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Journal articles on the topic 'Endocardial disease'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Kanai, Masahito, Takeshi Sakurai, Kunio Yoshinaga, Kaneyuki Aoyagi, Takashi Hitsumoto, Masaki Yoshinuma, Takashi Uchi, et al. "Percutaneous Dye Image Cardioscopy for Detection of Endocardial Lesions." Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/dte.7.29.

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Endocardial lesions are caused not only by inflammatory processes but also by myocardial ischemia, resulting in endocardial thrombosis and cerebral embolism. We deviced a method for direct visualization of endocardial damages by a novel dye image cardioscopy with Evans blue and examined its feasibility in patients with heart disease. The dye was injected into the left ventricle before and after endomyocardial biopsy. Endocardial surface was stained in dark blue in 63% of patients with angina pectoris before biopsy. After biopsy, the biopsied portions were stained in blue in all. The results indicate that endocardium is damaged even in apparently intact LV in patients with ischemic heart disease and that endomyocardial biopsy causes severe endocardial damages.

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2

Gudenschwager, Erwin K., Jonathan A. Abbott, and Tanya LeRoith. "Dilated cardiomyopathy with endocardial fibroelastosis in a juvenile Pallas cat." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 31, no. 2 (January 29, 2019): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638719827061.

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Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a myocardial disease characterized by ventricular chamber dilation associated with systolic myocardial dysfunction in the absence of other cardiac lesions. DCM occasionally develops in conjunction with proliferation of fibroelastic fibers in the endocardium, producing endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE). Although early reports describe EFE as a primary disease, evidence now suggests that EFE may develop as a response to myocardial dysfunction. Echocardiographic evaluation of a 4-wk-old Pallas cat ( Otocolobus manul) with respiratory distress revealed enlargement of both atria, enlarged end-systolic left ventricular dimension, and left ventricular dilation. DCM was diagnosed, and the cat was euthanized, given the poor prognosis. Postmortem examination revealed pericardial effusion and biventricular and biatrial enlargement. The interventricular septum and free walls of ventricles were thin. Histologically, the endocardium of the left and right ventricles was diffusely thickened; Verhoeff–Van Gieson staining of the left ventricular endocardium revealed a moderate amount of endocardial accumulation of elastin and collagen. These fibers were more prominent in papillary muscles and around coronary blood vessels. Based on these findings, we diagnosed DCM with EFE. Cardiac diseases are rarely diagnosed in wild felids.

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3

Lurie, Paul R. "Changing concepts of endocardial fibroelastosis." Cardiology in the Young 20, no. 2 (March 29, 2010): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951110000181.

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AbstractEndocardial fibroelastosis is not a disease but a reaction of the endocardium. I review the history of the term with emphasis on the gradual understanding of the many causes of this reaction. I include a comprehensive list of diseases or other cardiac stresses that authors have reported in association, and I try to explain the mechanism of the reaction. Although endocardial fibroelastosis is rare today, I issue a warning of a possible epidemic recrudescence of some of the associated diseases. My hope is for nosologic purity, therefore that outworn but surviving concepts will be firmly rejected.

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4

Coumbe, K. M. "Cardiac disease: endocardial fibroelastosis." Equine Veterinary Education 14, no. 2 (January 5, 2010): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.2002.tb00145.x.

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5

Nishida, Takafumi, and Daihiko Hakuno. "Endocardial Calcification in Behçet's Disease." New England Journal of Medicine 369, no. 21 (November 21, 2013): e28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmicm1305579.

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6

EBELING, PETER, JOHN R. BURKE, and DOROTHY J. RADFORD. "Endocardial fibroelastosis and infantile polycystic disease." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 21, no. 3 (August 1985): 197–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.1985.tb02134.x.

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7

Lurie, Paul R. "Endocardial fibroelastosis is not a disease." American Journal of Cardiology 62, no. 7 (September 1988): 468–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(88)90981-2.

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8

Pangonytė, Dalia, Elena Stalioraitytė, Danutė Kazlauskaitė, Reda Žiuraitienė, Zita Stanionienė, and Sonata Kerpauskienė. "Changes of heart geometry in patients with ischemic heart disease." Medicina 44, no. 1 (December 23, 2007): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina44010002.

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Objective. The aim of the study was to determine ventricular and atrial cardiometric parameters at preinfarction and postinfarction stage of ischemic heart disease. Object and methods. Cardiometric parameters (mass, endocardial surface area, the tracts of flow and outflow, etc.) of 132 men (mean age of 49.7±8.9 years) who had died suddenly during prehospital period (within 6 hours) after the first or repeated acute event of “pure” ischemic heart disease were investigated. These patients had no other, except ischemia, factors predisposing myocardial hypertrophy as well as clinical symptoms of heart failure. The decedents were divided into preinfarction (71 men) and postinfarction ischemic heart disease (61 men) groups. Results. At preinfarction stage of ischemic heart disease, mass and endocardial surface area of all parts of the heart were increased, the tracts of flow and outflow – longer. At postinfarction stage, only corresponding left ventricular and atrial parameters were more increased. Conclusions. Eccentric type of left ventricular hypertrophy (proportional increase of mass and endocardial surface area) and concentric type of right ventricular and right and left atrial hypertrophy (the part of myocardium mass per unit of endocardial area is greater) were determined at preinfarction stage of ischemic heart disease. At postinfarction stage, at least as far as evidence of heart failure is not overt, only the corresponding left ventricular and atrial hypertrophy progresses.

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9

Romero, Jorge, Roberto C. Cerrud-Rodriguez, Luigi Di Biase, Juan Carlos Diaz, Isabella Alviz, Vito Grupposo, Luis Cerna, et al. "Combined Endocardial-Epicardial Versus Endocardial Catheter Ablation Alone for Ventricular Tachycardia in Structural Heart Disease." JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology 5, no. 1 (January 2019): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2018.08.010.

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10

Carneiro, Renata de Carvalho Bicalho, Alexandre Lemos da Silveira Santos, Luisa Campos Caldeira Brant, Fábio Tôrres Rabelo, Carla Maia Ligeiro, Isabella Peixoto de Barcelos, Vanessa Barbosa Silva, Virgínia Sheila Xavier Silva, and Maria do Carmo Pereira Nunes. "Endomyocardial fibrosis associated with mansoni schistosomiasis." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 44, no. 5 (October 2011): 644–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822011000500026.

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Endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) is a neglected tropical disease that affects millions of people worldwide. EMF is the most common cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy, caused by deposition of fibrous tissue on endocardial surfaces. EMF is a major cause of death in areas where it is endemic, but the pathogenesis of the disease is poorly understood. Schistosomiasis mansoni is a parasitic disease endemic in Brazil, where EMF has also been described. The association between EMF and schistosomiasis has been suggested in various publications, seeking a possible correlation between endocardial and periportal fibroses. This report describes a case of EMF associated with schistosomiasis.

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11

Kinova, Elena, Natalia Spasova, Angelina Borizanova, and Assen Goudev. "Torsion Mechanics as an Indicator of More Advanced Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction in Secondary Mitral Regurgitation in Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy: A 2D Speckle-Tracking Analysis." Cardiology 139, no. 3 (2018): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000485967.

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Left ventricular (LV) twist serves as a compensatory mechanism in systolic dysfunction and its degree of reduction may reflect a more advanced stage of disease. Aim: The aim was to investigate twist alterations depending on the degree of functional mitral regurgitation (MR) by speckle-tracking echocardiography. Methods: Sixty-three patients with symptomatic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) were included. Patients were divided according to MR vena contracta width (VCW): group 1 with VCW <7 mm (mild/moderate MR) and group 2 with VCW ≥7 mm (severe MR). Results: There were no differences in LV geometry and function between groups. Group 2 showed lower endocardial basal rotation (BR) (–2.04° ± 1.83° vs. –3.23° ± 1.83°, p = 0.012); epicardial BR (–1.54° ± 1.18° vs. –2.31° ± 1.22°, p = 0.015); endocardial torsion (0.41°/cm ± 0.36°/cm vs. 0.63°/cm ± 0.44°/cm, p = 0.033) and mid-level circumferential strain (CSmid) (–6.12% ± 2.64% vs. –7.75% ± 2.90%, p = 0.028), when compared with group 1. Multivariable linear regression analysis identified endocardial BR, torsion and CSmid, as the best predictors of larger VCW. In the ROC curve analysis, endocardial BR and CSmid values greater than or equal to –3.63° and –9.35%, respectively, can differentiate patients with severe MR. Conclusions: In DCM patients, torsional profile was more altered in severe MR. Endocardial BR, endocardial torsion, and CSmid, can be used as indicators of advanced structural wall architecture damage.

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12

Nogueira, Eduardo Arantes, Osvaldo Massaioshi Ueti, and Wallasse Rocha Vieira. "The apical ventricular lesion in Chagas' heart disease." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 113, no. 2 (April 1995): 785–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31801995000200008.

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Apical lesions of the left ventricle, ranging from endocardial thickening to aneurysms, are commonly found in Chagas' heart disease. These abnormalities can be identified by ventriculography, two-dimensional echocardiography and radioisotopic studies. Generally, clinical manifestations are limited to arrhythmias and thromboembolic. The lesions are usually small and apparently do not play a role in ventricular dysfunction.

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13

Khouzam, Rami N., Khawar Shaikh, and Ivan A. D’Cruz. "Left Ventricular Endocardial Calcification in a Patient with Myeloproliferative Disease." Southern Medical Journal 98, no. 9 (September 2005): 942–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.smj.0000177356.40625.66.

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14

Suzuki, Ryohei, Yunosuke Yuchi, Haruka Kanno, Takahiro Teshima, Hirotaka Matsumoto, and Hidekazu Koyama. "Left and Right Myocardial Functionality Assessed by Two-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography in Cats with Restrictive Cardiomyopathy." Animals 11, no. 6 (May 28, 2021): 1578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061578.

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The endomyocardial form of restrictive cardiomyopathy (EMF-RCM), a primary disorder of the myocardium, is one of the diseases with poor prognosis in cats. We hypothesized that both the left and right myocardial functional abnormalities may occur in cats with EMF-RCM, causing this disease pathophysiology and clinical status. Out of the 25 animals included in this study, 10 were client-owned cats with EMF-RCM, and 15 were healthy cats. In this study, cats were assessed for layer-specific myocardial function (whole, endocardial, and epicardial) in the left ventricular longitudinal and circumferential directions, and right ventricular longitudinal direction, via two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (2D-STE). Cats with EMF-RCM had depressed left ventricular myocardial deformations both in systole (whole longitudinal strain, epicardial longitudinal strain, and endocardial circumferential strain) and diastole (early and late diastolic longitudinal strain rates, and late diastolic circumferential strain rate) compared to controls. Furthermore, some right ventricular myocardial deformations (systolic longitudinal strain in epicardial layers, and endocardial-to-epicardial strain ratio) were significantly differerent in cats with EMF-RCM. Myocardial function assessed by 2D-STE could reveal left and right myocardial dysfunction.

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15

Kaba, Riyaz A., Aziz Momin, and John Camm. "Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: The Role of Left Atrial Posterior Wall Isolation and Ablation Strategies." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 14 (July 15, 2021): 3129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10143129.

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Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a global disease with rapidly rising incidence and prevalence. It is associated with a higher risk of stroke, dementia, cognitive decline, sudden and cardiovascular death, heart failure and impairment in quality of life. The disease is a major burden on the healthcare system. Paroxysmal AF is typically managed with medications or endocardial catheter ablation to good effect. However, a large proportion of patients with AF have persistent or long-standing persistent AF, which are more complex forms of the condition and thus more difficult to treat. This is in part due to the progressive electro-anatomical changes that occur with AF persistence and the spread of arrhythmogenic triggers and substrates outside of the pulmonary veins. The posterior wall of the left atrium is a common site for these changes and has become a target of ablation strategies to treat these more resistant forms of AF. In this review, we discuss the role of the posterior left atrial wall in persistent and long-standing persistent AF, the limitations of current endocardial-focused treatment strategies, and future perspectives on hybrid epicardial–endocardial approaches to posterior wall isolation or ablation.

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16

Akerberg, Brynn N., Maithri L. Sarangam, and Kryn Stankunas. "Endocardial Brg1 disruption illustrates the developmental origins of semilunar valve disease." Developmental Biology 407, no. 1 (November 2015): 158–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.06.015.

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17

Koskenvuo, Juha W., Erik Engblom, Ilkka M. Kantola, Jaakko J. Hartiala, Antti Saraste, Tuomas O. Kiviniemi, Ilkka Mononen, and Markku Saraste. "Echocardiography in Fabry disease: diagnostic value of endocardial border binary appearance." Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging 29, no. 3 (May 2009): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-097x.2008.00851.x.

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18

McLeod, Christopher John, Christine H. Attenhofer Jost, Carole A. Warnes, David Hodge, Linda Hyberger, Heidi M. Connolly, Samuel J. Asirvatham, Joseph A. Dearani, David L. Hayes, and Naser M. Ammash. "Epicardial versus endocardial permanent pacing in adults with congenital heart disease." Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology 28, no. 3 (June 19, 2010): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10840-010-9494-4.

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19

Ito, T., Toshiki Sasaki, and Iwao Ono. "Secondary endocardial fibroelastosis associated with Pompe disease and multicystic dysplastic kidney." Heart and Vessels 15, no. 5 (September 2000): 240–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003800070014.

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20

Özkaynak, Berk, Nihan Kayalar, Bülent Mert, Serkan Sönmez, and Vedat Erentuğ. "Left Atrial Leiomyosarcoma Extending into the Posterior Mediastinum and Mimicking a Left Atrial Myxoma." Heart Surgery Forum 16, no. 6 (December 26, 2013): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1532/hsf98.2013203.

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<p><strong>Background:</strong> Intracardiac malignancies are extremely rare and hard to detect or differentiate preoperatively.</p><p><strong>Case Report:</strong> We present a 48-year-old female patient who was diagnosed primarily with left atrial myxoma and taken into emergency surgery. The tumor extended into the pulmonary veins and infiltrated the atrial endocardium, and the histopathologic diagnosis was leiomyosarcoma. The left atrial endocardium was successfully peeled off with the tumor and complete resection was achieved.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The possible malignant nature of intracardiac masses should be kept in mind, especially in middle-aged patients. The extent of the tumor must be determined in elective cases to establish the proper strategy for complete resection, which is the only chance of successful treatment for this lethal disease entity. Endocardial peeling is warranted for successful removal of the tumor mass in leiomyosarcoma.</p>

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21

Ebik, M., N. Taştekin, M. Gürdoğan, M. Ebik, M. Birtane, H. Emmungil, B. Yilmazer, and N. Süt. "FRI0058 THE IMPORTANCE OF SPECKLE TRACKING ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN THE EVALUATION OF CARDIAC FUNCTIONS IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 605–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.4591.

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Background:Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory disease that includes chronic, progressive joint arthritis and also has multi-systemic involvement. It is known that the acceleration of many cardiovascular diseases causing mortality and morbidity, especially atherosclerosis and heart failure, is increased in RA patients.Objectives:In this study, it was aimed to analyze the layer-specific (endocardial, transmural and epicardial) strain values obtained by speckle tracking echocardiography method in the determination of subclinical cardiac dysfunction in RA patients and to determine the correlation between anti cyclic citrullized peptide (Anti-CCP) titers, disease activity score (DAS-28), disease duration and strain values.Methods:This study was performed with 63 RA patients and 31 healthy participants. The patients were grouped as <5 years, 5-10 years and >10 years according to their disease duration. DAS28-CRP was used to determine disease activation. The standard assessment included complete serum concentration of C-reactive protein, Anti-CCP, Romatoid faktör (RF), N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and homocysteine. Endocardial, transmural and epicardial strain values were analyzed by M-mode, 2D, tissue doppler and speckle tracking echocardiography.Results:When the groups were compared in terms of laboratory data, NT-proBNP value of RA patients was higher than the control group (p=0.044), homocysteine level was similar (p>0.05). When the groups were compared in terms of conventional echocardiographic parameters, ejection fraction of the control group was similar (p>0.05). E/A and E/E’ ratios were found to be significantly different (p<0.001, p=0.015). When the groups were compared in GLS values obtained by speckle tracking echocardiography, endocardium, transmural and epicardium GLS values were lower in RA patients (p<0.05) (Table 1). As the disease duration increased, GLS values were found to be worse (p<0.05). There was a significant correlation between RA disease activity scores level and LV GLS value, increasing levels of disease activity was associated with worse LV GLS (r=0.583, p<0.01 and r=0.681, p<0.01 ve r=0.689, p<0.01 for endocardium, transmural and epicardium respectively. There was a significant correlation between anti-CCP, RF and LV GLS value, higher Anti-CCP and RF titers were associated with worse LV GLS (r=0.467, p<0.01 and r=0.509, p<0.01 and r=0.551, p<0.01) for endocardium, transmural and epicardium respectively.Table 1.Comparison of layer-specific GLS values of groups<55-10>10ControlpGLS endocardiumMean ± SD-23,98±1,84-23,29±1,59-21,71±1,93-24,95±0,73ˠ: 0,000β: 0,000ᶮ: 0,001GLS transmuralMean ± SD-21,78±1,71-21,20±1,66-19,85±1,50-22,98±1,17ˠ: 0,001ᵟ: 0,020†: 0,017ᶮ: 0,001β: 0,000GLS epicardiumMean ± SD-20,05±2,02-19,23±1,77-17,98±1,38-20,83±0,70ᵟ: 0,023β: 0,000ˠ: 0,000ᶮ: 0,001SS: Standard Deviation, ˣ: 1-2, ᵟ: 2-3, β: 3-4, ˠ: 1-3, †: 1-4, ᶮ: 2-4, GLS: Global longitudinal strainConclusion:The layer-specific global longitudinal strain values obtained by speckle tracking echocardiography were found to be decreased in RA patients. This study, which has been shown to decrease strain values before the reduction of ejection fraction values obtained by conventional methods, may be a guide for the clinician in early detection of cardiac dysfunction in RA patients with high DAS-28 score, long disease duration, high Anti-CCP and high RF titers.References:[1]Corrao S, Argano C, Pistone G, Messina S, Calvo L, Perticone F. Rheumatoid arthritis affects left ventricular mass: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Intern Med 2015;26(4): 259-67.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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22

Goldsmith, Ira, Patricia Kumar, Peter Carter, Andrew D. Blann, Ramesh L. Patel, and Gregory Y. H. Lip. "Atrial endocardial changes in mitral valve disease: A scanning electron microscopy study." American Heart Journal 140, no. 5 (November 2000): 777–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mhj.2000.110284.

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23

von Gise, Alexander, and William T. Pu. "Endocardial and Epicardial Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transitions in Heart Development and Disease." Circulation Research 110, no. 12 (June 8, 2012): 1628–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.111.259960.

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24

Sekiguchi, Yukio. "Endocardial and Epicardial Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia Associated with Organic Heart Disease." Journal of Arrhythmia 27, Supplement (2011): MS4_3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4020/jhrs.27.ms4_3.

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25

HUANG, SHOEI K. STEPHEN, ION D. BAZGAN, ERANK I. MARCUS, and GORDON A. EWY. "Endocardial Catheter Ablation for Refractory Ventricular Tachycardia Associated with Coronary Artery Disease." Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 10, no. 5 (September 1987): 1071–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.1987.tb06126.x.

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26

Sandrio, Stany, Ariawan Purbojo, Okan Toka, Sven Dittrich, Robert Cesnjevar, and André Rüffer. "Transmural Placement of Endocardial Pacing Leads in Patients With Congenital Heart Disease." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 101, no. 6 (June 2016): 2335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.12.028.

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27

George, Mathew, John Amodio, and Haesoon Lee. "Cystic Lung Disease in Down Syndrome: A Case Report and Literature Review." Case Reports in Pediatrics 2016 (2016): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4048501.

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Subpleural lung cysts (SPC) are seen in children with Down syndrome (DS). The incidence and the long term course of these lesions are not known. It is important for pediatricians and pediatric radiologists to be aware of these lung lesions since the DS patients’ longevity has increased and they have greater frequency to encounter the clinicians. Autopsy and the radiology series have shown that these lesions are often found in association with congenital heart disease, particularly the endocardial cushion defect and prematurity.

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28

Tkatchenko, Tatiana V., Ricardo A. Moreno-Rodriguez, Simon J. Conway, Jeffery D. Molkentin, Roger R. Markwald, and Andrei V. Tkatchenko. "Lack of periostin leads to suppression of Notch1 signaling and calcific aortic valve disease." Physiological Genomics 39, no. 3 (November 2009): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00078.2009.

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The Postn gene encodes protein periostin. During embryonic development, it is highly expressed in the outflow tract (OFT) endocardial cushions of the developing heart, which give rise to several structures of the mature heart including the aortic valve. Periostin was previously implicated in osteoblast differentiation, cancer metastasis, and tooth and bone development, but its role in cardiac OFT development is unclear. To elucidate the role that periostin plays in the developing heart we analyzed cardiac OFT phenotype in mice after deletion of the Postn gene. We found that lack of periostin in the embryonic OFT leads to ectopic expression of the proosteogenic growth factor pleiotrophin ( Ptn) and overexpression of delta-like 1 homolog (Dlk1), a negative regulator of Notch1, in the distal (prevalvular) cushions of the OFT. This resulted in suppression of Notch1 signaling, strong induction of the central transcriptional regulator of osteoblast cell fate Runx2, upregulation of osteopontin and osteocalcin expression, and subsequent calcification of the aortic valve. Our data suggest that periostin represses a default osteogenic program in the OFT cushion mesenchyme and promotes differentiation along a fibrogenic lineage. Lack of periostin causes derepression of the osteogenic potential of OFT mesenchymal cells, calcium deposition, and calcific aortic valve disease. These results establish periostin as a key regulator of OFT endocardial cushion mesenchymal cell fate during embryonic development.

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29

Grech, Victor, Bridget Ellul, and Simon Attard Montalto. "Sudden cardiac death in infancy due to histiocytoid cardiomyopathy." Cardiology in the Young 10, no. 1 (January 2000): 49–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951100006387.

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AbstractDetailed post-mortem is crucial in infants who die suddenly and without a known cause. We report a rare case of histiocytoid cardiomyopathy with endocardial fibroelastosis, the second case in the world literature. The infant presented with sudden death, but the cardiac histological appearance was initially believed to be caused by Pompes disease.

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30

Vassallo, Joseph A., Dennis M. Cassidy, John M. Miller, Alfred E. Buxton, Francis E. Marchlinski, and Mark E. Josephson. "Left ventricular endocardial activation during right ventricular pacing: Effect of underlying heart disease." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 7, no. 6 (June 1986): 1228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(86)80140-1.

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31

Higashi, Haruhiko, Kenichiro Yamagata, Takashi Noda, and Kazuhiro Satomi. "Endocardial and epicardial substrates of ventricular tachycardia in a patient with Fabry disease." Heart Rhythm 8, no. 1 (January 2011): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2010.08.006.

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Asad, Muhammad, Qurban Hussain Khan, Azmat Hayat, Waheed ur Rehman, Muhammad Shabbir, Amer Naseem, Noor Shah, and Rehana Khadim. "TRICUSPID VALVE REGURGITATION IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ENDOCARDIAL LEADS PLACEMENT." Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal 70, Suppl-4 (January 5, 2021): S721–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v70isuppl-4.6007.

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Objective: To assess prospectively the presence and degree of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) after right ventricular (RV) lead placement utilizing 2-dimensional and doppler echocardiography in a group of patients implanted with Permanent pace-maker or implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted at OPD of AFIC/NIHD Rawalpindi from Jan to Jun 2019. Methodology: One hundred patients after cardiac stimulation system implantation were included in this study. Patients with severe valve disease, heart failure, congenital heart disease, pre-existing pulmonary hypertension and presence of moderate or severe tricuspid regurgitation were excluded. M-mode, 2 –dimensional and doppler echocardiographic studies were performed. Continuous-wave doppler measurements were made from apical four-chamber view in order to obtain maximum tricuspid flow velocities. A complete echocardiographic study was performed following device implantation. Echocardiographic measurements were repeated at 6-months of follow-up period. Those patients who developed tricuspid regurgitation were further assessed by color doppler, taking into account density and contour of the jet on continuous-wave doppler. Tricuspid regurgitation severity was classified into three groups: mild, moderate and severe according to the recommendations for non-invasive evaluation of native valvular regurgitation by the American Society of Echocardiography. The collected data was analysed by using SPSS-23. Results: Out of 100 patients, 67 (67%) were males and 33(33%) were females with the mean age of 65.29 ± 12.02 years. All the patients had normal chambers dimensions before the procedure. 65 (65%) had leads screwed to RV apex while 35 (35%) had through RV septum. 83 (83%) patients received a dual chamber device, while 17 (17%) patients got single chamber (ventricular) device implanted. Following device implantation after 6 months mild TR was noted in 4 (4%), moderate TR in 4 (4%) and severe TR 2 (2%) in cases. Conclusion: Tricuspid incompetence following endocardial leads implantation is not rare and occurred in approximately 10% of our patients. This complication may be preventable, because it is likely due to the interference of the endocardial lead with the TV.

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Caivano, Domenico, Mark Rishniw, Lucia Baiona, Francesco Birettoni, Noemi Nisini, and Francesco Porciello. "Assessment of Longitudinal Left Ventricle Deformation by 2-Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography Obtained from Different Views in Cats." Veterinary Sciences 7, no. 3 (August 6, 2020): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7030104.

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Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is a novel, angle-independent imaging technique useful to assess myocardial function by strain and strain rate analysis in human and veterinary medicine. Commonly, the left apical four-chamber (LAP4Ch) view is used to assess left ventricular (LV) longitudinal deformation in dogs and cats. However, the right parasternal four-chamber (RP4Ch) view is often more easily obtained than the LAP4Ch view in cats. No studies exist comparing longitudinal strain and strain rate values using STE from different echocardiographic views in cats. Therefore, we examined the agreement between RP4Ch and LAP4Ch for assessment of LV longitudinal strain and strain rate in cats. We acquired 2D echocardiographic cineloops from RP4Ch and LAP4Ch views and analyzed LV longitudinal strain and strain rate in 50 cats (31 healthy cats and 19 cats with different disease states) using XstrainTM software. Peak systolic strain and strain rate values of endocardial and epicardial border were used for the analysis. The two echocardiographic views were compared using limits-of-agreement analyses and intra-observer measurement variability was assessed. We could obtain longitudinal strain and strain rate from the RP4Ch view in all cats. Strain, but not strain rate, had good intra-observer measurement variability (<10% vs. <20%). However, only endocardial strain values obtained with the two views agreed sufficiently to be used interchangeably (95% limits of agreement: −3.28, 2.58). Epicardial strain/strain rate and endocardial strain rate values did not agree sufficiently to be used interchangeably (95% limits of agreement: −11.58, 9.19; −2.28, 1.74; −1.41, 1.36, respectively). Our study suggests that RP4Ch view was feasible for assessment of the LV longitudinal deformation analysis by STE in cats, but only endocardial longitudinal strain values obtained from the two different views were interchangeable.

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Slungaard, A., and J. R. Mahoney. "Bromide-dependent toxicity of eosinophil peroxidase for endothelium and isolated working rat hearts: a model for eosinophilic endocarditis." Journal of Experimental Medicine 173, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.173.1.117.

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Eosinophilic endocarditis is a potentially lethal complication of chronic peripheral blood hypereosinophilia. We hypothesized that eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), an abundant eosinophil (EO) cationic granule protein, promotes eosinophilic endocarditis by binding to negatively charged endocardium, and there generating cytotoxic oxidants. Using an immunocytochemical technique, we demonstrated endocardial deposition of EPO in the heart of a patient with hypereosinophilic heart disease. Because EPO preferentially oxidizes Br- to hypobromous acid (HOBr) rather than Cl- to hypochlorous acid (HOCl) at physiologic halide concentrations, we characterized the Br(-)-dependent toxicity of both activated EOs and purified human EPO towards several types of endothelial cells and isolated working rat hearts. In RPMI supplemented with 100 microM Br-, phorbol myristate acetate-activated EOs, but not polymorphonuclear leukocytes, caused 1.8-3.6 times as much 51Cr release from four types of endothelial cell monolayers as in RPMI alone. H2O2 and purified human EPO, especially when bound to cell surfaces, mediated extraordinarily potent, completely Br(-)-dependent cytolysis of endothelial cells that was reversed by peroxidase inhibitors, HOBr scavengers, and competitive substrates. We further modeled eosinophilic endocarditis by instilling EPO into the left ventricles of isolated rat hearts, flushing unbound EPO, then perfusing them with a buffer containing 100 microM Br- and 1 microM H2O2. Acute congestive heart failure (evidenced by a precipitous decrement in rate pressure product, stroke volume work, aortic output, and MVO2 to 0-33% of control values) ensued over 20 min, which deletion of EPO, Br-, or H2O2 completely abrogated. These findings raise the possibility that EPO bound to endocardial cells might utilize H2O2 generated either by overlying phagocytes or endogenous cardiac metabolism along with the virtually inexhaustible supply of Br- from flowing blood to fuel HOBr-mediated cell damage. By this mechanism, EPO may play an important role in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic endocarditis.

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Solenkova, Natalia V., Ramanan Umakanthan, Marzia Leacche, David X. Zhao, and John G. Byrne. "The New Era of Cardiac Surgery Hybrid Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease." Innovations: Technology and Techniques in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery 5, no. 6 (November 2010): 388–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155698451000500602.

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Surgical therapy for cardiovascular disease carries excellent long-term outcomes but it is relatively invasive. With the development of new devices and techniques, modern cardiovascular surgery is trending toward less invasive approaches, especially for patients at high risk for traditional open heart surgery. A hybrid strategy combines traditional surgical treatments performed in the operating room with treatments traditionally available only in the catheterization laboratory with the goal of offering patients the best available therapy for any set of cardiovascular diseases. Examples of hybrid procedures include hybrid coronary artery bypass grafting, hybrid valve surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention, hybrid endocardial and epicardial atrial fibrillation procedures, and hybrid coronary artery bypass grafting/carotid artery stenting. This multi-disciplinary approach requires strong collaboration between cardiac surgeons, vascular surgeons, and interventional cardiologists to obtain optimal patient outcomes.

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Zhang, Hui, Xiuzhen Huang, Kuo Liu, Juan Tang, Lingjuan He, Wenjuan Pu, Qiaozhen Liu, et al. "Fibroblasts in an endocardial fibroelastosis disease model mainly originate from mesenchymal derivatives of epicardium." Cell Research 27, no. 9 (August 15, 2017): 1157–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cr.2017.103.

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Parameswaran, Ramanathan, Christophe P. Teuwen, Troy Watts, Chrishan J. Nalliah, Alistair Royse, John Goldblatt, Marco Larobina, et al. "Functional Atrial Endocardial–Epicardial Dissociation in Patients With Structural Heart Disease Undergoing Cardiac Surgery." JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology 6, no. 1 (January 2020): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2019.08.016.

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Haanschoten, Danielle M., Ahmet Adiyaman, Jaap Jan J. Smit, Peter Paul H. M. Delnoy, Anand R. Ramdat Misier, Fabiano Porta, Robert P. H. Storm van Leeuwen, and Arif Elvan. "Hybrid Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation after Failed Percutaneous Endocardial and Epicardial Ablation." Cardiology 145, no. 2 (November 8, 2019): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000503251.

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Introduction: Recurrent ventricular tachycardia (VT) after percutaneous ablation is associated with a high morbidity and mortality. We assessed the feasibility of open chest extracorporeal circulation (ECC)-supported 3D multielectrode mapping and targeted VT substrate ablation in patients with previously failed percutaneous endocardial and epicardial VT ablations. Methods: In patients with previously failed percutaneous endocardial and epicardial VT ablations and a high risk of hemodynamic collapse during the procedure, open chest ECC-supported mapping and ablation were performed in a hybrid EP lab setting. Electro-anatomic maps (3D) were acquired during sinus rhythm and VT using a multielectrode mapping catheter (HD grid; Abbott or Pentaray, Biosense Webster). Irrigated radiofrequency ablations of all inducible VT were performed with a contact force ablation catheter. Results: Hybrid VT ablation was performed in 5 patients with structural heart disease (i.e., 3 with previous old myocardial infarction and 2 with nonischemic cardiomyopathy) and recurrent VT. Acute procedural success was achieved in all patients. Four patients were successfully weaned off the ECC. In 1 patient with a severely reduced LVEF (16%), damage to the venous graft occurred after sternotomy and that patient died after 1 month. Four patients (80%) remained VT free after a median follow-up of 6 (IQR 4–10) months. Conclusion: In high-risk patients with previously failed percutaneous endocardial and epicardial VT ablations, open chest ECC-supported multielectrode epicardial mapping revealed a VT substrate in all of the patients, and targeted epicardial ablation abolished VT substrate in these patients.

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Blagova, O. V., I. N. Aliyeva, A. V. Nedostup, E. A. Kogan, R. N. Komarov, S. V. Chernyavsky, V. V. Seslavinskaya, et al. "Morphologically proved ANCA positive Loeffler’s pancarditis: medical and surgical treatment." Terapevticheskii arkhiv 91, no. 4 (April 15, 2019): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2019.04.000048.

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Loeffler's endocarditis remains is a very rare disease, develops due to eosinophilic inflammation predominantly of the endocardium with an outcome in fibrosis and massive thrombus formation and. He is generally characterized by an unfavorable prognosis. Clinical case of a 42-year-old patient with Loeffler endocarditis is presented. The development of the disease was preceded by a polyvalent allergy, mild dry eye syndrome and pansinusitis with a single eosinophilia of blood up to 16%. The reason for the hospitalization was the appearance of biventricular heart failure. During the previous year, the level of blood eosinophils remained normal, a threefold increase in the level of eosinophilic cationic protein was observed once. A 20-fold increase in the pANCA level, a 2.5-fold increase in the level of antibodies to DNA, an antibody to the nuclei of cardiomyocytes 1:160 were detected. The diagnosis was made on the basis of electrocardiography data (low QRS voltage, atrial hypertrophy), echocardiography, multispiral computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the heart (thickening and delayed contrasting of the endocardium, massive thrombosis of the left ventricular apex with obliteration of its cavity, encapsulated fluid in the pericardium with compression of the right ventricle). Systolic dysfunction, severe signs of restriction and arrhythmias were absent. Trombectomy, tricuspid valve plasty, pericardial resection, suturing of an open oval window were performed. Signs of active inflammation with single eosinophils, vasculitis, perimuscular sclerosis, endocardial sclerosis were detected in morphological and immunohistochemical studies of endo-, myo-, pericardium. Viral genome was not found. The therapy with methylprednisolone 24 mg/day, azathioprine 75 mg/day was started. Six months after the operation, the symptoms of heart failure are completely absent, the thrombosis did not recur.

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Njeim, Mario, and Frank Bogun. "Selecting the Appropriate Ablation Strategy: the Role of Endocardial and/or Epicardial Access." Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology Review 4, no. 3 (2015): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.15420/aer.2015.4.3.184.

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Percutaneous catheter ablation has emerged as an effective treatment modality for the management of ventricular tachycardia. Despite years of progress in this field, the role of epicardial mapping and ablation needs to be further refined. In this review, we discuss the relationship between the type of underlying heart disease and the location of the arrythmogenic substrate as it pertains to a procedural approach. We describe the contribution of preprocedural and intraprocedural diagnostic tools for the localisation of the arrhythmogenic substrate, with a special emphasis on cardiac MRI and electrophysiological mapping. In our opinion, the preferred approach to target ventricular tachycardia should depend on the patient’s underlying heart disease and the location of scar tissue, which can be best visualised using cardiac MRI.

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Tee, Nicole, Yacui Gu, Murni, and Winston Shim. "Comparative Myocardial Deformation in 3 Myocardial Layers in Mice by Speckle Tracking Echocardiography." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/148501.

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Background. Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) using dedicated high-resolution ultrasound is a relatively new technique that is useful in assessing myocardial deformation in 3 myocardial layers in small animals. However, comparative studies of STE parameters acquired from murine are limited.Methods. A high-resolution rodent ultrasound machine (VSI Vevo 2100) and a clinically validated ultrasound machine (GE Vivid 7) were used to consecutively acquire echocardiography images from standardized parasternal long axis and short axis at midpapillary muscle level from 13 BALB/c mice. Speckle tracking strain (longitudinal, circumferential, and radial) from endocardial, myocardial, and epicardial layers was analyzed using vendor-specific offline analysis software.Results. Intersystem differences were not statistically significant in the global peak longitudinal strain (−16.8 ± 1.7% versus −18.7 ± 3.1%) and radial strain (46.8 ± 14.2% versus 41.0 ± 9.5%), except in the global peak circumferential strain (−16.9 ± 3.1% versus 27.0 ± 5.2%,P<0.05). This was corroborated by Bland Altman analysis that revealed a weak agreement in circumferential strain (mean bias ± 1.96 SD of −10.12 ± 6.06%) between endocardium and midmyocardium. However, a good agreement was observed in longitudinal strain between midmyocardium/endocardium (mean bias ± 1.96 SD of −1.88 ± 3.93%) and between midmyocardium/epicardium (mean bias ± 1.96 SD of 3.63 ± 3.91%). Radial strain (mean bias ± 1.96 SD of −5.84 ± 17.70%) had wide limits of agreement between the two systems that indicated an increased variability.Conclusions. Our study shows that there is good reproducibility and agreement in longitudinal deformation of the 3 myocardial layers between the two ultrasound systems. Directional deformation gradients at endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium observed in mice were consistent to those reported in human subjects, thus attesting the clinical relevance of STE findings in murine cardiovascular disease models.

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McKinnie, James. "The Convergent Procedure – A Standardised and Anatomic Approach Addresses the Clinical and Economic Unmet Needs of the Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Population." Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology Review 2, no. 2 (2013): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.15420/aer.2013.2.2.145.

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A standardised treatment management approach is needed to address the escalating worldwide prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF). The persistent and longstanding persistent AF patient population particularly needs this standardised treatment option to manage their AF. These patients have underlying structural heart disease that result in increased hospitalizations, long-term medical management that increases the cost burden of the healthcare system. Approximately 100 patients have undergone the Convergent Procedure at our center since its introduction 2 years ago, as a treatment option for AF patients. The epicardial and endocardial ablation procedures performed sequentially in a single setting has shown a single procedure success rate of 80%, similar to published success rates at other centers. The epicardial posterior wall isolation silences a majority of known substrates and the endocardial procedure completes the pulmonary vein isolation, creates the cavotricuspid line and provides diagnostic confirmation. The Convergent Procedure should be considered as a first line treatment option for the persistent and longstanding persistent AF patient population who have very limited or no treatment options for the long-term successful management of their AF.

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Bethge, K. P., B. D. Gonska, H. Kreuzer, R. Kühn, G. Sauthoff, C. Beie, and H. Saathoff. "Endocardial late potentials recorded during sinus rhythm in man: Incidence in different cardiac disease states." Clinical Cardiology 11, no. 3 (March 1988): 164–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clc.4960110309.

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Buxton, Alfred E., Robert B. Kleiman, K. Elizabeth Kindwall, and Mark E. Josephson. "Endocardial mapping during sinus rhythm in patients with coronary artery disease and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia." American Journal of Cardiology 71, no. 8 (March 1993): 695–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(93)91012-7.

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Chakraborty, Santanu, Jonathan Cheek, Bhuvaneswari Sakthivel, Bruce J. Aronow, and Katherine E. Yutzey. "Shared gene expression profiles in developing heart valves and osteoblast progenitor cells." Physiological Genomics 35, no. 1 (September 2008): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.90212.2008.

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The atrioventricular (AV) valves of the heart develop from undifferentiated mesenchymal endocardial cushions, which later mature into stratified valves with diversified extracellular matrix (ECM). Because the mature valves express genes associated with osteogenesis and exhibit disease-associated calcification, we hypothesized the existence of shared regulatory pathways active in developing AV valves and in bone progenitor cells. To define gene regulatory programs of valvulogenesis relative to osteoblast progenitors, we undertook Affymetrix gene expression profiling analysis of murine embryonic day (E)12.5 AV endocardial cushions compared with E17.5 AV valves (mitral and tricuspid) and with preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 (subclone4) cells. Overall, MC3T3 cells were significantly more similar to E17.5 valves than to E12.5 cushions, supporting the hypothesis that valve maturation involves the expression of many genes also expressed in osteoblasts. Several transcription factors characteristic of mesenchymal and osteoblast precursor cells, including Twist1, are predominant in E12.5 cushion. Valve maturation is characterized by differential regulation of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors as well as complex collagen gene expression. Among the most highly enriched genes during valvulogenesis were members of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family including Asporin, a known negative regulator of osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. Together, these data support shared gene expression profiles of the developing valves and osteoblast bone precursor cells in normal valve development and homeostasis with potential functions in calcific valve disease.

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McMorrow, Julie, and Milap C. Nahata. "Prevention and Management of Infective Endocarditis." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 4, no. 5 (October 1991): 295–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719009100400503.

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Infective endocarditis is an infection of the endocardial surface of the heart and usually involves one or more heart valves but may occur on septal defects or the heart wall. Its incidence is approximately 1 per 1,000 adults and 0.5 per 1,000 pediatric hospital admissions. Factors predisposing to infective endocarditis include degenerative heart disease, survivable congenital cardiac defects, use of invasive procedures, chronic immunosuppression, and intravenous drug abuse. This article discusses the pathophysiology, diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of infective endocarditis.

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Vārtiņa, Edīte, Māra Pilmane, and Romāns Lācis. "Homeostasis Regulating Factors, Innervation, Ischemia and Inflammatory Markers in the Right Atrial Tissue from Patients with Degenerative Aortic Valve Stenosis and Coronary Heart Disease." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 75, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2021-0028.

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Abstract Both coronary heart disease (CHD) and degenerative aortic valve (AoV) stenosis have common risk factors, such as age, high blood cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, high blood pressure, inflammation, and metabolic syndrome. However, these diseases are not always observed together, confirming the existence of risk and pathogenesis factors specific to each disease. The aim of this study was to identify presence and distribution of common and different homeostasis regulating factors, innervation, ischemia and inflammatory markers in the right atrial tissue from patients with degenerative AoV stenosis and CHD. During elective cardiac surgery, right atrial tissue fragments were taken from 20 patients with CHD and from 9 patients with degenerative AoV stenosis. All tissue fragments were stained for immunohistochemical detection of protein-gene peptide 9.5 (PGP 9.5), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANUP), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), chromogranin A, endothelin, interleukin 1 and 10 (Il-1 and Il-10) and β defensins 2, and 3 (βD2 and βD3). For the quantification of structures, a semi-quantitative counting method was used. Mostly numerous Il-10 positive cardiomyocytes and epi-/endocardial endothelial cells were detected in all specimens taken from patients with CHD, and statistically more than in specimens taken from patients with degenerative AoV disease (p = 0.007 and p = 0.016). Also, the number of βD3 positive cardiomyocytes was higher in the coronary heart disease group (p = 0.026). All other tested markers such as PGP 9.5, ANUP, VEGF, endothelin, chromogranin A, Il-1 and βD2 showed similar expression in both groups. Increased production of ANUP in right atrial tissue characterises both CHD and degenerative AoV stenosis. Production of ChgA in right atrial endocardial endothelial cells might represent regulation of sympathetic activity as a compensatory homeostatic response. Increased PGP 9.5-containing innervation is characteristic in patients with degenerative AoV disease and secondary mitral insufficiency. A stable increase of VEGF and variations of endothelin without statistically significant difference suggest influence of ischemia on the local vascular blood supply. Decreased production of Il-1α together with moderate to rich production of Il-10, βD2, and βD3 indicates the dominance of the local immune system over inflammation.

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Bernier, Mathieu, Sahar S. Abdelmoneim, Stuart Moir, Robert B. McCully, Patricia A. Pellikka, and Sharon L. Mulvagh. "Pretest Score for Predicting Microbubble Contrast Agent Use in Stress Echocardiography: A Method to Increase Efficiency in the Echo Laboratory." Cardiology Research and Practice 2009 (2009): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2009/308486.

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Background. In stress echocardiography, contrast agents are used selectively to improve endocardial border definition. Early identification of candidates may facilitate use of these agents in small and medium volume laboratories where resources are limited.Methods. We studied 15232 patients who underwent stress echocardiography. Contrast agent was used if 2 or more ventricular segments were not adequately visualized without contrast. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between individual characteristics and contrast use. An 11-point score was derived from the significant characteristics.Results. Variables associated with microbubble use were age, sex, smoking, presence of multiple risk factors, bodymass index (BMI), referral for dobutamine stress echocardiography, history of coronary artery disease, and abnormal baseline electrocardiogram. All variables except BMI were given a score of 1 if present and 0 if absent; BMI was given a score of 0 to 4 according to its value. An increased score was directly proportional to increased likelihood of contrast use. The score cutoff value to optimize sensitivity and specificity was 5.Conclusions. A pretest score can be computed from information available before imaging. It may facilitate contrast agent use through early identification of patients who are likely to benefit from improved endocardial border definition.

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Ford, Stephanie M., Matthew T. McPheeters, Yves T. Wang, Pei Ma, Shi Gu, James Strainic, Christopher Snyder, Andrew M. Rollins, Michiko Watanabe, and Michael W. Jenkins. "Increased regurgitant flow causes endocardial cushion defects in an avian embryonic model of congenital heart disease." Congenital Heart Disease 12, no. 3 (February 17, 2017): 322–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/chd.12443.

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Ford, Stephanie, Matthew T. McPheeters, Yves T. Wang, Shi Gu, Yong Qiu Doughman, James Strainic, Andrew M. Rollins, Michiko Watanabe, and Michael Jenkins. "INCREASED REGURGITANT FLOW CAUSES ENDOCARDIAL CUSHION DEFECTS IN AN AVIAN EMBRYONIC MODEL OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 67, no. 13 (April 2016): 993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(16)30994-9.

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