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Journal articles on the topic 'Endocrine and paracrine regulations'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 December 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Martin, Thomas John. "Endocrine and paracrine regulation of bone." Future Rheumatology 3, no. 2 (2008): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/17460816.3.2.117.

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TAYLOR, ROBERT N., DAN I. LEBOVIC, DANIELA HORNUNG, and MICHAEL D. MUELLER. "Endocrine and Paracrine Regulation of Endometrial Angiogenesis." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 943, no. 1 (2001): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03795.x.

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SAEZ, JOSÉ M. "Leydig Cells: Endocrine, Paracrine, and Autocrine Regulation." Endocrine Reviews 15, no. 5 (1994): 574–626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/edrv-15-5-574.

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Salustri, Antonietta, Antonella Camaioni, and Cristina D'Alessandris. "Endocrine and paracrine regulation of cumulus expansion." Zygote 4, no. 04 (1996): 313–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199400003312.

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In a Graafian follicle, granulosa cells are classified into two principal cell subpopulations: cumulus cells, which are closely associated with the oocyte to form the cumulus cell-oocyte complex (COC), and mural granulosa cells, which are organised as a stratified epithelium at the periphery of the follicle. Following the preovulatory gonadotropin surge, cumulus cells lose contact with mural granulosa cells and start to synthesise and secrete a large amount of hyaluronan (HA), a glycosaminoglycan with high molecular weight and large hydrodynamic domains (Salustriet al., 1992). Proteins derived

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Sims, Natalie A., and Ling Yeong Chia. "Regulation of Sclerostin Expression by Paracrine and Endocrine Factors." Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism 10, no. 2 (2011): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12018-011-9121-7.

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Carbillon, Lionel, Michele Uzan, Jean-Claude Challier, Philippe Merviel, and Serge Uzan. "Fetal-Placental and Decidual-Placental Units: Role of Endocrine and Paracrine Regulations in Parturition." Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 15, no. 5 (2000): 308–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000021027.

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Biswas, Subhasri, Urmi Mukherjee, and Sudipta Maitra. "Endocrine disruption and female reproductive health: Implications on cross-talk between endocrine and autocrine/paracrine axes in the ovary." Journal of Reproductive Health and Medicine 3 (November 10, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/jrhm_11_2020.

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Female reproduction is a blend of neuroendocrine, endocrine, and autocrine/paracrine factors that maintain the appropriate ovarian micro-environment. The growing urbanization prompted exposure to a myriad of environmental toxins carrying the ability to interfere with reproductive processes governed by endogenous hormones, making reproductive health a major global concern. These environmental anthropogenic contaminants, popularly termed as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), can disrupt the ovarian homeostasis leading to serious perturbations, namely, anovulation, infertility, estrogen defic

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Polidoro, Juliano Z., Weverton M. Luchi, Antonio Carlos Seguro, Gerhard Malnic, and Adriana C. C. Girardi. "Paracrine and endocrine regulation of renal K⁺ secretion." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 322, no. 3 (2022): F360—F377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00251.2021.

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The seminal studies conducted by Giebisch and coworkers in the 1960s paved the way for understanding the renal mechanisms involved in K+ homeostasis. It was demonstrated that differential handling of K+ in the distal segments of the nephron is crucial for proper K+ balance. Although aldosterone had been classically ascribed as the major ion transport regulator in the distal nephron, thereby contributing to K+ homeostasis, it became clear that aldosterone per se could not explain the ability of the kidney to modulate kaliuresis in both acute and chronic settings. The existence of alternative ka

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9

Challis, J. R. G. "Endocrine and Paracrine Regulation of Birth at Term and Preterm." Endocrine Reviews 21, no. 5 (2000): 514–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.21.5.514.

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Challis, John R. G., Stephen G. Matthews, William Gibb, and Stephen J. Lye. "Endocrine and Paracrine Regulation of Birth at Term and Preterm*." Endocrine Reviews 21, no. 5 (2000): 514–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/edrv.21.5.0407.

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Abstract We have examined factors concerned with the maintenance of uterine quiescence during pregnancy and the onset of uterine activity at term in an animal model, the sheep, and in primate species. We suggest that in both species the fetus exerts a critical role in the processes leading to birth, and that activation of the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is a central mechanism by which the fetal influence on gestation length is exerted. Increased cortisol output from the fetal adrenal gland is a common characteristic across animal species. In primates, there is, in addition, incre

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Birzniece, Vita, and Ken K. Y. Ho. "MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Paracrine and endocrine control of the growth hormone axis by estrogen." European Journal of Endocrinology 184, no. 6 (2021): R269—R278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-21-0155.

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There is a strong biological link between the growth hormone (GH) and gonadal systems in growth, development and metabolism; however, regulatory interactions are poorly understood. Advances in estrogen biology and endocrine physiology have provided insights into mechanistic links between the two systems. Estrogens are synthesized from androgens by aromatase which is widely distributed in extragonadal tissues. Local generation of estrogens raise the possibility of paracrine control as an additional level to classical endocrine regulation of the GH system. To explore the mechanistic links, we re

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Jabbour, Henry N., Rodney W. Kelly, Hamish M. Fraser, and Hilary O. D. Critchley. "Endocrine Regulation of Menstruation." Endocrine Reviews 27, no. 1 (2005): 17–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.2004-0021.

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In women, endometrial morphology and function undergo characteristic changes every menstrual cycle. These changes are crucial for perpetuation of the species and are orchestrated to prepare the endometrium for implantation of a conceptus. In the absence of pregnancy, the human endometrium is sloughed off at menstruation over a period of a few days. Tissue repair, growth, angiogenesis, differentiation, and receptivity ensue to prepare the endometrium for implantation in the next cycle. Ovarian sex steroids through interaction with different cognate nuclear receptors regulate the expression of a

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Kumar, A., S. Raut, and N. H. Balasinor. "Endocrine regulation of sperm release." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 30, no. 12 (2018): 1595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd18057.

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Spermiation (sperm release) is the culmination of a spermatid’s journey in the seminiferous epithelium. After a long association with the Sertoli cell, spermatids have to finally ‘let go’ of the support from Sertoli cells in order to be transported to the epididymis. Spermiation is a multistep process characterised by removal of excess spermatid cytoplasm, recycling of junctional adhesion molecules by endocytosis, extensive cytoskeletal remodelling and final spermatid disengagement. Successful execution of all these events requires coordinated regulation by endocrine and paracrine factors. Thi

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Heindel, Jerrold J., and Kimberley A. Treinen. "Physiology of the Male Reproductive System: Endocrine, Paracrine and Autocrine Regulation." Toxicologic Pathology 17, no. 2 (1989): 411–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019262338901700219.

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Hill, Thomas G., and David J. Hill. "The Importance of Intra-Islet Communication in the Function and Plasticity of the Islets of Langerhans during Health and Diabetes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 7 (2024): 4070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25074070.

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Islets of Langerhans are anatomically dispersed within the pancreas and exhibit regulatory coordination between islets in response to nutritional and inflammatory stimuli. However, within individual islets, there is also multi-faceted coordination of function between individual beta-cells, and between beta-cells and other endocrine and vascular cell types. This is mediated partly through circulatory feedback of the major secreted hormones, insulin and glucagon, but also by autocrine and paracrine actions within the islet by a range of other secreted products, including somatostatin, urocortin

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Shinoda, Yusuke, Masayuki Yamaguchi, Naoshi Ogata, et al. "Regulation of bone formation by adiponectin through autocrine/paracrine and endocrine pathways." Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 99, no. 1 (2006): 196–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.20890.

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Salamonsen, LA, and JK Findlay. "Regulation of endometrial prostaglandins during the menstrual cycle and in early pregnancy." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 2, no. 5 (1990): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9900443.

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Prostaglandins are important regulators of endometrial function. In turn, their secretion is controlled by endocrine and paracrine mediators. Cyclical effects of ovarian oestrogen and progesterone throughout the menstrual or oestrous cycle result in overall higher levels of prostaglandin release during the secretory or luteal phase of the cycle than during the proliferative phase. Potential paracrine regulators of endometrial origin include cytokines, growth factors and histamine, some of which may arise from infiltrating cells. Embryo-derived factors can regulate endometrial prostaglandin rel

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Schumacher, Justin D., and Grace L. Guo. "Regulation of Hepatic Stellate Cells and Fibrogenesis by Fibroblast Growth Factors." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8323747.

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Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a family of growth factors critically involved in developmental, physiological, and pathological processes, including embryogenesis, angiogenesis, wound healing, and endocrine functions. In the liver, several FGFs are produced basally by hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Upon insult to the liver, expression of FGFs in HSCs is greatly upregulated, stimulating hepatocyte regeneration and growth. Various FGF isoforms have also been shown to directly induce HSC proliferation and activation thereby enabling autocrine and paracrine regulation of HSC

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Kniss, Douglas A., and Jay D. Iams. "Regulation of Parturition Update: Endocrine and Paracrine Effectors of Term and Preterm Labor." Clinics in Perinatology 25, no. 4 (1998): 819–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-5108(18)30085-x.

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SHUBHADA, SANKARARAMAN, MAURUS GLINZ, and DOLORES J. LAMB. "Sertoli Cell Secreted Growth Factor Cellular Origin, Paracrine and Endocrine Regulation of Secretion." Journal of Andrology 14, no. 2 (1993): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1939-4640.1993.tb01659.x.

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ABSTRACT: Rat and human Sertoli cells in culture secrete a growth factor, Serfoli cell secreted growth factor (SCSGF). The aims of the present study were (1) to evaluate other testicular cell types as additional sources of SCSGF, as well as their paracrine effect, and (2) to study the hormonal regulation of SCSGF secretion using an A431 cell growth assay. The Sertoli cell was the only testicular cell type tested that secreted SCSGF activity in vitro. Peritubular cells enhanced Sertoli cell attachment and SCSGF secretion. Spermatogenic cells had no effect. The secretion of SCSGF was specificall

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Lavoie, Julie L., and Curt D. Sigmund. "Minireview: Overview of the Renin-Angiotensin System—An Endocrine and Paracrine System." Endocrinology 144, no. 6 (2003): 2179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2003-0150.

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Abstract Since the discovery of renin as a pressor substance in 1898, the renin-angiotensin (RAS) system has been extensively studied because it remains a prime candidate as a causative factor in the development and maintenance of hypertension. Indeed, some of the properties of the physiologically active component of the RAS, angiotensin II, include vasoconstriction, regulation of renal sodium and water absorption, and increasing thirst. Initially, its affect on blood pressure was thought to be mediated primarily through the classical endocrine pathway; that is, the generation of blood-borne a

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Ruginsk, Silvia Graciela, Andre de Souza Mecawi, Melina Pires da Silva, et al. "Gaseous Modulators in the Control of the Hypothalamic Neurohypophyseal System." Physiology 30, no. 2 (2015): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00040.2014.

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Nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are gaseous molecules produced by the brain. Within the hypothalamus, gaseous molecules have been highlighted as autocrine and paracrine factors regulating endocrine function. Therefore, in the present review, we briefly discuss the main findings linking NO, CO, and H2S to the control of body fluid homeostasis at the hypothalamic level, with particular emphasis on the regulation of neurohypophyseal system output.

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Moede, Tilo, Ingo B. Leibiger, and Per-Olof Berggren. "Alpha cell regulation of beta cell function." Diabetologia 63, no. 10 (2020): 2064–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-020-05196-3.

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Abstract The islet of Langerhans is a complex endocrine micro-organ consisting of a multitude of endocrine and non-endocrine cell types. The two most abundant and prominent endocrine cell types, the beta and the alpha cells, are essential for the maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis. While the beta cell produces insulin, the only blood glucose-lowering hormone of the body, the alpha cell releases glucagon, which elevates blood glucose. Under physiological conditions, these two cell types affect each other in a paracrine manner. While the release products of the beta cell inhibit alpha cell

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Kjekshus, Harald, Otto A. Smiseth, Randi Klinge, Erik Øie, Marit E. Hystad, and Håvard Attramadal. "Regulation of ET: pulmonary release of ET contributes to increased plasma ET levels and vasoconstriction in CHF." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 278, no. 4 (2000): H1299—H1310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.2000.278.4.h1299.

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Endothelin (ET) contributes to the increased systemic vascular resistance and elevated cardiac filling pressures seen in congestive heart failure (CHF). We investigated to what extent ET-mediated vasoconstriction in CHF occurs through an endocrine action of elevated plasma ET or by an autocrine/paracrine mechanism related to induction of vascular ET gene expression. Three weeks of pacing (225 beats/min) induced a marked release of ET-1 from the pulmonary circulation with a sixfold elevation of arterial plasma ET in CHF pigs compared with sham-operated pigs. Arterial plasma ET was the strongest

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Arkprabha, Naik, Sreelakshmi Namburu, and Veereshbabu Prathap. "The Science of Pigmentation: Melanin Synthesis and Regulation." Journal of Pharmacological Research and Developments 6, no. 2 (2024): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/jprd.2024.v06i02.001.

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Melanin, the primary pigment that defines skin color, is also crucial for protecting the skin from U.V. radiation damage. Melanin production, or melanogenesis, is an intricate biochemical process involving several enzymes, hormones, and metal ions. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and melanocortin (MSH) are essential hormones that regulate melanogenesis through endocrine, autocrine, and paracrine processes. Exposure to U.V. radiation stimulates the release of these hormones, leading to increased melanin production and skin pigmentation. The presence of different metal ions during the melanog

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Gao, Rui, Tao Yang та Quan Zhang. "δ-Cells: The Neighborhood Watch in the Islet Community". Biology 10, № 2 (2021): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10020074.

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Somatostatin-secreting δ-cells have aroused great attention due to their powerful roles in coordination of islet insulin and glucagon secretion and maintenance of glucose homeostasis. δ-cells exhibit neuron-like morphology with projections which enable pan-islet somatostatin paracrine regulation despite their scarcity in the islets. The expression of a range of hormone and neurotransmitter receptors allows δ-cells to integrate paracrine, endocrine, neural and nutritional inputs, and provide rapid and precise feedback modulations on glucagon and insulin secretion from α- and β-cells, respective

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Rahbi, Hazim, Hafid Narayan, Donald J. L. Jones, and Leong L. Ng. "The uroguanylin system and human disease." Clinical Science 123, no. 12 (2012): 659–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20120021.

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The uroguanylin system is a newly discovered endocrine/paracrine system that may have a role in the regulation of salt balance, appetite and gut health. The precursor pro-uroguanylin is predominantly synthesized in the gut, although there may be other sites of synthesis, including the kidney tubules. Products from pro-uroguanylin may mediate natriuresis following oral consumption of a salt load through both GC-C (guanylate cyclase C)-dependent and -independent mechanisms, and recent evidence suggests a role in appetite regulation. Local paracrine effects in the gut through GC-C stimulation may

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Jaworski, Kathy, Eszter Sarkadi-Nagy, Robin E. Duncan, Maryam Ahmadian, and Hei Sook Sul. "Regulation of Triglyceride Metabolism.IV. Hormonal regulation of lipolysis in adipose tissue." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 293, no. 1 (2007): G1—G4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00554.2006.

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Triacylglycerol (TAG) stored in adipose tissue can be rapidly mobilized by the hydrolytic action of lipases, with the release of fatty acids (FA) that are used by other tissues during times of energy deprivation. Unlike synthesis of TAG, which occurs not only in adipose tissue but also in other tissues such as liver for very-low-density lipoprotein formation, hydrolysis of TAG, lipolysis, predominantly occurs in adipose tissue. Until recently, hormone-sensitive lipase was considered to be the key rate-limiting enzyme responsible for regulating TAG mobilization. However, recent studies on hormo

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Phan, Phuc, Bibhuti Ballav Saikia, Shivakumar Sonnaila, et al. "The Saga of Endocrine FGFs." Cells 10, no. 9 (2021): 2418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10092418.

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Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are cell-signaling proteins with diverse functions in cell development, repair, and metabolism. The human FGF family consists of 22 structurally related members, which can be classified into three separate groups based on their action of mechanisms, namely: intracrine, paracrine/autocrine, and endocrine FGF subfamilies. FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 belong to the hormone-like/endocrine FGF subfamily. These endocrine FGFs are mainly associated with the regulation of cell metabolic activities such as homeostasis of lipids, glucose, energy, bile acids, and minerals (pho

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Liu, Xiaoqiang, Pengyun Qiao, Aifang Jiang, et al. "Paracrine Regulation of Steroidogenesis in Theca Cells by Granulosa Cells Derived from Mouse Preantral Follicles." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/925691.

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Interaction partners of follicular cells play a significant role in steroidogenesis, follicular formation, and development. Androgen secreted by theca cells (TCs) can initiate follicle development and ovulation and provide precursor materials for estrogen synthesis. Therefore, studies on ovarian microenvironment will not only lead to better understanding of the steroidogenesis but also have clinical significance for ovarian endocrine abnormalities such as hyperandrogenism in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This study applied the Transwell coculture model to investigate if the interaction bet

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Bossé, Ynuk. "Endocrine regulation of airway contractility is overlooked." Journal of Endocrinology 222, no. 2 (2014): R61—R73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-14-0220.

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Asthma is a prevalent respiratory disorder triggered by a variety of inhaled environmental factors, such as allergens, viruses, and pollutants. Asthma is characterized by an elevated activation of the smooth muscle surrounding the airways, as well as a propensity of the airways to narrow excessively in response to a spasmogen (i.e. contractile agonist), a feature called airway hyperresponsiveness. The level of airway smooth muscle (ASM) activation is putatively controlled by mediators released in its vicinity. In asthma, many mediators that affect ASM contractility originate from inflammatory

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Renner, Ulrich, Uberto Pagotto, Eduardo Arzt, and Günter Karl Stalla. "Autocrine and paracrine roles of polypeptide growth factors, cytokines and vasogenic substances in normal and tumorous pituitary function and growth: a review." European Journal of Endocrinology 135, no. 5 (1996): 515–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1350515.

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Renner U, Pagotto U, Arzt E, Stalla GK. Autocrine and paracrine roles of polypeptide growth factors, cytokines and vasogenic substances in normal and tumorous pituitary function and growth: a review. Eur J Endocrinol 1996;135:515–32. ISSN 0804–4643 In addition to the classical hormones, the production of numerous polypeptide growth factors, cytokines, vasogenic substances and neuropeptides by pituitary cells has been demonstrated. Expression of the corresponding receptors on pituitary cells enables these factors to influence growth and function of the pituitary by auto- or paracrine mechanisms

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Rey, Rodolfo. "Endocrine, Paracrine and Cellular Regulation of Postnatal Anti-Müllerian Hormone Secretion by Sertoli Cells." Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 9, no. 7 (1998): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1043-2760(98)00069-1.

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Gromada, Jesper, Isobel Franklin та Claes B. Wollheim. "α-Cells of the Endocrine Pancreas: 35 Years of Research but the Enigma Remains". Endocrine Reviews 28, № 1 (2007): 84–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.2006-0007.

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Glucagon, a hormone secreted from the α-cells of the endocrine pancreas, is critical for blood glucose homeostasis. It is the major counterpart to insulin and is released during hypoglycemia to induce hepatic glucose output. The control of glucagon secretion is multifactorial and involves direct effects of nutrients on α-cell stimulus-secretion coupling as well as paracrine regulation by insulin and zinc and other factors secreted from neighboring β- and δ-cells within the islet of Langerhans. Glucagon secretion is also regulated by circulating hormones and the autonomic nervous system. In thi

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Rastelli, Marialetizia, Patrice D. Cani, and Claude Knauf. "The Gut Microbiome Influences Host Endocrine Functions." Endocrine Reviews 40, no. 5 (2019): 1271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.2018-00280.

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AbstractThe gut microbiome is considered an organ contributing to the regulation of host metabolism. Since the relationship between the gut microbiome and specific diseases was elucidated, numerous studies have deciphered molecular mechanisms explaining how gut bacteria interact with host cells and eventually shape metabolism. Both metagenomic and metabolomic analyses have contributed to the discovery of bacterial-derived metabolites acting on host cells. In this review, we examine the molecular mechanisms by which bacterial metabolites act as paracrine or endocrine factors, thereby regulating

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Whitelaw, P. F., C. D. Smyth, C. M. Howles, and S. G. Hillier. "Cell-specific expression of aromatase and LH receptor mRNAs in rat ovary." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 9, no. 3 (1992): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0090309.

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ABSTRACT Current understanding of the endocrine and paracrine regulation of follicular oestrogen synthesis predicts that aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450arom) mRNA is inducible by FSH in granulosa cells. LH receptor mRNA is constitutively expressed in thecal/interstital cells, and is also thought to be induced in granulosa cells in response to joint stimulation by FSH and oestrogen. This study provides direct evidence that FSH induces the ovarian P450arom gene selectively, perhaps exclusively, in the granulosa cells of Graafian follicles. FSH-induction of LH receptor mRNA occurs simultaneously

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SWANSON, L. W., P. E. SAWCHENKO, R. W. LIND, and J. H. RHO. "The CRH Motoneuron: Differential Peptide Regulation in Neurons with Possible Synaptic, Paracrine, and Endocrine Outputs." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 512, no. 1 The Hypothala (1987): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb24948.x.

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Aguilar, Martin, Robert A. Rose, Abhijit Takawale, Stanley Nattel, and Svetlana Reilly. "New aspects of endocrine control of atrial fibrillation and possibilities for clinical translation." Cardiovascular Research 117, no. 7 (2021): 1645–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvab080.

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Abstract Hormones are potent endo-, para-, and autocrine endogenous regulators of the function of multiple organs, including the heart. Endocrine dysfunction promotes a number of cardiovascular diseases, including atrial fibrillation (AF). While the heart is a target for endocrine regulation, it is also an active endocrine organ itself, secreting a number of important bioactive hormones that convey significant endocrine effects, but also through para-/autocrine actions, actively participate in cardiac self-regulation. The hormones regulating heart-function work in concert to support myocardial

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Iglesias, Pedro. "Muscle in Endocrinology: From Skeletal Muscle Hormone Regulation to Myokine Secretion and Its Implications in Endocrine–Metabolic Diseases." Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 13 (2025): 4490. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14134490.

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Skeletal muscle, traditionally recognized for its motor function, has emerged as a key endocrine organ involved in metabolic regulation and interorgan communication. This narrative review addresses the dual role of muscle as a target tissue for classical hormones—such as growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF-1), thyroid hormones, and sex steroids—and as a source of myokines, bioactive peptides released in response to muscle contraction that exert autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine effects. Several relevant myokines are discussed, such as irisin and Metrnl-like myokines (

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Lui, Julian C. "Home for a rest: stem cell niche of the postnatal growth plate." Journal of Endocrinology 246, no. 1 (2020): R1—R11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-20-0045.

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The resting zone houses a group of slowly proliferating ‘reserve’ chondrocytes and has long been speculated to serve as the stem cell niche of the postnatal growth plate. But are these resting chondrocytes bona fide stem cells? Recent technological advances in lineage tracing and next-generation sequencing have finally allowed researchers to answer this question. Several recent studies have also shed light into the signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in the maintenance of resting chondrocytes, thus providing us with important new insights into the role of the resting zone in t

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Kwaśniewski, Wojciech, Józef Kotarski, Grzegorz Polak, Anna Goździcka-Józefiak, and Jan Kotarski. "The Role of Human Insulin Growth Factor (Igf) – Axis in Carcinogenesis." Advances in Cell Biology 4, no. 1 (2014): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acb-2014-0002.

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Summary The human insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system has attracted significant researcher interest due to its endocrine and autocrine / paracrine activities, mitogenic effects and the involvement in the regulation of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The signaling pathways used by the IGF system impact cellular metabolism in a complex manner complex and many details are still unclear. Understanding the molecular mechanism of action of IGF’s and their effects on cellular activity may provide a basis to develop new anticancer drugs. This review focuses on recent studies that exp

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Thomas, John A. "Drugs and Chemicals that Affect the Endocrine System." International Journal of Toxicology 17, no. 2 (1998): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/109158198226666.

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The mammalian endocrine system is very dynamic, and undergoes frequent physiological fluctions due to diurnal variations and cyclical hormonal feedback systems. Both hormonal modulations and chemicall drug perturbations can affect the reproductive systems in males and females. An endocrine disrup-tor, a contemporary term that has been used to define an agent that disrupts the endocrine system, is a hormone or antihormone mimic that can modulate endocrine signaling pathways. Unfortunately, this terminology is confusing and ambiguous and fails to account for the ever-changing endogenous hormonal

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Huhtaniemi, I. "Molecular aspects of the ontogeny of the pituitary-gonadal axis." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 7, no. 5 (1995): 1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9951025.

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The endocrine function of the mammalian pituitary-gonadal axis begins in utero. This is important particularly for the ontogeny and function of the male reproductive organs, the induction of which is critically dependent on the two fetal testicular hormones, testosterone and anti-mullerian hormone. In contrast, ovarian endocrine activity begins only after birth. The earliest phases of testicular hormone production are probably under autocrine or paracrine regulation, but the dependence on gonadotrophins starts in fetal life. During maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis, the

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Moor, Matthias B., and Olivier Bonny. "Ways of calcium reabsorption in the kidney." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 310, no. 11 (2016): F1337—F1350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00273.2015.

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The role of the kidney in calcium homeostasis has been reshaped from a classic view in which the kidney was regulated by systemic calcitropic hormones such as vitamin D3 or parathyroid hormone to an organ actively taking part in the regulation of calcium handling. With the identification of the intrinsic renal calcium-sensing receptor feedback system, the regulation of paracellular calcium transport involving claudins, and new paracrine regulators such as klotho, the kidney has emerged as a crucial modulator not only of calciuria but also of calcium homeostasis. This review summarizes recent m

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Roser, Janet F. "Regulation of testicular function in the stallion: An intricate network of endocrine, paracrine and autocrine systems." Animal Reproduction Science 107, no. 3-4 (2008): 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004.

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Hansen, Lene, Bolette Hartmann, Thue Bisgaard, Hitoshi Mineo, Peer N. Jørgensen, and Jens J. Holst. "Somatostatin restrains the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 and -2 from isolated perfused porcine ileum." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 278, no. 6 (2000): E1010—E1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.6.e1010.

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Suspecting that paracrine inhibition might influence neuronal regulation of the endocrine L cells, we studied the role of somatostatin (SS) in the regulation of the secretion of the proglucagon-derived hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 and -2 (GLP-1 and GLP-2). This was examined using the isolated perfused porcine ileum stimulated with acetylcholine (ACh, 10− 6M), neuromedin C (NC, 10− 8 M), and electrical nerve stimulation (NS) with or without α-adrenergic blockade (phentolamine 10− 5 M), and perfusion with a high-affinity monoclonal antibody against SS. ACh and NC significantly increased GLP

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Kahn, Darcy E., and Bryan C. Bergman. "Keeping It Local in Metabolic Disease: Adipose Tissue Paracrine Signaling and Insulin Resistance." Diabetes 71, no. 4 (2022): 599–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dbi21-0020.

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Alterations in adipose tissue composition and function are associated with obesity and contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes. While the significance of this relationship has been cemented, our understanding of the multifaceted role of adipose tissue in metabolic heath and disease continues to evolve and expand. Heterogenous populations of cells that make up adipose tissue throughout the body generate diverse secretomes containing a mosaic of bioactive compounds with vast structural and signaling capabilities. While there are many reports highlighting the important role of adipose ti

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Parrettini, Sara, Massimiliano Cavallo, Francesco Gaggia, Riccardo Calafiore, and Giovanni Luca. "Adipokines: A Rainbow of Proteins with Metabolic and Endocrine Functions." Protein & Peptide Letters 27, no. 12 (2020): 1204–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929866527666200505214555.

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Obesity represents one of the most important health problems worldwide with increasing morbidity and mortality. Widespread prevalence of this disease justifies its actual definition of a “global epidemic”. Adipose tissue is nowadays considered a complex organ with lots of endocrine and metabolic functions. In addition to fulfilling its task for energy storage and thermal regulation, by virtue of its constituent white and brown cells, adipose tissue represents, considering its size, the biggest endocrine gland in the body. Both adipocytes and surrounding resident cells (macrophages, endothelial

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Cici, Daniela, Addolorata Corrado, Cinzia Rotondo, Ripalta Colia, and Francesco Paolo Cantatore. "Adipokines and Chronic Rheumatic Diseases: from Inflammation to Bone Involvement." Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism 18, no. 4 (2020): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12018-021-09275-w.

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AbstractBesides its well-known role as energy storage tissue, adipose tissue is a biologically active tissue that can also be considered as an endocrine organ, as it is able to secrete adipokines. These bioactive factors, similar in structure to cytokines, are involved in several physiological and pathological conditions, such as glucose homeostasis, angiogenesis, blood pressure regulation, control of food intake, and also inflammation and bone homeostasis via endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine mechanisms. Given their pleiotropic functions, the role of adipokines has been evaluated in chronic

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García, María C., Miguel López, Clara V. Alvarez, Felipe Casanueva, Manuel Tena-Sempere, and Carlos Diéguez. "Role of ghrelin in reproduction." Reproduction 133, no. 3 (2007): 531–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-06-0249.

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Ghrelin, the endogenous ligand of GH secretagogue receptor type 1a, has emerged as a pleiotropic modulator of diverse biological functions, including energy homeostasis and, lately reproduction. Here, we review recent reports evaluating the reproductive effects and sites of action of ghrelin, with particular emphasis regarding its role as a molecule integrating reproductive function and energy status. Data gleaned from rodent studies clearly show that besides having direct gonadal effects, ghrelin may participate in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion and it may influence the timing of pu

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