Academic literature on the topic 'Endophytic fungus. eng'
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Journal articles on the topic "Endophytic fungus. eng"
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Panaccione, Daniel, James Kotcon, Christopher Schardl, Richard Johnson, and Joseph Morton. "Ergot alkaloids are not essential for endophytic fungus-associated population suppression of the lesion nematode, Pratylenchus scribneri, on perennial ryegrass." Nematology 8, no. 4 (2006): 583–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854106778614074.
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AbstractSeveral endophytic fungi of the genus Neotyphodium form symbiotic associations with Lolium spp. grasses and are renowned for production of bioactive alkaloids such as ergot alkaloids. Some of these endophytes make their grass partners less suitable as hosts for endoparasitic nematodes, including Pratylenchus spp. The potential for ergot alkaloids to affect nematode motility was investigated in vitro. Ergovaline, the ergot alkaloid pathway end product of several Neotyphodium spp., was the only ergot alkaloid tested that inhibited motility of Pratylenchus scribneri. The association of ergot alkaloids with nematode population suppression was examined in glasshouse experiments with strains of the perennial ryegrass endophyte Neotyphodium sp. isolate Lp1 (syn. Neotyphodium lolii × Epichloë typhina) that have been genetically modified to lack ergot alkaloids or to have an altered ergot alkaloid profile. Populations of P. scribneri were significantly smaller in pots of perennial ryegrass containing the wild-type, ergot alkaloid-producing endophyte than in pots of endophyte-free perennial ryegrass. Elimination of certain complex ergot alkaloids (ergovaline and lysergic acid amides) in one gene knockout strain, or complete elimination of ergot alkaloids in another, did not affect the ability of the endophyte to suppress populations of nematode. Presence and concentrations of ergot alkaloids in pseudostems were as expected based on presence and genotype of endophyte in each plant, but frequently were undetectable or in low concentration in roots. The data indicate that ergot alkaloids do not contribute significantly to the endophyte-associated suppression of Pratylenchus spp.
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F. Abdallah, Mohamed, Marthe De Boevre, Sofie Landschoot, Sarah De Saeger, Geert Haesaert, and Kris Audenaert. "Fungal Endophytes Control Fusarium graminearum and Reduce Trichothecenes and Zearalenone in Maize." Toxins 10, no. 12 (2018): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10120493.
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Fusarium graminearum can cause Giberella Ear Rot (GER) and seedling blight in maize, resulting in major yield losses. Besides GER, the infected grains are consequently contaminated with multiple mycotoxins of F. graminearum. Zearalenone and trichothecenes, such as deoxynivalenol and its acetylated forms, are among the major mycotoxins associated with F. graminearum infection in maize. In the current work, we explored the effect of the endophytic fungal genera of Epicoccum and Sordaria, to control F. graminearum infection in comparative trials with Piriformospora spp., an elusive endophytic genus. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of these endophytes on zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol levels using in vitro and in planta assays. As plants are endowed with several detoxification mechanisms comprising e.g., glucosylation of trichothecenes, the effect of the isolated fungal endophytes on the deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside level was also assessed. In general, results showed a considerable variability in the antifungal activity, both among species and among isolates within one species. Additionally, the effect on mycotoxin levels was variable, and not necessarily related to the antifungal activity except for zearalenone levels which were consistently reduced by the endophytes. These results highlight the great potential of certain endophytic fungal strains as new biocontrol agents in agricultural science.
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Galsurker, Ortal, Sonia Diskin, Dalia Maurer, Oleg Feygenberg, and Noam Alkan. "Fruit Stem-End Rot." Horticulturae 4, no. 4 (2018): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae4040050.
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After harvest, the fruit ripens and stem-end rot (SER) starts to develop, leading to significant fruit losses. SER is caused by diverse pathogenic fungi that endophytically colonize the stem during fruit development in the orchard or field and remain quiescent until the onset of fruit ripening. During the endophytic-like stage, the pathogenic fungus colonizes the phloem and xylem of the fruit stem-end; after fruit ripening, the fungus converts to a necrotrophic lifestyle, while colonizing the fruit parenchyma, and causes SER. The fruit stem-end is colonized not only by pathogenic fungi, but also by various nonpathogenic endophytic microorganisms, including fungi, yeast and bacteria. However, little is known about the fruit stem-end endophytic microbiome, which could contain new and existing biocontrol agents. To control fruit SER, treatments such as ripening inhibition, harvesting with the stem, application of chemical or biological fungicides, or physical control such as heat treatments, cold storage, or exposure to light have been suggested. This review focuses on the characterization of SER pathogens, the stem-end microbiome, and different pre- and postharvest practices that could control fruit SER.
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Vega. "The use of fungal entomopathogens as endophytes in biological control: a review." Mycologia 110, no. 1 (2018): 4–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2017.1418578.
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Fungal entomopathogens have been proposed as environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical control. Unfortunately, their effectiveness continues to be limited by their susceptibility to ultraviolet (UV) light and low moisture. A relatively recent development, the use of fungal entomopathogens as endophytes, might overcome the traditional obstacles impeding the widespread adoption of fungal entomopathogens and also provide a novel alternative for management of insect pests and plant pathogens. In addition, some fungal entomopathogens could also function as biofertilizers. Eighty-five papers covering 109 individual fungal entomopathogen studies involving 12 species in six genera are reviewed. Thirty-eight plant species in 19 families were studied, with maize, common bean, and tomato being the most investigated. Of the 85 papers, 39 (46%) examined the effects of fungal entomopathogen endophytism on 33 insect species in 17 families and eight orders. Thirty-four (40%) examined plant response to endophytism, corresponding to 20 plant species. Various inoculation techniques (e.g., foliar sprays, soil drenching, seed soaking, injections, etc.) are effective in introducing fungal entomopathogens as endophytes, but colonization appears to be localized and ephemeral. The field of insect pathology will not substantially profit from dozens of additional studies attempting to introduce fungal entomopathogens into a wider array of plants, without attempting to understand the mechanisms underlying endophytism, the responses of the plant to such endophytism, and the consequent responses of insect pests and plant pathogens. This review presents several areas that should receive focused attention to increase the probability of success for making this technology an effective alternative to chemical control.
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Ntsobi, Nomfusi, Morris Fanadzo, Marilize Le Roes-Hill, and Felix Nchu. "Effects of Clonostachys rosea f. catenula Inoculum on the Composting of Cabbage Wastes and the Endophytic Activities of the Composted Material on Tomatoes and Red Spider Mite Infestation." Microorganisms 9, no. 6 (2021): 1184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061184.
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Globally, fungal inocula are being explored as agents for the optimization of composting processes. This research primarily evaluates the effects of inoculating organic vegetable heaps with the entomopathogenic fungus Clonostachys rosea f. catenula (Hypocreales) on the biophysicochemical properties of the end-product of composting. Six heaps of fresh cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) waste were inoculated with C. rosea f. catenula conidia and another six were not exposed to the fungus. The composted materials from the fungus- and control-treated heaps were subsequently used as a medium to cultivate tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum). The biophysicochemical characteristics of the composted materials were also assessed after composting. In addition, the protective effect of the fungal inoculum against red spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) infestations in the tomatoes was evaluated through the determination of conidial colonization of the plant tissue and the number of plants infested by the insect. Furthermore, phytotoxicity tests were carried out post experiment. There were few significant variations (p < 0.05) in heap temperature or moisture level between treatments based on the weekly data. We found no significant differences in the levels of compost macronutrient and micronutrient constituents. Remarkably, the composted materials, when incorporated into a growth medium from fungus-treated heaps, induced a 100% endophytic tissue colonization in cultivated tomato plants. While fewer red spider mite infestations were observed in tomato plants grown in composted materials from fungus-treated heaps, the difference was not significant (χ2 = 0.96 and p = 0.32). The fungal treatment yielded composted materials that significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced tomato seed germination, and based on the phytotoxicity test, the composted samples from the heaps exposed to the C. rosea f. catenula inoculum were not toxic to tomato seeds and seedlings. In conclusion, this study showed that C. rosea f. catenula improved the quality of composted materials in terms of fungal endophytism and seed germination.
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Liao, Hui-Ling, Gregory Bonito, J. Alejandro Rojas, et al. "Fungal Endophytes of Populus trichocarpa Alter Host Phenotype, Gene Expression, and Rhizobiome Composition." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 32, no. 7 (2019): 853–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-05-18-0133-r.
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Mortierella and Ilyonectria genera include common species of soil fungi that are frequently detected as root endophytes in many plants, including Populus spp. However, the ecological roles of these and other endophytic fungi with respect to plant growth and function are still not well understood. The functional ecology of two key taxa from the P. trichocarpa rhizobiome, M. elongata PMI93 and I. europaea PMI82, was studied by coupling forest soil bioassays with environmental metatranscriptomics. Using soil bioassay experiments amended with fungal inoculants, M. elongata was observed to promote the growth of P. trichocarpa. This response was cultivar independent. In contrast, I. europaea had no visible effect on P. trichocarpa growth. Metatranscriptomic studies revealed that these fungi impacted rhizophytic and endophytic activities in P. trichocarpa and induced shifts in soil and root microbial communities. Differential expression of core genes in P. trichocarpa roots was observed in response to both fungal species. Expression of P. trichocarpa genes for lipid signaling and nutrient uptake were upregulated, and expression of genes associated with gibberellin signaling were altered in plants inoculated with M. elongata, but not I. europaea. Upregulation of genes for growth promotion, downregulation of genes for several leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases, and alteration of expression of genes associated with plant defense responses (e.g., jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and ethylene signal pathways) also suggest that M. elongata manipulates plant defenses while promoting plant growth.
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Wang, Bo, Houlin Yu, Yanyan Jia, et al. "Chromosome-Scale Genome Assembly of Fusarium oxysporum Strain Fo47, a Fungal Endophyte and Biocontrol Agent." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 33, no. 9 (2020): 1108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-05-20-0116-a.
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Here, we report a chromosome-level genome assembly of Fusarium oxysporum Fo47 (12 pseudomolecules; contig N50: 4.52 Mb), generated using a combination of PacBio long-read, Illumina paired end, and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture sequencing data. Although F. oxysporum causes vascular wilt to over 100 plant species, the strain Fo47 is classified as an endophyte and is widely used as a biocontrol agent for plant disease control. The Fo47 genome carries a single accessory chromosome of 4.23 Mb, compared with the reference genome of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Fol4287. The high-quality assembly and annotation of the Fo47 genome will be a valuable resource for studying the mechanisms underlying the endophytic interactions between F. oxysporum and plants as well as for deciphering the genome evolution of the F. oxysporum species complex.
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Melliawati, Ruth, and Puspita Suci Wulandari. "KAPANG ENDOFIT DARI TAMAN NASIONAL GUNUNG HALIMUN SEBAGAI PENGHAMBAT PERTUMBUHAN MIKROBA PATOGEN Salmonella thypi DAN Candida albicans." Berkala Penelitian Hayati 13, no. 2 (2008): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23869/bphjbr.13.2.20082.
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Endophytic fungi live inside plants without harming the host. The purpose of this research was to screen endophytic fungi which could inhibit Salmonella thypi and Candida albicans, as well as characterizing of endophytic fungi, and antimicrobial compound produced by endophytic fungi. Some methods were used on this research. Diffusion agar plate methode was used to screen endophytic fungi which could produce antimicrobial compound against Salmonella thypi and Candida albicans. Standard plate count was used to measure fungi growth. Antimicrobial compound produced by endophytic fungi was analized by TLC and HPLC technique, compared with standard antibiotic, chloramphenicol and nystatin. The result showed 5 kinds of endophytic fungi produced antimicrobial compounds against Salmonella thypi. The largest zone of inhibition was 115 mm2 shown by Hl.25F.112. Two kinds of endophytic fungi were able to inhibit Candida albicans with the largest inhibiting zone was 164 mm2 shown by Hl.108F.481. The morphology of Hl.108F.481 indicated that this fungus had vertical hypha with sporangium at the end of the hypha and Hl.25F.112 had partioned hypha and oval-shape ascus. TLC and HPLC analysis showed that water extract of Hl.25F.112 (1s), chloroform extract of Hl.25F.112 (1c) and chloroform extract of Hl.108F.481 (2c) contained anti-microbial compound with retention time (RT) closed to chloramphenicol and water phase of Hl.25F.112 (1s) closed to nystatin.
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Griffin, Eric A., Joshua G. Harrison, Melissa K. McCormick, Karin T. Burghardt, and John D. Parker. "Tree Diversity Reduces Fungal Endophyte Richness and Diversity in a Large-Scale Temperate Forest Experiment." Diversity 11, no. 12 (2019): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11120234.
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Although decades of research have typically demonstrated a positive correlation between biodiversity of primary producers and associated trophic levels, the ecological drivers of this association are poorly understood. Recent evidence suggests that the plant microbiome, or the fungi and bacteria found on and inside plant hosts, may be cryptic yet important drivers of important processes, including primary production and trophic interactions. Here, using high-throughput sequencing, we characterized foliar fungal community diversity, composition, and function from 15 broadleaved tree species (N = 545) in a recently established, large-scale temperate tree diversity experiment using over 17,000 seedlings. Specifically, we tested whether increases in tree richness and phylogenetic diversity would increase fungal endophyte diversity (the “Diversity Begets Diversity” hypothesis), as well as alter community composition (the “Tree Diversity–Endophyte Community” hypothesis) and function (the “Tree Diversity–Endophyte Function” hypothesis) at different spatial scales. We demonstrated that increasing tree richness and phylogenetic diversity decreased fungal species and functional guild richness and diversity, including pathogens, saprotrophs, and parasites, within the first three years of a forest diversity experiment. These patterns were consistent at the neighborhood and tree plot scale. Our results suggest that fungal endophytes, unlike other trophic levels (e.g., herbivores as well as epiphytic bacteria), respond negatively to increasing plant diversity.
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Caradus, John R., and Linda J. Johnson. "Epichloë Fungal Endophytes—From a Biological Curiosity in Wild Grasses to an Essential Component of Resilient High Performing Ryegrass and Fescue Pastures." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 4 (2020): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6040322.
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The relationship between Epichloë endophytes found in a wide range of temperate grasses spans the continuum from antagonistic to mutualistic. The diversity of asexual mutualistic types can be characterised by the types of alkaloids they produce in planta. Some of these are responsible for detrimental health and welfare issues of ruminants when consumed, while others protect the host plant from insect pests and pathogens. In many temperate regions they are an essential component of high producing resilient tall fescue and ryegrass swards. This obligate mutualism between fungus and host is a seed-borne technology that has resulted in several commercial products being used with high uptake rates by end-user farmers, particularly in New Zealand and to a lesser extent Australia and USA. However, this has not happened by chance. It has been reliant on multi-disciplinary research teams undertaking excellent science to understand the taxonomic relationships of these endophytes, their life cycle, symbiosis regulation at both the cellular and molecular level, and the impact of secondary metabolites, including an understanding of their mammalian toxicity and bioactivity against insects and pathogens. Additionally, agronomic trials and seed biology studies of these microbes have all contributed to the delivery of robust and efficacious products. The supply chain from science, through seed companies and retailers to the end-user farmer needs to be well resourced providing convincing information on the efficacy and ensuring effective quality control to result in a strong uptake of these Epichloë endophyte technologies in pastoral agriculture.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Endophytic fungus. eng"
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Cafêu, Mariana Carrara. "Estudo químico e avaliação biológica dos fungos endofíticos Xylaria sp. e Colletotrichum crassipes isolados de Casearia sylvestris (Flacourtiaceae) /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105831.
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Orientador: Ângela Regina Araújo<br>Banca: Dulce Helena Siqueira Silva<br>Banca: Lourdes Campaner dos Santos<br>Banca: Hosana Maria Debonsi<br>Banca: Dionéia Camilo Rodrigues de Oliveira<br>Resumo: Este trabalho descreve a triagem de 21 fungos endofíticos associados a espécies vegetais de Cerrado e Mata Atlântica. Os extratos brutos fornecidos por estes fungos foram avaliados quimicamente (CLAE e RMN1H) e submetidos a bioensaios para avaliação da potencialidade antifúngica, antioxidante e anticolinesterásica, onde se mostraram promissores. Após esta triagem, os fungos Xylaria sp. E Colletotrichum crassipes, associados a Casearia sylvestris, foram selecionados para o estudo químico/biológico. Estes fungos foram cultivados nos meios líquido (MDB) e sólido (milho) para obtenção dos extratos brutos. O extrato bruto de Xylaria sp. em milho foi submetido a fracionamento cromatográfico e levou ao isolamento da griseofulvina, 7-desclorogriseofulvina e citocalasina B, enquanto que o extrato obtido do meio líquido conduziu ao isolamento da citocalasina D, citocalasina C e 5-carbóxi-6-hidroxi-3-metil-3,4- diidroisocumarina. Após fracionamento do extrato bruto do endófito C. crassipes no meio líquido MDB foram isoladas 8 substâncias da classe de dicetopiperazinas, N-(2-feniletil)acetamida, tirosol e as substâncias inéditas 1-hidroxi-1-feniletil-tirosol e (6-metil-3- (feniletóxi)-1,4-dioxan-2-il)metanol. Algumas substâncias puras foram submetidas à bioensaios e apresentaram potencial bioatividade frente aos fungos fitopatogênicos Cladosporium cladosporioides e C. sphaerospermum e nos ensaios antioxidante e anticolinesterásico. As citocalasinas D e B isoladas durante este trabalho e outras 5 citocalasinas isoladas anteriormente foram submetidas à avaliação da citotoxicidade utilizando linhagens de células de adenocarcinoma murino e se mostraram muito ativas. Os fungos endofíticos Xylaria sp. e C. crassipes foram utilizados em biotransformação do substrato 4-etilciclohexanona. Este experimento foi realizado através do cultivo ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: This work describes the screening of 21 endophytic fungi from plant species from Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. The crude extracts produced by these fungi after fermentation in potato dextrose broth (PDB) were evaluated by HPLC, 1HNMR and potential biological activities: antifungal, antioxidant and anticholinesterasic. After screening, the extracts of Xylaria sp. and Colletotrichum crassipes, isolated from Casearia sylvestris, were selected, based on the chemical/biological results. These endophytic fungi were cultivated in PDB and corn for crude extract preparation. The crude corn extract of Xylaria sp. led to isolation of griseofulvin, 7- dechlorogriseofulvin and cytochalasin B while the crude PDB extract led to isolation of cytochalasin C, cytochalasin D and 5-carboxy-6- hidroxy-3-methyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin. The crude PDB extract of Colletotrichum crassipes led to isolation of eight diketopiperazines, N-(2-phenylethyl)acetamide, tyrosol, 1-hidroxy-1- phenylethyl-tyrosol and (6-methyl-3-(phenethyloxy)-1,4-dioxan-2- yl)methanol. The some of them pure compounds showed potential antifungal activity against Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. sphaeropermum, antioxidant and anticholinesterasic activities. The Cytochalasins D and B, isolated in this work, and other five cytochalasins produced by Xylaria sp.1 showed potential activity for cytotoxic activity against adenocarcinomatous murine cells. The fungi Xylaria sp. and C. crassipes were evaluated as biocatalysts for biotransformation of 4-ethylcyclohexanone. Four biotransformation products were isolated. Their structures were established by spectroscopic methods, including the application of bidimensional NMR techniques and comparison with published data.<br>Doutor
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Zanardi, Lisinéia Maria. "Estudo químico e biológico de fungos endofídicos associados a Senna spectabilis /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105775.
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Orientador: Angela Regina Araújo<br>Banca: Marcia Nasser Lopes<br>Banca: Lourdes Campaner dos Santos<br>Banca: Luiz Alberto Beraldo de Moraes<br>Banca: Geraldo Humberto Silva<br>Resumo: Este trabalho descreve o isolamento de 43 fungos endofíticos associados à espécie vegetal Senna spectabilis, e a triagem química e biológica destes. Os extratos brutos em AcOEt produzidos pelos fungos foram avaliados quimicamente por CCDC, CLAE-DAD e RMN de 1H, e submetidos a bioensaios para avaliação da potencialidade antifúngica, antioxidante e anticolinesterásica, onde se mostram promissores. A partir dos resultados obtidos os fungos Myrothecium gramineum e Acremonium sp. foram selecionados para crescimento em escala ampliada, em meio de cultivo MBD, visando a obtenção do extrato bruto para isolamento e determinação estrutural dos metabólitos produzidos. Nesta etapa foram utilizados dois modos de incubação (estático e sob agitação) para avaliação da influência do modo de crescimento na produção metabólica, evidenciando que não ocorreram mudanças significativas na produção dos metabólitos secundários. Do extrato bruto obtido de M. gramineum foi isolada a Verrucarina A, como um precipitado, durante a solubilização do extrato em MeOH. O sobrenadante foi então submetido a fracionamento cromatográfico e levou ao isolamento de 3 dicetopiperazinas, sendo a ciclo (Pro-Tyr), ciclo (L-Pro-L-Leu) e a ciclo(D-Pro-D-Phe), e 4 tricotocenos, a Verrucarina A (já isolada como precipitado), Roridina A e Isororidina A e a Verrucarina L. Durante o processo de concentração para a obtenção do extrato bruto de Acremonium sp., ocorreu a formação de cristais em forma de filetes que ficaram aderidos ao balão. Os cristais foram separados e identificados como a Citocalasina D. O extrato bruto resultante da separação destes cristais foi submetido a fracionamento cromatográfico levando ao isolamento de 7 substâncias: uma xantona (Fusaridina), 4 isocumarinas [(R)-8-metoxi-meleina; (3S, 4S)-5-carbometoxi-4-hidroximeleína; (3R)-5-carbometoximeleina e (3S)-5-carboetoxi-mele... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: This work reports the isolation of 43 endophytic fungi associated with Senna spectabilis, and the chemical and biological screening of their extracts. The AcOEt crude extracts produced by fungi were submitted to chemical analysis by TLC, DAD-HPLC, NMR and bioassays to evaluation of antifungal, antioxidant and anticholinesterase potential, which showed promising. The results enabled us to select the fungi Myrothecium gramineum and Acremonium sp. to growth on a large scale for isolation and structural determination of metabolites produced. The fungal strains were cultivated in liquid media PDB to obtaining the crude extracts. In this stage, we used two modes of incubation (static mode and under agitation), to evaluate the influence of the growing mode in production of the secondary metabolites, showing that there were no significant changes in metabolic production. The crude extract of M. gramineum yielded the substance Verrucarin A, as a white precipitated during solubilization of the extract in MeOH. The supernatant was fractioned by CC and preparative HPLC yielding three diketopiperazines [(cicle (Pro-Tyr), cicle (L-Pro-L-Leu) and cicle (D-Pro-D-Phe)] and four trichothecenes [Verrucarin A (already isolated as substance), Roridin A and Isororidin A and Verrucarin L. During the process of concentration of solvents to obtain crude extract of Acremonium sp., there was the formation of crystals in the form of fillets that were attached to the balloon. The crystals were separated and identified like Citocalasin D. The resulting crude extract was submitted to chromatographic fractionation yielding seven substances: one xanthone [Fusaridin, four isocoumarins [(R)-8-methoxi-mellein, (3S, 4S)-5-carbomethoxi-4-hydroximellein, (3R)-5-carbomethoximellein and (3S)-5-carboethoxi-mellein] and the griseofulvin and 7-dechlorogriseofulvin. The substances (3S, 4S)-5-carbomethoxi-4-hydroximellein... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Doutor
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Oliveira, Camila Martins de. "Estudo químico e biológico dos fungos endofílicos associados com a espécie vegetal Alibertia macrophylla (Rubiaceae) /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105828.
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Orientador: Ângela Regina Araujo<br>Banca: Silvia Noeli López<br>Banca: Mônica Tallarico Pupo<br>Banca: Maria da Conceição Farreira de Oliveira<br>Banca: Luce Maria Brandão Torres<br>Resumo: Este trabalho, descreve a busca de substâncias bioativas a partir do estudo químico e biológico dos extratos brutos produzidos pelos fungos endofíticos AM-01 identificado como Penicillium sp1, AM-02 e AM-03 não identificados e AM-04, também pertencente ao gênero Penicillium, que foram isolados das folhas de Alibertia macrophylla. Os fungos endofíticos isolados, foram cultivados em meio líquido MBD, e sólido (milho) a 25oC, sob agitação, e no modo estático, respectivamente. Para o meio líquido, o caldo foi separado do micélio e submetido à partição com AcOEt, fornecendo os extratos brutos após a evaporação do solvente. Para o meio sólido, foi realizado uma extração com metanol, seguido de filtração e evaporação do solvente, originando os extratos brutos. Após análises por RMN de ¹H e CLAE-DAD, os extratos brutos obtidos em milho, foram fracionados por cromatografia em coluna, seguida de separação via Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAEprep.). O extrato bruto de AM-01 (Penicillium sp1) forneceu seis substâncias da classe das isocumarinas, sendo duas inéditas. O fracionamento cromatográfico do extrato bruto de AM-02, conduziu ao isolamento de três sesquiterpenos inéditos identificados como Xylarenonas C, D e E. Também do extrato bruto de AM-02 foi isolado um composto furânico identificado como (E)-5-(1- hidroxialil)-4-(pent-1-enil)-2,5-diidrofurano-3-ácido carboxílico. O fracionamento cromatográfico de AM-04, permitiu o isolamento de um benzenóide, identificado como orcinol. O estudo químico dos extratos brutos obtidos em MBD, de AM-03 e AM-04, permitiram o isolamento das dicetopiperazinas ciclo (Pro-Try) e ciclo (L-Pro- L-Val), além da uracila. As substâncias isoladas foram identificadas por análises de RMN 1D e 2D e espectrometria de massas, bem como por comparação com dados da literatura... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: This work describes the search for bioactive substances from the chemical/biological of the crude extracts produced by endophytic fungi AM-01 identified as Penicillium sp1, AM-02, AM-03 and AM-04 also belonging to the genus Penicillium isolated from the leaves of Alibertia macrophylla. The endophytic fungal isolates were grown in liquid medium and solid MBD to 25 °C under shaking and static mode, respectively. For the liquid medium the mycelium was separated from the broth and subjected to partition with AcOEt, giving the crude extracts after evaporation of the solvent. For solid medium, the extraction was performed with MeOH, followed by filtration and evaporation of the solvent yielding the crude extracts. After analysis by the ¹H NMR and HPLC-DAD, the crude extracts from maize were fractionated by chromatography on a column followed by separation using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLCprep.). The crude extract of AM-01 (Penicillium sp1) provided six isocoumarins, two news. Chromatographic fractionation of the crude extract of AM-02 led to the isolation of three novel sesquiterpenes identified as Xylarenonas C, D and E and a furanic compound identified as 2,5-dihydro-5-(1-hydroxyallyl)-4-(E)-pent-1-enyl)furan-3-carboxylic acid. Chromatographic fractionation of AM-04 allowed the isolation of a benzenoid, identified as orcinol. The chemical study of AM-03 crude extracts and AM-04 cultivated in MDB allowed the isolation of diketopiperazines cyclo (Pro-Try), cyclo (L-Pro-L-Val), and uracil. The substances isolated were identified through analysis of 1H NMR, mass spectrometry and by comparison with literature data. The crude extracts and pure substances were submited for trials for antifungal agents, antioxidants, anticholinesterasic and inhibition of protease. All substances showed biological activities.<br>Doutor
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Chapla, Vanessa Mara. "Estudo químico e biológico do fungo endofítico Phomopsis sp. isolado da Senna spectabilis /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97895.
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Orientador: Ângela Regina Araújo<br>Banca: Dulce Helena Siqueira Silva<br>Banca: Jacqueline Aparecida Takahashi<br>Resumo: Micro-organismos endofíticos habitam os espaços intra e intercelular de um hospedeiro, durante todo ou parte de seu ciclo de vida, sem causar danos aparentes. Esses micro- organismos são considerados uma fonte importante para a produção de metabólitos secundários com ação antimicrobiana, antitumoral, entre outras. Este trabalho descreve o estudo químico e biológico do fungo endofítico Phomopsis sp. associado à espécie vegetal do cerrado Senna spectabilis. Phomopsis sp. foi cultivado em diferentes meios de cultura para avaliar a variação metabólica em relação a composição dos nutrientes. Foram usados 5 meios líquidos comerciais (MBD, YM, Extrato de Malte, Nutrient e Czapek) e 2 meios sólidos (Milho e Arroz). Os extratos brutos Acetato e Acetonitrila obtidos foram avaliados por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência com detector de arranjo de diodos e por Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de 1 H, e submetidos aos ensaios para a avaliação da potencialidade antifúngica, antioxidante e anticolinesterásica. Os resultados evidenciaram extratos com uma variação metabólica intensa e potencialmente bioativos. Destes, os meios MDB e Milho foram selecionados para obtenção dos extratos brutos em escala ampliada. O extrato bruto acetato obtido em MDB foi submetido a fracionamento cromatográfico e levou à identificação da uracila (1), ácido nitropropanóico (2), citocalasina H (3), tirosol (4), ciclo(L- Pro-L-Leu), (5), ciclo(L-Pro-L-Ile) (6), ciclo(L-Pro-L-Val) (7), ciclo(L-Pro-L-Tyr) (8) e ciclo(L-Pro-L-Phe) (9). Este é o primeiro relato de dicetopiperazinas obtidos de fungos do gênero Phomopsis. Esta classe de substâncias apresenta inúmeras bioatividades, principalmente antimicrobiana. O extrato bruto acetonitrila obtido de milho conduziu ao isolamento da citocalasina H (3), citocalasina J (10), alternariol monometil éter (11).... não descritos<br>Abstract: Endophytic microorganisms inhabit the intra and intercellular spaces of a host, during all or part of their life cycle, without causing any apparent damage. Microorganisms are regarded as an important source for the production of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial, antitumoral actions, among others. This work describes the chemical and biological study of endophytic fungus Phomopsis sp. associated with plant species of Cerrado Senna spectabilis. Phomopsis sp. was cultived in different culture media to assess the metabolic variation in relation to nutrient composition. Were used 5 commercial liquid media (PDB, YM, Malt extract, nutrient and Czapek) and 2 solid mediums (Corn and Rice). The acetate and acetonitrile crude extracts were evaluated by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detector and 1 H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and subjected to assays for the evaluation of potential antifungal, antioxidant and anticholinesterase. The results showed extracts with an intense metabolic variation and potentially bioactive. From these, the mediums PDB and Corn were selected to obtain the crude extracts on a large scale. The crude acetate extract obtained in PDB was submitted to chromatographic separation and led to the identification of uracil (1), 3-nitropropionic acid (2), cytochalasin H (3), tyrosol (4), cyclo (L- Pro-L-Leu) (5), cyclo (L-Pro-L-Ile) (6), cyclo (L-Pro-L-Val) (7), cyclo (L-Pro-L-Tyr) (8) and cyclo (L-Pro-L-Phe) (9). This is the first report of diketopiperazines obtained from fungi of the Phomopsis genus. This class of substances shows many bioactivities, especially antimicrobial. The crude acetonitrile extract obtained from Corn led to the isolation of cytochalasin H (3), cytochalasin J (10), alternariol monomethyl ether (11), alternariol (12) and 2-hydroxy-alternariol (13), being the last one reported for the first time as a natural product and with NMR data not reported<br>Mestre
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Wright, Jacqueline Gilda. "The role of endophytes in citrus stem end rots." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19736654.
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Lopes, Flávia Cristine Mascia. "Avaliação da atividade antiinflamatória, antitumoral e antiangiogênica de compostos isolados da planta Alchornea glandulosa e de fungos endofíticos a ela relacionados /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103333.
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Orientador: Iracilda Zeppone Carlos<br>Banca: Iracilda Zeppone Carlos<br>Banca: Jayro Kenupp Bastos<br>Banca: Angela Maria Victoriano de Campos Soares<br>Banca: Beatriz Marica Machado de Medeiros<br>Banca: Luis Carlos Spolidorio<br>Resumo: Produtos naturais têm contribuído intensamente para o desenvolvimento da terapêutica moderna. As plantas produzem um vasto número de substâncias, que em estado natural ou após sofrerem transformações químicas, possuem diversas atividades farmacológicas. Fungos endofíticos, organismos que vivem no interior das plantas, também podem representar novas fontes de produtos biologicamente ativos. Atualmente, a relação causal entre inflamação, imunidade inata e câncer é largamente aceita. O envolvimento de mediadores inflamatórios, como óxido nítrico (NO) e citocinas, gerados por macrófagos ativados, na patogênese das doenças inflamatórias já está bem estabelecido. Além disso, a inibição da angiogênese tem sido reconhecida como uma promissora abordagem terapêutica para o controle do crescimento tumoral, das metástases e das doenças inflamatórias crônicas. Alchornea glandulosa Poepp & Endl. (Euphorbiaceae) é uma planta com conhecida atividade antiinflamatória que está distribuída do sudeste ao sul do Brasil, principalmente na Mata Atlântica e no Cerrado. O potencial antiinflamatório, antitumoral e antiangiogênico dos compostos obtidos a partir da planta (fração acetato de etila e os compostos puros isoquercitrina, afzelina, ácido gálico, pteroginina e pteroginidina) e de fungos endofíticos presentes no interior das suas folhas (extratos acetato de etila ALG-A, ALG-02 e ALG-03) foram estudados por meio de experimentos utilizando-se culturas de macrófagos murinos, linhagens tumorais murinas de câncer de mama (LM2) e pulmão (LP07) e culturas de células endoteliais de veia umbilical humana (HUVEC). Ensaios de determinação de óxido nítrico (reagente de Griess), citocinas pró-inflamatórias TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 e IL-12 (ELISA), atividade citotóxica (MTT) e avaliação da taxa de inibição do crescimento de tumores tratados com injeção... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: Natural products have contributed enormously to the development of important therapeutic drugs used currently in modern medicine. Plants produce a vast number of compounds that, either directly or after chemical modifications, exert pharmacological activities. Endophytic fungi, organisms which live in plants, are also being recognized as new sources of biological active substances. Nowadays, the relationship among inflammation, innate immunity and cancer are widely accepted. Inflammatory mediators as nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines produced by activated macrophages are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Besides that, angiogenesis inhibition has been accepted as a promising therapy for the control of tumor growth, metastasis and also chronic inflammatory conditions. Alchornea glandulosa Poepp & Endl. (Euphorbiaceae) is a plant that demonstrates anti-inflammatory activity. It can be found in Brazil, distributed from southeast to south, mainly in the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado. The anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antiangiogenic potential of the compounds obtained from this plant (ethyl acetate fraction and the pure compounds isoquercitrin, afzelin, gallic acid, pterogynine and pterogynidine) and from the endophytic fungi present in its leaves (ALG-A, ALG-02 and ALG-03 ethyl acetate extracts) were studied using macrophage cultures, tumor cell lines (LM2 and LP07) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). To evaluate anti-inflammatory and antitumor activity, in vitro assays were utilized to determine NO (Griess reagent), TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-12 proinflammatory cytokines (ELISA) and cytotoxicity (MTT). Tumor growth inhibition rate was also studied in vivo. Apoptosis (TUNEL assay), proliferation (bromodeoxiuridine - BrdU), invasion (double-chamber assay), capillary-like structures formation (matrigel) and NFκB activity (ELISA) were realized to study... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Doutor
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Blumenstein, Kathrin. "Endophytic fungi in Elms : implications for the integrated management of Dutch Elm Disease." Thesis, Bangor University, 2015. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/endophytic-fungi-in-elmsimplications-for-the-integrated-management-of-dutch-elm-disease(3265a1c5-9910-4ed1-9d1e-c569b68d709d).html.
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Integrated pest management calls for new biocontrol solutions in management of forest diseases. Endophytic fungi that are commonly found in tree tissue may have potential in biocontrol. However, the links between endophyte status and disease tolerance are still unclear, and we know little about the mechanisms by which the endophytes can influence tree pathogens. The first goal of the thesis was to compare the endophyte status in elm (Ulmus spp.) trees with low vs. high susceptibility to Dutch elm disease (DED), caused by Ophiostoma fungi, and to find correlations between endophytes and the susceptibility pattern of the trees. The second goal was to investigate the potential mechanisms of antagonism by the endophytes towards the pathogen. Thus, endophytes were isolated from leaves, bark and xylem of elms that differed in DED susceptibility. The isolates were screened for their potential to counteract the pathogen in dual cultures. Selected strains were investigated using Phenotype MicroArrays to obtain the substrate utilization profiles that reflect the endophytes’ ability to compete with the pathogen for a nutritional niche. To test for a protective effect against the disease, promising isolates were injected into young elms. Preliminary analyses were done to identify the extracellular chemicals that some of the endophytes released into the growth medium. The results showed that the frequency and diversity of endophytes was higher in xylem of elms with high susceptibility to DED. Some endophytes deadlocked the pathogen with extracellular chemicals in vitro, while others had a faster growth rate. Several endophytes were able to utilize substrates more effectively than the pathogen. A preventive treatment with endophytes protected elms against DED, but the effect was unstable across years. Bioactive fungal extracts had a complex chemical profile, and the individual compounds in the extracts remain to be identified. Because endophytes antagonized the pathogen through different mechanisms, I suggest that an endophytebased biocontrol of DED could be best achieved through a synergistic effect of several endophyte strains.
Book chapters on the topic "Endophytic fungus. eng"
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Randall, Nicola P., and Barbara Smith. "Biotic Interactions and Ecosystem Functioning." In The Biology of Agroecosystems. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737520.003.0004.
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This chapter introduces different functional groups and their role in agroecosystems and in provision of ecosystem services. Examples include detritivores and other nutrient cyclers, primary producers, pollinators, herbivores, and pest regulators. The importance of plant–fungal interactions (endophytes and mycorrhiza), primary productivity, maintenance of soil fertility through nutrient cycles, biological pest control, and crop pollination are discussed and related to different management systems. The influence of agricultural practices (e.g. pesticide/fertilizer application, introduction of new/genetically modified species) on biotic interactions and ecosystem functioning of agricultural practices are also illustrated, alongside a consideration of the biological issues associated with the replacement of ecological processes with chemicals, machinery, and so on in some modern agricultural systems.