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Journal articles on the topic 'Endogenous opioids'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Herz, Albert. "Opioid reward mechanisms: a key role in drug abuse?" Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 76, no. 3 (1998): 252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y98-017.

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There is increasing evidence to implicate the mesolimbic dopamine system in the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse such as opioids, psychostimulants, and alcohol, and in addition endogenous opioids may play a key role in the underlying adaptive mechanisms. Opioid agonists with affinity for µ and delta opioid receptors are rewarding, whereas opioid agonists with affinity for kappa receptors are aversive. These opposing motivational effects are paralleled by an increase and decrease, respectively, of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Opposite effects are induced in response to selectiv

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2

Smith, Howard. "Peripherally-Acting Opioids." Pain Physician 2s;11, no. 3;2s (2008): S121—S132. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2008/11/s121.

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Opioids are broad-spectrum analgesics with potent pain-relieving qualities but also with potential adverse effects related to both short-term and long-term therapy. Researchers have attempted to alter existing opioid analgesics, utilize different routes/ formulations, or combine opioid analgesics with other compounds in efforts to improve analgesia while minimizing adverse effects. Exogenous opioids, administered in efforts to achieve analgesia, work by mimicking the actions of endogenous opioids. Endogenous opioids and their receptors are located in the brain (supraspinal areas), spinal cord,

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3

Bovill, James G. "Endogenous opioids and opioid receptors." Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 6, no. 4 (1993): 668–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001503-199308000-00014.

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4

Corder, Gregory, Daniel C. Castro, Michael R. Bruchas, and Grégory Scherrer. "Endogenous and Exogenous Opioids in Pain." Annual Review of Neuroscience 41, no. 1 (2018): 453–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061522.

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Opioids are the most commonly used and effective analgesic treatments for severe pain, but they have recently come under scrutiny owing to epidemic levels of abuse and overdose. These compounds act on the endogenous opioid system, which comprises four G protein–coupled receptors (mu, delta, kappa, and nociceptin) and four major peptide families (β-endorphin, enkephalins, dynorphins, and nociceptin/orphanin FQ). In this review, we first describe the functional organization and pharmacology of the endogenous opioid system. We then summarize current knowledge on the signaling mechanisms by which

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5

Santiago, T. V., and N. H. Edelman. "Opioids and breathing." Journal of Applied Physiology 59, no. 6 (1985): 1675–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.59.6.1675.

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This review summarizes recent developments on the effects of opiate drugs and the various endogenous opioid peptides on breathing. These developments include demonstration of receptors and site-specific effects of application of opioids in the pons and medulla, demonstration of variable tolerance of respiratory responses in addicted individuals as well as their offspring, and demonstration of an endogenous opioid influence on breathing in early neonatal life and in certain physiological settings and disease states. The validity and limitations of using naloxone as a tool to uncover postulated

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6

Rees, John M. H. "Endogenous opioids." Baillière's Clinical Rheumatology 1, no. 1 (1987): 27–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0950-3579(87)80028-6.

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7

Gintzler, PhD, Alan R., and Nai-Jiang Liu, MD, PhD. "Harnessing endogenous opioids for pain relief: Fantasy vs reality." Journal of Opioid Management 16, no. 1 (2020): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jom.2020.0552.

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Objective: To review evidence demonstrating efficacy and feasibility of harnessing the activity of endogenous opioid analgesic systems for pain management.Methods: The authors sought to summarize a wealth of data that establish proof of concept that the analgesic activity of endogenous opioids can be exploited to clinically benefit from the enormous pain-relieving abilities of these peptides without contributing to the current crisis of death by synthetic opioid overdose.Results: There is a plethora of studies demonstrating that not only can endogenous opioids mediate placebo-induced antinocic

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8

Liren, A.-L., and G. Feuerstein. "The Opioid System in Circulatory Control." Physiology 7, no. 1 (1992): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1992.7.1.26.

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Opioid peptides and multiple opioid receptors are found in brain cardiovascular nuclei, autonomic ganglia, the heart, and blood vessels, and opioids induce potent cardiovascular changes. The role of endogenous opioids in normal cardiovascular homeostasis is unclear;however, current data suggest opioid involvement in stress.

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9

Ismail, Zahinoor, and Nady el-Guebaly. "Nicotine and Endogenous Opioids: Toward Specific Pharmacotherapy." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 43, no. 1 (1998): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379804300103.

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Objective: To address the theoretical framework behind opioid receptor antagonism for the treatment of nicotine abuse. The current literature is reviewed with a focus on opioid–nicotine interactions in animals and humans. Furthermore, previous studies addressing the effect of opioid antagonism on smoking behaviour are reviewed critically with a focus on suggestions and implications for future trials. Method: Computerized data bases and reference lists of existing articles were searched for prior publications in 3 areas: 1) the association between nicotine and endogenous opioids, 2) nicotine an

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10

Meier, Isabell M., Marie Eikemo, and Siri Leknes. "The Role of Mu-Opioids for Reward and Threat Processing in Humans: Bridging the Gap from Preclinical to Clinical Opioid Drug Studies." Current Addiction Reports 8, no. 2 (2021): 306–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40429-021-00366-8.

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Abstract Purpose of Review Opioid receptors are widely expressed in the human brain. A number of features commonly associated with drug use disorder, such as difficulties in emotional learning, emotion regulation and anhedonia, have been linked to endogenous opioid signalling. Whereas chronic substance use and misuse are thought to alter the function of the mu-opioid system, the specific mechanisms are not well understood. We argue that understanding exogenous and endogenous opioid effects in the healthy human brain is an essential foundation for bridging preclinical and clinical findings rela

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11

Randhawa, Puneet Kaur, and Amteshwar Singh Jaggi. "Opioids in Remote Ischemic Preconditioning-Induced Cardioprotection." Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 22, no. 2 (2016): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1074248416660621.

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Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is an intriguing process whereby transient regional ischemia and reperfusion episodes to remote tissues including skeletal, renal, mesenteric provide protection to the heart against sustained ischemia–reperfusion-induced injury. Clinically, this technique has been used in patients undergoing various surgical interventions including coronary artery bypass graft surgery, abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, percutaneous coronary intervention, and heart valve surgery. The endogenous opioid system is extensively expressed in the brain to modulate pain sensation.

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12

Petrocelli, Giovannamaria, Luca Pampanella, Provvidenza M. Abruzzo, Carlo Ventura, Silvia Canaider, and Federica Facchin. "Endogenous Opioids and Their Role in Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Rescue." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 7 (2022): 3819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073819.

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Opioids are considered the oldest drugs known by humans and have been used for sedation and pain relief for several centuries. Nowadays, endogenous opioid peptides are divided into four families: enkephalins, dynorphins, endorphins, and nociceptin/orphanin FQ. They exert their action through the opioid receptors (ORs), transmembrane proteins belonging to the super-family of G-protein-coupled receptors, and are expressed throughout the body; the receptors are the δ opioid receptor (DOR), μ opioid receptor (MOR), κ opioid receptor (KOR), and nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor (NOP). Endogenous opio

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13

Gibula-Tarlowska, Ewa, and Jolanta H. Kotlinska. "Crosstalk between Opioid and Anti-Opioid Systems: An Overview and Its Possible Therapeutic Significance." Biomolecules 10, no. 10 (2020): 1376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10101376.

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Opioid peptides and receptors are broadly expressed throughout peripheral and central nervous systems and have been the subject of intense long-term investigations. Such studies indicate that some endogenous neuropeptides, called anti-opioids, participate in a homeostatic system that tends to reduce the effects of endogenous and exogenous opioids. Anti-opioid properties have been attributed to various peptides, including melanocyte inhibiting factor (MIF)-related peptides, cholecystokinin (CCK), nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ), and neuropeptide FF (NPFF). These peptides counteract some of the a

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14

Imura, H., Y. Kato, Y. Nakai, et al. "Endogenous opioids and related peptides: from molecular biology to clinical medicine The Sir Henry Dale Lecture for 1985." Journal of Endocrinology 107, no. 2 (1985): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1070147.

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ABSTRACT Advances in techniques in molecular biology have facilitated the research into endogenous opioids and related peptides in several ways. The organization and expression of genes and the primary structure of three precursor proteins of opioid peptides have been elucidated. These studies predicted the presence of potentially bioactive peptides, which has been confirmed by later studies. Advances in techniques in protein chemistry have helped to elucidate the distribution and molecular forms of endogenous opioids and related peptides in the body, and the processing of precursor proteins.

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15

García-López, Celia, Carmen Gómez-Huertas, José-María Sánchez-González, et al. "Opioids and Ocular Surface Pathology: A Literature Review of New Treatments Horizons." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 5 (2022): 1424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11051424.

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This review discusses the role of opioids in the corneal surface and the different pathways and therapeutic methods of management. A literature review was performed using PubMed database. For the database search, the main searching words “opioid” and “topical opioid treatment” were used with the descriptors “cornea”, “ocular surface”, “neuropathic corneal pain”, “corneal sensitivity” and “naltrexone”; original scientific articles and reviews were included to achieve the purpose of the review. The endogenous opioid system has relevant functions in the organism, and in daily use, opioids are use

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16

Weinberger, S. E., R. A. Steinbrook, D. B. Carr, et al. "Endogenous opioids and ventilatory responses to hypercapnia in normal humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 58, no. 5 (1985): 1415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.58.5.1415.

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Though administration of opioid peptides depresses ventilation and ventilatory responsiveness, the role of endogenous opioid peptides in modulating ventilatory responsiveness is not clear. We studied the interaction of endogenous opioids and ventilatory responses in 12 adult male volunteers by relating hypercapnic responsiveness to plasma levels of immunoactive beta-endorphin and by administering the opiate antagonist naloxone. Ventilatory responsiveness to hypercapnia was not altered by pretreatment with naloxone, and this by itself suggests that endogenous opioids have no role in modulating

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17

Davis, Mellar. "Cholestasis and Endogenous Opioids." Clinical Pharmacokinetics 46, no. 10 (2007): 825–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200746100-00002.

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18

Van Ree, Jan M., Raymond J. M. Niesink, Leo Van Wolfswinkel, et al. "Endogenous opioids and reward." European Journal of Pharmacology 405, no. 1-3 (2000): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00544-6.

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19

Cooper, Steven J. "Palatability and endogenous opioids." Regulatory Peptides 54, no. 1 (1994): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-0115(94)90392-1.

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20

Kościelniak-Merak, Barbara, Ilona Batko, Krzysztof Kobylarz, Krystyna Sztefko, Magdalena Kocot-Kępska, and Przemysław J. Tomasik. "Impact of Intravenous, Perioperative-Administrated Lidocaine on Postoperative Serum Levels of Endogenous Opioids in Children." Current Pharmaceutical Design 25, no. 30 (2019): 3209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190718153209.

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Background: Endogenous opioids are neuropeptides involved in pain-relieving processes. In the periphery, they are synthesised and stored in cells of the immune system. Objective: In the current study, we describe the influence of perioperative, intravenous (i.v.) lidocaine infusion in children on postoperative, serum endogenous opioid concentrations in children. Methods: Forty-four children undergoing major spinal surgery were enrolled in the cohort study. They were divided into two groups: group A (n = 21) generally anesthetised with fentanyl, propofol, rocuronium, a mixture of oxygen/air/sev

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21

Kapusta, D. R., and J. C. Obih. "Role of endogenous central opioid mechanisms in maintenance of body sodium balance." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 268, no. 3 (1995): R723—R730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1995.268.3.r723.

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The role of endogenous central opioids in the regulation of renal function was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats. In metabolism studies, changes in sodium balance were examined during normal dietary sodium intake (days 1-7; Na+ of 174 meq/kg) and sodium restriction (days 8-14; Na+ of 4.0 meq/kg). The influence of endogenous central opioids was investigated by repeating the protocol in the same rats during intracerebroventricular infusion of the opioid antagonist naltrexone methylbromide (NMBR). Intracerebroventricular NMBR did not alter sodium balance in rats fed normal sodium chow. In contrast,

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22

Lipkowski, A. W., A. Misicka, D. B. Carr, G. Ronsisvalle, Dariusz Kosson, and I. Maszczynska Bonney. "Neuropeptide mimetics for pain management." Pure and Applied Chemistry 76, no. 5 (2004): 941–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200476050941.

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The discovery of numerous endogenous neuropeptides that participate in the formation, transmission, modulation, and perception of pain signals offers numerous strategies for the development of new analgesics. Nevertheless, the same research has not yet replaced opioids as the gold standard of pain treatment. Therefore, one possible avenue of drug development may shift interest from searching for receptor-selective opioids to creating an arsenal of drugs that target multiple opioid and non-opioid sites simultaneously. The presented short review focuses on the development of potential analgesic

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23

O'Brien, Charles P., Lars Y. Terenius, Fred Nyberg, A. T. McLellan, and Ingrid Eriksson. "Endogenous opioids in cerebrospinal fluid of opioid-dependent humans." Biological Psychiatry 24, no. 6 (1988): 649–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(88)90139-4.

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24

Stagg, Nicola J., Heriberto P. Mata, Mohab M. Ibrahim, et al. "Regular Exercise Reverses Sensory Hypersensitivity in a Rat Neuropathic Pain Model." Anesthesiology 114, no. 4 (2011): 940–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e318210f880.

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Background Exercise is often prescribed as a therapy for chronic pain. Short-term exercise briefly increases the production of endogenous analgesics, leading to transient antinociception. In limited studies, exercise produced sustained increases in endogenous opioids, sustained analgesia, or diminished measures of chronic pain. This study tests the hypothesis that regular aerobic exercise leads to sustained reversal of neuropathic pain by activating endogenous opioid-mediated pain modulatory systems. Methods After baseline measurements, the L5 and L6 spinal nerves of male Sprague-Dawley rats w

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Lishmanov, Yu B., L. N. Maslov, N. Yu Naryzhnaya, et al. "ENDOGENOUS OPIOID SYSTEM AS A MEDIATOR OF ACUTE AND LONG-TERM ADAPTATION TO STRESS. PROSPECTS FOR CLINICAL USE OF OPIOID PEPTIDES." Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 67, no. 6 (2012): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn.v67i6.287.

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It has been well established that opioid peptides (OPs) affect various hormonal systems. Opioids exhibit stress-limiting and gastro-protective effects in stressed animals, acting via μ- and δ-opioid receptors (OR). Peripheral μ-OR stimulation by endogenous and exogenous opioids increases cardiac tolerance to pathological consequences of stress. Enhancement of prostacyclin synthesis, decrease of thromboxane production as well as suppression of lipid peroxidation can be directly responsible for cardioprotective effects of OPs in stressed animals. Adaptive responses are accompanied by increased O

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26

Mani, Ali R., Reza Rasool, Sara Montagnese, and Ahmad R. Dehpour. "Endogenous opioids and liver disease." Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 41, no. 1 (2006): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00365520500287533.

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27

Howman, Sonia F., and Jeffrey S. Groeger. "Endogenous opioids and hypoxic survival." Critical Care Medicine 27, no. 9 (1999): 2057–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199909000-00073.

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28

HOLADAY, JOHN W., FRANK C. TORTELLA, JOSEPH B. LONG, G. L. BELENKY, and ROBERT J. HITZEMANN. "Endogenous Opioids and Their Receptors." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 462, no. 1 Electroconvul (1986): 124–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb51247.x.

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29

Gerrits, M. A. F. M., and J. M. van Ree. "Endogenous opioids and drug dependence." European Neuropsychopharmacology 13 (March 2003): S4—S5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(03)90002-2.

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30

Shoupe, Donna, and Rogerio Lobo. "Endogenous Opioids in the Menopause." Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 5, no. 02 (1987): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1033673.

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31

Zagon, Ian S., and Patricia J. McLaughlin. "Endogenous opioids and brain development." International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 3, no. 4 (1985): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0736-5748(85)90103-0.

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32

Džoljić, E. D. "Central effects of endogenous opioids." European Journal of Pharmacology 183, no. 6 (1990): 2315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(90)93870-v.

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33

Van Ree, J. M., and M. A. F. M. Gerrits. "Endogenous opioids and experimental addiction." European Neuropsychopharmacology 6 (June 1996): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-977x(96)88061-8.

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34

Panksepp, J., M. Leboyer, M. Bovard, JM Launay, and P. Lensing. "Endogenous opioids and childhood autism." Regulatory Peptides 53 (February 1994): S169—S170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-0115(94)90294-1.

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35

Piccoli, Renata, Dominique Melck, Antonietta Spagnuolo, Stefania Vescia, and Laura Zanetti. "Endogenous opioids in marine invertebrates." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology 80, no. 2 (1985): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0742-8413(85)90048-9.

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36

Comer, C. R., J. S. Grunstein, R. J. Mason, S. C. Johnston, and M. M. Grunstein. "Endogenous opioids modulate fetal rabbit lung maturation." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 6 (1987): 2141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.6.2141.

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To test the hypothesis that endogenous opioids modulate fetal lung development, separate groups of pregnant rabbits received daily injections of saline, morphine (1 mg/kg body wt), or the opioid antagonist naloxone (0.4 and 5.0 mg) for 10 days during their last trimester of pregnancy. The corresponding groups of fetuses were then delivered prematurely on day 28 of gestation (term approximately 31 days) and evaluated with respect to differences in body weight, lung weight, and the ratios of wet to dry lung weight and lung dry weight to body weight, the static inflation and deflation air and sal

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37

Kunecki, Marcin, Wojciech Płazak, Piotr Podolec, and Krzysztof S. Gołba. "Effects of endogenous cardioprotective mechanisms on ischemia-reperfusion injury." Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej 71 (January 10, 2017): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3786.

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Ischemic heart disease have been remarked as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in adults. Early restoration of cardiac perfusion is necessary to restore perfusion of ischemic heart muscle. Effective revascularization reduce mortality by limiting myocardial necrosis at the acute phase of the cardiac infarction. However, reperfusion may induce a cascade of pathophysiological reactions causing the increase of the infarct area of the myocardium This phenomenon known as ischemia-reperfusion injury is responsible for up to 50% of the final infarct size. Sequences of brief episodes of nonlet

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38

Appleyard, Suzanne M., Michael Hayward, Juan I. Young та ін. "A Role for the Endogenous Opioid β-Endorphin in Energy Homeostasis". Endocrinology 144, № 5 (2003): 1753–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2002-221096.

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Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the hypothalamus are direct targets of the adipostatic hormone leptin and contribute to energy homeostasis by integrating peripheral and central information. The melanocortin and β-endorphin neuropeptides are processed from POMC and putatively coreleased at axon terminals. Melanocortins have been shown by a combination of pharmacological and genetic methods to have inhibitory effects on appetite and body weight. In contrast, pharmacological studies have generally indicated that opioids stimulate food intake. Here we report that male mice engineered to sele

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Telford, G. L., R. E. Condon, and J. H. Szurszewski. "Opioid receptors and the initiation of migrating myoelectric complexes in dogs." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 256, no. 1 (1989): G72—G77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1989.256.1.g72.

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The role of endogenous opioids and opioid receptors in the control of migrating myoelectric complexes (MMCs) was studied in conscious dogs implanted with silver-silver chloride electrodes. In normal fasted dogs, MMC cycle times were 103 +/- 7 min in the duodenum. During naloxone infusion (1-2 mg/kg iv, then 0.2-1.0 mg.kg-1.h-1 iv) cycle times increased to 219 +/- 29 min (P less than 0.01). Naloxone (2 mg/kg iv, then 1 mg.kg-1.h-1 iv) had no effect on the response of the small intestine to bethanecol (5 mg sc) or to feeding. Pretreatment with naloxone (2 mg/kg iv) 5 min before the administratio

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40

Van Furth, W. R., I. G. Wolterink-Donselaar, and J. M. van Ree. "Endogenous opioids are differentially involved in appetitive and consummatory aspects of sexual behavior of male rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 266, no. 2 (1994): R606—R613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1994.266.2.r606.

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The sexual activity of 40 male Wistar rats was tested weekly in a bilevel test chamber to evaluate the involvement of endogenous opioids in the appetitive and consummatory aspects of sexual behavior. It has been suggested that the increase of the anticipatory level-changing behavior over repeated testing, displayed before the introduction of a receptive female, is sexually motivated. Two doses of the opioid antagonist naloxone, 1 and 10 mg/kg, prevented the increase of the anticipatory level-changing over four repeated tests of sexually experienced rats without prior experience in the bilevel

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Cleymaet, Allison M., Casey-Tyler Berezin, and Jozsef Vigh. "Endogenous Opioid Signaling in the Mouse Retina Modulates Pupillary Light Reflex." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (2021): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020554.

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Opioid peptides and their receptors are expressed in the mammalian retina; however, little is known about how they might affect visual processing. The melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), which mediate important non-image-forming visual processes such as the pupillary light reflex (PLR), express β-endorphin-preferring, µ-opioid receptors (MORs). The objective of the present study was to elucidate if opioids, endogenous or exogenous, modulate pupillary light reflex (PLR) via MORs expressed by ipRGCs. MOR-selective agonist [D-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly-ol5]-

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Cleymaet, Allison M., Casey-Tyler Berezin, and Jozsef Vigh. "Endogenous Opioid Signaling in the Mouse Retina Modulates Pupillary Light Reflex." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (2021): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020554.

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Opioid peptides and their receptors are expressed in the mammalian retina; however, little is known about how they might affect visual processing. The melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), which mediate important non-image-forming visual processes such as the pupillary light reflex (PLR), express β-endorphin-preferring, µ-opioid receptors (MORs). The objective of the present study was to elucidate if opioids, endogenous or exogenous, modulate pupillary light reflex (PLR) via MORs expressed by ipRGCs. MOR-selective agonist [D-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly-ol5]-

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43

DiCello, Jesse J., Ayame Saito, Pradeep Rajasekhar, et al. "Inflammation-associated changes in DOR expression and function in the mouse colon." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 315, no. 4 (2018): G544—G559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00025.2018.

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Endogenous opioids activate opioid receptors (ORs) in the enteric nervous system to control intestinal motility and secretion. The μ-OR mediates the deleterious side effects of opioid analgesics, including constipation, respiratory depression, and addiction. Although the δ-OR (DOR) is a promising target for analgesia, the function and regulation of DOR in the colon are poorly understood. This study provides evidence that endogenous opioids activate DOR in myenteric neurons that may regulate colonic motility. The DOR agonists DADLE, deltorphin II, and SNC80 inhibited electrically evoked contrac

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Kapasi, Zoher F., Pamela A. Catlin, Jon Beck, Tamara Roehling, and Kathryn Smith. "The Role of Endogenous Opioids in Moderate Exercise Training-Induced Enhancement of the Secondary Antibody Response in Mice." Physical Therapy 81, no. 11 (2001): 1801–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/81.11.1801.

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Background and Purpose. Moderate exercise training (60%–80% of maximal oxygen uptake) enhances the secondary antibody response. The mechanism underlying this enhancement, however, has not been determined. In moderate doses, endogenous opioids such as enkephalins enhance antibody response. Furthermore, serum concentrations of endogenous opioids increase in response to exercise, and training programs augment this effect. Therefore, the enhancement of the secondary antibody response induced by moderate exercise may be brought about, in part, by endogenous opioids. The purpose of this study was to

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Venkatesan, Priya, Sunit Baxi, Cory Evans, Robert Neff, Xin Wang та David Mendelowitz. "Glycinergic Inputs to Cardiac Vagal Neurons in the Nucleus Ambiguus Are Inhibited by Nociceptin and μ-Selective Opioids". Journal of Neurophysiology 90, № 3 (2003): 1581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01117.2002.

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Most parasympathetic regulation of heart rate originates from preganglionic cardiac vagal neurons within the nucleus ambiguus. Little is known regarding the modulation of glycinergic transmission to these neurons. However, the presence of μ-opioid receptors and opioid-receptor-like (ORL1) receptors within the ambiguus, together with the presence of endogenous ligands for both receptor types in the same area, suggests opioids may modulate synaptic transmission to cardiac vagal neurons. This study therefore examined the effects of endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 (the μ-selective endogenous pepti

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Gomes, Ivone, Salvador Sierra, Lindsay Lueptow, et al. "Biased signaling by endogenous opioid peptides." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 21 (2020): 11820–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2000712117.

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Opioids, such as morphine and fentanyl, are widely used for the treatment of severe pain; however, prolonged treatment with these drugs leads to the development of tolerance and can lead to opioid use disorder. The “Opioid Epidemic” has generated a drive for a deeper understanding of the fundamental signaling mechanisms of opioid receptors. It is generally thought that the three types of opioid receptors (μ, δ, κ) are activated by endogenous peptides derived from three different precursors: Proopiomelanocortin, proenkephalin, and prodynorphin. Posttranslational processing of these precursors g

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Zagon, I. S., Y. Wu, and P. J. McLaughlin. "Opioid growth factor-dependent DNA synthesis in the neonatal rat aorta." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 270, no. 1 (1996): R22—R32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1996.270.1.r22.

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In addition to neuromodulation, endogenous opioids serve as growth factors in neural and nonneural cells. This study examined the hypothesis that opioids are inhibitory growth factors in vascular development. No circadian rhythm was detected for DNA synthesis in endothelial, smooth muscle, or fibroblast cells in the aorta of 1-day-old rats. Administration of naltrexone (NTX), a potent opioid antagonist, markedly increased the labeling indexes of all three cell types. [Met5]enkephalin, found to be the only opioid peptide to influence DNA synthesis and termed the opioid growth factor (OGF), depr

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Tuulari, Jetro J., Lauri Tuominen, Femke E. de Boer, et al. "Feeding Releases Endogenous Opioids in Humans." Journal of Neuroscience 37, no. 34 (2017): 8284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0976-17.2017.

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KULBERTUS, H. E. "Endogenous opioids, catecholamines and vasovagal syncope." European Heart Journal 17, no. 11 (1996): 1614–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014740.

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Geffen, L. B. "Endogenous Opioids - Multiple Peptides and Actions." Australian Drug and Alcohol Review 6, S1 (1987): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09595238780000421.

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