasa Melayu Riau Dialek Siak di Desa Rempak Kecamatan Sabak Auh Kabupaten Siak Provinsi Riau." GERAM 6, no. 1 (2018): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/geram.2018.vol6(1).1798.
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This study of “Morpheme Malay Riau Dialect Of Siak In The Village OfUnisow Subdistrict Sabak Auh Siak, Riau Province”. The problem in this research is how the morphemes are bound, which are in malay Riau Province? This study iams to collect, analyze, deserige and concluede morpheme bound contained in the Malay Riau dialect of Siak in the Village Of Unison Subdistrict Sabak Auh Siak Regency Of Riau Province. The main data souvees in dualitative research is the speech of informans who originated from the Malay Riau Dialect Of Siak In The Village Of Unision Subdististrict Sabak Auh Siak Regency Of Riau Province. The data obtained in this study is a morpheme gound to that contained in the utterance that is pronounced by the informant. The method that I use in the implementation of this research method descriptive. Data collection techniques this research uses observasion techniques, interviews, recordings, listen and record. From the results obtained it can be concluded that the morpheme malay Riau dialect of Siak in the village of unison Subdistrict Sabak Auh Siak regency of Riau Province consists of (1) Prefix (prefix), hit, search, split, divide, paint, crusty, hanging, gilard, forgetful, destroyer, for, will, (2) Infiks (insert), bars, cruising (3) suffixes (ending), love, reconcile, food, (4) confix (prefix and suffix), cleverness, planning, coming.
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Breznik, Irena Stramljič. "Tvorbeni Potencial Glagolskih Novotvorjenk Na -Ing + -Irati V Slovenščini." Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 69, no. 3 (2018): 572–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2019-0033.
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Abstract The paper focuses on new verbal formations in Slovene coined from borrowed nouns ending in -ing with the Slovenian morpheme -irati (e.g. šoping-irati) on the basis of analogous phonological and semantic structures in the language, and examines their spread in the sphere of informal language use. The wordformational potential of such verbs is further examined with the basic categories of cognitive grammar, such as morphemic transparency, schematicity of the wordformational pattern and the established status of the phonemic sequence *ingira* in the previously existing lexical units of the Slovene language.
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Merlo, Roberto. "“Stelele și lalelele”: saggio di micromonografia storico descrittiva di una classe flessiva della lingua romena (I)." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 65, no. 4 (2020): 261–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2020.4.16.
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“Stelele şi lalelele”: Essay of Micromonography of a Romanian Inflectional Class (I). This article is the first of a three-part study aimed at reconstructing the origin and the history of a sub-class of nouns that, from a Romance perspective, has been considered a distinctive feature of Romanian, as well as at bringing into discussion its current status. The object of the study is the sub-class of f nouns ending in the sg NA in stressed vowel, and with pl in -le. In this first part, the author lays out the matter, illustrating the distinctiveness of the morpheme f pl le with respect to Romance pl endings and describing the morphological traits of this class in contemporary Romanian as “radical theme” nouns, i.e. f nouns lacking a specific morpheme for sg NA (f√ ø). In preparation to the following two parts of the study, the author discusses here the Latin origin of f√ ø in Common Romanian, identifying the members of the sub-class directly inherited from Latin.
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Heathcote, Lauren, Kate Nation, Anne Castles, and Elisabeth Beyersmann. "Do ‘blacheap’ and ‘subcheap’ both prime ‘cheap’? An investigation of morphemic status and position in early visual word processing." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 8 (2018): 1645–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1362704.
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Much research suggests that words comprising more than one morpheme are decomposed into morphemes in the early stages of visual word recognition. In the present masked primed lexical decision study, we investigated whether or not decomposition occurs for both prefixed and suffixed nonwords and for nonwords which comprise a stem and a non-morphemic ending. Prime–target relatedness was manipulated in three ways: (1) primes shared a semantically transparent morphological relationship with the target (e.g., subcheap-CHEAP, cheapize-CHEAP); (2) primes comprised targets and non-affixal letter strings (e.g., blacheap-CHEAP, cheapstry-CHEAP); and (3) primes were real, complex words unrelated to the target (e.g., miscall-CHEAP, idealism-CHEAP). Both affixed and non-affixed nonwords significantly facilitated the recognition of their stem targets, suggesting that embedded stems are activated independently of whether they are accompanied by a real affix or a non-affix. There was no difference in priming between stems being embedded in initial and final string positions, indicating that embedded stem activation is position-independent. Finally, more priming was observed in the semantically interpretable affixed condition than in the non-affixed condition, which points to a semantic licensing mechanism during complex novel word processing.
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Hogwan Park. "Analysis on the Morpheme and Meaning of Connective ending ‘-eumyeonseo(으면서)’". EOMUNYEONGU 79, № ll (2014): 53–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17297/rsll.2014.79..003.
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Andersen, Paul Kent. "Remarks on Dionysios Thrax’s concept of ‘Diáthesis’." Historiographia Linguistica 21, no. 1-2 (1994): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.21.1-2.02and.
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Summary The purpose of this paper is to present a new interpretation of Dionysios Thrax’s original definition of diáthesis. Diáthesis was regarded as one of seven morphological categories of the (finite) verb of which there were two and only two formal variants, i.e., enérgeia “performance” and páthos “experience” (generally referred to as the active and middle sets of personal endings respectively). Diáthesis was manifested in the personal ending of the verb, whose function was to represent various properties of the ‘subject’, i.e., its person and number as well as its diáthesis “disposition” – or general thematic relation – to the verb. The morpheme for the diáthesis enérgeia “performance” exhibited the active set of personal endings as its ‘form’ and expressed the person and number of the subject as well as the fact that it ‘performed’ the predication as its ‘schematic’ meaning; the morpheme for the diáthesis páthos “experience” exhibited the middle set of personal endings as its ‘form’ and expressed the person and number of the subject as well as the fact that it ‘experienced’ the predication as its ‘schematic’ meaning. Moreover, just as the other Greek (and Roman) grammarians, so too was Dionysios Thrax well aware of instances in which there was a discrepancy between ‘form’ and ‘meaning’. Accordingly, he incorporated such ‘anomalies’ into his definition by mentioning four concrete examples and labeling them with his technical term mesótēs “middle”: the first two examples were active forms which exhibited the meaning of páthos, whereas the second two examples were middle forms which exhibited the meaning of enérgeia.
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Pawlicki, Kamil. "Niejednoznaczność terminów „tematyczny” and „atematyczny” w językoznawstwie indoeuropejskim." Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Językoznawczego LXXVI, no. 76 (2020): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6666.
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Polskie terminy tematyczny i atematyczny stosowane są do opisu fleksji nominalnej i werbalnej języka praindoeuropejskiego oraz starszych faz poszczególnych języków indoeuropejskich. W rozumieniu pierwszym termin atematyczny oznacza formacje, których morfem tematyczny jest morfemem zerowym, tzn. takie, w których po części leksykalnej następuje bezpośrednio końcówka fleksyjna, a termin tematyczny oznacza formacje, w których morfem tematyczny jest różny od zera. W rozumieniu drugim termin tematyczny oznacza formacje, które tuż przed końcówką mają samogłoskę tematyczną, którą rozumie się zazwyczaj jako pie. *-e/o- (niekiedy także jako *-ā-), a termin atematyczny oznacza formacje, które nie mają tej samogłoski. Część formacji jest atematyczna w obu rozumieniach (np. pie. *dóm(H)-Ø-s ‘dom’), część jednak jest atematyczna tylko w rozumieniu drugim, ale już nie w pierwszym (np. pie. *dóm(H)-u-s ‘dom’). Uzasadnienia rozumienia pierwszego szukać można w praindoeuropejskiej fleksji werbalnej, w której istnieje niewiele formacji mających morfem tematyczny inny niż *-e/o-. Uzasadnieniem rozumienia drugiego są różnice we fleksji formacji z morfemem *e/o- i bez niego. Dwuznaczność w rozumieniu terminów tematyczny i atematyczny możne być pośrednio spowodowana faktem, że oba terminy, z którymi się je wiąże – morfem tematyczny i samogłoska tematyczna – pochodzą od tego samego terminu temat; dwuznaczność jest mniejsza na przykład w języku angielskim, w którym analogiczne terminy pochodzą od dwóch różnych terminów podstawowych: stem (stąd ang. stem suffix) i theme (stąd ang. thematic vowel). Ambiguity of the terms thematic and athematic in Indo-European linguistics. Summary: The Polish terms tematyczny (‘thematic’) and atematyczny (‘athematic’) are used to describe nominal and verbal inflection of the Proto-Indo-European language and of the older phases of some individual Indo-European languages. In the first sense, the term atematyczny is used for formations whose stem morpheme is zero – that is, in which the lexical part is followed directly by the inflectional ending, while the term tematyczny is used for formations in which the stem morpheme is different from zero. In the second sense, the term tematyczny is used for formations that just before the ending have a thematic vowel, which is usually understood as PIE. *-e/o- (sometimes also as *-ā-), while the term atematyczny is used for formations that do not have this vowel. Some formations are thematic or athematic in both meanings (e.g. PIE. *dóm(H)-Ø-s ‘house’), and some are labelled as athematic only in the second meaning, but not in the first one (e.g. PIE. *dóm(H)-u-s ‘house’). Justifications for the first meaning can be found in Proto-Indo-European verbal inflection, in which there are few formations with a stem morpheme other than * -e/o-. Justifications for the second meaning are some differences in the inflection of formations with the *-e/o- morpheme and without it. The ambiguity in the understanding of the terms tematyczny and atematyczny in Polish may be indirectly due to the fact that both terms with which they are associated – morfem tematyczny (‘thematic morpheme’) and samogłoska tematyczna (‘thematic vowel’) – come from the same term temat ‘theme’; the ambiguity is less e.g. in English, where analogous terms come from two different basic terms: stem (hence stem suffix or stem morpheme) and theme (hence thematic vowel). Keywords: thematic, athematic, Proto-Indo-European, thematic vowel, stem morpheme
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Kim, Hyun-ju. "Overall achievements and issues with the research on the prefinal ending morpheme {-sɔp-}(-ㅅ.ㅂ-)". Korean Historical Linguistics 19 (30 жовтня 2014): 65–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14727/khl.2014.19.65.
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Fertig, David. "Morphological Change Through Phonological Analogy: 2nd Person Singular -s → -st and Related Developments in Germanic." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 31, no. 1 (2019): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147054271800003x.
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Almost all existing accounts of the change of the 2nd person singular verbal agreement ending -s to -st in Old English and Old High German attribute the development to some combination of reanalysis of forms with enclitic subject pronouns ending in -stu and analogy based on a handful of mainly preterite-present verbs that already had 2nd person singular -st in the present indicative in Proto-(West)-Germanic. These factors retain a role in the analysis presented here, but I argue that the operative mechanisms are essentially phonological in nature, licensed ultimately by certain neutralizing processes such as degemination, rather than involving the spread of an existing -st morpheme, grammaticalization of an enclitic subject pronoun, or relocation of a morphological boundary. This analysis also sheds light on the relationship of the 2nd person singular change to the more general phenomenon of word-final t accretion seen in dozens of words such as German Axt ‘ax’ < Middle High German ackes or English against < earlier agains.*
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Rakić, Stanimir. "Some Further Observations on the Spelling of English Compounds." ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 7, no. 1 (2010): 8–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.7.1.8-26.
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This paper explores the main factors which determine the spelling of English N+N compounds. On the basis of a corpus extracted from LDCE (2000) and LDCE (2003), I discuss the following factors, which may have an influence on the spelling of English N+N compounds: the number of syllables, the morphological structure of the first constituent of compounds and the nature of phonotactic transition at the morpheme boundary. The analysis shows that the first two factors exert major influences on the spelling of compounds, while the influence of the third factor varies depending on the number of syllables. In the examined corpus, very few compounds with more than four syllables are spelled solid. The majority of two-syllable compounds are spelled solid under all circumstances, while only 74 four-syllable compounds are spelled solid. The highest percentage of two-syllable compounds are spelled open (49.7%) if the first constituent ending in a consonant builds a consonant cluster at the morpheme boundary. The majority of three-syllable compounds are spelled open unless the first constituent ends in a schwa. The proposed analysis of the extracted corpus shows varied influence of different factors and enables us to establish their partial ranking.
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Afri, Evan, and Intan Maulina. "Analysis of Derivational and Inflectional Morpheme in Song's Lyrics of Adele Album." International Journal of English and Applied Linguistics (IJEAL) 1, no. 1 (2021): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47709/ijeal.v1i1.983.
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This research aims to find the derivative affixes and Inflection affixin "Song Adele Album". This study is a descriptive qualitative study. Researcher tries to find derived words, ending affixes and roots from words in Songs Adele Albums without using statistical calculations. In this study, the author used all words containing prefixes and suffixes as data. The data source is all parts of the word, which are the beginning of the song sung by Adele's album. The result of analyzing the data is that the derived affixes and affixes found in the song Adele album are -er, -en, -ing, -ly, -ment, -ness, -ness as suffixes, and the affixes are -d, -s, -ed, -ing, -es, -er, -est. From the conclusions of this study, the author suggests that in order to improve their vocabulary mastery, readers should apply derived words and affixes by decomposing words into roots and affixes, because they can get the structure of a word from a word , and also discover how words are constructed. By understanding the roots, readers can construct words themselves.
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Demeshko, Inna. "MORPHONOLOGICAL TYPES AND PROPERTIES OF BASES VERBS OF WORD- FORMING UNITS IN THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE." Research Bulletin Series Philological Sciences 1, no. 193 (2021): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2522-4077-2021-1-193-207-212.
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The article describes the morphonological structure of word- forming units with indivisible and divisible bases verbs is clarified in the article and the morphonological types and properties of bases verbs of word-forming units in the Ukrainian language are determined. The morphonological structure of word-forming units is determined by the structure of the apical verb, morphonological transformations, morphonological positions, morphonological type, morphonological model. The ending of the verb base, which undergoes changes under the influence of the initial of the formant, signalize morphonological transformations. All word-forming units with an inarticulate verb are divited among 22 morphonological types, with an indivisible verb is divided between 50 morphonological types, notice the character of the verb base, complex morphonological transformations (consonant or vocal alternations, types of final consonant base), open, closed), increase of radical or suffix morpheme, change of accent positions (shift of emphasis on root or suffix morpheme). Morphonologically marked deverbatives of substantive, adjectival, verbative, adverbial blocks are analyzed. The character of realization and regularity of morphonological phenomena in word formation during the formation of deverbatives are influenced by structural and phonemic properties, characteristics of creative bases and word-forming affixes, features of the contact zone on the morpheme seam, stress position, truncation, number of syllables. Indivisible verb bases are characterized by open and closed verb bases, divisible verb bases are characterized only by open verb bases. For articulated verb bases, the open structure of the suffix (V, VCV) is typical, open or cover-open (CV). Analyzing the bases verbs of word-forming units in the Ukrainian language, it is appropriate to take into count the indivisibility and divisibility of bases verbs, the final formative basis, variability / non-variability of verb bases, formant initials, morphonological transformations, morphonological positions, presence / absence of constraints in compatibility.
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Takahashi, Hideya. "On the acquisition of potential verbs and conjugation types of verbs in Japanese." Open Linguistics 7, no. 1 (2021): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2021-0002.
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Abstract It is well-known that children whose native language is Japanese first begin vocalizing potential verbs at about the age of 2 years and continue to utter ungrammatical forms which are not used in adults’ speech as well as correct ones until approximately at the age of 5 years when their acquisition of potential verbs completes, with virtually no erroneous uses observed. Interestingly enough, the process of the acquisition of potential verbs proceeds in a manner parallel with that of causative/inchoative alternation. In this study, based on children’s natural speech data reported in previous research, we argue that the approach put forth in Fuji, Hashimoto, and Murasugi (2008a. “A VP-shell analysis for the undergeneration and the overgeneration in the acquisition of Japanese causatives and potentials.” Nanzan Linguistics 4: 21–41; 2008b. “VP-shell analysis for the acquisition of Japanese potentials.” Nanzan Linguistics: Special Issue 3(2): 65–102) is not empirically valid in that it cannot correctly predict changes in morphological patterns of potential verbs uttered by children along the period of language acquisition. Moreover, in the course of our discussion, it is shown that the acquisition process of the potential morpheme e by children can be identified as that of (in)transitive morpheme e which forms the class of mono-grade vowel-ending verbs.
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Honti, László. "Névszói -ik végződéseink egyikének valószínű keletkezéstörténete." Magyar Nyelvjárások 58 (2020): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30790/mnyj/2020/01.
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A Probable Etymology for One of Our Nominal -ik Suffixes There are altogether six such suffixes in the Hungarian language that have an -ik phonological form; three of these are used in the nominal and three in the verb category. This paper examines the history of research and the circumstances for the emergence of the -ik element with a highlighting function. The most frequently occurring lexemes of the formations created with this morpheme are egyik ‘one of’, másik ‘another, other one’, mindenik ‘everyone’, melyik ‘which one’, and valamelyik ‘one of them’. A large part of those studying this issue in Hungarian and Finno-Ugric Studies have identified this element as the pl. 3rd person possessive suffix (dialectal -ik ~ -uk/-ük in literary language) in a way that this morpheme was perceived to have two components: -i was interpreted as the dialectal sg. 3rd person possessive suffix (e.g., ház-i ‘his house’, kez-i ‘his hand’), while -k was identified as the plural suffix (e.g., háza-k ‘houses’, keze-k ‘hands’). This paper studies the emergence of the -ik morpheme and the process of its formation starting out from the fact that the most frequent egyik and másik pronouns with a highlighting suffix (in which -ik was probably first used) appear in old language and dialects both in an accented position only with an -i suffix added and without any ending with a highlighting function. The Hungarian -i and -k have such equivalents in a large part of Finno-Ugric languages (Balto-Finnic, Sami, Votic, Komi, Khanty, Mansi) that also make the lexeme they are attached to accented; these turned into the -ik highlighting suffix in Proto-Hungarian in three steps, egy ~ “egy + i” > egy- ~ egyi- ~ “egyi + k” > egy- ~ egyi- ~ egyik. This -ik, however, did not become the pl. 3rd person possessive suffix, this wording appears as a conclusion in opposition to the overall view of experts studying this issue.
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Franco, Karlien, and Sali A. Tagliamonte. "New -way(s) with -ward(s): lexicalization, splitting and sociolinguistic patterns." Language Variation and Change 32, no. 2 (2020): 217–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394520000083.
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AbstractThis paper investigates the distribution of a morphological variable that has not gained much attention in the literature: adverbial -s versus -Ø. This morpheme predominantly occurs with adverbs ending in -ward(s), like forward(s), afterward(s), and inward(s), or -way(s), such as anyway(s) or halfway(s). Using a large database of sociolinguistic interviews of Ontario English and an apparent-time perspective, we show that the use of the variants changes over the twentieth century, with the adverbial suffixes -ward(s) and -way(s) behaving differently. -Ward(s) shows a trend towards -s, while most words in -way(s) increasingly take -Ø–splitting by adverbial suffix. Anyway(s) is an exception to this pattern, with a change from below towards -s, strongly conditioned by social standing. We also find evidence for lexicalization of forms without -s in phrasal verbs like to move forward. We explain these findings against the background of variationist sociolinguistic theory and principles of language change.
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Bonet, Eulàlia. "A challenge for Harmonic Serialism with Optimal Interleaving." Phonology 30, no. 3 (2013): 399–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675713000201.
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This paper examines two related phenomena from Catalan that pose a challenge to a proposal in McCarthy (2012) that combines Harmonic Serialism (HS) with the theory of Optimal Interleaving (OI) of Wolf (2009). The first phenomenon, found with stems ending in a sibilant, is the selection of a marked masculine allomorph only before the plural morph, also a sibilant, which prevents an OCP violation. The second, phrasal, phenomenon is restricted to one dialect of Catalan: the plural morpheme is not realised in prenominal position only when it would surface between two consonants. It is shown that, with some crucial modifications on the way spell-out proceeds, HS/OI can account for the two phenomena when they occur separately, but when they co-occur within the same phrase, wrong predictions are made, due to the one-change-at-a-time basic property of HS. These problems do not arise in a parallel OT approach.
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Prat Sabater, Marta. "El sufijo «-ing» en español y catalán: análisis contrastivo desde la perspectiva lexicográfica." Revista de Investigación Lingüística 22 (January 27, 2020): 369–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/ril.391571.
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El objetivo de este artículo consiste en realizar un análisis contrastivo entre español y catalán sobre el uso del sufijo -ing de procedencia inglesa. Para ello, se compara, en primer lugar, la mayor o menor aceptabilidad de anglicismos con esta terminación en los diccionarios normativos y de uso de ambas lenguas románicas. En segundo lugar, se demuestra que, además de tratarse de un morfema derivativo que forma parte de importaciones léxicas, posee un valor productivo en la creación o aceptación de nuevas palabras con esta terminación. Por último, la valoración de su presencia en el contexto lexicográfico sugiere constatar en futuros trabajos la vitalidad de este sufijo en el uso más espontáneo de las lenguas española y catalana. The objective of this article is to carry out a contrastive analysis between Spanish and Catalan on the use of the English suffix -ing. For this purpose, the greater or lesser acceptability of anglicisms is compared, first, with this word ending in the normative and use dictionaries of both Romance languages. Secondly, it is shown that, besides being a derivative morpheme which is part of lexical imports, it has a productive value in the creation or acceptance of new words with this ending. Finally, the assessment of its presence in the lexicographical context suggests that future researches will verify the vitality of this suffix in the most spontaneous use of the Spanish and Catalan languages.
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Hitch, Doug. "Contracted Semivowels in Old Khotanese." Indo-Iranian Journal 59, no. 3 (2016): 259–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15728536-05903001.
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This completes a study begun with ‘Contracted Diphthongs in Old Khotanese’ (2015b) of the contractions seen in the secondary declensions. Here are examined the phenomena of diphthong resolution, semivocalization and glide resolution. Metrical patterns in the great Buddhist poem known as The Book of Zambasta are used to reveal word structure not shown by the orthography. The diphthongs revealed in the earlier study, written CyV or CvV may resolve into CiyV (CäyV) or CuvV but keep the same metrical count. Oblique plural is recognized as a distinct grammatical category and it is shown how the oblique plural suffixes induce semivocalization rather than diphthongization. The orthographic sequences containing a semi-vowel, CyV or CvV, are identical to those containing a diphthong. They may also resolve orthographically to CiyV (CäyV) or CuvV, but with these resolved glides an extra mora is added to the metrical count. An explanation is offered for the unusual morphophonological behavior and metrical distribution of the IAP morpheme -yau. Many of the contraction processes may also be seen with verb stems ending in /i/ and /u/.
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Nekrasova, Galina Alexandrovna. "VARIATION OF CASE SUFFIXES IN THE MODERN UDMURT LANGUAGE." Yearbook of Finno-Ugric Studies 14, no. 1 (2020): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2224-9443-2020-14-1-25-33.
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The paper deals with variable case suffixes having double vowel, differing by the presence/absence of a coaffix - ла and the presence/absence of an anlaut vowel. On the material of the Udmurt language Corpus the quantitative ratio of variable suffixes is revealed and the conditions of functioning of non-standard suffixes in the modern Udmurt language are analyzed. Suffixes that differ in vowels have instrumental, prolative and illative. Comparison of the degree of variation of suffixes showed that in the modern Udmurt language the process of unification of instrumental vocalization continues. The number of nouns accepting the instrumental exponent only with the vowel ы decreases; in parallel, the number of nouns admitting the suffix with double vowel and only with the vowel э increases. The variable suffixes of prolative and illative allow separate nouns with a variable root morpheme, which is represented by allomorphs differing by the presence/absence of a vowel ( кенос/кенс- ‘barn’, сэрег / сэрг- ‘corner’, etc.), and allomorphs differing by the presence/absence of a final consonant к ( кус/куск - ‘loin’, нюлэс/нюлэск - ‘forest’, etc.). Only related root allomorphs accept the suffix with vowel - ы . Variable suffixes, differing by the presence/absence of the coaffix -ла , allow open toponyms in illative ( -ла ~ -e ), inessive ( -лан ~ -ын ), elative ( -лась ~ -ысь ), egressive ( -ласен ~ -ысен ). In the modern Udmurt language, the correlation between variable suffixes is approximately equal, but there is a tendency to displace suffixes with coaffix -ла by standard suffixes. Individual nouns ending in a , ( корка ‘ouse, hut’, куа , куала ‘anctuary; summer kitchen’ кунокуа ‘otel’) in inessive ( -н ~ -ын ), elative ( -сь ~ -ысь ), egressive ( -сен ~ -ысен ) and prolative ( -тü ~ -етü ) allow variable suffixes, differing by the presence/absence of a vowel, illative has a suffix -е and zero morpheme. The degree of variation of suffixes depends on lexical and semantic conditions. Formants without anlaut vowel remain the preferred with the lexeme корка ‘house, hut’. It is established that in the modern Udmurt language the relation between variable forms changes, the sphere of functioning of all types of non-standard suffixes decreases. The variability of suffixes testifies to rather long preservation of proto-linguistic morphonological features and slow intra-linguistic unification of case suffixes.
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LEHTONEN, ANNUKKA, and PETER BRYANT. "Active players or just passive bystanders? The role of morphemes in spelling development in a transparent orthography." Applied Psycholinguistics 26, no. 2 (2005): 137–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716405050113.
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We investigated Finnish children's use of morphological knowledge in spelling. A spelling task and an oral morpheme manipulation task given to first-year children showed that, although morphological facilitation emerged in children's spelling by April of Year 1, this facilitation was not specifically connected to children's morphological knowledge despite a general relationship between spelling and morphological knowledge. Experiment 2, using pseudowords with endings analogous to case inflections, suggested that these caselike endings prompted morphological parsing during spelling. The results suggest that in the transparent Finnish orthography there is no specific connection between morphological knowledge and mastery of certain spelling patterns. Instead, the facilitation arises from the morpheme-based organization of the lexicon and the subsequent parsing of words into their constituent morphemes.
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Jasanoff, Jay H. "The sigmatic forms of the Hittite verb." Indo-European Linguistics 7, no. 1 (2019): 13–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22125892-00701001.
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Abstract Central to the problem of the Hittite verbal system is the status of the ḫi-conjugation 3 sg. pret. in -š and its relationship to other sigmatic morphemes—the partly overlapping 2–3 sg. ending -šta, the 2 pl. endings -šten(i) and -šdumat, and the synchronically unanalyzable *-s- of ganeš- ‘find, recognize’ and other s-extended verbal roots. The account of these endings given in Jasanoff 2003 is reviewed and, where necessary, revised.
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Magomadova, Alisa I. "Opposition of the ending to other word morphemes." Humanities and Social Sciences 79, no. 2 (2020): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2070-1403-2020-79-2-189-196.
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Kazlauskienė, Asta, and Gailius Raškinis. "The Structure of Morphemes of Lithuanian Verbs." Respectus Philologicus 23, no. 28 (2013): 198–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2013.23.28.17.
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The aim of this research was to establish and describe the most important phonemic patterns of Lithuanian verb morphemes. The investigation was based on a corpus of 30,000 verb types (verbs and their forms). All words in the corpus were stressed and phonetically transcribed. A computer program was developed to extract statistics out of this corpus. The results indicate that monosyllabic morphemes dominate in Lithuanian. They comprise 97%, 99%, 98%, and 97% of all verb roots, prefixes, derivational suffixes, and endings respectively. Inflectional suffixes and the reflexive affix are exclusively monosyllabic. Pronominal inflection endings are either disyllabic (97%) or trisyllabic. There is a high variety of vowelconsonant patterns among verbs: the verb root is represented by 91 patterns, prefixes by 8 patterns, derivational suffixes by 18 patterns, inflectional suffixes by 7 patterns, inflectional endings by 9 patterns, endings of pronominal participles by 7 patterns, and the reflexive affix by 3 different patterns. The consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) pattern appeared to be the most frequent among verb roots (45%), the CV pattern was the most frequent among prefixes (59%), the VC pattern was the most frequent among derivational suffixes (46%), and V pattern was the most frequent among inflectional endings of Lithuanian verbs (76%). In many cases, the root of a verb contains both initial and final consonants (82%). Because of this and because of the tendency to avoid hiatus in Lithuanian, the root can be adjoined by vowel-final prefixes and vowel-initial suffixes or inflectional endings. This appears to be the case, as prefixes are mostly open (80%), and both derivational suffixes (90%) and all inflectional endings begin with vowels. Inflectional suffixes do not follow this regularity. Only one-third of them start with a vowel. The hypothesis that the phonemic structure of a verb root might determine the corresponding patterns of its adjoining affixes seems to be supported by this investigation.
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Abedini, Firoozeh, and Mohammadtaghi Shahnazari. "The Role of Oral Corrective Feedback Types in the Acquisition of the Grammatical Structures." International Journal of English Linguistics 6, no. 3 (2016): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v6n3p127.
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<p>This study investigated whether the effects of different types of corrective feedback (CF) (simple clarification request, enhanced prompt and elliptical elicitation) would differ on the acquisition of different types of grammatical structures. The target grammatical structures were verb endings (morphological morphemes) in three different English tenses including the simple present third person singular “-s”, the present continuous verb formation marker “-ing”, and the simple past verb ending” -ed”. These targets were chosen because they are rather problematic for EFL learners to acquire. For this purpose, 31 L1 Persian EFL learners at intermediate level were given an opportunity to carry out some tasks and were provided with different types of CF on their erroneous utterances. Data analysis on the output accuracy following feedback on the three grammatical targets showed that the proportion of errors corrected in response to CF in the form of enhanced prompt was more than the proportion of errors corrected in response to the other two types of CF. These results suggest that the more explicit the CF, the more effective it would be in correcting language learners’ erroneous utterances regardless of the type of given grammatical structure.</p>
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Izutsu, Katsunobu, and Yong-Taek Kim. "Who I am asking about: What the sentence endings imply about the unexpressed subjects in wh-questions." Investigationes Linguisticae 41 (December 11, 2019): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/il.2018.41.4.
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This study demonstrates that the sentence endings of Korean and Japanese wh-questions can be analyzed as serving to evoke and, in a weaker sense, to mark an unexpressed verb subject. This study further contends that the endings are not complex forms with successive morphemes each contributing to the whole meaning but rather simplex forms each of which has its own meaning and function. This study argues that pragmatic groupings of event participants help the sentence endings to mark subjects in the Korean and Japanese languages as well as other languages of the world.
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Baumann, Andreas, Christina Prömer, and Nikolaus Ritt. "Word form shapes are selected to be morphotactically indicative." Folia Linguistica 40, no. 1 (2019): 129–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flih-2019-0007.
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Abstract This paper explores the hypothesis that morphotactically ambiguous segment sequences should be dispreferred and selected against in the evolution of languages. We define morphotactically ambiguous sequences as sequences that can occur both within morphemes and across boundaries, such as final /nd/ or /mz/ in ModE, which occur in simple forms like wind or alms and in complex ones like sinned or seems. We test the hypothesis in two diachronic corpus studies of Middle and Early Modern English word forms ending in clusters of sonorants followed by /d/ or /t/ and /s/ or /z/. These clusters became highly frequent after the loss of unstressed vowels in final syllables and were highly ambiguous when they emerged. Our data show that the ambiguity of these final clusters was indeed reduced so that the distribution of the final clusters became increasingly skewed: clusters ending in voiceless coronals became significantly clearly indicative of simple forms, while clusters ending in voiced ones came to signal inflectional complexity more reliably.
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Zheltova, Elena V., and Alexander Ju Zheltov. "Latin Case System: Towards a Motivated Paradigmatic Structure." Philologia Classica 15, no. 2 (2020): 208–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu20.2020.203.
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The article attempts, firstly, to critically analyze the traditional order of cases in Latin, secondly, to discover an internal mechanism that brings the elements of a paradigm together, and thirdly, to present a new model of the nominal and pronominal case paradigms in Latin. The authors develop the idea that the crucial role in structuring a case paradigm belongs to morphemic syncretism. The syncretism is treated as a systemic phenomenon of morpheme neutralization rather than a result of phonetic reduction. In the paradigm built on this principle, the cases marked with the same endings necessarily take adjacent positions. There is a certain correlation between the morphemic syncretism and the semantics of cases extensively exemplified in the Latin literature. Taking this as reference point, the authors establish a formally motivated paradigmatic order of cases and single out a set of semantic features that shape the case paradigm. This method enables authors to find the non-contradictory paradigmatic positions for both the core and the “marginal” cases (vocative and locative). Applied to the pronominal cases, however, it reveals the significant discrepancy between the nominal and pronominal paradigms concerning two cases — nominative and genitive. The pronominal nominative’s special status is determined by its pragmatic rather than syntactic functions, which is typical for pro-drop languages. The genitive case appears in three different forms that originate from the possessive pronouns and correspond to the three basic functions of the genitive — possessive, objective, and partitive ones. Such transparadigmatic syncretism brings together the paradigms of personal and possessive pronouns, which are related by nature. The approach suggested in this study makes it possible to present in a new way the nominal and pronominal case paradigms, to demonstrate in what points they differ from each other, and to highlight some functional and semantic features of the particular cases.
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Bainiazov, А., M. Maretbayeva, Sh Zhalmakhanov та M. Dzhusupov. "Phono-morpho-lexical similarity of auxiliary morphemes of the dictionary «Mukaddimat al-adab» (XIIІ century) Az-Zamakhshari with the Kazakh languag". Bulletin of the Karaganda University. Philology series 99, № 3 (2020): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2020ph3/40-51.
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The article provides a linguistic and historical overview of the problem of integration and differentiation of kinship and affinity of languages, including the features of unions. Based on the conducted linguistic analysis, the authors come to the conclusion that if adverbs in languages of different genders and tribes of Turkic origin are the result of integration of Turkic languages, then the division in the middle ages of Turkic languages (modern national languages, such as Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, etc. languages) is the result of the division of Turkic languages into branches, groups and subgroups. In the course of the work, the authors identify integration and differentiation processes, the kinship and affinity of languages and their integration into one language union, which was influenced by extralinguistic factors. Analysis and comparison of homonymous and polysemantic auxiliary morphemes, namely: case endings, plural endings, possessiveness and declension, suffixes of the noun, adjective, pronouns and verbs of the az-Zamakhshari dictionary [1] and the Kazakh language once again proves the historical uniformity of the vocabulary of the XII century and the modern Kazakh language. At the end of the article, the authors conclude that the differences between auxiliary morphemes in the «Dictionary» and the Kazakh language are expressed in phonetic composition, and semantic and grammatical functions of morphemes state the similarity and homogeneity of languages that belong to the Kipchak, Oguz and Karluk groups
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Son, Guiyoung. "Morpheme Analysis Associated with German Noun Plural Endings among Second Language (L2) Learners Using Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)." Brain Sciences 10, no. 11 (2020): 866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10110866.
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This paper aims to examine the morpho-syntactic process of noun plural endings, “-n” and “-s”, in adult second language (L2) learners using event-related potentials (ERPs). German noun plural endings consist of many inflectional forms. They are one of the difficulties faced by German L2 learners. We recorded an electroencephalogram (EEG) study of German L2 learners by dividing study subjects into low and high L2 learners according to the learning level. We examined what ERP components were associated with L2 language processing. All participants were Korean German L2 learners who had achieved varying levels of proficiency. As a result of our analysis, we confirmed different morpho-syntactic processing between the two groups. First, N400 was detected at any learning level. It confirmed language processing supportive of the Full-Listing Model for irregular endings. Second, we confirmed left anterior negativity (LAN), as detected in both low and high proficiency L2 learners. LAN is supportive of a Full-Parsing Model for regular endings, as it was detected in both low and high proficiency L2 learners. However, P600 was detected in highly proficient L2 learners only. It implies that high proficiency learners differ from low proficiency L2 learners. P600 is processed in a reparsing process after recognition of grammatical errors. Based on this result, more active use of a Dual Mechanism Model is possible as learning levels improve. It confirms that improvement in L2 learners results in an approach to cognitive processing similar to that of German first language (L1) speakers.
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Fitriani, Enis. "ERRORS FOUND ON THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION SENTENCES OF THE THIRD-YEAR STUDENTS OF ENGLISH AT IKIP BUDI UTOMO." Journey (Journal of English Language and Pedagogy) 3, no. 1 (2020): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33503/journey.v3i1.706.
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This study aimed to describe and classify the grammatical errors found on English translation sentences in terms of syntax and morphology. The analysis procedure applied was based on the surface strategy taxonomy proposed by Dulay et al. in which errors were categorized into errors of: omission, addition, misformation, and misordering. The result of this study indicated that the highest frequency is errors of misformation which covers 58 errors (46%), followed by omission which covers 47 errors (27%), addition with 12 errors (10%), and the lowest is misordering, 9 errors (7%). In terms of syntax and morphology, the researcher found 17 errors (18%) in articles, 7 errors (7%) in pronouns, 21 errors (22%) in prepositions, 15 errors (16%) in inflectional endings, 26 errors (28%) in tenses, and 8 errors (9%) in derivational endings. Thus, errors in tenses are the highest frequency of errors, and, errors in derivational morphemes are the lowest.
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Bielecki, Robert. "Does the Genitive Operate in the Hungarian Case System?: II. The Ø-/nak-/nek-Genitive." Lingua Posnaniensis 53, no. 1 (2011): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10122-011-0002-9.
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Does the Genitive Operate in the Hungarian Case System?: II. The Ø-/nak-/nek-GenitiveThe present paper should be regarded as a direct continuation of the articleDoes the Genitive Operate in the Hungarian Case System? I. The é-Genitive. The core of the adopted approach represents the standpoint that present-day Hungarian cannot be conceived as a language exempt from any case syncretism. The possibility of distinguishing different case categories relevant for this language by referring only to the form of their markers (endings) is illusory. What is more, it creates a space where some phenomena remain imperceptible. The postulated attributive genitive category can be distinguished not only on the basis of its syntactic properties. The manifestations of this case also differ substantially from the manifestations of other recognized cases. It is difficult to regard the attributive genitive in Hungarian as syncretic with nominative or dative in the sense known in general linguistics, because the appropriate markers turn out to be insufficient in semifying (marking grammatically) the required meaning. They must be complemented by other markers attached to the head of the attributive syntagm (a diák/Økönyv/e, a diák/naka könyv/e‘the student's book’). The properties of the distribution of the Hungarian attributive genitive with its two main manifestations (the endingless one:a diák könyve, and with ending:a diáknak a könyve) can be regarded as a contribution to the general theory of syntax; the genitive attributes of different grades are marked there substantially (a diák/Ø(III) könyv/e(II) cím/é/nek(I) a fordítás/a‘the translation of the title (I) of the book (II) of the student (III)’) and not only by their linear order as in many Indo-European and Finno-Ugric languages. When the word fulfilling the attributive function belongs to the category of personal pronoun, concord can be identified between it and its head in person and number (azénkönyv/em‘my book, the book of mine’). The factual elision of personal pronouns resulting from their redundancy in this context gives no grounds to state that morphemes like -emina könyv/emdo not fulfil any syntagmatic function. Such an utterance constitutes a discrepancy with the analogous behaviour of personal pronouns in relation to finite verbal forms (olvas/ok‘I read’ →olvas/ok‘(I) read’) where no-one speaks of the irrelevancy of the personal endings in reference to their syntagmatic function. The necessity of distinguishing of socalled "marks" (here "possessor marks") is being questioned here; those morphemes are not deprived of fulfilling the syntagmatic function ascribed traditionally to the case endings in the case of nominal flexion. They are regarded here as parts of the discontinuative (genitive) case markers. The specific features of the Hungarian genitive include its sharp division into two subcategories: (i) theé-genitive and (ii) theØ-/nak-/nek-genitive. Their complementary distribution, together with other discussed properties, additionally corroborates the relevance of distinguishing for them a common upper morphosyntactic category called the genitive case. And finally, Hungarian turns out to be a language where the accumulation of multiple case meanings, all being manifested substantially within the boundaries of one word, can be attested (a diák/om/é/é/t‘the one of the one of my student’).
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Belvisi, M. G., D. F. Rogers, and P. J. Barnes. "Neurogenic plasma extravasation: inhibition by morphine in guinea pig airways in vivo." Journal of Applied Physiology 66, no. 1 (1989): 268–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.1.268.
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Opioid drugs have been shown to inhibit neurogenic plasma exudation in skin by a presynaptic mechanism. We determined whether a similar inhibitory effect operates in the airways of anesthetized guinea pigs in vivo with the use of Evans blue dye as a marker of plasma leakage. Stimulation of the vagus nerve significantly increased leakage of dye in trachea and main bronchi (by approximately 300 and 600%, respectively). Similar increases in leakage were seen in the presence of atropine and propranolol. Morphine (1–30 mg/kg iv) inhibited leakage in a dose-related manner with complete inhibition in the trachea at a dose of 30 mg/kg. The inhibition was blocked by the opioid receptor-antagonist naloxone (1 mg/kg iv). Intravenous substance P significantly increased leakage but was not inhibited by morphine. We conclude that morphine inhibits neurogenic plasma leakage by presynaptic inhibition of release of neuropeptides from sensory nerve endings. If similar mechanisms are operative in human airways, inhibition of neurogenic plasma leakage by opioid drugs devoid of central effects may be of value in the therapy of asthma.
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Scott, Clive. "French and English Rhymes Compared." Empirical Studies of the Arts 10, no. 2 (1992): 121–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ufek-yh99-erm5-7jab.
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The richness and complexity of rhyme has to a great extent been ignored. This article first examines the structural role of rhymes within metrics, illuminating its contrasted role in French and English verse. Linguistic differences and their consequences for the exploitation of various rhyme schemes in French and English are also examined—for example through a discussion of the role of rhyme in French classical drama as compared to English Restoration drama. The semantic and pragmatic consequences of rhyme are also addressed, with special emphasis on the comparative anatomy of rhyme words (morphemes, suffixes, endings) and the changed significance of rhyme with the advent of free verse.
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Yuzbekova, Saimat Beibalaevna. "ON THE ROLE OF SERVICE PARTS OF SPEECH IN LEXICOGRAPHICAL BILINGUALISM (FROM MATERIALS OF THE EDITING LEZGIN-RUSSIAN DICTIONARY)." Herald of the G. Tsadasa Institute of Language, Literature and Art, no. 24 (December 16, 2020): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31029/vestiyali24/4.
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The paper deals with the question of the role and significance of service parts of speech both in Lezghin and Russian parts of bilingual Lezghin-Russian dictionary. Prepositions, unions, particles, as well as service morphemes, prefixes and endings play no less important role in lexicography than significant parts of speech. Interference phenomena in Dagestan linguistics affect all language levels both in oral and written forms. The root cause of this phenomenon is the diversity of languages. The following factual and logical examples from the hand-written version of the Lezghin-Russian dictionary that we are editing clearly demonstrate the phenomena of interference in the service parts of speech, inadequate translations into Russian that cannot take place in lexicographical works.
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Smiley, Matthew M., Ying Lu, Louis P. Vera-Portocarrero, Amr Zidan, and Karin N. Westlund. "Intrathecal Gabapentin Enhances the Analgesic Effects of Subtherapeutic Dose Morphine in a Rat Experimental Pancreatitis Model." Anesthesiology 101, no. 3 (2004): 759–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200409000-00026.
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Background Morphine sulfate has long been used for analgesia, but clinical applications can be limited by side effects, tolerance, and potential for addiction at therapeutic doses. An agent that produces therapeutic analgesia when coadministered with low-dose morphine could have important clinical uses. The anticonvulsant agent gabapentin has been identified as having antihyperalgesic properties acting on the alpha2delta1 subunit of N-type voltage-activated calcium channels on dorsal root ganglia neurons. In this study, intrathecal gabapentin, which by itself is ineffective when administered spinally, was combined with low-dose morphine and tested in an acute bradykinin-induced pancreatitis model in rats. Methods An intrathecal catheter was surgically inserted into the subarachnoid space of male Sprague-Dawley rats. A laparotomy was performed for ligation and cannulation of the bile-pancreatic duct. Rats were pretreated intrathecally with artificial cerebrospinal fluid, gabapentin, morphine, or combined gabapentin and morphine 30 min before bradykinin injection into the bile-pancreatic duct. Spontaneous behavioral activity (cage crossing, rearing, and hind limb extension) was monitored before drug injection (baseline) and after bradykinin injection into the bile-pancreatic duct to assess visceral pain. Results Spinal pretreatment with up to 300 microg gabapentin alone was not effective in reducing hind limb extension in this model, but did restore some cage crossing and rearing behaviors. Spinal treatment with low-dose morphine reduced hind limb extension only. Spinal pretreatment with combined gabapentin and subtherapeutic doses of morphine sulfate resulted in restoration of all spontaneous behaviors to surgical baseline levels including elimination of hind limb extension. Conclusion Combined spinal administration of gabapentin and low doses of morphine significantly reduces pain-related behaviors in this acute rat pancreatitis model, whereas these agents were ineffective when used alone in this dose range. These data suggest that the alpha2delta1 subunit of the N-type voltage-activated Ca2+ channels is involved in transmission of this visceral pain, likely through effects on primary afferent endings in the spinal cord. Thus, gabapentin may be an effective adjuvant to initial low dose spinal opioid therapy for clinical management of visceral pain.
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Ono, Takeshi, Makoto Inoue, M. Harunor Rashid, Koji Sumikawa, and Hiroshi Ueda. "Stimulation of peripheral nociceptor endings by low dose morphine and its signaling mechanism." Neurochemistry International 41, no. 6 (2002): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0197-0186(02)00047-5.
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Sato, Eriko. "A translation-based heterolingual pun and translanguaging." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 31, no. 3 (2019): 444–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.18115.sat.
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Abstract This paper examines six English translations of the Japanese novel Botchan with a focus on a complex pun that pairs a multi-morphemic sentence-ending in the Matsuyama dialect with the name of a traditional Japanese food. One English translation renders it as a heterolingual SL-TL pun, which is made comprehensible for TT readers without using footnotes and without distorting the culture of the ST. The SL item in this pun is seamlessly integrated into the TT’s linguistic environment at the morpho-syntactic level and is provided with layers of scaffolding at varied linguistic levels which are naturally presented as if they are a part of textual message. This heterolingual pun is analyzed as a manifestation of translanguaging. The paper proposes a research methodology whereby translanguaging perspectives are applied to translation studies in order to explain varied heterolingual translation phenomena, including foreignization.
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Yarmush, Joel, Robert D'Angelo, Barbara Kirkhart, et al. "A Comparison of Remifentanil and Morphine Sulfate for Acute Postoperative Analgesia after Total Intravenous Anesthesia with Remifentanil and Propofol." Anesthesiology 87, no. 2 (1997): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199708000-00009.
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Background The transition from remifentanil intraoperative anesthesia to postoperative analgesia must be planned carefully due to the short duration of action (3-10 min) of remifentanil hydrochloride, a potent, esterase-metabolized mu-opioid agonist. This study compared the efficacy and safety of transition regimens using remifentanil or morphine sulfate for immediate postoperative pain relief in patients who had surgery under general anesthesia with remifentanil/propofol. Methods One hundred fifty patients who had received open-label remifentanil and propofol for intraoperative anesthesia participated in this multicenter, double-blind, double-dummy study and were randomly assigned to either the remifentanil (R) group or the morphine sulfate (M) group. Twenty minutes before the anticipated end of surgery, the propofol infusion was decreased by 50%, and patients received either a placebo bolus (R group) or a bolus of 0.15 mg/kg morphine (M group). At the end of surgery, the propofol and remifentanil maintenance infusions were discontinued and the analgesic infusion was started: either 0.1 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) remifentanil (R group) or placebo analgesic infusion (M group). During the 25 min after tracheal extubation, remifentanil titrations in increments of 0.025 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) and placebo boluses (R group), or 2 mg intravenous morphine boluses and placebo rate increases (M group) were administered as necessary at 5-min intervals to control pain. Patients received the 0.075 mg/kg intravenous morphine bolus (R group) or placebo (M group) at 25 and 30 min after extubation, and the analgesic infusion was discontinued at 35 min. From 35 to 65 minutes after extubation, both groups received 2-6 mg open-label morphine analgesia every 5 min as needed. Results Successful analgesia, defined as no or mild pain with adequate respiration (respiratory rate [RR] &gt; or =8 breaths/min and pulse oximetry &gt; or = 90%), was achieved in more patients in the R group than in the M group (58% vs. 33%, respectively) at 25 min after extubation (P &lt; 0.05). The median remifentanil rate for successful analgesia was 0.125 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) (range, 0.05-0.23 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)), and the median number of 2-mg morphine boluses used was 2 (range, 0-5 boluses). At 35 min after extubation, &gt; or = 74% of patients in both groups experienced moderate to severe pain. Median recovery times from the end of surgery were similar between groups. Transient respiratory depression, apnea, or both were the most frequent adverse events (14% for the R group vs. 6% for the M group; P &gt; 0.05). Conclusions Remifentanil provided safe and effective postoperative analgesia when administered at a final rate of 0.05-0.23 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) in the immediate postextubation period. Remifentanil provided more effective postoperative analgesia than did intraoperative treatment with morphine (0.15 mg/kg) followed by morphine boluses (&lt; or = five 2-mg boluses). The effects of remifentanil dissipated rapidly after ending the infusion, and alternate analgesia was required. Further studies are underway to define transition regimens that will improve postoperative analgesia in patients receiving anesthesia with remifentanil.
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Supatra, Hendarto. "Tafsir Atas Teks Alkitab dalam Kaitannya dengan Toleransi Antarumat Beragama." Nusa: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra 13, no. 1 (2018): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/nusa.13.1.119-128.
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Semansitcs is the study of meaning communicated through language. In the past time semantics was the study of meaning of words and sentences. Aboves sentence level which is known as text was never considered as linguistic semantics’ objek of study. Semantics which is a branch of structural linguistics only focused it’s attention on phones, morphemes, words, clauses, and sentences: substansive matters of language. Texts belong to speech or language system in use. The study of meaning in this area is called pragmatics or discourse analysis.Up to this time linguistics or semantics has been used as an instrument in interpreting the Holy Texts of many religions. In that period the Holy Texts interpretation activity was limited only on lexical and grammatical meaning. Today people are aware, that based on the theory of discourse analysis, texts should be considered as parts of discourse. To get the meaning of the texts significantly people must find the context, but this is the problems, that reconstructing the context of the text in its’origin is a never ending works. Since Holy Text interpretation is a kind of activity closed to mission of imposible, this should teaches us to be low hearted and tolerant to others
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Kamel, Alshaimaa Abdel Fattah. "Bilateral Ultrasound-Guided Erector Spinae Plane Block Versus Transversus Abdominis Plane Block on Postoperative Analgesia after Total Abdominal Hysterectomy." Pain Physician 4;23, no. 7;4 (2020): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2020/23/375.
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Background: Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks provide postoperative pain relief after various abdominal surgeries. Recently, erector spinae plane (ESP) block has obtained vast attention due to its simplicity and usage in truncal procedures. Objectives: This study aims to compare the ultrasound-guided bilateral ESP block versus bilateral TAP block on postoperative analgesia after open total abdominal hysterectomy. Study Design: A prospective, double-blinded, randomized, controlled, clinical trial. Setting: Zagazig University Hospitals. Methods: After ending of surgical procedure and before reversing of the muscle relaxant, 48 women were randomly allocated into 2 equal groups: erector spinae (ES) group received bilateral ultrasound-guided ESP block with 20 mL of bupivacaine 0.375% plus 5 ug/mL adrenaline (1:200000) in each side at the level of T9, and transversus abdominis (TA) group received bilateral ultrasound-guided TAP block with the same volume of bupivacaine plus adrenaline. Results: Visual Analog Scale scores at 30 minutes, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 hours were statistically significantly lower in the ES group compared with the TA group. The time for requirement of first morphine was highly statistically significantly prolonged in the ES group (14.81 ± 3.52 hours) compared with the TA group (10.58 ± 2.35 hours). The total amount of morphine consumption in 24 hours postoperatively was statistically significantly decreased in the ES group; P = 0.01. Incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was higher but statistically insignificant in the TA group than the ES group. There were statistically significant numbers of unsatisfied patients (4) in the TA group compared with the ES group (no patient). Limitations: Sensorial evaluation of patients was not performed because both blocks had been done under general anesthesia but did not affect outcome. Therefore we recommend further studies comparing between both blocks. Conclusions: Bilateral ultrasound-guided ESP block provides more potent and longer postoperative analgesia with less morphine consumption than TAP block after open total abdominal hysterectomy. Key words: Abdominal hysterectomy, transversus abdominis plane block, erector spinae plane block, postoperative analgesia
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Jacobsen, Henrik Galberg. "Den normative ortografi og udtalen. Skitse til en typologi." Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia 20, no. 1 (2016): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fsp-2016-0024.
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Abstract The paper deals with the relations between Danish pronunciation and the so-called ‘normative orthography’, i.e. the official Danish writing rules as laid down by the authorities in orthographic directives since 1889. The specific aim of the paper is to suggest a model for defining and describing the different kinds of normative orthography and their mutual relations. The criteria used for placing the orthographic rules in the model are (a) whether the rule is dependent on pronunciation or not, and (b) whether the resulting orthography (i.e. the prescribed letters) are linguistic signs (inflectional endings, morphemes) or non-signs. The model thus consists of four types of normative orthography, i.e. autonomous expression orthography (Danish: autonom udtryksortografi), autonomous content orthography (Danish: autonom indholdsortografi), mirrored expression orthography (Danish: spejlet udtryksortografi) and mirrored content orthography (Danish: spejlet indholdsortografi). Among these, mirrored expression orthography constitutes the core domain, followed by mirrored content orthography, which has been a growing domain after the 1889-directives, and autonomous content orthography, which is a potentially growing domain.
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Kratzsch, Tobias. "Catheter-tip Granulomas Associated with Intrathecal Drug Delivery – A Two-Center Experience Identifying 13 Cases." Pain Physician 5;18, no. 5;9 (2015): E831—E840. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2015/18/e831.
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Background: Intrathecal (IT) drug therapy with implanted pumps is an effective treatment modality for chronic pain and/or spasticity, especially after non-invasive treatment has failed. Long-term use of intrathecal opioids may cause formation of inflammatory masses at the tip of intrathecal catheters, possibly leading to neurological deficits and/or catheter revision. Objective: We aimed to identify risk factors for catheter-tip granuloma (CG) formation. Study Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Tertiary Spine Centers in Germany and Switzerland Methods: We retrospectively reviewed data at 2 Swiss centers (Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Swiss Paraplegic Centre Nottwil) between 01/1994 and 10/2013. Collected data were age at operation, gender, smoking status, previous spinal operations, spinal level of catheter-tip, clinical symptoms, catheter testing with contrast agent, applied drugs, drug concentration, as well as cumulative daily drug dosages. Results: Thirteen patients with a mean age of 52.6 years and CG formation after a mean of 6.9 years of follow-up were identified and compared to 54 patients of similar age and length of follow-up (48.6 years, P = 0.535; follow-up 5.3 years, P = 0.236) without CG. In the analysis of risk factors, catheter ending in the middle thoracic spine (Th4-8; 38.5 vs. 6.5%; P = 0.010), previous spinal surgery (75 vs. 41%; P = 0.051), and chronic pain as an underlying primary symptom for IT drug therapy (100 vs. 56%, P = 0.003) were associated with CG formation. IT drug therapy for spasticity appeared to be much less associated with CG formation (0 vs. 44%, P = .0003). As the symptomatology is closely related to the medical treatment applied, patients with CG were more likely to be treated with IT morphine (77 vs. 20%; P < 0.001), and as tendency with IT clonidine (54 vs. 26%; P = 0.092) and IT bupivacaine (46 vs. 20%; P = 0.077). Average in-pump morphine concentration (30.3 vs. 19.5 mg/mL; P = 0.05) as well as average daily dose of morphine (12.5 vs. 6.2 mg/d; P = 0.037) were significantly higher in the CG group. Smoking could not be identified as risk factor for CG formation. Limitations: Limitations include the retrospective approach, the limited group size of granuloma patients, as well as missing data in the investigated patient groups. Conclusion: Our patient cohort with CG differed in some features, of which some like catheter localization, choice, dosage, and the concentration of drugs are potentially modifiable. These results could contribute to the prevention of CG in the future. Key words: Intrathecal drug delivery, intrathecal cathether-tip granuloma, intrathecal cathethertip inflammatory masses, intrathecal morphine, drug pump complications
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Lai, Y. L., and A. F. Cornett. "Substance P-inducing massive postmortem bronchoconstriction in guinea pig lungs." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 2 (1987): 746–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.2.746.
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To further examine the role that substance P plays in initiating the observed massive postmortem bronchoconstriction in guinea pig lungs and to explore the role of neural reflex in this airway spasm, six groups of animals were employed: control (n = 6), morphine (n = 6), substance P (n = 5), chronic capsaicin pretreatment + substance P (n = 5), tetrodotoxin (TTX) + acute capsaicin (n = 4), and chlorisondamine + acute capsaicin (n = 5). Pressure-volume curves were performed prior to and following the initiation of artificial pulmonary perfusion with 1% bovine serum albumin and 5% dextran in Tyrode's solution. A decrease in inflation volume (the lung volume between transpulmonary pressure of 0 and 30 cmH2O during inflation) was used as an index of bronchoconstriction. In control animals, inflation volume decreased to 20–30% of the base-line value at 15–30 min of perfusion, indicating massive bronchial constriction during this time period. Morphine (an agent inhibiting substance P release) significantly attenuated the spasm, whereas the presence of substance P in the perfusate markedly enhanced the constriction. Depletion of endogenous substance P by chronic capsaicin pretreatment did not affect exogenous substance P-induced spasm. Acute capsaicin-induced bronchoconstriction was significantly attenuated by TTX but was not affected by the ganglionic blocking agent, chlorisondamine. These data suggest that substance P initiates the massive postmortem bronchoconstriction in guinea pig lungs and that substance P is released by local stimulation of sensory nerve endings via axonal reflex.
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Lindén, Krister, Heidi Haltia, Juha Luukkonen, Antti O. Laine, Henri Roivainen, and Niina Väisänen. "FinnFN 1.0: The Finnish frame semantic database." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 40, no. 3 (2017): 287–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586517000075.
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The article describes the process of creating a Finnish language FrameNet or FinnFN, based on the original English language FrameNet hosted at the International Computer Science Institute in Berkeley, California. We outline the goals and results relating to the FinnFN project and especially to the creation of the FinnFrame corpus. The main aim of the project was to test the universal applicability of frame semantics by annotating real Finnish using the same frames and annotation conventions as in the original Berkeley FrameNet project. From Finnish newspaper corpora, 40,721 sentences were automatically retrieved and manually annotated as example sentences evoking certain frames. This became the FinnFrame corpus. Applying the Berkeley FrameNet annotation conventions to the Finnish language required some modifications due to Finnish morphology, and a convention for annotating individual morphemes within words was introduced for phenomena such as compounding, comparatives and case endings. Various questions about cultural salience across the two languages arose during the project, but problematic situations occurred only in a few examples, which we also discuss in the article. The article shows that, barring a few minor instances, the universality hypothesis of frames is largely confirmed for languages as different as Finnish and English.
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Revithiadou, Anthi, Kalomoira Nikolou, and Despina Papadopoulou. "Stress in the Absence of Morphological Conditioning: An Experimental Investigation of Stress in Greek Acronyms." Journal of Greek Linguistics 15, no. 2 (2015): 187–234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15699846-01502003.
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Greek is a morphology-dependent stress system, where stress is lexically specified for a number of individual morphemes (e.g., roots and suffixes). In the absence of lexically encoded stress, a default stress emerges. Most theoretical analyses of Greek stress that assume antepenultimate stress to represent the default (e.g., Malikouti-Drachman & Drachman 1989; Ralli & Touratzidis 1992; Revithiadou 1999) are not independently confirmed by experimental studies (e.g., Protopapas et al. 2006; Apostolouda 2012; Topintzi & Kainada 2012; Revithiadou & Lengeris in press). Here, we explore the nature of the default stress in Greek with regard to acronyms, given their lack of overt morphology and fixed stress pattern, with a goal of exploring how stress patterns are shaped when morphological information (encapsulated in the inflectional ending) is suppressed. For this purpose, we conducted two production (reading aloud) experiments, which revealed, for our consultants, first, an almost complete lack of antepenultimate stress and, second, a split between penultimate and final stress dependent on acronym length, the type of the final segment and the syllable type of the penultimate syllable. We found two predominant correspondences: (a) consonant-final acronyms and end stress and (b) vowel-final acronyms and the inflected word the vowel represents, the effect being that stress patterns for acronyms are linked to the inflected words they represent only if enough morphonological information about the acronym’s segments is available to create familiarity effects. Otherwise, we find a tendency for speakers to prefer stress at stem edges.
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GOÑI, JOSÉ M., JOSÉ C. GONZÁLEZ, and ANTONIO MORENO. "ARIES: A lexical platform for engineering Spanish processing tools." Natural Language Engineering 3, no. 4 (1997): 317–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324997001812.
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We present a lexical platform that has been developed for the Spanish language. It achieves portability between different computer systems and efficiency, in terms of speed and lexical coverage. A model for the full treatment of Spanish inflectional morphology for verbs, nouns and adjectives is presented. This model permits word formation based solely on morpheme concatenation, driven by a feature-based unification grammar. The run-time lexicon is a collection of allomorphs for both stems and endings. Although not tested, it should be suitable also for other Romance and highly inflected languages. A formalism is also described for encoding a lemma-based lexical source, well suited for expressing linguistic generalizations: inheritance classes, lemma encoding, morpho-graphemic allomorphy rules and limited type-checking. From this source base, we can automatically generate an allomorph indexed dictionary adequate for efficient retrieval and processing. A set of software tools has been implemented around this formalism: lexical base augmenting aids, lexical compilers to build run-time dictionaries and access libraries for them, feature manipulation libraries, unification and pseudo-unification modules, morphological processors, a parsing system, etc. Software interfaces among the different modules and tools are cleanly defined to ease software integration and tool combination in a flexible way. Directions for accessing our e-mail and web demonstration prototypes are also provided. Some figures are given, showing the lexical coverage of our platform compared to some popular spelling checkers.
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Bielecki, Robert. "Does the Genitive Operate in the Hungarian Case System?: I. The é-Genitive." Lingua Posnaniensis 52, no. 2 (2010): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10122-010-0010-1.
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Does the Genitive Operate in the Hungarian Case System?: I. The é-Genitive After three centuries of discussion concerning the genitive case in Hungarian, the authors of the latest academic grammars - in contrast to many of their predecessors - no longer distinguish this casal category. Different cases in Hungarian should, according to them, be distinguished only on the basis of their forms (endings). Such an extreme unilateral approach to this category seems to have simplified at first sight the description of the Hungarian language, erasing from it any case syncretism. From the point of the view defended in the present paper, however, talking about linguistic entities without taking into account their meaning is illusory; even in the case of meaningless speech segments such as phonemes it is the meaning of the segments in which they occur that constitutes the ultimate instance allowing them to be distinguished at all. The same applies to case. The moderate approach to the category of case adopted here, taking simultaneously into account its (i) morphological, (ii) semantic and (iii) syntactic properties, leads irrevocably to the restoration of the genitive in the description of the Hungarian language. As a specific feature of this language one should consider the sharp distinction between two subclasses of the genitive case: (i) the non-attributive (é-genitive) and (ii) the attributive genitive (Ø-/nak-/nek-genitive). Only the first of these (the é-genitive) will be discussed in detail. The second (the Ø-/nak-/nek-genitive) will be the subject of a continuation of the present paper. Recognition of the é-genitive seems to have been blocked by those of its properties which seem to be quite incongruous with those of other Hungarian cases. It is claimed, for example, that the marker -é - unlike the markers of other cases - seems not to express any syntagmatic function. This function is expressed by the case marker attached after the morpheme -é (A diákét (láttam) '(I saw) The student's one'). In the view of the author, however, the lack of syntagmatic function in the case of the morpheme -é is not so obvious. On the other hand, such "discrediting" properties for a case marker candidate, as the property of not occupying the final morphotactical position (diákét), can be viewed as entirely irrelevant for the category of case. The adopted approach seems to make possible a description of this fragment of the Hungarian case system from a more homogenous perspective, showing the interplay of different casal meanings within the boundaries of one word.
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Corazziari, Enrico. "Role of Opioid Ligands in the Irritable Bowel Syndrome." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 13, suppl a (1999): 71A—75A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1999/598659.
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Endogenous opioid peptides – enkephalins, beta-endorphin and dynorphins – are located in specific sites of the brain, the spinal cord, the autonomic ganglia and the enteric nervous system. Endogenous opioids participate in the regulation of nervous visceral afference and sensitivity as well as of several visceral motor function induced by the central nervous system and through the enteroenteric and the myoenteric reflexes. Their final effect on gut physiology is the net and harmonically balanced result of their binding to mu, delta and kappa opioid receptor subtypes. Exogenous opioid receptor ligands with different affinities for the opioid receptor subtypes have been effectively used to modify and normalize altered gut functions. Themureceptor agonists – morphine and, to a greater extent, the meperidine congeners diphenoxylate and loperamide – have been shown to slow gastrointestinal transit by their effects on the circular and longitudinal muscle of the intestine. Diphenoxylate and, more efficiently, loperamide, for the lack of any effect on the central nervous system, have been usefully employed in the treatment of diarrhea in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients. Unlike the mu receptor agonists morphine and loperamide, which invariably stimulate colonic motility, trimebutine, which has almost equal affinity for mu, delta and kappa receptors, has no effect on normal colonic activity but reduces the abnormal increase in postprandial motor activity in IBS patients and accelerates slow large bowel transit in constipated patients. Opioid ligands can be usefully employed to normalize altered visceral sensitivity in IBS patients. The kappa receptor agonist fedotozine exerts its antinociceptive effect by acting on peripheral nerve endings of sensory vagal and nonvagal afferent pathways. Fedotozine has been shown to increase the threshold of perception to colonic distension in experimental conditions and to affect favourably symptoms of IBS in clinical trials.