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Journal articles on the topic 'Endodontic irrigant'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Nagrani, A., A. B. Tandale, S. Mulay, Sh Khade, and D. Shah. "Comparative evaluation of accuracy of three different electronic apex locators in the presence of various endodonticirrigants: An in vitro study." Endodontics Today 22, no. 3 (2024): 212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.36377/et-0036.

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AIM AND OBJECTIVES. To evaluate and compare the accuracy of Root ZX, Raypex6, and I Root and electronic apex locators in the presence of NaOCl (3%), Citric acid (10%), MTAD and Green tea extract as endodontic irrigants.MATERIAL AND METHOD. Sixty single rooted human permanent teeth were used for the study. Access cavities were prepared and the teeth were decoronated. Teeth were divided as follows: Group I-Root ZX apex locator (n=20), IA – NaOCl 3% endodontic irrigant (n=5), IB – Citric Acid 10% endodontic irrigant (n=5), IC – MTAD endodontic irrigant (n=5), ID- Green Tea extract endodontic irri

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Jaju, Sushma, and Prashant P. Jaju. "Newer Root Canal Irrigants in Horizon: A Review." International Journal of Dentistry 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/851359.

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Sodium hypochloride is the most commonly used endodontic irrigant, despite limitations. None of the presently available root canal irrigants satisfy the requirements of ideal root canal irrigant. Newer root canal irrigants are studied for potential replacement of sodium hypochloride. This article reviews the potential irrigants with their advantages and limitations with their future in endodontic irrigation.

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Bajrami Shabani, Donika. "Irriguesit endodontikë." Revista e Stomatologëve të Kosovës 2, no. 2 (2023): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.59138/bllykgjgkaiio.

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Irrigation in endodontics is one of the key factors in the success of endodontic therapy. There are many irrigants that are used in endodontics with wide spectrum of anti- microbial effect, biocompatibile, help lubricate the root ca- nal, remove debris, but we still do not have an ideal irrigant that can fulfill all the necessary conditions for successful endodontic treatment. Therefore, this review will describe the proper characteristics and methods of irrigation in end- odontics.

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Ali, Ahsan, Fawad Ali Shah, Syed Muhammad Junaid, and Muhammad Sheraz Alam. "EFFECT OF INTRACANAL CRYOTHERAPY ON THE POST ENDODONTIC PAIN IN TEETH WITH SYMPTOMATIC APICAL PERIODONTITIS." JOURNAL OF KHYBER COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY 14, no. 03 (2024): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33279/jkcd.v14i03.673.

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Objectives: To compare the effect of cryotherapy, room temperature saline and no saline as final root canal irrigants on post-endodontic pain in patients with symptomatic apical periodontitis.Materials and Methods: An observational study was done at the Endodontics Department of Rehman College of Dentistry, Peshawar from August 2023 to January 2024. Ninety patients were selected via purposive sampling technique and underwent root canal treatment. After root canal preparation, patients were equally divided into three groups using the lottery method: Cryotherapy group, room temperature saline gr

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Sasser, Laura. "Endodontic Disinfection for Orthograde Root Canal Treatment in Veterinary Dentistry." Journal of Veterinary Dentistry 37, no. 1 (2020): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898756420918700.

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Pulp debridement and disinfection in the pulp cavity is a critical step in achieving a successful root canal therapy. Microorganisms remaining in the root canal system after endodontic treatment are a main cause of root canal failure. The challenges faced in endodontic disinfection include the complex anatomy of the root canal system, the existence of a biofilm within the root canal, and the creation of a problematic smear layer during instrumentation of the canal. Historically, sodium hypochlorite and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid have been utilized as irrigants and still remain as the most

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Khoury, Rayana Duarte, Lara Steffany de Carvalho, Mauro Felipe Rios do Nascimento, Fadi Alhussain, and Amjad Abu Hasna. "Endodontic irrigants from a comprehensive perspective." World Journal of Clinical Cases 12, no. 21 (2024): 4460–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v12.i21.4460.

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This review article explores the fundamental principles of modern endodontics with a focus on root canal cleaning and shaping. It reviews commonly used endodontic irrigant, namely sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), herbal extracts, chlorhexidine (CHX), and chelating agents, highlighting their properties, applications, and potential drawbacks. NaOCl, a key antimicrobial agent, demonstrates effectiveness against various microorganisms but poses challenges such as high cytotoxicity. Herbal extracts, gaining recognition in endodontics, present an alternative with potential advantages in preserving denti

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Verma, Sonali, Divya Singh, Gaurav Jain, Preeti Shukla, and Pradyumna Misra. "Influence of different endodontic irrigants on shear bond strength of composite resin to coronal dentin: An in vitro study." Asian Journal of Oral Health and Allied Sciences 14 (May 24, 2024): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/ajohas_2_2024.

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Objectives: Endodontic irrigants are critical in root canal treatments, but their influence on the coronal dentin bond strength of composite restorations is a key concern for a favorable clinical prognosis. The present in vitro study explores the effect of different endodontic irrigants on shear bond strength of composite resin. Material and Methods: Fifty permanent human mandibular molars were sectioned to expose coronal dentin and divided into five groups. Each group received a specific irrigant treatment before composite resin bonding. Shear bond strength was examined using Instron Universa

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Zurab, Z. S., Yu A. Generalova, A. A. Kulikova, et al. "Analysis of the chemical interaction of polyhexanide with endodontic irrigants." Endodontics Today 22, no. 4 (2024): 319–34. https://doi.org/10.36377/et-0051.

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INTRODUCTION. Chronic apical periodontitis (CAP) poses significant challenges in endodontics due to microbial resistance and inadequate disinfection protocols. Polyhexanide (PHMB) is a promising irrigant due to its antimicrobial properties. However, its interactions with other commonly used endodontic irrigants require further investigation to establish effective and safe clinical protocols. AIM. To evaluate the chemical interactions of PHMB with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), EDTA, and chlorhexidine and identify optimal irrigation protocols.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The s

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Kumar, A. Ganesh, Baby Joseph, S. Nandagopal, P. Sankarganesh, and S. K. Jagdish. "Experimental Human Root Canal Irrigant NaOCl Against Enterococcus Faecalis and 3T3, and Determination of Cytotoxicity Effect." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 12, no. 2 (2019): 965–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1723.

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The main aim of endodontic treatment is disinfection of root canal and to prevent chances of reinfection. The most commonly isolated species due to oral infections is Enterococcus faecalis. For nonsurgical endodontic procedures Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) has been the irrigant of choice. The mechanism by which endodontic irrigants induce cytotoxicity is still unclear. However, many studies clearly indicated that rapid expression of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to free radicals formation which results in cytotoxicity and cell death. Hence this study was done to determine the viabilit

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Sattarov, Islomjon. "IRRIGATION SOLUTIONS IN CLINICAL ENDODONTICS: TYPES, PROPERTIES, AND ACTIVATION MECHANISMS." Medical science of Uzbekistan, no. 3 (June 28, 2025): 68–74. https://doi.org/10.56121/2181-3612-2025-3-68-74.

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Relevance. Effective disinfection of root canals is one of the key factors for successful endodontic treatment. The complex anatomical structure of the canals, formation of necrotic tissue layers, and the presence of bacterial biofilms complicate complete cleaning and disinfection. Therefore, an in-depth study of irrigation solutions and their activation methods is highly relevant. By determining the properties, efficacy, and safety of irrigants such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), EDTA, and others, it is possible to develop optimal clinical protocols. In particular, identifying the advantages

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Mohamed Saeid Abdullah, Arig, Fatma O Alfeitouri, Iman A Elkumati, and Naeima M Betamar. "Knowledge and Practice of Endodontic Irrigants among Dentists in Benghazi City: A Questionnaire Study." Journal of Research in Dentistry 13, no. 1 (2025): 23–37. https://doi.org/10.59306/jrd.v13e1202523-37.

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Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and practices related to endodontic irrigation among dentists practicing in Benghazi, Libya. Materials and Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 200 dentists, with 176 responses collected (response rate: 88%). The questionnaire included 22 questions divided into three parts: demographic information, knowledge of irrigants, and details of irrigation practices during endodontic treatment. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software. Results: The majority of respondents were female (80.86%) and general dental practitioners (74.

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Alsharif, Ainaa. "The Efficacy and Safety of Various Root Canal Irrigants and Disinfectants." JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE SCIENCES 03, no. 03 (2023): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.52533/johs.2023.30301.

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Root canal irrigation and disinfection are crucial steps in endodontic therapy that involve removing debris, lubricating the canal, and disinfecting the canal walls. The utilization of an appropriate irrigant and disinfectant is essential for the effective debridement and disinfection of the root canal system, and the choice of solution can affect the success of the treatment as well as the safety of surrounding tissues. Sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, EDTA, and MTAD are commonly used irrigants and disinfectants in endodontics. Sodium hypochlorite is one of the most frequently used irrigan

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Dubey, Sandeep, Suparna Ganguly Saha, Balakrishnan Rajkumar, and Tapan Kumar Dhole. "Comparative antimicrobial efficacy of selected root canal irrigants on commonly isolated microorganisms in endodontic infection." European Journal of Dentistry 11, no. 01 (2017): 012–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ejd.ejd_141_16.

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ABSTRACT Objective: This study aims to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of three selected root canal irrigants (BioPure MTAD, metronidazole, aztreonam) against microbes commonly isolated from polymicrobial microbiota of root canal infection. Materials and Methods: This study was designed with four experimental groups (Group I - Bacteroides fragilis, Group II - Propionibacterium acnes, Group III - Enterococcus faecalis, Group IV - Candida albicans) based on the microbes selected for the study. Group I and Group II bacteria were used to compare and evaluate antimicrobial effect of

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Tahira, Tayyaba, Ahmad Zahid Rao, Farah Naz, Anum Hasan, Muhammad Mubashir, and Zahid Akhtar Rao. "Comparison of analgesic properties of propolis with sodium hypochlorite as an endodontic irrigant: a randomized controlled trial." Anaesthesia, Pain & Intensive Care 29, no. 1 (2025): 139–47. https://doi.org/10.35975/apic.v29i1.2665.

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Background: Despite the growing interest in Propolis as an endodontic irrigant, limited research has compared its clinical efficacy and post-operative outcomes with Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl), especially concerning post-operative pain. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the analgesic properties of 5.25% NaOCl and 20% Propolis, during the initial phase of multi visit endodontic treatment in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis (SIP). Methodology: A double blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 44 teeth of patients presenting with SIP in premolars. The pati

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Carvalho, Claudemir De, Elizandra Mara De Lima, Ana Paula Dos Santos Moraes, and Pereira Da Silva. "Potential Use of Propolis as Endodontic Irrigant." Dentistry and Oral Health Care 2, no. 2 (2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.59657/2993-0863.brs.23.010.

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Objective of this work was to review the use of propolis as an endodontic irrigant. For this, keywords were searched in the PubMed database, from April to October 2022. There are many chemical compounds in propolis from different geographic regions; Flavonoids are one of the most important agents that have anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-allergic, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial and antioxidant effects. According to the mentioned properties, propolis can be used as a canal irrigation solution, as well as intracanal medicine in endodontic treatments. The results described in the literature are

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Abdellatif, Dina, Massimo Pisano, Luigi Cecere, et al. "Activation of Irrigants in Root Canals with Open Apices: A Narrative Review." Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 21 (2024): 6611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm13216611.

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Performing endodontic treatment on a tooth with an immature apex can be challenging due to the risk of irrigant extrusion beyond the apex. This narrative review investigates the over-apex extrusion of activated irrigants in teeth with open and immature apices and aims to provide crucial insights for practice and research. Two hundred fifty-two results were found from the electronic search. Sixteen duplicates were removed before selection, and 24 were excluded. Of the 212 remaining results, the full text was evaluated for eligibility. One hundred ninety-four results were excluded: in one hundre

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Seo, Minseock. "Current clinical practice of endodontic irrigation." Journal of The Korean Dental Association 56, no. 10 (2018): 556–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22974/jkda.2018.56.10.003.

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Whether you use a hand file or an engine-driven file, you cannot remove bacteria completely from the root canal by mechanical work alone. If the root canal is well cleaned, endodontic irrigants will well penetrate into these areas that will not be mechanically accessible. It will decompose and remove the biofilm and also remove the smear layer to reach the dentinal tubule. Clinicians who are not yet using NaOCl as their primary irrigant, should be aware that there are no other irrigants that offer all the benefits of NaOCl and are inexpensive. Clinicians may be reluctant to use it because of c

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Mahapatra, Kanhu Keshav, Shubhi Varshney, Nadish Nadish, Saloni Verma, Deepak Gupta, and Ram Sateesh Babu Mynam. "Antibacterial Efficacy of Different Irrigants Used During Endodontic Surgery: A Comparative Study." Journal of Neonatal Surgery 14, no. 26S (2025): 903–8. https://doi.org/10.63682/jns.v14i26s.6576.

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Background: Endodontic surgery is often required in cases of persistent periapical infections where conventional root canal treatment fails. Effective irrigation plays a crucial role in bacterial elimination, thereby improving surgical outcomes. Various irrigants, including sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorhexidine (CHX), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and newer biocompatible agents, have been evaluated for their antibacterial efficacy. Objective: The present study aimed to compare the antibacterial efficacy of different irrigants used during endodontic surgery to determine the most

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Toma, Sarmed, Joseph Ferracciolo, Mazin Askar, Eric Krukonis, and Susan Paurazas. "Antibacterial Efficacy of Benefect™ Botanical Disinfectant in Comparison with Sodium Hypochlorite and Chlorohexidine Against Multiple Endodontic Pathogens: An Ex Vivo Study." Dentistry Journal 13, no. 2 (2025): 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13020087.

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Background/Objectives: Natural antibacterial agents, such as essential oils, can potentially be used for endodontic disinfection with less toxicity than other available irrigants such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine (CHX). BenefectTM is a formulation of essential oils with broad antibacterial spectrum efficacy. This study aims to compare the antibacterial efficacy of BenefectTM to 6% NaOCl and 2% CHX irrigant solutions against multiple endodontic pathogens. Methods: The study utilized 100 extracted human single-canal permanent teeth. Samples were decoronated, instrumented, and

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Doshi, P., P. Oswal, S. R. Srinidhi, M. Bhujbal, and K. Malu. "Antimicrobial efficacy of ozone therapy in endodontic treatment: A systematic review." Endodontics Today 23, no. 1 (2025): 80–87. https://doi.org/10.36377/et-0073.

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AIM. The objective was to assess whether endodontic treatment using ozone therapy improves the antimicrobial efficacy in patients undergoing root canal treatment.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Electronic search on various data sources like pubmed, Scopus, Web of science and Google scholar along with hand searching of the articles in Institutional library was done. Studies comparing the results of ozone used as irrigant and intracanal medicament with conventional root canal irrigants in improving the disinfection and antimicrobial effect were eligible for this review. The study designs published were c

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Abdellatif, Dina, Davide Mancino, Massimo Pisano, Sara De Fontaine, and Alfredo Iandolo. "A new cleaning protocol in minimally invasive endodontic surgery: RUA (“retro irrigant activation”)." Journal of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics 28, no. 3 (2025): 297–301. https://doi.org/10.4103/jcde.jcde_799_24.

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Surgical endodontics refers to the branch of dentistry concerned with diagnosing and treating lesions of endodontic origin that do not respond to conventional orthograde treatment. This case report introduces a novel retrocleaning protocol applied during endodontic surgery. A 52-year-old female patient presented to our clinic with pain in tooth #2.2. A preoperative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan with high resolution (75 µ) revealed incomplete endodontic treatment and a large periapical radiolucency associated with tooth #2.2. The diagnosis was incomplete root canal treatment and sym

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Mitra, Patatri, Praveen Mishra, Shruti Sharma, Abhishek Pal, Vinita Banjare, and Jayatri Mondal. "Effect of Intracanal Cryotherapy and Curcuma Longa as a Final Irrigant in Reducing Post Operative Pain: An In-Vivo Study." Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 16, Suppl 3 (2024): S2925—S2927. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_622_24.

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ABSTRACT Aim: The point of search of present study was to assess intracanal viability of cold saline, curcumin as an irrigant, and ordinary saline as last irrigant in lessening post endodontic torment. Material and Method: In total, 60 individuals were chosen and divided into 3 groups: Group I: intracanal cryotherapy using 2.5°C cold saline, Group II: curcumin irrigant, and Group III: ordinary saline. After the biomechanical preparation, the above mentioned irrigant was used. On the visual analogue scale, participants were asked to rank the intensity of their discomfort following the procedure

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Al-Sada, Hiba A., and Hikmet A. Al-Gharrawi. "Effect of Addition of Cetylpyridinium Chloride Cationic Surfactant on the Antimicrobial Activity of Chlorhexidine Endodontic Irrigant." International Journal of Dentistry 2024 (April 5, 2024): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/2449447.

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Background. Endodontic irrigants are essential for disinfecting the root canal system. None of the currently available irrigants perfume sufficiently. However, most products contain surfactants, which enhance the antimicrobial properties of the irrigants. Objectives. To evaluate the effect of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) surfactant on the antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine and compare it with that of chlorhexidine (CHX) and Biopure MTAD against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Materials and Methods. In this in vitro study, three microorganisms were use

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Topbas, Celalettin, and Ozkan Adiguzel. "Endodontic Irrigation Solutions: A Review." International Dental Research 7, no. 3 (2017): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2017.vol7.no3.2.

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The goal of endodontic treatment is to remove all the vital and necrotic tissues, microorganisms and microbial byproducts from root canal system. This goal can be achieved through chemical and mechanical debridement of root canals. This article narrates the specifics and requirements of the irrigation solutions. Sodium hypochlorite is proposed as the primary irrigant by virtue of its organic tissue dissolution capacity and broad antimicrobial properties. On the other hand, chelation solutions are recommended as auxiliary solutions to remove the smear layer or to hinder its formation on dentin

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Pérez-Sáenz, Mariana Goretti, Rita Elizabeth Martínez-Martínez, Erasto Armando Zaragoza-Contreras, et al. "Antibacterial and Anti-Adherence Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles Against Endodontic Biofilms: An In Vitro and Ex Vivo Study." Pharmaceutics 17, no. 7 (2025): 831. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17070831.

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Background/Objectives: Root canal infections represent a serious challenge to the success of endodontic treatment. The most commonly used antimicrobial irrigants, such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), have certain limitations, while endodontic biofilms pose a significant microbiological complexity in the endodontic field. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as a promising irrigant option in root canal treatments; however, few studies are focusing on endodontic biofilms. This work aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and anti-adherence properties of AgNPs against clinically isolated bacteri

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Orozco-Gallego, Manuel J., Eliana L. Pineda-Vélez, Wilder J. Rojas-Gutiérrez, Martha L. Rincón-Rodríguez, and Andrés A. Agudelo-Suárez. "Effectiveness of Irrigation Protocols in Endodontic Therapy: An Umbrella Review." Dentistry Journal 13, no. 6 (2025): 273. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13060273.

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Background: With the inclusion of evidence-based dentistry, numerous systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analyses (MAs) have been conducted in endodontics with the best available scientific evidence to improve diagnosis and treatment. Objective: To synthesize the scientific evidence on the effectiveness of irrigation protocols in endodontic therapy. Methods: Following the umbrella review methodology (UR), a comprehensive literature search was conducted using scientific and grey literature databases. A quality evaluation and a descriptive analysis of the included SRs and MAs were conducted. Quant

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Iqbal, Azhar, Osama Khattak, Meshal Aber Alonazi, et al. "Comparison of Effects of Different Endodontic Irrigating Solutions on Post-Operative Pain during Single Visit RCT." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 11 (2021): 3036–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2115113036.

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Aims: Comparing the effects of normal saline, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and 2% chlorhexidine on the post-operative pain intensity after a single visit root canal treatment. Methods: A total of 120 male and female patients requiring an endodontic treatment for necrotic teeth with chronic apical periodontitis were randomly divided into three equal groups (40 each) according to the type of root canal irrigating solution, i.e. group A (normal saline {NaCl}), group B (sodium hypochlorite {5.25% NaOCl}) and group C (chlorhexidine {2.0% CLX}) . The post-operative pain intensity was determined using a

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Gupta, Jatin, Vineeta Nikhil, and Padmanabh Jha. "Corelation between Machines Assisted Endodontic Irrigant Agitation and Apical Extrusion of Debris and Irrigant: A Laboratory Study." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/346184.

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Aims.To compare amount of root canal debris and irrigant extruded apically after irrigants agitation using closed and open chambers.Methods and Material.Sixty maxillary central incisors were selected, decoronated, and mounted in preweighed glass vials filled with distilled water. Biomechanical preparation was completed using ProTaper rotary files until number F4 and 1 mL of 3% NaOCl solution after each file use. Samples were randomly divided into closed or open chamber sets which were further subdivided into 6 groups, based on the agitation techniques: no agitation (control), canalBrush, lentu

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Suvarna, A., L. Patil, S. Deorukhkar, and V. Chaudhari. "Comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial efficacy of cranberry extract, sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine as a root canal irrigant: An in-vitro study." Endodontics Today 23, no. 2 (2025): 241–45. https://doi.org/10.36377/et-0095.

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INTRODUCTION. Elimination of microorganisms from the root canal system is an important consideration in endodontic treatment and hence use of irrigants with adequate antimicrobial and antifungal properties is an enormously essential factor. However, an optimal root canal irrigant remains unidentified within the current scientific literature. Herbal alternatives are garnering increasing interest due to their potential benefits, including biocompatibility, antimicrobial properties, and reduced adverse effects compared to conventional chemical irrigants. AIM. To conduct a comparative evaluation o

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Makkar, Sameer, and Simranjeet Kaur. "Comparative evaluation of various endodontic irrigants on apical extrusion of debris." Serbian Dental Journal 60, no. 3 (2013): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sgs1303119m.

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Introduction. All techniques and instruments used to clean and shape canals produce some amount of apically extruded debris. The type of irrigant can affect the amount of apically extruded debris. The aim of the present study was to quantitatively compare the amount of debris extruded apically from root canals when three different irrigants were used during canal preparation with hand instruments. Material and Methods. Twenty extracted single-rooted human mandibular premolars with straight root canals were used. The teeth were randomly divided into 4 groups based on the irrigant used: Group 1:

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Dhaimy, Said, Sara Imdary, Sara Dhoum, Imane Benkiran, and Amal El Ouazzani. "Radiological Evaluation of Penetration of the Irrigant according to Three Endodontic Irrigation Techniques." International Journal of Dentistry 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3142742.

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Introduction. This experimental study is to compare radiographs based on the penetration depth of the irrigant following three final irrigation techniques.Material and Method. A sample of sixty teeth with single roots were prepared with stainless steel K files followed by mechanized Ni-Ti files iRace® under irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. Radiopaque solution was utilized to measure the penetration depth of the irrigant. Three irrigation techniques were performed during this study: (i) passive irrigation, (ii) manually activated irrigation, and (iii) passive irrigation with an endodon

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Borzini, Letizia, Roberta Condò, Paolo De Dominicis, Adriano Casaglia, and Loredana Cerroni. "Root Canal Irrigation: Chemical Agents and Plant Extracts Against Enterococcus faecalis." Open Dentistry Journal 10, no. 1 (2016): 692–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601610010692.

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Background:There are various microorganisms related to intra and extra-radicular infections and many of these are involved in persistent infections. Bacterial elimination from the root canal is achieved by means of the mechanical action of instruments and irrigation as well as the antibacterial effects of the irrigating solutions.Enterococcus faecaliscan frequently be isolated from root canals in cases of failed root canal treatments. Antimicrobial agents have often been developed and optimized for their activity against endodontic bacteria. An ideal root canal irrigant should be biocompatible

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Iliescu, Alexandru Andrei, Cristina Coralia Nistor, Irina Maria Gheorghiu, et al. "Efficiency of syringe irrigation in chemomechanical root canal treatment." Romanian Journal of Stomatology 69, no. 3 (2023): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjs.2023.3.8.

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Syringe irrigation is still the most shared clinical procedure for delivering endodontic irrigants. The shape and size of apical preparation should be matched to the individual morphological profile of the root canal to perform adequate cleaning. The irrigant flow beyond the needle tip seems to be influenced by the flow rate rather than the individual intra-barrel pressure developed within syringe. Proper selected size of the irrigation needle adapted to corresponding apical preparation size and the multiple maneuvers of irrigation should result in an expected cleaning efficacy. Irrigant repla

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Fiorillo, Luca, Cesare D’Amico, Aida Meto, Vini Mehta, Giuseppe Lo Giudice, and Gabriele Cervino. "Sodium Hypochlorite Accidents in Endodontic Practice: Clinical Evidence and State of the Art." Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 35, no. 7 (2024): e636-e645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/scs.0000000000010407.

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Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is widely utilized in endodontics for its effective antimicrobial properties and ability to dissolve necrotic tissues. However, its use is not devoid of risks, including potential severe tissue damage and chemical burns. This systematic review evaluates the documented risks of using NaOCl in endodontic treatments. It compares its safety and efficacy with other endodontic irrigants, such as EDTA and chlorhexidine. This review followed the “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses” guidelines and registered with PROSPERO. Comprehensive search

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Barbero-Navarro, Ignacio, Iuliana Sofian-Pauliuc, Maria Esther Irigoyen-Camacho, Marco Antonio Zepeda-Zepeda, David Ribas-Perez, and Antonio Luis Castaño-Seiquer. "Evaluating the Preventive and Therapeutic Roles of Active Irrigation Systems in Root Canal Treatment: A Narrative Review and Critical Appraisal of Theory and Methodology." Dentistry Journal 13, no. 1 (2024): 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010009.

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Endodontic therapy aims at preventing or curing apical periodontitis. To conduct this, the cleaning and shaping of the canals are essential. By using an irrigant, such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), practitioners attempt to wash out debris, dissolve organic and inorganic tissue, lubricate the canals, prevent smear layer formation, and disrupt biofilms. Different methods have been developed to optimise the effectiveness of irrigants, including manual or passive techniques (the conventional method used worldwide) and active techniques (the irrigant is activated by certain devices to improve its

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Valera, Marcia Carneiro, Flávia Goulart da Rosa Cardoso, Adriana Chung, et al. "Comparison of Different Irrigants in the Removal of Endotoxins and Cultivable Microorganisms from Infected Root Canals." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/125636.

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This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of different irrigants used to remove endotoxins and cultivable microorganisms during endodontic therapy. Forty root canals were contaminated and divided into groups according to the irrigant: 2% NaOCl + surfactant, 2% CHX, 2.5% NaOCl, and pyrogen-free saline solution (control). Samples were collected after root canal contamination (S1), after instrumentation (S2), and 7 days after instrumentation (S3). Microorganisms and endotoxins were recovered from 100% of the contaminated root canals (S1). At S2, 2% NaOCl + surfactant, 2% CHX, and 2.5%

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Iliescu, Alexandru Andrei, Cristina Coralia Nistor, Ana Maria Zaharescu, and Irina Maria Gheorghiu. "Relevance of irrigation in cleaning the ROOT canal isthmusES." Romanian Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 16, no. 2 (2024): 371–81. https://doi.org/10.62610/rjor.2024.2.16.33.

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The root canal irrigation going along with instrumentation is a mandatory attitude in current endodontic practice. To increase the evacuation efficacy of dental pulp remnants, dentin debris and bacterial biofilms from root canals and lateral irregularities including canal isthmuses, various procedures of irrigants activation were conceived. If not yet quite satisfactory, among various techniques of irrigant activation currently used the passive ultrasonic activation proved to be more efficient to achieving cleaning and disinfection of root canal isthmuses.

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Pace, Riccardo, Fabio Morecchiato, Luca Giovannini, et al. "In Vitro Alteration by Dentine and Protein of the Antimicrobial Activity of Two Endodontic Irrigants: HybenX® and Sodium Hypochlorite." Antibiotics 9, no. 11 (2020): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9110792.

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Irrigant solutions commonly used for the treatment of endodontic infections can be inhibited by both organic and inorganic substances. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of the novel irrigant HybenX® and 2.5% and 5% sodium hypochlorite against Enterococcus faecalis, in presence of dentine powder (DP) or bovine serum albumin 20% (BSA) as inhibitory agents. An E. faecalis American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 29212 suspension was added to the irrigants (Hybenx® or NaOCl) and one or two different inhibitors (BSA and DP) either after one-hour pre-incubation

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Konadu, A. B., P. C. Ampofo, S. Hewlett, E. A. Nyako, and T. A. Ndanu. "Sodium Hypochlorite And Its Use As Root Canal Irrigant: A Survey Among Ghanaian Dental Practitioners." Postgraduate Medical Journal of Ghana 7, no. 1 (2022): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.60014/pmjg.v7i1.137.

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Background: The majority of endodontic treatment in Ghana is provided by general dental practitioners due to the absence of specialists in endodontics. Sodium hypochlorite has been described as one of the commonly used irrigation solutions during endodontic treatment. However, there are no published reports on its use in Ghana.Aim: The study was to determine the proportion of Ghanaian dental practitioners who have used sodium hypochlorite for irrigation and the concentrations they usually use. Materials and methods: Self-administered questionnaires were mailed to dental practitioners in privat

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Plotino, Gianluca, Teresa Cortese, Nicola M. Grande, et al. "New Technologies to Improve Root Canal Disinfection." Brazilian Dental Journal 27, no. 1 (2016): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201600726.

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Abstract Effective irrigant delivery and agitation are prerequisites to promote root canal disinfection and debris removal and improve successful endodontic treatment. This paper presents an overview of the currently available technologies to improve the cleaning of the endodontic space and their debridement efficacy. A PubMed electronic search was conducted with appropriate key words to identify the relevant literature on this topic. After retrieving the full-text articles, all the articles were reviewed and the most appropriate were included in this review. Several different systems of mecha

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Koppolu, Madhusudhana, Yelloji Paramesh, Chinni Suneelkumar, and Anumula Lavanya. "Current Trends in Irrigation Practice during Endodontic Treatment among Dental Practitioners in Nellore Urban Area: A Survey." Journal of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics 1, no. 2 (2016): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10047-0011.

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ABSTRACT Aim The purpose of this study was to determine the current trends in irrigation practice among the practicing dentists in Nellore urban area of Andhra Pradesh, India. Materials and methods A self-prepared questionnaire comprising 20 questions was given to 150 dentists practicing in Nellore urban area. The information gathered was the individual irrigant selection, irrigant concentration, smear layer removal, and use of adjuncts to irrigation, gauge of needle, tip design of needle, depth of needle penetration, volume of the syringe used, volume of irrigant used, duration of irrigation,

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Widbiller, Matthias, Andreas Rosendahl, Ralf Schlichting, et al. "Impact of Endodontic Irrigant Activation on Smear Layer Removal and Surface Disintegration of Root Canal Dentine In Vitro." Healthcare 11, no. 3 (2023): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11030376.

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The objective of this study was to compare the ability of different endodontic irrigation activation methods to enable irrigant penetration, remove the smear layer from root canal walls after preparation, and investigate surface effects on dentine. Root canals of 90 single-rooted teeth were prepared and irrigated with EDTA (17%) and sodium hypochlorite (5%), where both irrigants or sodium hypochlorite only were activated as follows: conventional needle irrigation, ultrasonic activation, sonic activation (EDDY), or laser-based activation (photon-induced photoacoustic streaming/PIPS). For the ev

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Hassan, Hezha, and Diyar Bakr. "Evaluation of the effect of Irritrol as final irrigant against Staphylococcus epidermidis: an in Vitro Study." Erbil Dental Journal 4, no. 2 (2021): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15218/edj.2021.19.

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Background and Objective: Endodontic infections are considered to be caused by the presence of various microorganisms within the root canal system. Staphylococcus epidermidis is one of the most isolated or detected species from oral infections, including marginal periodontitis, infected root canals, peri‐radicular, peri‐implantitis, and also detected in cases of failed endodontic therapy. In order to prevent endodontic treatment, failure irrigation is mandatory for the effective removal of smear, pulp tissue, smear layer, and microorganisms. The objective of the current study is to evaluate an

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Chandrashekhar, Shashidhar, Dinesh Rao, Jyothi Shashidhar, and Smitha Naik. "Orange-Brown Precipitate: A Threat to the Success of Endodontic Treatment – An In Vitro Study." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, no. D (2020): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.4284.

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AIM: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of various intermediate irrigating solutions in the removal of orange-brown precipitate formed due to alternative use of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine (CHX) root canal irrigants. METHODS: The root canals of 50 mandibular premolars were prepared using ProTaper Universal Rotary instruments (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) up to size F3. The roots were randomly divided into five experimental groups specified by the intermediate irrigant used; Group 1: No intermediate irrigant used (control), Group 2: S

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Essa, Samara Gurgis, Razawa Kareem Saeed, and Diyar Khalid Baker. "Effect of Apical Preparation on Different Needle Depth Penetration." Erbil Dental Journal 7, no. 1 (2024): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15218/edj.2024.7.

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Introduction: Irrigation is a fundamental part of endodontic debridement as because it allows for cleaning beyond what might be accomplished by root canal instrumentation. The flushing action produced by the irrigant and the penetration of the irrigant is not dependent only on the anatomy of the root canal system, but also on the depth of placement, system of delivery, the volume and fluid properties of the irrigant. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of apical preparation on the penetration depth of different types of needles. Methods: Thirty single-rooted lower premolar tee

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Koursoumis, Anastasios Dimitrios, Nikolaos P. Kerezoudis, and Afrodite Kakaboura. "In vitro Assessment of Tooth Color Alteration by Two Different Types of Endodontic Irrigants." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 15, no. 5 (2014): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1574.

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ABSTRACT Aim The purpose of this study was to assess in vitro the tooth color alterations associated with two commonly used endodontic irrigants, the chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) and the sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) up to 15 days post-treatment. Additionally, the possible influence of endodontic access preparation on tooth color was investigated. Materials and methods Thirty intact human anterior teeth were used. Black adhesive tape with a 4 mm diameter window was used to standardize the enamel surface intended for color analysis. After the access cavity, preparation and the initial root canal

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Ratnakar, P., S. Aspalli Nagaveni, K. Reddy Balakoti, Karan Smita, SV Satish, and T. Aravind. "Quantitative Evaluation of Apical Extrusion of Debris and Irrigants using Four Rotary Instrumentation Systems: An in vitro Study." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 14, no. 6 (2013): 1065–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1452.

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ABSTRACT Clinical significance The apical extrusion of infected debris may have the potential to disrupt the balance between microbial aggression and host defense, resulting in incidents of acute inflammation. During preparation, irrigants and debris, such as bacteria, dentin filings and necrotic tissue may be extruded into the periradicular region leading to periapical inflammation and postoperative flare ups. Using an instrumentation technique that minimizes apical extrusion would be beneficial to both the practitioner and patient. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the weight of debri

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Josic, Uros, Claudia Mazzitelli, Tatjana Maravic, Ales Fidler, Lorenzo Breschi, and Annalisa Mazzoni. "Biofilm in Endodontics: In Vitro Cultivation Possibilities, Sonic-, Ultrasonic- and Laser-Assisted Removal Techniques and Evaluation of the Cleaning Efficacy." Polymers 14, no. 7 (2022): 1334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14071334.

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Incomplete and inadequate removal of endodontic biofilm during root canal treatment often leads to the clinical failure. Over the past decade, biofilm eradication techniques, such as sonication of irrigant solutions, ultrasonic and laser devices have been investigated in laboratory settings. This review aimed to give an overview of endodontic biofilm cultivation methods described in papers which investigated sonic-, ultrasonic- and Er:Yag laser-assisted biofilm removal techniques. Furthermore, the effectiveness of these removal techniques was discussed, as well as methods used for the evaluati

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Liu, Zhuo, Xiangli Feng, Xiangyao Wang, Shiyuan Yang, Jing Mao, and Shiqiang Gong. "Quercetin as an Auxiliary Endodontic Irrigant for Root Canal Treatment: Anti-Biofilm and Dentin Collagen-Stabilizing Effects In Vitro." Materials 14, no. 5 (2021): 1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051178.

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Bacterial reinfection and root fracture are the main culprits related to root canal treatment failure. This study aimed to assess the utility of quercetin solution as an adjunctive endodontic irrigant that does not weaken root canal dentin with commitment anti-biofilm activity and bio-safety. Based on a noninvasive dentin infection model, dentin tubules infected with Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) were irrigated with sterile water (control group), and 0, 1, 2, 4 wt% quercetin-containing ethanol solutions. Live and dead bacteria percentages in E. faecalis biofilms were analyzed by confocal

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Vaishnavi Devi B, Vignesh Ravindran, and Delphine Priscilla Antony S. "Common Irrigants used by Pediatric Dentists for Permanent molar root canal therapy." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL3 (2020): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl3.2908.

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Common irrigants used by pediatric dentists for permanent molar root canal therapy Maintenance of the deciduous teeth before exfoliation is necessary. The two most common oral diseases are caries and periodontal disease, and they often begin in childhood. Root canal treatment is the best treatment of choice for extensively carious teeth. Endodontic therapy with proper biomechanical preparation, irrigation, and obturation helps in removing the bacterial biofilm and preventing the loss of primary carious teeth. To effectively clean and disinfect the root canal, remove the smear layer, and irriga

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